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Eliav T, Benoliel R, Korczeniewska OA. Post-Traumatic Trigeminal Neuropathy: Neurobiology and Pathophysiology. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:167. [PMID: 38534437 DOI: 10.3390/biology13030167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Painful traumatic trigeminal neuropathy (PTTN) is a chronic neuropathic pain that may develop following injury to the trigeminal nerve. Etiologies include cranio-orofacial trauma that may result from dental, surgical, or anesthetic procedures or physical trauma, such as a motor vehicle accident. Following nerve injury, there are various mechanisms, including peripheral and central, as well as phenotypic changes and genetic predispositions that may contribute to the development of neuropathic pain. In this article, we review current literature pertaining to the cellular processes that occur following traumatic damage to the trigeminal nerve, also called cranial nerve V, that results in chronic neuropathic pain. We examine the neurobiology and pathophysiology based mostly on pre-clinical animal models of neuropathic/trigeminal pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tal Eliav
- Medical School for International Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Rafael Benoliel
- Center for Orofacial Pain and Temporomandibular Disorders, Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Rutgers School of Dental Medicine, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Room D-837, 110 Bergen Street, Newark, NJ 07101, USA
| | - Olga A Korczeniewska
- Center for Orofacial Pain and Temporomandibular Disorders, Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Rutgers School of Dental Medicine, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Room D-837, 110 Bergen Street, Newark, NJ 07101, USA
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Rossignol J, Ouimet T, Poras H, Dallel R, Luccarini P. Synergistic effect of combining dual enkephalinase inhibitor PL37 and sumatriptan in a preclinical model of migraine. Headache 2024; 64:243-252. [PMID: 38385629 DOI: 10.1111/head.14681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to test whether a combination of sumatriptan with dual enkephalinase inhibitor PL37 would result in an additive or a synergistic effect. BACKGROUND Combination treatment is frequently used to improve the therapeutic efficacy of drugs. The co-administration of two drugs may result in efficacy at lower doses than those needed for either drug alone, thus minimizing side effects. Here, we tested the effect of the co-administration of two drugs on cutaneous mechanical hypersensitivity (MH), a symptom often affecting cephalic regions in patients with migraine: dual enkephalinase inhibitor PL37, a small molecule that protects enkephalins from rapid degradation, and sumatriptan, a serotonin 5-HT1B/1D receptor agonist. METHODS We investigated the effects of oral administrations of sumatriptan, PL37, or their combination on changes in cutaneous mechanical sensitivity induced by a single intraperitoneal administration of the nitric oxide donor, isosorbide dinitrate (ISDN) in male rats. Mechanical sensitivity was assessed using von Frey filaments applied to the face of animals to determine pain thresholds. Isobolographic analysis was performed to determine the nature of the interaction between sumatriptan and PL37. RESULTS Sumatriptan as well as PL37 each produced a dose-dependent inhibition of ISDN-induced cephalic MH. Median effective dose (ED50 ) values were 0.3 and 1.1 mg/kg for sumatriptan and PL37, respectively. An isobolographic analysis of the effect of combined doses of sumatriptan and PL37 based on their calculated ED50 values demonstrated a synergistic effect of the combination on cephalic MH, with an interaction index of 0.14 ± 0.04. CONCLUSION These results suggest that PL37 acts synergistically with sumatriptan to produce an anti-allodynic effect in a rat model of migraine. Thus, combining PL37 and sumatriptan may be a useful therapeutic strategy in the management of migraine. PLAIN LANGUAGE SUMMARY There have been many advances in migraine treatment, but we still need more options that are effective and have few side effects. Sumatriptan is one available drug for acute treatment of migraine, but it does not work for every patient and is not suitable for some people. We tested a new drug called PL37 (that blocks enkephalinases) together with sumatriptan and the combination minimized side effects and allowed lower doses of the drugs for effective migraine treatment in an animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanne Rossignol
- Neuro-Dol, Inserm, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- R & D Department, Pharmaleads SA, Paris, France
| | | | - Hervé Poras
- R & D Department, Pharmaleads SA, Paris, France
| | - Radhouane Dallel
- Neuro-Dol, Inserm, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Philippe Luccarini
- Neuro-Dol, Inserm, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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Moreau N, Peirs C, Dallel R, Boucher Y. [Specificities of orofacial neuropathic pain]. Med Sci (Paris) 2024; 40:64-71. [PMID: 38299905 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/2023197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Head pain and notably orofacial pain differs from spinal pain on pathophysiological, clinical, therapeutic and prognostic levels. Its high prevalence, important impact on quality of life and significant socio-economical burden justify specific study of such type of pain. Among them, neuropathic orofacial pain resulting from disease or trauma of the trigeminal nervous system is among the most difficult types of pain to diagnose and to treat. Deciphering of underlying peripheral and central mechanisms has allowed numerous conceptual, clinical and therapeutic advances, notably the role of neural and non neural cell types, such as glia, immunocytes, vascular endothelial cells or the role of trigeminal sensory complex neural circuitry reconfiguration in the development of post-traumatic trigeminal neuropathic pain. Cellular interactions within the trigeminal ganglion, allowing a better understanding of several painful dental, ocular or cephalalgic comorbidities, are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Moreau
- Laboratoire de neurobiologie orofaciale, EA 7543, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France - Hôpital Bretonneau, Service de médecine bucco-dentaire, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Cédric Peirs
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Inserm, Neuro-Dol, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Radhouane Dallel
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Inserm, Neuro-Dol, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Yves Boucher
- Laboratoire de neurobiologie orofaciale, EA 7543, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Service de médecine bucco-dentaire, AP-HP, Paris, France
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Liang Y, Chen L, Huang Y, Xie L, Liu X, Zhou W, Cao W, Chen Z, Zhong X. Betaine eliminates CFA-induced depressive-like behaviour in mice may be through inhibition of microglia and astrocyte activation and polarization. Brain Res Bull 2024; 206:110863. [PMID: 38145759 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2023.110863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
Chronic pain can induce not only nociceptive but also depressive emotions. A previous study demonstrated that betaine, a commonly used nutrient supplement, has an anti-nociceptive effect, but whether betaine can alleviate chronic pain-induced depressive emotion is elusive. Our current study found that betaine administration significantly eliminated complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA)-induced pain-related depressive-like behaviour. Mechanistically, betaine treatment inhibited microglia and astrocyte activation. Furthermore, betaine significantly promoted the transition of microglia from the M1 to the M2 phenotype, as well as the transition of astrocytes from the A1 to the A2 phenotype. Additionally, the release of pro-inflammatory factors such as IL-18, IL-1β and IL-6 and anti-inflammatory factors such as IL-10 in the hippocampus induced by CFA were also reversed by betaine administration. Overall, betaine has therapeutic effects on pain-related depressive-like phenotypes caused by CFA, possibly through altering the polarization of microglia and astrocytes to reduce neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Liang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, 421001 Hengyang, Hunan, China; The First Affiliated Hospital, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, 421001 Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Ling Chen
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, 421001 Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Yanmei Huang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, 421001 Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Lihua Xie
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, 421001 Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Xueqin Liu
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, 421001 Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Wenyan Zhou
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, 421001 Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Wenyu Cao
- Department of Human Anatomy, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, 421001 Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Zuyao Chen
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, 421001 Hengyang, Hunan, China.
| | - Xiaolin Zhong
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, 421001 Hengyang, Hunan, China.
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Ballon Romero SS, Fuh LJ, Hung SY, Lee YC, Huang YC, Chien SY, Chen YH. Electroacupuncture exerts prolonged analgesic and neuroprotective effects in a persistent dental pain model induced by multiple dental pulp injuries: GABAergic interneurons-astrocytes interaction. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1213710. [PMID: 37954604 PMCID: PMC10639134 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1213710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Pain within the trigeminal system, particularly dental pain, is poorly understood. This study aimed to determine whether single or multiple dental pulp injuries induce persistent pain, its association with trigeminal central nociceptive pathways and whether electroacupuncture (EA) provides prolonged analgesic and neuroprotective effects in a persistent dental pain model. Models of single dental pulp injury (SDPI) and multiple dental pulp injuries (MDPI) were used to induce trigeminal neuropathic pain. The signs of dental pain-related behavior were assessed using the mechanical head withdrawal threshold (HWT). Immunofluorescence and western blot protocols were used to monitor astrocyte activation, changes in apoptosis-related proteins, and GABAergic interneuron plasticity. SDPI mice exhibited an initial marked decrease in HWT from days one to 14, followed by progressive recovery from days 21 to 42. From days 49 to 70, the HWT increased and returned to the control values. In contrast, MDPI mice showed a persistent decrease in HWT from days one to 70. MDPI increased glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and decreased glutamine synthetase (GS) and glutamate transporter-1 (GLT1) expression in the Vi/Vc transition zone of the brainstem on day 70, whereas no changes in astrocytic markers were observed on day 70 after SDPI. Increased expression of cleaved cysteine-aspartic protease-3 (cleaved caspase-3) and Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax), along with decreased B-cell lymphoma/leukemia 2 (Bcl-2), were observed at day 70 after MDPI but not after SDPI. The downregulation of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD65) expression was observed on day 70 only after MDPI. The effects of MDPI-induced lower HWT from days one to 70 were attenuated by 12 sessions of EA treatment (days one to 21 after MDPI). Changes in astrocytic GFAP, GS, and GLT-1, along with cleaved caspase-3, Bax, Bcl-2, and GAD65 expression observed 70 days after MDPI, were reversed by EA treatment. The results suggest that persistent dental pain in mice was induced by MDPI but not by SDPI. This effect was associated with trigeminal GABAergic interneuron plasticity along with morphological and functional changes in astrocytes. EA exerts prolonged analgesic and neuroprotective effects that might be associated with the modulation of neuron-glia crosstalk mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lih-Jyh Fuh
- School of Dentistry, College of Dentistry, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Ya Hung
- Graduate Institute of Acupuncture Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Division of Surgery, Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chen Lee
- Graduate Institute of Acupuncture Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Acupuncture, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chuen Huang
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Szu-Yu Chien
- Graduate Institute of Acupuncture Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hung Chen
- Graduate Institute of Acupuncture Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Chinese Medicine Research Center, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Photonics and Communication Engineering, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Guo R, Xue J, Shao P, Cai C, Wang Y. NETO2-GluK2 interaction contributes to postoperative pain hypersensitivity through inducing PKCγ activation and synaptic incorporation of AMPA receptor GluR1 subunits in rat dorsal horn. Neurosci Lett 2023; 813:137430. [PMID: 37544581 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2023.137430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Important roles in the initiation and maintenance of postoperative pain are played by the functional control of kainate (KA) and α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionate (AMPA) receptors in the rat dorsal horn (DH). However, the mechanisms underpinning the cross-talk between spinal KA and AMPA receptors in postoperative pain are poorly understood. We hypothesized that after the rat's plantar incision, the synaptic incorporation of AMPA receptor GluR1 subunits in the DH ipsilateral to the incision would increase due to the interaction between GluK2 and neuropilin tolloid-like 2 (NETO2). Our findings showed that incision stimuli caused severe pain responses, as measured by cumulative pain scores. GluK2-NETO2 but not GluK2-NETO1interaction was upregulated in ipsilateral dorsal horn neurons (DHNs) at 6 h post-incision. At 6 h post-incision, NETO2 small interfering ribonucleic acid (siRNA) intrathecal pretreatment increased mechanical withdrawal thresholds to von Freys and decreased ipsilateral paw cumulative pain scores. Further, PKCγactivation and synaptic abundance of GluK2 and GluR1 subunits in the ipsilateral DH were decreased by intrathecal pretreatment with NETO2 siRNA at 6 h post-incision. In conclusion, our findings imply that GluK2-NETO2 interaction could trigger PKCγactivation and the synaptic incorporation of AMPA receptor GluR1 subunits in rat DHs, which in turn led to the enhanced pain hypersensitivity after surgery. It sheds light on the interplay between KA and AMPA receptors in DHNs, which is thought to contribute to postoperative pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruijuan Guo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Jianjun Xue
- Department of Anesthesiology, Gansu Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730050, Gansu, China
| | - Peiqi Shao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Chenghui Cai
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Yun Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China.
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From Low-Grade Inflammation in Osteoarthritis to Neuropsychiatric Sequelae: A Narrative Review. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232416031. [PMID: 36555670 PMCID: PMC9784931 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232416031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, osteoarthritis (OA), a common, multifactorial musculoskeletal disease, is considered to have a low-grade inflammatory pathogenetic component. Lately, neuropsychiatric sequelae of the disease have gained recognition. However, a link between the peripheral inflammatory process of OA and the development of neuropsychiatric pathology is not completely understood. In this review, we provide a narrative that explores the development of neuropsychiatric disease in the presence of chronic peripheral low-grade inflammation with a focus on its signaling to the brain. We describe the development of a pro-inflammatory environment in the OA-affected joint. We discuss inflammation-signaling pathways that link the affected joint to the central nervous system, mainly using primary sensory afferents and blood circulation via circumventricular organs and cerebral endothelium. The review describes molecular and cellular changes in the brain, recognized in the presence of chronic peripheral inflammation. In addition, changes in the volume of gray matter and alterations of connectivity important for the assessment of the efficacy of treatment in OA are discussed in the given review. Finally, the narrative considers the importance of the use of neuropsychiatric diagnostic tools for a disease with an inflammatory component in the clinical setting.
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Ma X, Chen W, Yang NN, Wang L, Hao XW, Tan CX, Li HP, Liu CZ. Potential mechanisms of acupuncture for neuropathic pain based on somatosensory system. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:940343. [PMID: 36203799 PMCID: PMC9530146 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.940343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropathic pain, caused by a lesion or disease of the somatosensory system, is common and distressing. In view of the high human and economic burden, more effective treatment strategies were urgently needed. Acupuncture has been increasingly used as an adjuvant or complementary therapy for neuropathic pain. Although the therapeutic effects of acupuncture have been demonstrated in various high-quality randomized controlled trials, there is significant heterogeneity in the underlying mechanisms. This review aimed to summarize the potential mechanisms of acupuncture on neuropathic pain based on the somatosensory system, and guided for future both foundational and clinical studies. Here, we argued that acupuncture may have the potential to inhibit neuronal activity caused by neuropathic pain, through reducing the activation of pain-related ion channels and suppressing glial cells (including microglia and astrocytes) to release inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, amongst others. Meanwhile, acupuncture as a non-pharmacologic treatment, may have potential to activate descending pain control system via increasing the level of spinal or brain 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), norepinephrine (NE), and opioid peptides. And the types of endogenously opioid peptides was influenced by electroacupuncture-frequency. The cumulative evidence demonstrated that acupuncture provided an alternative or adjunctive therapy for neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Ma
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, International Acupuncture and Moxibustion Innovation Institute, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Wen Chen
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, International Acupuncture and Moxibustion Innovation Institute, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Na-Na Yang
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, International Acupuncture and Moxibustion Innovation Institute, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Lu Wang
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, International Acupuncture and Moxibustion Innovation Institute, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Wan Hao
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, International Acupuncture and Moxibustion Innovation Institute, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Chun-Xia Tan
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, International Acupuncture and Moxibustion Innovation Institute, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Hong-Ping Li
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, International Acupuncture and Moxibustion Innovation Institute, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- Hong-Ping Li,
| | - Cun-Zhi Liu
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, International Acupuncture and Moxibustion Innovation Institute, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Cun-Zhi Liu,
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Yuan S, Wang N, Yao Y, Liu J, Gao M, Mo H, Zhang S, Su R. Role of 5-HT 2A receptor in modulating glutamatergic activity in the ventrolateral orbital cortex: implication in trigeminal neuralgia. Neuroscience 2022; 502:107-116. [PMID: 36038038 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2022.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
5-HT2A receptors (5-HT2ARs) are widely expressed in the central nervous system, including in the ventrolateral orbital cortex (VLO). The VLO is an important cortical component for pain processing. Brain 5-HT2ARs are implicated in both pro- and anti- nociceptive functions. However, the roles of 5-HT2ARs in the VLO in trigeminal neuralgia and neuronal synaptic function remain to be understood. We used chronic constriction injury of infraorbital nerve (IoN-CCI) model and shRNA mediated gene knockdown in mice to investigate the role of 5-HT2ARs in the VLO in trigeminal neuralgia. We found that knockdown of 5-HT2ARs in the VLO aggravated spontaneous pain and mechanical allodynia in mice after IoN-CCI. At the synaptic level, decreasing 5-HT2AR expression by shRNA or inhibition of 5-HT2AR activity by its antagonist ketanserin decreased the frequency and amplitude of spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents (sEPSCs) of the neurons in the VLO, whereas 5-HT2AR partial agonist 2,5-Dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine (DOI) enhanced sEPSCs of the neurons in the VLO. In summary, 5-HT2ARs in the VLO modulate the trigeminal pain by regulating neuronal glutamatergic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Yuan
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China; School of Stomatology, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, China
| | - Na Wang
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
| | - Yunxia Yao
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
| | - Junhong Liu
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
| | - Mingwei Gao
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
| | - Hongbing Mo
- School of Stomatology, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, China
| | - Shuzhuo Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China.
| | - Ruibin Su
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
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Cooper AH, Hedden NS, Prasoon P, Qi Y, Taylor BK. Postsurgical Latent Pain Sensitization Is Driven by Descending Serotonergic Facilitation and Masked by µ-Opioid Receptor Constitutive Activity in the Rostral Ventromedial Medulla. J Neurosci 2022; 42:5870-5881. [PMID: 35701159 PMCID: PMC9337598 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2038-21.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Following tissue injury, latent sensitization (LS) of nociceptive signaling can persist indefinitely, kept in remission by compensatory µ-opioid receptor constitutive activity (MORCA) in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. To demonstrate LS, we conducted plantar incision in mice and then waited 3-4 weeks for hypersensitivity to resolve. At this time (remission), systemic administration of the opioid receptor antagonist/inverse agonist naltrexone reinstated mechanical and heat hypersensitivity. We first tested the hypothesis that LS extends to serotonergic neurons in the rostral ventral medulla (RVM) that convey pronociceptive input to the spinal cord. We report that in male and female mice, hypersensitivity was accompanied by increased Fos expression in serotonergic neurons of the RVM, abolished on chemogenetic inhibition of RVM 5-HT neurons, and blocked by intrathecal injection of the 5-HT3R antagonist ondansetron; the 5-HT2AR antagonist MDL-11 939 had no effect. Second, to test for MORCA, we microinjected the MOR inverse agonist d-Phe-Cys-Tyr-D-Trp-Arg-Thr-Pen-Thr-NH2 (CTAP) and/or neutral opioid receptor antagonist 6β-naltrexol. Intra-RVM CTAP produced mechanical hypersensitivity at both hindpaws; 6β-naltrexol had no effect by itself, but blocked CTAP-induced hypersensitivity. This indicates that MORCA, rather than an opioid ligand-dependent mechanism, maintains LS in remission. We conclude that incision establishes LS in descending RVM 5-HT neurons that drives pronociceptive 5-HT3R signaling in the dorsal horn, and this LS is tonically opposed by MORCA in the RVM. The 5-HT3 receptor is a promising therapeutic target for the development of drugs to prevent the transition from acute to chronic postsurgical pain.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Surgery leads to latent pain sensitization and a compensatory state of endogenous pain control that is maintained long after tissue healing. Here, we show that either chemogenetic inhibition of serotonergic neuron activity in the RVM or pharmacological inhibition of 5-HT3 receptor signaling at the spinal cord blocks behavioral signs of postsurgical latent sensitization. We conclude that MORCA in the RVM opposes descending serotonergic facilitation of LS and that the 5-HT3 receptor is a promising therapeutic target for the development of drugs to prevent the transition from acute to chronic postsurgical pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew H Cooper
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Pittsburgh Center for Pain Research, Pittsburgh Project to End Opioid Misuse, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Naomi S Hedden
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Pittsburgh Center for Pain Research, Pittsburgh Project to End Opioid Misuse, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Pranav Prasoon
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Pittsburgh Center for Pain Research, Pittsburgh Project to End Opioid Misuse, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Yanmei Qi
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Pittsburgh Center for Pain Research, Pittsburgh Project to End Opioid Misuse, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Bradley K Taylor
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Pittsburgh Center for Pain Research, Pittsburgh Project to End Opioid Misuse, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
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Hiraga SI, Itokazu T, Nishibe M, Yamashita T. Neuroplasticity related to chronic pain and its modulation by microglia. Inflamm Regen 2022; 42:15. [PMID: 35501933 PMCID: PMC9063368 DOI: 10.1186/s41232-022-00199-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuropathic pain is often chronic and can persist after overt tissue damage heals, suggesting that its underlying mechanism involves the alteration of neuronal function. Such an alteration can be a direct consequence of nerve damage or a result of neuroplasticity secondary to the damage to tissues or to neurons. Recent studies have shown that neuroplasticity is linked to causing neuropathic pain in response to nerve damage, which may occur adjacent to or remotely from the site of injury. Furthermore, studies have revealed that neuroplasticity relevant to chronic pain is modulated by microglia, resident immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS). Microglia may directly contribute to synaptic remodeling and altering pain circuits, or indirectly contribute to neuroplasticity through property changes, including the secretion of growth factors. We herein highlight the mechanisms underlying neuroplasticity that occur in the somatosensory circuit of the spinal dorsal horn, thalamus, and cortex associated with chronic pain following injury to the peripheral nervous system (PNS) or CNS. We also discuss the dynamic functions of microglia in shaping neuroplasticity related to chronic pain. We suggest further understanding of post-injury ectopic plasticity in the somatosensory circuits may shed light on the differential mechanisms underlying nociceptive, neuropathic, and nociplastic-type pain. While one of the prominent roles played by microglia appears to be the modulation of post-injury neuroplasticity. Therefore, future molecular- or genetics-based studies that address microglia-mediated post-injury neuroplasticity may contribute to the development of novel therapies for chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Ichiro Hiraga
- Department of Neuro-Medical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takahide Itokazu
- Department of Neuro-Medical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan. .,Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Mariko Nishibe
- Center for Strategic Innovative Dentistry, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Toshihide Yamashita
- Department of Neuro-Medical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan. .,Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan. .,WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka, Japan. .,Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.
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12
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El Khoueiry C, Alba-Delgado C, Antri M, Gutierrez-Mecinas M, Todd AJ, Artola A, Dallel R. GABAA and Glycine Receptor-Mediated Inhibitory Synaptic Transmission onto Adult Rat Lamina IIi PKCγ-Interneurons: Pharmacological but not Anatomical Specialization. Cells 2022; 11:cells11081356. [PMID: 35456035 PMCID: PMC9033052 DOI: 10.3390/cells11081356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanical allodynia (pain to normally innocuous tactile stimuli) is a widespread symptom of inflammatory and neuropathic pain. Spinal or medullary dorsal horn (SDH or MDH) circuits mediating tactile sensation and pain need to interact in order to evoke mechanical allodynia. PKCγ-expressing (PKCγ+) interneurons and inhibitory controls within SDH/MDH inner lamina II (IIi) are pivotal in connecting touch and pain circuits. However, the relative contribution of GABA and glycine to PKCγ+ interneuron inhibition remains unknown. We characterized inhibitory inputs onto PKCγ+ interneurons by combining electrophysiology to record spontaneous and miniature IPSCs (sIPSCs, mIPSCs) and immunohistochemical detection of GABAARα2 and GlyRα1 subunits in adult rat MDH. While GlyR-only- and GABAAR-only-mediated mIPSCs/sIPSCs are predominantly recorded from PKCγ+ interneurons, immunohistochemistry reveals that ~80% of their inhibitory synapses possess both GABAARα2 and GlyRα1. Moreover, nearly all inhibitory boutons at gephyrin-expressing synapses on these cells contain glutamate decarboxylase and are therefore GABAergic, with around half possessing the neuronal glycine transporter (GlyT2) and therefore being glycinergic. Thus, while GABA and glycine are presumably co-released and GABAARs and GlyRs are present at most inhibitory synapses on PKCγ+ interneurons, these interneurons exhibit almost exclusively GABAAR-only and GlyR-only quantal postsynaptic inhibitory currents, suggesting a pharmacological specialization of their inhibitory synapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinne El Khoueiry
- Neuro-Dol, Inserm, Université Clermont Auvergne, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (C.E.K.); (C.A.-D.); (M.A.)
| | - Cristina Alba-Delgado
- Neuro-Dol, Inserm, Université Clermont Auvergne, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (C.E.K.); (C.A.-D.); (M.A.)
| | - Myriam Antri
- Neuro-Dol, Inserm, Université Clermont Auvergne, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (C.E.K.); (C.A.-D.); (M.A.)
| | - Maria Gutierrez-Mecinas
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK; (M.G.-M.); (A.J.T.)
| | - Andrew J. Todd
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK; (M.G.-M.); (A.J.T.)
| | - Alain Artola
- Neuro-Dol, Inserm, Université Clermont Auvergne, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (C.E.K.); (C.A.-D.); (M.A.)
- Correspondence: (A.A.); (R.D.)
| | - Radhouane Dallel
- Neuro-Dol, Inserm, Université Clermont Auvergne, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (C.E.K.); (C.A.-D.); (M.A.)
- Correspondence: (A.A.); (R.D.)
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13
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Descheemaeker A, Poras H, Wurm M, Luccarini P, Ouimet T, Dallel R. Dual enkephalinase inhibitor PL37 as a potential novel treatment of migraine: evidence from a rat model. Brain 2022; 145:2664-2670. [PMID: 35411377 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awac139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The dual enkephalinase inhibitor PL37, a small molecule that protects enkephalins from their rapid degradation, has demonstrated analgesic properties in animal pain models and in early human clinical trials. This study tested the antimigraine potential of PL37 on cutaneous mechanical hypersensitivity affecting cephalic regions in migraineurs. Using behavioral testing and c-Fos immunoreactivity in male rats, we investigated the effects of single (oral or intravenous) and repeated oral administration of PL37 on changes in cutaneous mechanical sensitivity and sensitization of the trigeminocervical complex induced by repeated administration of the nitric oxide donor, isosorbide dinitrate. In naive rats, single or repeated administration of PL37 or vehicle had no effect on cephalic mechanical sensitivity. However, single oral PL37 treatment effectively inhibited isosorbide dinitrate-induced acute cephalic mechanical hypersensitivity. Single intravenous but not oral PL37 administration inhibited chronic cephalic mechanical hypersensitivity. Daily oral administration of PL37 prevented cephalic mechanical hypersensitivity and decreased touch-induced c-Fos expression in trigeminocervical complex following repeated isosorbide dinitrate administration. These data reveal the therapeutic potential of the dual enkephalinase inhibitor PL37 as an acute and prophylactic treatment for migraine. Protecting enkephalins from their degrading enzymes therefore appears as an innovative approach to treat migraine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amélie Descheemaeker
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Inserm, Neuro-Dol, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | | | | | - Philippe Luccarini
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Inserm, Neuro-Dol, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | | | - Radhouane Dallel
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Inserm, Neuro-Dol, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
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14
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Chronic facial inflammatory pain-induced anxiety is associated with bilateral deactivation of the rostral anterior cingulate cortex. Brain Res Bull 2022; 184:88-98. [PMID: 35339627 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2022.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Patients with chronic pain, especially orofacial pain, often suffer from affective disorders, including anxiety. Previous studies largely focused on the role of the caudal anterior cingulate cortex (cACC) in affective responses to pain, long-term potentiation (LTP) in cACC being thought to mediate the interaction between anxiety and chronic pain. But recent evidence indicates that the rostral ACC (rACC), too, is implicated in processing affective pain. However, whether such processing is associated with neuronal and/or synaptic plasticity is still unknown. We addressed this issue in a chronic facial inflammatory pain model (complete Freund's adjuvant model) in rats, by combining behavior, Fos protein immunochemistry and ex vivo intracellular recordings in rACC slices prepared from these animals. Facial mechanical allodynia occurs immediately after CFA injection, peaks at post-injection day 3 and progressively recovers until post-injection days 10-11, whereas anxiety is delayed, being present at post-injection day 10, when sensory hypersensitivity is relieved, but, notably, not at post-injection day 3. Fos expression reveals that neuronal activity follows a bi-phasic time course in bilateral rACC: first enhanced at post-injection day 3, it gets strongly depressed at post-injection day 10. Ex vivo recordings from lamina V pyramidal neurons, the rACC projecting neurons, show that both their intrinsic excitability and excitatory synaptic inputs have undergone long-term depression (LTD) at post-injection day 10. Thus chronic pain processing is associated with dynamic changes in rACC activity: first enhanced and subsequently decreased, at the time of anxiety-like behavior. Chronic pain-induced anxiety might thus result from a rACC deactivation-cACC hyperactivation interplay.
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15
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Puja G, Sonkodi B, Bardoni R. Mechanisms of Peripheral and Central Pain Sensitization: Focus on Ocular Pain. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:764396. [PMID: 34916942 PMCID: PMC8669969 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.764396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistent ocular pain caused by corneal inflammation and/or nerve injury is accompanied by significant alterations along the pain axis. Both primary sensory neurons in the trigeminal nerves and secondary neurons in the spinal trigeminal nucleus are subjected to profound morphological and functional changes, leading to peripheral and central pain sensitization. Several studies using animal models of inflammatory and neuropathic ocular pain have provided insight about the mechanisms involved in these maladaptive changes. Recently, the advent of new techniques such as optogenetics or genetic neuronal labelling has allowed the investigation of identified circuits involved in nociception, both at the spinal and trigeminal level. In this review, we will describe some of the mechanisms that contribute to the perception of ocular pain at the periphery and at the spinal trigeminal nucleus. Recent advances in the discovery of molecular and cellular mechanisms contributing to peripheral and central pain sensitization of the trigeminal pathways will be also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Puja
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Emilia-Romagna, Italy
| | - Balazs Sonkodi
- Department of Health Sciences and Sport Medicine, University of Physical Education, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Rita Bardoni
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Emilia-Romagna, Italy
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16
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Zhang X, Liu P, He X, Jiang Z, Wang Q, Gu N, Lu Y. The PKCγ neurons in anterior cingulate cortex contribute to the development of neuropathic allodynia and pain-related emotion. Mol Pain 2021; 17:17448069211061973. [PMID: 34898326 PMCID: PMC8679404 DOI: 10.1177/17448069211061973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background While the PKCγ neurons in spinal dorsal horn play an indispensable part in neuropathic
allodynia, the exact effect of PKCγ neurons of brain regions in neuropathic pain remains
elusive. Mounting research studies have depicted that the anterior cingulate cortex
(ACC) is closely linked with pain perception and behavior, the present study was
designed to investigate the contribution of PKCγ neurons in ACC to neuropathic allodynia
and pain-related emotion in newly developed Prkcg-P2A-Tdtomato mice. Methods The c-fos expression in response to innocuous stimulation was used to monitor the
activity of PKCγ in CCI (chronic constriction injury of the sciatic nerve) induced
neuropathic pain condition. Activating or silencing ACC PKCγ neurons by chemogenetics
was applied to observe the changes of pain behavior. The excitability of ACC PKCγ
neurons in normal and CCI mice was compared by patch-clamp whole-cell recordings. Results The PKCγ-Tdtomato neurons were mainly distributed in layer III-Vof ACC. The Tdtomato
was mainly expressed in ACC pyramidal neurons demonstrated by intracellular staining.
The c-fos expression in ACC PKCγ neurons in response to innocuous stimulation was
obviously elevated in CCI mice. The patch clamp recordings showed that ACC PKCγ-Tdtomato
neurons were largely activated in CCI mice. Chemogenetic activation of ACC PKCγ neurons
in Prkcg-icre mice induced mechanical allodynia and pain-related aversive behavior,
conversely, silencing them in CCI condition significantly reversed the mechanical
allodynia and pain-related place aversive behavior. Conclusion We conclude that the PKCγ neurons in ACC are closely linked with neuropathic allodynia
and pain-related emotional behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Zhang
- Department of Pain Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital, 12644Fourth Military Medical University, Xian, China
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Pain Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital, 12644Fourth Military Medical University, Xian, China
| | - Xiaolan He
- Department of Pain Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital, 12644Fourth Military Medical University, Xian, China
| | - Zhenhua Jiang
- Department of Pain Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital, 12644Fourth Military Medical University, Xian, China
| | - Qun Wang
- Department of Pain Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital, 12644Fourth Military Medical University, Xian, China
| | - Nan Gu
- Department of Pain Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital, 12644Fourth Military Medical University, Xian, China
| | - Yan Lu
- Department of Pain Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital, 12644Fourth Military Medical University, Xian, China
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17
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Giniatullin R. 5-hydroxytryptamine in migraine: The puzzling role of ionotropic 5-HT 3 receptor in the context of established therapeutic effect of metabotropic 5-HT 1 subtypes. Br J Pharmacol 2021; 179:400-415. [PMID: 34643938 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT; serotonin) is traditionally considered as a key mediator implicated in migraine. Multiple 5-HT receptor subtypes contribute to a variety of region-specific functional effects. The raphé nuclei control nociceptive inputs by releasing 5-HT in the brainstem, whereas dural mast cells provide the humoral source of 5-HT in the meninges. Triptans (5-HT1B/D agonists) and ditans (5-HT1F agonists) are the best established 5-HT anti-migraine agents. However, activation of meningeal afferents via ionotropic 5-HT3 receptors results in long-lasting excitatory drive suggesting a pro-nociceptive role for these receptors in migraine. Nevertheless, clinical data do not clearly support the applicability of currently available 5-HT3 antagonists to migraine treatment. The reasons for this might be the presence of 5-HT3 receptors on inhibitory interneurons dampening the excitatory drive, a lack of 5-HT3 A-E subunit-selective antagonists and gender/age-dependent effects. This review is focusing on the controversial role of 5-HT3 receptors in migraine pathology and related pharmacological perspectives of 5-HT ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashid Giniatullin
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Laboratory of Neurobiology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
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18
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Postnatal development of inner lamina II interneurons of the rat medullary dorsal horn. Pain 2021; 163:984-998. [PMID: 34433770 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Pain processing in young mammals is immature. Despite the central role of the medullary dorsal horn (MDH) in processing orofacial sensory information, the maturation of the neurons within the MDH has been largely overlooked. Combining in vitro electrophysiological recordings and 3D morphological analysis over the first postnatal month in rats, we investigated the age-dependent development of the neurons within the inner lamina II (IIi) of the MDH. We show the lamina IIi neuronal population transition into a more hyperpolarized state, with modification of the action potential waveform, and a shift from single spiking, at early postnatal ages, to tonic firing and initial bursting at later stages. These physiological changes are associated with a strong structural remodelling of the neuronal morphology with most of the modifications occurring after the third postnatal week. Among the lamina IIi neuronal population, the subpopulation of interneurons expressing the γ isoform of the protein kinase C (PKCγ+) are key elements for the circuits underlying facial mechanical allodynia. How do they develop from the rest of the lamina IIi constitute an important question that remained to be addressed. Here, we show that PKCγ+ interneurons display electrophysiological changes over time comparable with the PKCγ- population. However, they show a distinctive increase of the soma volume and primary branches length, as opposed to the PKCγ- population. Together, our data demonstrate a novel pattern of late postnatal maturation of lamina IIi interneurons, with a spotlight on PKCγ+ interneurons, that may be relevant for the development of orofacial sensitivity.
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19
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Visseq A, Descheemaeker A, Hérault K, Giraud F, Abrunhosa-Thomas I, Artola A, Anizon F, Dallel R, Moreau P. Improved potency of pyridin-2(1H)one derivatives for the treatment of mechanical allodynia. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 225:113748. [PMID: 34392191 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Mechanical allodynia, a painful sensation caused by innocuous touch, is a major chronic pain symptom, which often remains without an effective treatment. There is thus a need for new anti-allodynic treatments based on new drug classes. We recently synthetized new 3,5-disubstituted pyridin-2(1H)-one derivatives. By substituting the pyridinone at the 3-position by various aryl/heteroaryl moieties and at the 5-position by a phenylamino group, we discovered that some derivatives exhibited a strong anti-allodynic potency in rats. Here, we report that varying the substitution of the pyridinone 5-position, the 3-position being substituted by an indol-4-yl moiety, further improves such anti-allodynic potency. Compared with 2, one of the two most active compounds of the first series, eleven out of nineteen newly synthetized compounds showed higher anti-allodynic potency, with two of them completely preventing mechanical allodynia. In the first series, hit compounds 1 and 2 appeared to be inhibitors of p38α MAPK, a protein kinase known to underlie pain hypersensitivity in animal models. Depending on the substitution at the 5-position, some newly synthetized compounds were also stronger p38α MAPK inhibitors. Surprisingly, though, anti-allodynic effects and p38α MAPK inhibitory potencies were not correlated, suggesting that other biological target(s) is/are involved in the analgesic activity in this series. Altogether, these results confirm that 3,5-disubstituted pyridine-2(1H)-one derivatives are of high interest for the development of new treatment of mechanical allodynia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexia Visseq
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Clermont Auvergne INP, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Amélie Descheemaeker
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Inserm, Neuro-Dol, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Karine Hérault
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Inserm, Neuro-Dol, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Francis Giraud
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Clermont Auvergne INP, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Isabelle Abrunhosa-Thomas
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Clermont Auvergne INP, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - Alain Artola
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Inserm, Neuro-Dol, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - Fabrice Anizon
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Clermont Auvergne INP, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - Radhouane Dallel
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Inserm, Neuro-Dol, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - Pascale Moreau
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Clermont Auvergne INP, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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20
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Fang J, Wang S, Zhou J, Shao X, Sun H, Liang Y, He X, Jiang Y, Liu B, Jin X, Fang J, Du J. Electroacupuncture Regulates Pain Transition Through Inhibiting PKCε and TRPV1 Expression in Dorsal Root Ganglion. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:685715. [PMID: 34354561 PMCID: PMC8329384 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.685715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Many cases of acute pain can be resolved with few side effects. However, some cases of acute pain may persist beyond the time required for tissue injury recovery and transit to chronic pain, which is hard to treat. The mechanisms underlying pain transition are not entirely understood, and treatment strategies are lacking. In this study, the hyperalgesic priming model was established on rats to study pain transition by injection of carrageenan (Car) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). The expression levels of protein kinase C epsilon (PKCε) and transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) in the L4–L6 dorsal root ganglion (DRG) were investigated. Electroacupuncture (EA) is a form of acupuncture in which a small electric current is passed between a pair of acupuncture needles. EA was administrated, and its effect on hyperalgesia and PKCε and TRPV1 expression was investigated. The PKCε–TRPV1 signaling pathway in DRG was implicated in the pain transition. EA increased the pain threshold of model animals and regulated the high expression of PKCε and TRPV1. Moreover, EA also regulated hyperalgesia and high TRPV1 expression induced by selective PKCε activation. We also found that EA partly increased chronic pain threshold, even though it was only administered between the Car and PGE2 injections. These findings suggested that EA could prevent the transition from acute to chronic pain by inhibiting the PKCε and TRPV1 expression in the peripheral nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junfan Fang
- Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Sisi Wang
- Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaomei Shao
- Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haiju Sun
- Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yi Liang
- Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaofen He
- Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yongliang Jiang
- Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Boyi Liu
- Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoming Jin
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, Stark Neuroscience Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Jianqiao Fang
- Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Junying Du
- Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
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21
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Bouali-Benazzouz R, Landry M, Benazzouz A, Fossat P. Neuropathic pain modeling: Focus on synaptic and ion channel mechanisms. Prog Neurobiol 2021; 201:102030. [PMID: 33711402 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2021.102030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Animal models of pain consist of modeling a pain-like state and measuring the consequent behavior. The first animal models of neuropathic pain (NP) were developed in rodents with a total lesion of the sciatic nerve. Later, other models targeting central or peripheral branches of nerves were developed to identify novel mechanisms that contribute to persistent pain conditions in NP. Objective assessment of pain in these different animal models represents a significant challenge for pre-clinical research. Multiple behavioral approaches are used to investigate and to validate pain phenotypes including withdrawal reflex to evoked stimuli, vocalizations, spontaneous pain, but also emotional and affective behaviors. Furthermore, animal models were very useful in investigating the mechanisms of NP. This review will focus on a detailed description of rodent models of NP and provide an overview of the assessment of the sensory and emotional components of pain. A detailed inventory will be made to examine spinal mechanisms involved in NP-induced hyperexcitability and underlying the current pharmacological approaches used in clinics with the possibility to present new avenues for future treatment. The success of pre-clinical studies in this area of research depends on the choice of the relevant model and the appropriate test based on the objectives of the study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabia Bouali-Benazzouz
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France; CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France.
| | - Marc Landry
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France; CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France
| | - Abdelhamid Benazzouz
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France; CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France
| | - Pascal Fossat
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France; CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France
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22
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Deng SY, Tang XC, Chang YC, Xu ZZ, Chen QY, Cao N, Kong LJY, Wang Y, Ma KT, Li L, Si JQ. Improving NKCC1 Function Increases the Excitability of DRG Neurons Exacerbating Pain Induced After TRPV1 Activation of Primary Sensory Neurons. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:665596. [PMID: 34113239 PMCID: PMC8185156 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.665596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Our aim was to investigate the effects of the protein expression and the function of sodium, potassium, and chloride co-transporter (NKCC1) in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) after activation of transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 receptor (TRPV1) in capsaicin-induced acute inflammatory pain and the possible mechanism of action. Methods Male Sprague–Dawley rats were randomly divided into control, capsaicin, and inhibitor groups. The expression and distribution of TRPV1 and NKCC1 in rat DRG were observed by immunofluorescence. Thermal radiation and acetone test were used to detect the pain threshold of heat and cold noxious stimulation in each group. The expressions of NKCC1 mRNA, NKCC1 protein, and p-NKCC1 in the DRG were detected by PCR and western blotting (WB). Patch clamp and chloride fluorescent probe were used to observe the changes of GABA activation current and intracellular chloride concentration. After intrathecal injection of protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor (GF109203X) or MEK/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) inhibitor (U0126), the behavioral changes and the expression of NKCC1 and p-ERK protein in L4–6 DRG were observed. Result: TRPV1 and NKCC1 were co-expressed in the DRG. Compared with the control group, the immunofluorescence intensity of NKCC1 and p-NKCC1 in the capsaicin group was significantly higher, and the expression of NKCC1 in the nuclear membrane was significantly higher than that in the control group. The expression of NKCC1 mRNA and protein of NKCC1 and p-NKCC1 in the capsaicin group were higher than those in the control group. After capsaicin injection, GF109203X inhibited the protein expression of NKCC1 and p-ERK, while U0126 inhibited the protein expression of NKCC1. In the capsaicin group, paw withdrawal thermal latency (WTL) was decreased, while cold withdrawal latency (CWL) was prolonged. Bumetanide, GF109203X, or U0126 could reverse the effect. GABA activation current significantly increased in the DRG cells of the capsaicin group, which could be reversed by bumetanide. The concentration of chloride in the DRG cells of the capsaicin group increased, but decreased after bumetanide, GF109203X, and U0126 were administered. Conclusion Activation of TRPV1 by exogenous agonists can increase the expression and function of NKCC1 protein in DRG, which is mediated by activation of PKC/p-ERK signaling pathway. These results suggest that DRG NKCC1 may participate in the inflammatory pain induced by TRPV1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Yu Deng
- The Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Department of Physiology, Shihezi University Medical College, Shihezi, China.,Department of Anesthesia, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Central Asia High Incidence Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Xue-Chun Tang
- The Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Department of Physiology, Shihezi University Medical College, Shihezi, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Central Asia High Incidence Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China.,Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Yue-Chen Chang
- The Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Department of Physiology, Shihezi University Medical College, Shihezi, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Central Asia High Incidence Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China.,Medical Teaching Experimental Center, Shihezi University Medical College, Shihezi, China
| | - Zhen-Zhen Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Department of Physiology, Shihezi University Medical College, Shihezi, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Central Asia High Incidence Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China.,Department of Anesthesiology, Institute of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qin-Yi Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Department of Physiology, Shihezi University Medical College, Shihezi, China.,Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangyang Central Hospital, Xiangyang Central Hospital, China
| | - Nan Cao
- The Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Department of Physiology, Shihezi University Medical College, Shihezi, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Central Asia High Incidence Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Liang-Jing-Yuan Kong
- The Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Department of Physiology, Shihezi University Medical College, Shihezi, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Central Asia High Incidence Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Yang Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Department of Physiology, Shihezi University Medical College, Shihezi, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Central Asia High Incidence Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Ke-Tao Ma
- The Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Department of Physiology, Shihezi University Medical College, Shihezi, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Central Asia High Incidence Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Li Li
- The Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Department of Physiology, Shihezi University Medical College, Shihezi, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Central Asia High Incidence Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China.,Department of Physiology, Medical College of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, China
| | - Jun-Qiang Si
- The Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Department of Physiology, Shihezi University Medical College, Shihezi, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Central Asia High Incidence Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
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23
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Li X, Zhang ZH, Zabed HM, Yun J, Zhang G, Qi X. An Insight into the Roles of Dietary Tryptophan and Its Metabolites in Intestinal Inflammation and Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Mol Nutr Food Res 2021; 65:e2000461. [PMID: 33216452 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202000461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is complex, chronic, and relapsing gastrointestinal inflammatory disorders, which includes mainly two conditions, namely ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD). Development of IBD in any individual is closely related to his/her autoimmune regulation, gene-microbiota interactions, and dietary factors. Dietary tryptophan (Trp) is an essential amino acid for intestinal mucosal cells, and it is associated with the intestinal inflammation, epithelial barrier, and energy homeostasis of the host. According to recent studies, Trp and its three major metabolic pathways, namely kynurenine (KYN) pathway, indole pathway, and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) pathway, have vital roles in the regulation of intestinal inflammation by acting directly or indirectly on the pro/anti-inflammatory cytokines, functions of various immune cells, as well as the intestinal microbial composition and homeostasis. In this review, recent advances in Trp- and its metabolites-associated intestinal inflammation are summarized. It further discusses the complex mechanisms and interrelationships of the three major metabolic pathways of Trp in regulating inflammation, which could elucidate the value of dietary Trp to be used as a nutrient for IBD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolan Li
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212013, China
| | - Zhi-Hong Zhang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212013, China
| | - Hossain M Zabed
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212013, China
| | - Junhua Yun
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212013, China
| | - Guoyan Zhang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212013, China
| | - Xianghui Qi
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212013, China
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24
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Linciano P, Sorbi C, Comitato A, Lesniak A, Bujalska-Zadrożny M, Pawłowska A, Bielenica A, Orzelska-Górka J, Kędzierska E, Biała G, Ronsisvalle S, Limoncella S, Casarini L, Cichero E, Fossa P, Satała G, Bojarski AJ, Brasili L, Bardoni R, Franchini S. Identification of a Potent and Selective 5-HT 1A Receptor Agonist with In Vitro and In Vivo Antinociceptive Activity. ACS Chem Neurosci 2020; 11:4111-4127. [PMID: 33263393 PMCID: PMC8016166 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Opioids are the gold standard drugs for the treatment of acute and chronic severe pain, although their serious side effects constitute a big limitation. In the search for new and safer drugs, 5-HT1AR agonists are emerging as potential candidates in pain relief therapy. In this work, we evaluated the affinity and activity of enantiomers of the two newly synthesized, potent 5-HT1AR agonists N-[(2,2-diphenyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl)methyl]-2-[2-(pyridin-4-yl)phenoxy]ethan-1-ammonium hydrogenoxalate (rac-1) and N-((2,2-diphenyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl)methyl)-2-(2-(1-methyl-1H-imidazol-5-yl)phenoxy)ethan-1-ammonium hydrogenoxalate (rac-2) in vitro and in vivo. The role of chirality in the interaction with 5-HT1AR was evaluated by molecular docking. The activity of the rac-1 was tested in mouse models of acute pain (hot plate) and severe tonic nociceptive stimulation (intraplantar formalin test). Rac-1 was active in the formalin test with a reduction in paw licking in both phases at 10 mg/kg, and its effect was abolished by the selective 5-HT1AR antagonist, WAY-100635. The eutomer (S)-1, but not the racemate, was active during the hot plate test at 10 and 20 mg/kg, and this effect was abolished by 30 min treatment with WAY-100635 at 30 min. Similarly to 8-OH-DPAT, (S)-1 evoked a slow outward current and depressed spontaneous glutamatergic transmission in superficial dorsal horn neurons, more effectively than rac-1. The eutomer (S)-1 showed promising developability properties, such as high selectivity over 5-HT subtypes, no interaction with the μ receptors, and low hepato- and cardiotoxicity. Therefore, (S)-1 may represent a potential candidate for the treatment of acute and chronic pain without having the adverse effects that are commonly associated with the classic opioid drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasquale Linciano
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Claudia Sorbi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Antonella Comitato
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 287, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Anna Lesniak
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Centre for Preclinical Research and Technology, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Bujalska-Zadrożny
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Centre for Preclinical Research and Technology, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agata Pawłowska
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Centre for Preclinical Research and Technology, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Bielenica
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jolanta Orzelska-Górka
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy with Division of Medical Analytics, Medical University of Lublin, Chodzki 4A, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Ewa Kędzierska
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy with Division of Medical Analytics, Medical University of Lublin, Chodzki 4A, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Grażyna Biała
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy with Division of Medical Analytics, Medical University of Lublin, Chodzki 4A, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Simone Ronsisvalle
- Department of Drug Sciences, Medicinal Chemistry Section, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, I-95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Silvia Limoncella
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department Biomedical, Metabolic, and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via G. Campi 287, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Livio Casarini
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department Biomedical, Metabolic, and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via G. Campi 287, 41125 Modena, Italy
- Center for Genomic Research, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via G. Campi 287, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Elena Cichero
- Department of Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry Section, School of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV 3, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Paola Fossa
- Department of Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry Section, School of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV 3, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Grzegorz Satała
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12, Smętna Street, 31-343, Kraków, Poland
| | - Andrzej J. Bojarski
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12, Smętna Street, 31-343, Kraków, Poland
| | - Livio Brasili
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Rita Bardoni
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 287, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Silvia Franchini
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy
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25
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Sachau J, Bruckmueller H, Gierthmühlen J, Magerl W, May D, Binder A, Forstenpointner J, Koetting J, Maier C, Tölle TR, Treede RD, Berthele A, Caliebe A, Diesch C, Flor H, Huge V, Maihöfner C, Rehm S, Kersebaum D, Fabig SC, Vollert J, Rolke R, Stemmler S, Sommer C, Westermann A, Cascorbi I, Baron R. The serotonin receptor 2A (HTR2A) rs6313 variant is associated with higher ongoing pain and signs of central sensitization in neuropathic pain patients. Eur J Pain 2020; 25:595-611. [PMID: 33171011 DOI: 10.1002/ejp.1696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The serotonin receptor 2A (HTR2A) has been described as an important facilitation mediator of spinal nociceptive processing leading to central sensitization (CS) in animal models of chronic pain. However, whether HTR2A single nucleotide variants (SNVs) modulate neuropathic pain states in patients has not been investigated so far. The aim of this study was to elucidate the potential association of HTR2A variants with sensory abnormalities or ongoing pain in neuropathic pain patients. METHODS At total of 240 neuropathic pain patients and 253 healthy volunteers were included. Patients were phenotypically characterized using standardized quantitative sensory testing (QST). Patients and controls were genotyped for HTR2A g.-1438G > A (rs6311) and c.102C > T (rs6313). Genotype-related differences in QST parameters were assessed considering QST profile clusters, principal somatosensory components and sex. RESULTS There was an equal distribution of rs6313 and linked rs6311 between patients and controls. However, the rs6313 variant was significantly associated with a principal component of pinprick hyperalgesia and dynamic mechanical allodynia, indicating enhanced CS in patients with sensory loss (-0.34 ± 0.15 vs. +0.31 ± 0.11 vs., p < .001). In this cluster, the variant allele was also associated with single QST parameters of pinprick hyperalgesia (MPT, +0.64 ± 0.18 vs. -0.34 ± 0.23 p = .002; MPS, +0.66 ± 0.17 vs. -0.09 ± 0.23, p = .009) and ongoing pain was increased by 30%. CONCLUSIONS The specific association of the rs6313 variant with pinprick hyperalgesia and increased levels of ongoing pain suggests that the HTR2A receptor might be an important modulator in the development of CS in neuropathic pain. SIGNIFICANCE This article presents new insights into serotonin receptor 2A-mediating mechanisms of central sensitization in neuropathic pain patients. The rs6313 variant allele was associated with increased mechanical pinprick sensitivity and increased levels of ongoing pain supporting a contribution of central sensitization in the genesis of ongoing pain providing a possible route for mechanism-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Sachau
- Division of Neurological Pain Research and Therapy, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Henrike Bruckmueller
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany.,Department of Pharmacy, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Janne Gierthmühlen
- Division of Neurological Pain Research and Therapy, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Walter Magerl
- Chair of Neurophysiology, Mannheim Center for Translational Neuroscience, Ruprecht Karls University Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Denisa May
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Andreas Binder
- Division of Neurological Pain Research and Therapy, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Julia Forstenpointner
- Division of Neurological Pain Research and Therapy, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Judith Koetting
- Department of Human Genetics, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Christoph Maier
- Department of Pain Management, BG Kliniken Bergmannsheil, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Thomas R Tölle
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, München, Germany
| | - Rolf-Detlef Treede
- Chair of Neurophysiology, Mannheim Center for Translational Neuroscience, Ruprecht Karls University Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Achim Berthele
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, München, Germany
| | - Amke Caliebe
- Institute of Medical Informatics and Statistics, Christian-Albrechts-University and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Carolin Diesch
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Herta Flor
- Department of Clinical and Cognitive Neuroscience, Central Institute for Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Ruprecht Karls University Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Volker Huge
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, München, Germany
| | - Christian Maihöfner
- Department of Neurology, General Hospital Fürth, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Nuremberg, Germany
| | - Stefanie Rehm
- Division of Neurological Pain Research and Therapy, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Dilara Kersebaum
- Division of Neurological Pain Research and Therapy, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Sophie-Charlotte Fabig
- Division of Neurological Pain Research and Therapy, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Jan Vollert
- Chair of Neurophysiology, Mannheim Center for Translational Neuroscience, Ruprecht Karls University Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.,Pain Research, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Roman Rolke
- Department of Palliative Medicine, Medical Faculty RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Susanne Stemmler
- Department of Human Genetics, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Claudia Sommer
- Department of Neurology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Andrea Westermann
- Department of Pain Management, BG Kliniken Bergmannsheil, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Ingolf Cascorbi
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Ralf Baron
- Division of Neurological Pain Research and Therapy, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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26
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Peirs C, Williams SPG, Zhao X, Arokiaraj CM, Ferreira DW, Noh MC, Smith KM, Halder P, Corrigan KA, Gedeon JY, Lee SJ, Gatto G, Chi D, Ross SE, Goulding M, Seal RP. Mechanical Allodynia Circuitry in the Dorsal Horn Is Defined by the Nature of the Injury. Neuron 2020; 109:73-90.e7. [PMID: 33181066 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2020.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The spinal dorsal horn is a major site for the induction and maintenance of mechanical allodynia, but the circuitry that underlies this clinically important form of pain remains unclear. The studies presented here provide strong evidence that the neural circuits conveying mechanical allodynia in the dorsal horn differ by the nature of the injury. Calretinin (CR) neurons in lamina II inner convey mechanical allodynia induced by inflammatory injuries, while protein kinase C gamma (PKCγ) neurons at the lamina II/III border convey mechanical allodynia induced by neuropathic injuries. Cholecystokinin (CCK) neurons located deeper within the dorsal horn (laminae III-IV) are important for both types of injuries. Interestingly, the Maf+ subset of CCK neurons is composed of transient vesicular glutamate transporter 3 (tVGLUT3) neurons, which convey primarily dynamic allodynia. Identification of an etiology-based circuitry for mechanical allodynia in the dorsal horn has important implications for the mechanistic and clinical understanding of this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cedric Peirs
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA; Pittsburgh Center for Pain Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Sean-Paul G Williams
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA; Pittsburgh Center for Pain Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Xinyi Zhao
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA; Pittsburgh Center for Pain Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Cynthia M Arokiaraj
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA; Pittsburgh Center for Pain Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - David W Ferreira
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA; Pittsburgh Center for Pain Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Myung-Chul Noh
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA; Pittsburgh Center for Pain Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Kelly M Smith
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA; Pittsburgh Center for Pain Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Priyabrata Halder
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA; Pittsburgh Center for Pain Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Kelly A Corrigan
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA; Pittsburgh Center for Pain Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Jeremy Y Gedeon
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA; Pittsburgh Center for Pain Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Suh Jin Lee
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA; Pittsburgh Center for Pain Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Graziana Gatto
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - David Chi
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Sarah E Ross
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA; Pittsburgh Center for Pain Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Martyn Goulding
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Rebecca P Seal
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA; Pittsburgh Center for Pain Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA; Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA.
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27
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Zhang Y, Fu T, Han S, Ding Y, Wang J, Zheng J, Li J. Monocular Deprivation Affects Visual Cortex Plasticity Through cPKCγ-Modulated GluR1 Phosphorylation in Mice. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2020; 61:44. [PMID: 32343785 PMCID: PMC7401946 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.61.4.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To determine how visual cortex plasticity changes after monocular deprivation (MD) in mice and whether conventional protein kinase C gamma (cPKCγ) plays a role in visual cortex plasticity. Methods cPKCγ membrane translocation levels were quantified by using immunoblotting to explore the effects of MD on cPKCγ activation. Electrophysiology was used to record field excitatory postsynaptic potential (fEPSP) amplitude with the goal of observing changes in visual cortex plasticity after MD. Immunoblotting was also used to determine the phosphorylation levels of GluR1 at Ser831. Light transmission was analyzed using electroretinography to examine the effects of MD and cPKCγ on mouse retinal function. Results Membrane translocation levels of cPKCγ significantly increased in the contralateral visual cortex of MD mice compared to wild-type (WT) mice (P < 0.001). In the contralateral visual cortex, long-term potentiation (LTP) and the phosphorylation levels of GluR1 at Ser 831 were increased in cPKCγ+/+ mice after MD. Interestingly, these levels could be downregulated by cPKCγ knockout compared to cPKCγ+/++MD mice (P < 0.001). Compared to the right eyes of WT mice, the amplitudes of a-waves and b-waves declined in deprived right eyes of mice after MD (P < 0.001). There were no significant differences when comparing cPKCγ+/+ and cPKCγ−/− mice with MD. Conclusions cPKCγ participates in the plasticity of the visual cortex after MD, which is characterized by increased LTP in the contralateral visual cortex, which may be a result of cPKCγ-mediated phosphorylation of GluR1 at Ser 831.
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Abstract
Neuropathic pain caused by a lesion or disease of the somatosensory nervous system is a common chronic pain condition with major impact on quality of life. Examples include trigeminal neuralgia, painful polyneuropathy, postherpetic neuralgia, and central poststroke pain. Most patients complain of an ongoing or intermittent spontaneous pain of, for example, burning, pricking, squeezing quality, which may be accompanied by evoked pain, particular to light touch and cold. Ectopic activity in, for example, nerve-end neuroma, compressed nerves or nerve roots, dorsal root ganglia, and the thalamus may in different conditions underlie the spontaneous pain. Evoked pain may spread to neighboring areas, and the underlying pathophysiology involves peripheral and central sensitization. Maladaptive structural changes and a number of cell-cell interactions and molecular signaling underlie the sensitization of nociceptive pathways. These include alteration in ion channels, activation of immune cells, glial-derived mediators, and epigenetic regulation. The major classes of therapeutics include drugs acting on α2δ subunits of calcium channels, sodium channels, and descending modulatory inhibitory pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanna Brix Finnerup
- Danish Pain Research Center, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Neurology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark; and Department of Pharmacology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rohini Kuner
- Danish Pain Research Center, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Neurology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark; and Department of Pharmacology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Troels Staehelin Jensen
- Danish Pain Research Center, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Neurology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark; and Department of Pharmacology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
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Peirs C, Dallel R, Todd AJ. Recent advances in our understanding of the organization of dorsal horn neuron populations and their contribution to cutaneous mechanical allodynia. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2020; 127:505-525. [PMID: 32239353 PMCID: PMC7148279 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-020-02159-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The dorsal horns of the spinal cord and the trigeminal nuclei in the brainstem contain neuron populations that are critical to process sensory information. Neurons in these areas are highly heterogeneous in their morphology, molecular phenotype and intrinsic properties, making it difficult to identify functionally distinct cell populations, and to determine how these are engaged in pathophysiological conditions. There is a growing consensus concerning the classification of neuron populations, based on transcriptomic and transductomic analyses of the dorsal horn. These approaches have led to the discovery of several molecularly defined cell types that have been implicated in cutaneous mechanical allodynia, a highly prevalent and difficult-to-treat symptom of chronic pain, in which touch becomes painful. The main objective of this review is to provide a contemporary view of dorsal horn neuronal populations, and describe recent advances in our understanding of on how they participate in cutaneous mechanical allodynia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cedric Peirs
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Inserm, Neuro-Dol, Clermont-Ferrand, F-63000, France.
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK.
| | - Radhouane Dallel
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Inserm, Neuro-Dol, Clermont-Ferrand, F-63000, France
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Andrew J Todd
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
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PKCγ interneurons, a gateway to pathological pain in the dorsal horn. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2020; 127:527-540. [PMID: 32108249 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-020-02162-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Chronic pain is a frequent and disabling condition that is significantly maintained by central sensitization, which results in pathological amplification of responses to noxious and innocuous stimuli. As such, mechanical allodynia, or pain in response to a tactile stimulus that does not normally provoke pain, is a cardinal feature of chronic pain. Recent evidence suggests that the dorsal horn excitatory interneurons that express the γ isoform of protein kinase C (PKCγ) play a critical role in the mechanism of mechanical allodynia during chronic pain. Here, we review this evidence as well as the main aspects of the development, anatomy, electrophysiology, inputs, outputs, and pathophysiology of dorsal horn PKCγ neurons. Primary afferent high-threshold neurons transmit the nociceptive message to the dorsal horn of the spinal cord and trigeminal system where it activates second-order nociceptive neurons relaying the information to the brain. In physiological conditions, low-threshold mechanoreceptor inputs activate inhibitory interneurons in the dorsal horn, which may control activation of second-order nociceptive neurons. During chronic pain, low-threshold mechanoreceptor inputs now activate PKCγ neurons that forward the message to second-order nociceptive neurons, turning thus tactile inputs into pain. Several mechanisms may contribute to opening this gate, including disinhibition, activation of local astrocytes, release of diffusible factors such as reactive oxygen species, and alteration of the descending serotoninergic control on PKCγ neurons through 5-HT2A serotonin receptors. Dorsal horn PKCγ neurons, therefore, appear as a relevant therapeutic target to alleviate mechanical allodynia during chronic pain.
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The Role of Descending Pain Modulation in Chronic Primary Pain: Potential Application of Drugs Targeting Serotonergic System. Neural Plast 2019; 2019:1389296. [PMID: 31933624 PMCID: PMC6942873 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1389296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 11/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic primary pain (CPP) is a group of diseases with long-term pain and functional disorders but without structural or specific tissue pathologies. CPP is becoming a serious health problem in clinical practice due to the unknown cause of intractable pain and high cost of health care yet has not been satisfactorily addressed. During the past decades, a significant role for the descending pain modulation and alterations due to specific diseases of CPP has been emphasized. It has been widely established that central sensitization and alterations in neuroplasticity induced by the enhancement of descending pain facilitation and/or the impairment of descending pain inhibition can explain many chronic pain states including CPP. The descending serotonergic neurons in the raphe nuclei target receptors along the descending pain circuits and exert either pro- or antinociceptive effects in different pain conditions. In this review, we summarize the possible underlying descending pain regulation mechanisms in CPP and the role of serotonin, thus providing evidence for potential application of analgesic medications based on the serotonergic system in CPP patients.
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Zhang YY, Song N, Liu F, Lin J, Liu MK, Huang CL, Liao DQ, Zhou C, Wang H, Shen JF. Activation of the RAS/B-RAF-MEK-ERK pathway in satellite glial cells contributes to substance p-mediated orofacial pain. Eur J Neurosci 2019; 51:2205-2218. [PMID: 31705725 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The cross talk between trigeminal ganglion (TG) neurons and satellite glial cells (SGCs) is crucial for the regulation of inflammatory orofacial pain. Substance P (SP) plays an important role by activating neurokinin (NK)-I receptors in this cross talk. The activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2, protein kinase A (PKA) and protein kinase C (PKC) in neurons and SGCs of peripheral ganglions by peripheral inflammation is associated with inflammatory hypersensitivity. This study tested the hypothesis that SP evoked SP-NK-I receptor positive feedback via the Renin-Angiotensin System/B-Protein Kinase A-Rapidly Accelerates Fibrosarcoma-MEK-Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase (RAS/PKA-RAF-MEK-ERK) pathway, which is involved in pain hypersensitivity. Inflammatory models were induced in vivo by injecting Complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) into the whisker pad of rats. SP was administrated to SGCs in vitro for investigating, whether SP regulates the expression of NK-I receptor in the SGC nucleus. The effects of RAS-RAF-MEK, PKA and PKC pathways in this process were measured by co-incubating SGCs with respective Raf, PKA, PKC and MEK inhibitors in vitro and by pre-injecting these inhibitors into the TG in vivo. SP significantly upregulated NK-I receptor, p-ERK1/2, Ras, B-Raf, PKA and PKC in SGCs under inflammatory conditions. In addition, L703,606 (NK-I receptor antagonist), U0126 (MEK inhibitor), Sorafenib (Raf inhibitor) and H892HCL (PKA inhibitor) but not chelerythrine chloride (PKC inhibitor) significantly decreased NK-I mRNA and protein levels induced by SP. The allodynia-related behavior evoked by CFA was inhibited by pre-injection of L703,606, U0126, Sorafenib and H892HCL into the TG. Overall, SP upregulates NK-I receptor in TG SGCs via PKA/RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK pathway activation, contributing to a positive feedback of SP-NK-I receptor in inflammatory orofacial pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ning Song
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Fei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiu Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Meng-Ke Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chao-Lan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Da-Qing Liao
- Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Translational Neuroscience Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Cheng Zhou
- Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Translational Neuroscience Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jie-Fei Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Visseq A, Descheemaeker A, Pinto-Pardo N, Nauton L, Théry V, Giraud F, Abrunhosa-Thomas I, Artola A, Anizon F, Dallel R, Moreau P. Pyridin-2(1H)one derivatives: A possible new class of therapeutics for mechanical allodynia. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 187:111917. [PMID: 31806536 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.111917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical Allodynia (MA), a frequent chronic pain symptom caused by innocuous stimuli, constitutes an unmet medical need, as treatments using analgesics available today are not always effective and can be associated with important side-effects. A series of 3,5-disubstituted pyridin-2(1H)-ones was designed, synthesized and evaluated in vivo toward a rat model of inflammatory MA. We found that the series rapidly and strongly prevented the development of MA. 3-(2-Bromophenyl)-5-(phenylamino)pyridin-2(1H)-one 69, the most active compound of the series, was also able to quickly reverse neuropathic MA in rats. Next, when 69 was evaluated toward a panel of 50 protein kinases (PK) in order to identify its potential biological target(s), we found that 69 is a p38α MAPK inhibitor, a PK known to contribute to pain hypersensitivity in animal models. 3,5-Disubstituted pyridin-2(1H)-ones thus could represent a novel class of analgesic for the treatment of MA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexia Visseq
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Amélie Descheemaeker
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Inserm, Neuro-Dol, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Nicolas Pinto-Pardo
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Inserm, Neuro-Dol, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Lionel Nauton
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Vincent Théry
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Francis Giraud
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Isabelle Abrunhosa-Thomas
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - Alain Artola
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Inserm, Neuro-Dol, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Fabrice Anizon
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - Radhouane Dallel
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Inserm, Neuro-Dol, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Clermont-Ferrand, Service D'Odontologie, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - Pascale Moreau
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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Dorsal Horn PKCγ Interneurons Mediate Mechanical Allodynia through 5-HT 2AR-Dependent Structural Reorganization. J Neurosci 2019; 39:6221-6223. [PMID: 31391259 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0291-19.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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