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Wong NF, Xu-Friedman MA. Induction of Activity-Dependent Plasticity at Auditory Nerve Synapses. J Neurosci 2022; 42:6211-6220. [PMID: 35790402 PMCID: PMC9374128 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0666-22.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to nontraumatic noise in vivo drives long-lasting changes in auditory nerve synapses, which may influence hearing, but the induction mechanisms are not known. We mimicked activity in acute slices of the cochlear nucleus from mice of both sexes by treating them with high potassium, after which voltage-clamp recordings from bushy cells indicated that auditory nerve synapses had reduced EPSC amplitude, quantal size, and vesicle release probability (P r). The effects of high potassium were prevented by blockers of nitric oxide (NO) synthase and protein kinase A. Treatment with the NO donor, PAPA-NONOate, also decreased P r, suggesting NO plays a central role in inducing synaptic changes. To identify the source of NO, we activated auditory nerve fibers specifically using optogenetics. Strobing for 2 h led to decreased EPSC amplitude and P r, which was prevented by antagonists against ionotropic glutamate receptors and NO synthase. This suggests that the activation of AMPA and NMDA receptors in postsynaptic targets of auditory nerve fibers drives release of NO, which acts retrogradely to cause long-term changes in synaptic function in auditory nerve synapses. This may provide insight into preventing or treating disorders caused by noise exposure.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Auditory nerve fibers undergo long-lasting changes in synaptic properties in response to noise exposure in vivo, which may contribute to changes in hearing. Here, we investigated the cellular mechanisms underlying induction of synaptic changes using high potassium and optogenetic stimulation in vitro and identified important signaling pathways using pharmacology. Our results suggest that auditory nerve activity drives postsynaptic depolarization through AMPA and NMDA receptors, leading to the release of nitric oxide, which acts retrogradely to regulate presynaptic neurotransmitter release. These experiments revealed that auditory nerve synapses are unexpectedly sensitive to activity and can show dramatic, long-lasting changes in a few hours that could affect hearing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole F Wong
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260
| | - Matthew A Xu-Friedman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260
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2
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Campelo T, Augusto E, Chenouard N, de Miranda A, Kouskoff V, Camus C, Choquet D, Gambino F. AMPAR-Dependent Synaptic Plasticity Initiates Cortical Remapping and Adaptive Behaviors during Sensory Experience. Cell Rep 2020; 32:108097. [PMID: 32877679 PMCID: PMC7487777 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cortical plasticity improves behaviors and helps recover lost functions after injury. However, the underlying synaptic mechanisms remain unclear. In mice, we show that trimming all but one whisker enhances sensory responses from the spared whisker in the barrel cortex and occludes whisker-mediated synaptic potentiation (w-Pot) in vivo. In addition, whisker-dependent behaviors that are initially impaired by single-whisker experience (SWE) rapidly recover when associated cortical regions remap. Cross-linking the surface GluA2 subunit of AMPA receptors (AMPARs) suppresses the expression of w-Pot, presumably by blocking AMPAR surface diffusion, in mice with all whiskers intact, indicating that synaptic potentiation in vivo requires AMPAR trafficking. We use this approach to demonstrate that w-Pot is required for SWE-mediated strengthening of synaptic inputs and initiates the recovery of previously learned skills during the early phases of SWE. Taken together, our data reveal that w-Pot mediates cortical remapping and behavioral improvement upon partial sensory deafferentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Campelo
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, IINS, UMR 5297, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Elisabete Augusto
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, IINS, UMR 5297, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Nicolas Chenouard
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, IINS, UMR 5297, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Aron de Miranda
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, IINS, UMR 5297, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Vladimir Kouskoff
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, IINS, UMR 5297, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Come Camus
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, IINS, UMR 5297, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Daniel Choquet
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, IINS, UMR 5297, 33000 Bordeaux, France; University of Bordeaux, CNRS, INSERM, Bordeaux Imaging Center, BIC, UMS 3420, US 4, 33000 Bordeaux, France.
| | - Frédéric Gambino
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, IINS, UMR 5297, 33000 Bordeaux, France.
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3
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Pedrini FA, Boriani F, Bolognesi F, Fazio N, Marchetti C, Baldini N. Cell-Enhanced Acellular Nerve Allografts for Peripheral Nerve Reconstruction: A Systematic Review and a Meta-Analysis of the Literature. Neurosurgery 2020; 85:575-604. [PMID: 30247648 DOI: 10.1093/neuros/nyy374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peripheral nerve reconstruction is a difficult problem to solve. Acellular nerve allografts (ANAs) have been widely tested and are a promising alternative to the autologous gold standard. However, current reconstructive methods still yield unpredictable and unsuccessful results. Consequently, numerous studies have been carried out studying alternatives to plain ANAs, but it is not clear if nerve regeneration potential exists between current biological, chemical, and physical enrichment modes. OBJECTIVE To systematically review the effects of cell-enhanced ANAs on regeneration of peripheral nerve injuries. METHODS PubMed, ScienceDirect, Medline, and Scopus databases were searched for related articles published from 2007 to 2017. Inclusion criteria of selected articles consisted of (1) articles written in English; (2) the topic being cell-enhanced ANAs in peripheral nerve regeneration; (3) an in vivo study design; and (4) postgrafting neuroregenerative assessment of results. Exclusion criteria included all articles that (1) discussed central nervous system ANAs; (2) consisted of xenografts as the main topic; and (3) consisted of case series, case reports or reviews. RESULTS Forty papers were selected, and categorization included the animal model; the enhancing cell types; the decellularization method; and the neuroregenerative test performed. The effects of using diverse cellular enhancements combined with ANAs are discussed and also compared with the other treatments such as autologous nerve graft, and plain ANAs. CONCLUSION ANAs cellular enhancement demonstrated positive effects on recovery of nerve function. Future research should include clinical translation, in order to increase the level of evidence available on peripheral nerve reconstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Alice Pedrini
- Orthopaedic Pathophysiology and Regenerative Medicine Unit, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Filippo Boriani
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, Koelliker Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - Federico Bolognesi
- Maxillofacial Surgery Unit, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Nicola Fazio
- Orthopaedic Pathophysiology and Regenerative Medicine Unit, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Claudio Marchetti
- Maxillofacial Surgery Unit, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Nicola Baldini
- Orthopaedic Pathophysiology and Regenerative Medicine Unit, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy.,Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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4
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Seaton G, Hodges G, de Haan A, Grewal A, Pandey A, Kasai H, Fox K. Dual-Component Structural Plasticity Mediated by αCaMKII Autophosphorylation on Basal Dendrites of Cortical Layer 2/3 Neurones. J Neurosci 2020; 40:2228-2245. [PMID: 32001612 PMCID: PMC7083283 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2297-19.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensory cortex exhibits receptive field plasticity throughout life in response to changes in sensory experience and offers the experimental possibility of aligning functional changes in receptive field properties with underpinning structural changes in synapses. We looked at the effects on structural plasticity of two different patterns of whisker deprivation in male and female mice: chessboard deprivation, which causes functional plasticity; and all deprived, which does not. Using 2-photon microscopy and chronic imaging through a cranial window over the barrel cortex, we found that layer 2/3 neurones exhibit robust structural plasticity, but only in response to whisker deprivation patterns that cause functional plasticity. Chessboard pattern deprivation caused dual-component plasticity in layer 2/3 by (1) increasing production of new spines that subsequently persisted for weeks and (2) enlarging spine head sizes in the preexisting stable spine population. Structural plasticity occurred on basal dendrites, but not apical dendrites. Both components of plasticity were absent in αCaMKII-T286A mutants that lack LTP and experience-dependent potentiation in barrel cortex, implying that αCaMKII autophosphorylation is not only important for stabilization and enlargement of spines, but also for new spine production. These studies therefore reveal the relationship between spared whisker potentiation in layer 2/3 neurones and the form and mechanisms of structural plasticity processes that underlie them.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT This study provides a missing link in a chain of reasoning that connects LTP to experience-dependent functional plasticity in vivo We found that increases in dendritic spine formation and spine enlargement (both of which are characteristic of LTP) only occurred in barrel cortex during sensory deprivation that produced potentiation of sensory responses. Furthermore, the dendritic spine plasticity did not occur during sensory deprivation in mice lacking LTP and experience-dependent potentiation (αCaMKII autophosphorylation mutants). We also found that the dual-component dendritic spine plasticity only occurred on basal dendrites and not on apical dendrites, thereby resolving a paradox in the literature suggesting that layer 2/3 neurones lack structural plasticity in response to sensory deprivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillian Seaton
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, United Kingdom, and
| | - Gladys Hodges
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, United Kingdom, and
| | - Annelies de Haan
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, United Kingdom, and
| | - Aneesha Grewal
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, United Kingdom, and
| | - Anurag Pandey
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, United Kingdom, and
| | - Haruo Kasai
- Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Kevin Fox
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, United Kingdom, and
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5
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Ivanova VO, Balaban PM, Bal NV. Modulation of AMPA Receptors by Nitric Oxide in Nerve Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21030981. [PMID: 32024149 PMCID: PMC7038066 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21030981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a gaseous molecule with a large number of functions in living tissue. In the brain, NO participates in numerous intracellular mechanisms, including synaptic plasticity and cell homeostasis. NO elicits synaptic changes both through various multi-chain cascades and through direct nitrosylation of targeted proteins. Along with the N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) glutamate receptors, one of the key components in synaptic functioning are α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionate (AMPA) receptors—the main target for long-term modifications of synaptic effectivity. AMPA receptors have been shown to participate in most of the functions important for neuronal activity, including memory formation. Interactions of NO and AMPA receptors were observed in important phenomena, such as glutamatergic excitotoxicity in retinal cells, synaptic plasticity, and neuropathologies. This review focuses on existing findings that concern pathways by which NO interacts with AMPA receptors, influences properties of different subunits of AMPA receptors, and regulates the receptors’ surface expression.
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6
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Noriega-Prieto JA, Maglio LE, Gallero-Salas Y, Fernández de Sevilla D. Nitric Oxide-Dependent LTD at Infralimbic Cortex. Neuroscience 2019; 418:149-156. [PMID: 31449986 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic calcium (Ca2+) spikes play a key role in the genesis of long-term synaptic plasticity. Although synaptic plasticity in the infralimbic cortex is critical for the extinction of fear-conditioned memory, the role of Ca2+-spikes in the induction of synaptic plasticity at this cortex has not been explored in depth. Here we show that Ca2+-spikes in layer 5 pyramidal neurons (L5 PNs) of the rat infralimbic cortex are crucial in the induction of long-term depression of the excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs). The lack of effect on the postsynaptic currents evoked by puffing glutamate and the changes in the variance of the EPSC amplitude that paralleled its inhibition suggest that this LTD of the EPSCs is mediated presynaptically. However, its induction requires cytosolic calcium elevations because it is prevented when the recorded L5 PN is loaded with BAPTA. Moreover, it depends on the synthesis of nitric oxide (NO) because it is absent on slices incubated with nitric oxidase synthase inhibitor L-NAME. Therefore, Ca2+-spikes can trigger LTD of the ESPCs through the NO dependent presynaptic form of synaptic plasticity, thus providing a novel form of inducing synaptic plasticity at L5 PNs of the rat infralimbic cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Antonio Noriega-Prieto
- Departamento de Anatomía, Histología y Neurociencia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, 28029, Spain
| | - Laura Eva Maglio
- Departamento de Anatomía, Histología y Neurociencia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, 28029, Spain; Departamento de Ciencias Médicas Básicas-Área Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Yasir Gallero-Salas
- Departamento de Anatomía, Histología y Neurociencia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, 28029, Spain; Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich 8057, Switzerland; Neuroscience Center Zurich, Zurich 8057, Switzerland
| | - David Fernández de Sevilla
- Departamento de Anatomía, Histología y Neurociencia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, 28029, Spain.
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7
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Kakizawa S. [Physiological roles of redox signals in relation to synaptic plasticity and brain functions]. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi 2018; 152:227-232. [PMID: 30393254 DOI: 10.1254/fpj.152.227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In our classical knowledge, redox molecules, including reactive oxygen species (ROS), nitric oxide (NO) and hydrogen sulfide, are considered to be generated as byproducts of aerobic metabolism and act as harmful oxidants of macromolecules, such as proteins and lipids. On the other hands, recently, expressions of enzymes producing redox molecules are identified and reported to be expressed in wide range of tissues, including brain. Moreover, activities of some of these enzymes are revealed to be regulated by physiological signals (e.g. calcium). These observations suggest that redox molecules act as physiological messengers and have biological functions. Actually, recent studies indicate possible involvement of redox signals in functional modification of proteins essential for synaptic plasticity in cultured cells and acute slice preparations. For example, S-nitrosylation of type 1 ryanodine receptor, an intracellular calcium-release channel, is revealed to be essential for NO-induced calcium release (NICR) and synaptic plasticity in cerebellar Purkinje cells. Further studies on mutant animals deficient in redox-modification site may clarify essential role of redox signals in brain functions in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sho Kakizawa
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University
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8
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Abstract
Somatosensory areas containing topographic maps of the body surface are a major feature of parietal cortex. In primates, parietal cortex contains four somatosensory areas, each with its own map, with the primary cutaneous map in area 3b. Rodents have at least three parietal somatosensory areas. Maps are not isomorphic to the body surface, but magnify behaviorally important skin regions, which include the hands and face in primates, and the whiskers in rodents. Within each map, intracortical circuits process tactile information, mediate spatial integration, and support active sensation. Maps may also contain fine-scale representations of touch submodalities, or direction of tactile motion. Functional representations are more overlapping than suggested by textbook depictions of map topography. The whisker map in rodent somatosensory cortex is a canonic system for studying cortical microcircuits, sensory coding, and map plasticity. Somatosensory maps are plastic throughout life in response to altered use or injury. This chapter reviews basic principles and recent findings in primate, human, and rodent somatosensory maps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Harding-Forrester
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Daniel E Feldman
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, United States.
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9
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Fernández-Montoya J, Avendaño C, Negredo P. The Glutamatergic System in Primary Somatosensory Neurons and Its Involvement in Sensory Input-Dependent Plasticity. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 19:ijms19010069. [PMID: 29280965 PMCID: PMC5796019 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19010069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutamate is the most common neurotransmitter in both the central and the peripheral nervous system. Glutamate is present in all types of neurons in sensory ganglia, and is released not only from their peripheral and central axon terminals but also from their cell bodies. Consistently, these neurons express ionotropic and metabotropic receptors, as well as other molecules involved in the synthesis, transport and release of the neurotransmitter. Primary sensory neurons are the first neurons in the sensory channels, which receive information from the periphery, and are thus key players in the sensory transduction and in the transmission of this information to higher centers in the pathway. These neurons are tightly enclosed by satellite glial cells, which also express several ionotropic and metabotropic glutamate receptors, and display increases in intracellular calcium accompanying the release of glutamate. One of the main interests in our group has been the study of the implication of the peripheral nervous system in sensory-dependent plasticity. Recently, we have provided novel evidence in favor of morphological changes in first- and second-order neurons of the trigeminal system after sustained alterations of the sensory input. Moreover, these anatomical changes are paralleled by several molecular changes, among which those related to glutamatergic neurotransmission are particularly relevant. In this review, we will describe the state of the art of the glutamatergic system in sensory ganglia and its involvement in input-dependent plasticity, a fundamental ground for advancing our knowledge of the neural mechanisms of learning and adaptation, reaction to injury, and chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Fernández-Montoya
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Neuroscience, Medical School, Autonoma University of Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Carlos Avendaño
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Neuroscience, Medical School, Autonoma University of Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Pilar Negredo
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Neuroscience, Medical School, Autonoma University of Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
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10
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Dachtler J, Fox K. Do cortical plasticity mechanisms differ between males and females? J Neurosci Res 2017; 95:518-526. [PMID: 27870449 PMCID: PMC5111614 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Revised: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The difference between male and female behavior and male and female susceptibility to a number of neuropsychiatric conditions is not controversial. From a biological perspective, one might expect to see at least some of these differences underpinned by identifiable physical differences in the brain. This Mini‐Review focuses on evidence that plasticity mechanisms differ between males and females and ask at what scale of organization the differences might exist, at the systems level, the circuits level, or the synaptic level. Emerging evidence suggests that plasticity differences may extend to the scale of synaptic mechanisms. In particular, the CaMKK, NOS1 and estrogen receptor pathways show sexual dimorphisms with implications for plasticity in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex. © 2016 The Authors. Journal of Neuroscience Research Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Dachtler
- Department of Psychology, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin Fox
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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11
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Glazewski S, Greenhill S, Fox K. Time-course and mechanisms of homeostatic plasticity in layers 2/3 and 5 of the barrel cortex. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2017; 372:20160150. [PMID: 28093546 PMCID: PMC5247584 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2016.0150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that ocular dominance plasticity in layer 2/3 of the visual cortex exhibits a form of homeostatic plasticity that is related to synaptic scaling and depends on TNFα. In this study, we tested whether a similar form of plasticity was present in layer 2/3 of the barrel cortex and, therefore, whether the mechanism was likely to be a general property of cortical neurons. We found that whisker deprivation could induce homeostatic plasticity in layer 2/3 of barrel cortex, but not in a mouse strain lacking synaptic scaling. The time-course of homeostatic plasticity in layer 2/3 was similar to that of L5 regular spiking (RS) neurons (L5RS), but slower than that of L5 intrinsic bursting (IB) neurons (L5IB). In layer 5, the strength of evoked whisker responses and ex vivo miniature excitatory post-synaptic currents (mEPSCs) amplitudes showed an identical time-course for homeostatic plasticity, implying that plasticity at excitatory synapses contacting layer 5 neurons is sufficient to explain the changes in evoked responses. Spontaneous firing rate also showed homeostatic behaviour for L5IB cells, but was absent for L5RS cells over the time-course studied. Spontaneous firing rate homeostasis was found to be independent of evoked response homeostasis suggesting that the two depend on different mechanisms.This article is part of the themed issue 'Integrating Hebbian and homeostatic plasticity'.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stuart Greenhill
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK
| | - Kevin Fox
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK
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12
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Zhou M, Greenhill S, Huang S, Silva TK, Sano Y, Wu S, Cai Y, Nagaoka Y, Sehgal M, Cai DJ, Lee YS, Fox K, Silva AJ. CCR5 is a suppressor for cortical plasticity and hippocampal learning and memory. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27996938 PMCID: PMC5213777 DOI: 10.7554/elife.20985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the role of CCR5 in immunity and in HIV infection has been studied widely, its role in neuronal plasticity, learning and memory is not understood. Here, we report that decreasing the function of CCR5 increases MAPK/CREB signaling, long-term potentiation (LTP), and hippocampus-dependent memory in mice, while neuronal CCR5 overexpression caused memory deficits. Decreasing CCR5 function in mouse barrel cortex also resulted in enhanced spike timing dependent plasticity and consequently, dramatically accelerated experience-dependent plasticity. These results suggest that CCR5 is a powerful suppressor for plasticity and memory, and CCR5 over-activation by viral proteins may contribute to HIV-associated cognitive deficits. Consistent with this hypothesis, the HIV V3 peptide caused LTP, signaling and memory deficits that were prevented by Ccr5 knockout or knockdown. Overall, our results demonstrate that CCR5 plays an important role in neuroplasticity, learning and memory, and indicate that CCR5 has a role in the cognitive deficits caused by HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miou Zhou
- Departments of Neurobiology, Psychology, Psychiatry, Integrative Center for Learning and Memory and Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Stuart Greenhill
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.,School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Shan Huang
- Departments of Neurobiology, Psychology, Psychiatry, Integrative Center for Learning and Memory and Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Tawnie K Silva
- Departments of Neurobiology, Psychology, Psychiatry, Integrative Center for Learning and Memory and Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Yoshitake Sano
- Departments of Neurobiology, Psychology, Psychiatry, Integrative Center for Learning and Memory and Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States.,Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan
| | - Shumin Wu
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Ying Cai
- Departments of Neurobiology, Psychology, Psychiatry, Integrative Center for Learning and Memory and Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Yoshiko Nagaoka
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Megha Sehgal
- Departments of Neurobiology, Psychology, Psychiatry, Integrative Center for Learning and Memory and Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Denise J Cai
- Departments of Neurobiology, Psychology, Psychiatry, Integrative Center for Learning and Memory and Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Yong-Seok Lee
- Departments of Neurobiology, Psychology, Psychiatry, Integrative Center for Learning and Memory and Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States.,Department of Physiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kevin Fox
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Alcino J Silva
- Departments of Neurobiology, Psychology, Psychiatry, Integrative Center for Learning and Memory and Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States
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13
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Hadzic M, Jack A, Wahle P. Ionotropic glutamate receptors: Which ones, when, and where in the mammalian neocortex. J Comp Neurol 2016; 525:976-1033. [PMID: 27560295 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Revised: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A multitude of 18 iGluR receptor subunits, many of which are diversified by splicing and RNA editing, localize to >20 excitatory and inhibitory neocortical neuron types defined by physiology, morphology, and transcriptome in addition to various types of glial, endothelial, and blood cells. Here we have compiled the published expression of iGluR subunits in the areas and cell types of developing and adult cortex of rat, mouse, carnivore, bovine, monkey, and human as determined with antibody- and mRNA-based techniques. iGluRs are differentially expressed in the cortical areas and in the species, and all have a unique developmental pattern. Differences are quantitative rather than a mere absence/presence of expression. iGluR are too ubiquitously expressed and of limited use as markers for areas or layers. A focus has been the iGluR profile of cortical interneuron types. For instance, GluK1 and GluN3A are enriched in, but not specific for, interneurons; moreover, the interneurons expressing these subunits belong to different types. Adressing the types is still a major hurdle because type-specific markers are lacking, and the frequently used neuropeptide/CaBP signatures are subject to regulation by age and activity and vary as well between species and areas. RNA-seq reveals almost all subunits in the two morphofunctionally characterized interneuron types of adult cortical layer I, suggesting a fairly broad expression at the RNA level. It remains to be determined whether all proteins are synthesized, to which pre- or postsynaptic subdomains in a given neuron type they localize, and whether all are involved in synaptic transmission. J. Comp. Neurol. 525:976-1033, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minela Hadzic
- Developmental Neurobiology, Faculty for Biology and Biotechnology ND 6/72, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Alexander Jack
- Developmental Neurobiology, Faculty for Biology and Biotechnology ND 6/72, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Petra Wahle
- Developmental Neurobiology, Faculty for Biology and Biotechnology ND 6/72, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801, Bochum, Germany
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Li YJ, Zhao BL, Lv HZ, Qin ZG, Luo M. Acellular allogeneic nerve grafting combined with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell transplantation for the repair of long-segment sciatic nerve defects: biomechanics and validation of mathematical models. Neural Regen Res 2016; 11:1322-6. [PMID: 27651781 PMCID: PMC5020832 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.189198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
We hypothesized that a chemically extracted acellular allogeneic nerve graft used in combination with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell transplantation would be an effective treatment for long-segment sciatic nerve defects. To test this, we established rabbit models of 30 mm sciatic nerve defects, and treated them using either an autograft or a chemically decellularized allogeneic nerve graft with or without simultaneous transplantation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. We compared the tensile properties, electrophysiological function and morphology of the damaged nerve in each group. Sciatic nerves repaired by the allogeneic nerve graft combined with stem cell transplantation showed better recovery than those repaired by the acellular allogeneic nerve graft alone, and produced similar results to those observed with the autograft. These findings confirm that a chemically extracted acellular allogeneic nerve graft combined with transplantation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells is an effective method of repairing long-segment sciatic nerve defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Jun Li
- School of Mathematics, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Bao-Lin Zhao
- Department of Orthopedics, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Hao-Ze Lv
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Zhi-Gang Qin
- Department of Neurosurgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Min Luo
- Department of Pain, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
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15
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Yap KAF, Shetty MS, Garcia-Alvarez G, Lu B, Alagappan D, Oh-Hora M, Sajikumar S, Fivaz M. STIM2 regulates AMPA receptor trafficking and plasticity at hippocampal synapses. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2016; 138:54-61. [PMID: 27544849 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2016.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Revised: 08/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
STIM2 is an integral membrane protein of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) that regulates the activity of plasma membrane (PM) channels at ER-PM contact sites. Recent studies show that STIM2 promotes spine maturation and surface expression of the AMPA receptor (AMPAR) subunit GluA1, hinting at a probable role in synaptic plasticity. Here, we used a Stim2 cKO mouse to explore the function of STIM2 in Long-Term Potentiation (LTP) and Depression (LTD), two widely-studied models of synaptic plasticity implicated in information storage. We found that STIM2 is required for the stable expression of both LTP and LTD at CA3-CA1 hippocampal synapses. Altered plasticity in Stim2 cKO mice is associated with subtle alterations in the shape and density of dendritic spines in CA1 neurons. Further, surface delivery of GluA1 in response to LTP-inducing chemical manipulations was markedly reduced in excitatory neurons derived from Stim2 cKO mice. GluA1 endocytosis following chemically-induced LTD was also impaired in Stim2 cKO neurons. We conclude that STIM2 facilitates synaptic delivery and removal of AMPARs and regulates activity-dependent changes in synaptic strength through a unique mode of communication between the ER and the synapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenrick An Fu Yap
- Duke-NUS Medical School, programme in Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Mahesh Shivarama Shetty
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Gisela Garcia-Alvarez
- Duke-NUS Medical School, programme in Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Bo Lu
- Duke-NUS Medical School, programme in Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Durgadevi Alagappan
- Duke-NUS Medical School, programme in Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Masatsugu Oh-Hora
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Japan
| | - Sreedharan Sajikumar
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Marc Fivaz
- Duke-NUS Medical School, programme in Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders, Singapore 169857, Singapore; Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
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16
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Zikopoulos B, John YJ, García-Cabezas MÁ, Bunce JG, Barbas H. The intercalated nuclear complex of the primate amygdala. Neuroscience 2016; 330:267-90. [PMID: 27256508 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.05.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Revised: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The organization of the inhibitory intercalated cell masses (IM) of the primate amygdala is largely unknown despite their key role in emotional processes. We studied the structural, topographic, neurochemical and intrinsic connectional features of IM neurons in the rhesus monkey brain. We found that the intercalated neurons are not confined to discrete cell clusters, but form a neuronal net that is interposed between the basal nuclei and extends to the dorsally located anterior, central, and medial nuclei of the amygdala. Unlike the IM in rodents, which are prominent in the anterior half of the amygdala, the primate inhibitory net stretched throughout the antero-posterior axis of the amygdala, and was most prominent in the central and posterior extent of the amygdala. There were two morphologic types of intercalated neurons: spiny and aspiny. Spiny neurons were the most abundant; their somata were small or medium size, round or elongated, and their dendritic trees were round or bipolar, depending on location. The aspiny neurons were on average slightly larger and had varicose dendrites with no spines. There were three non-overlapping neurochemical populations of IM neurons, in descending order of abundance: (1) Spiny neurons that were positive for the striatal associated dopamine- and cAMP-regulated phosphoprotein (DARPP-32+); (2) Aspiny neurons that expressed the calcium-binding protein calbindin (CB+); and (3) Aspiny neurons that expressed nitric oxide synthase (NOS+). The unique combinations of structural and neurochemical features of the three classes of IM neurons suggest different physiological properties and function. The three types of IM neurons were intermingled and likely interconnected in distinct ways, and were innervated by intrinsic neurons within the amygdala, or by external sources, in pathways that underlie fear conditioning and anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basilis Zikopoulos
- Human Systems Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Health Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States; Graduate Program for Neuroscience, Boston University and School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States.
| | - Yohan J John
- Neural Systems Laboratory, Department of Health Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
| | | | - Jamie G Bunce
- Neural Systems Laboratory, Department of Health Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Helen Barbas
- Graduate Program for Neuroscience, Boston University and School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States; Neural Systems Laboratory, Department of Health Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
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17
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Jitsuki S, Nakajima W, Takemoto K, Sano A, Tada H, Takahashi-Jitsuki A, Takahashi T. Nogo Receptor Signaling Restricts Adult Neural Plasticity by Limiting Synaptic AMPA Receptor Delivery. Cereb Cortex 2015; 26:427-439. [PMID: 26472557 PMCID: PMC4677985 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhv232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Experience-dependent plasticity is limited in the adult brain, and its molecular and cellular mechanisms are poorly understood. Removal of the myelin-inhibiting signaling protein, Nogo receptor (NgR1), restores adult neural plasticity. Here we found that, in NgR1-deficient mice, whisker experience-driven synaptic α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid receptor (AMPAR) insertion in the barrel cortex, which is normally complete by 2 weeks after birth, lasts into adulthood. In vivo live imaging by two-photon microscopy revealed more AMPAR on the surface of spines in the adult barrel cortex of NgR1-deficient than on those of wild-type (WT) mice. Furthermore, we observed that whisker stimulation produced new spines in the adult barrel cortex of mutant but not WT mice, and that the newly synthesized spines contained surface AMPAR. These results suggest that Nogo signaling limits plasticity by restricting synaptic AMPAR delivery in coordination with anatomical plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susumu Jitsuki
- Department of Physiology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Waki Nakajima
- Department of Physiology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Kiwamu Takemoto
- Department of Physiology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan.,JST, PRESTO, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Akane Sano
- Department of Physiology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Hirobumi Tada
- Department of Physiology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Aoi Takahashi-Jitsuki
- Department of Physiology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Takuya Takahashi
- Department of Physiology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
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18
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Raju K, Doulias PT, Evans P, Krizman EN, Jackson JG, Horyn O, Daikhin Y, Nissim I, Yudkoff M, Nissim I, Sharp KA, Robinson MB, Ischiropoulos H. Regulation of brain glutamate metabolism by nitric oxide and S-nitrosylation. Sci Signal 2015; 8:ra68. [PMID: 26152695 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aaa4312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a signaling intermediate during glutamatergic neurotransmission in the central nervous system (CNS). NO signaling is in part accomplished through cysteine S-nitrosylation, a posttranslational modification by which NO regulates protein function and signaling. In our investigation of the protein targets and functional impact of S-nitrosylation in the CNS under physiological conditions, we identified 269 S-nitrosocysteine residues in 136 proteins in the wild-type mouse brain. The number of sites was significantly reduced in the brains of mice lacking endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS(-/-)) or neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS(-/-)). In particular, nNOS(-/-) animals showed decreased S-nitrosylation of proteins that participate in the glutamate/glutamine cycle, a metabolic process by which synaptic glutamate is recycled or oxidized to provide energy. (15)N-glutamine-based metabolomic profiling and enzymatic activity assays indicated that brain extracts from nNOS(-/-) mice converted less glutamate to glutamine and oxidized more glutamate than those from mice of the other genotypes. GLT1 [also known as EAAT2 (excitatory amino acid transporter 2)], a glutamate transporter in astrocytes, was S-nitrosylated at Cys(373) and Cys(561) in wild-type and eNOS(-/-) mice, but not in nNOS(-/-) mice. A form of rat GLT1 that could not be S-nitrosylated at the equivalent sites had increased glutamate uptake compared to wild-type GLT1 in cells exposed to an S-nitrosylating agent. Thus, NO modulates glutamatergic neurotransmission through the selective, nNOS-dependent S-nitrosylation of proteins that govern glutamate transport and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthik Raju
- Neuroscience Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Paschalis-Thomas Doulias
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Perry Evans
- Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Elizabeth N Krizman
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Joshua G Jackson
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Oksana Horyn
- Division of Genetic and Metabolic Disease, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Yevgeny Daikhin
- Division of Genetic and Metabolic Disease, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ilana Nissim
- Division of Genetic and Metabolic Disease, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Marc Yudkoff
- Division of Genetic and Metabolic Disease, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Itzhak Nissim
- Division of Genetic and Metabolic Disease, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kim A Sharp
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Michael B Robinson
- Neuroscience Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Harry Ischiropoulos
- Neuroscience Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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19
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Yamamoto K, Takei H, Koyanagi Y, Koshikawa N, Kobayashi M. Presynaptic cell type-dependent regulation of GABAergic synaptic transmission by nitric oxide in rat insular cortex. Neuroscience 2015; 284:65-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.09.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Revised: 09/13/2014] [Accepted: 09/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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20
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Santos AI, Martínez-Ruiz A, Araújo IM. S-nitrosation and neuronal plasticity. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 172:1468-78. [PMID: 24962517 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Revised: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) has long been recognized as a multifaceted participant in brain physiology. Despite the knowledge that was gathered over many years regarding the contribution of NO to neuronal plasticity, for example the ability of the brain to change in response to new stimuli, only in recent years have we begun to understand how NO acts on the molecular and cellular level to orchestrate such important phenomena as synaptic plasticity (modification of the strength of existing synapses) or the formation of new synapses (synaptogenesis) and new neurons (neurogenesis). Post-translational modification of proteins by NO derivatives or reactive nitrogen species is a non-classical mechanism for signalling by NO. S-nitrosation is a reversible post-translational modification of thiol groups (mainly on cysteines) that may result in a change of function of the modified protein. S-nitrosation of key target proteins has emerged as a main regulatory mechanism by which NO can influence several levels of brain plasticity, which are reviewed in this work. Understanding how S-nitrosation contributes to neural plasticity can help us to better understand the physiology of these processes, and to better address pathological changes in plasticity that are involved in the pathophysiology of several neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- A I Santos
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal; IBB - Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre for Molecular and Structural Biomedicine, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal; Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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21
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Sexually dimorphic long-term effects of an early life experience on AMPA receptor subunit expression in rat brain. Neuroscience 2014; 257:49-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.10.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Revised: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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22
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Cossenza M, Socodato R, Portugal CC, Domith ICL, Gladulich LFH, Encarnação TG, Calaza KC, Mendonça HR, Campello-Costa P, Paes-de-Carvalho R. Nitric oxide in the nervous system: biochemical, developmental, and neurobiological aspects. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2014; 96:79-125. [PMID: 25189385 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800254-4.00005-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a very reactive molecule, and its short half-life would make it virtually invisible until its discovery. NO activates soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC), increasing 3',5'-cyclic guanosine monophosphate levels to activate PKGs. Although NO triggers several phosphorylation cascades due to its ability to react with Fe II in heme-containing proteins such as sGC, it also promotes a selective posttranslational modification in cysteine residues by S-nitrosylation, impacting on protein function, stability, and allocation. In the central nervous system (CNS), NO synthesis usually requires a functional coupling of nitric oxide synthase I (NOS I) and proteins such as NMDA receptors or carboxyl-terminal PDZ ligand of NOS (CAPON), which is critical for specificity and triggering of selected pathways. NO also modulates CREB (cAMP-responsive element-binding protein), ERK, AKT, and Src, with important implications for nerve cell survival and differentiation. Differences in the regulation of neuronal death or survival by NO may be explained by several mechanisms involving localization of NOS isoforms, amount of NO being produced or protein sets being modulated. A number of studies show that NO regulates neurotransmitter release and different aspects of synaptic dynamics, such as differentiation of synaptic specializations, microtubule dynamics, architecture of synaptic protein organization, and modulation of synaptic efficacy. NO has also been associated with synaptogenesis or synapse elimination, and it is required for long-term synaptic modifications taking place in axons or dendrites. In spite of tremendous advances in the knowledge of NO biological effects, a full description of its role in the CNS is far from being completely elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Cossenza
- Programa de Neurociências, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brazil; Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Instituto Biomédico, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Renato Socodato
- Programa de Neurociências, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Camila C Portugal
- Programa de Neurociências, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Ivan C L Domith
- Programa de Neurociências, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Luis F H Gladulich
- Programa de Neurociências, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Thaísa G Encarnação
- Programa de Neurociências, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Karin C Calaza
- Programa de Neurociências, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brazil; Departamento de Neurobiologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Henrique R Mendonça
- Programa de Neurociências, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Paula Campello-Costa
- Programa de Neurociências, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brazil; Departamento de Neurobiologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Roberto Paes-de-Carvalho
- Programa de Neurociências, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brazil; Departamento de Neurobiologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brazil.
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23
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Hardingham N, Dachtler J, Fox K. The role of nitric oxide in pre-synaptic plasticity and homeostasis. Front Cell Neurosci 2013; 7:190. [PMID: 24198758 PMCID: PMC3813972 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2013.00190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 10/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the observation that nitric oxide (NO) can act as an intercellular messenger in the brain, the past 25 years have witnessed the steady accumulation of evidence that it acts pre-synaptically at both glutamatergic and GABAergic synapses to alter release-probability in synaptic plasticity. NO does so by acting on the synaptic machinery involved in transmitter release and, in a coordinated fashion, on vesicular recycling mechanisms. In this review, we examine the body of evidence for NO acting as a retrograde factor at synapses, and the evidence from in vivo and in vitro studies that specifically establish NOS1 (neuronal nitric oxide synthase) as the important isoform of NO synthase in this process. The NOS1 isoform is found at two very different locations and at two different spatial scales both in the cortex and hippocampus. On the one hand it is located diffusely in the cytoplasm of a small population of GABAergic neurons and on the other hand the alpha isoform is located discretely at the post-synaptic density (PSD) in spines of pyramidal cells. The present evidence is that the number of NOS1 molecules that exist at the PSD are so low that a spine can only give rise to modest concentrations of NO and therefore only exert a very local action. The NO receptor guanylate cyclase is located both pre- and post-synaptically and this suggests a role for NO in the coordination of local pre- and post-synaptic function during plasticity at individual synapses. Recent evidence shows that NOS1 is also located post-synaptic to GABAergic synapses and plays a pre-synaptic role in GABAergic plasticity as well as glutamatergic plasticity. Studies on the function of NO in plasticity at the cellular level are corroborated by evidence that NO is also involved in experience-dependent plasticity in the cerebral cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kevin Fox
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff UniversityCardiff, UK
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24
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Ranson A, Sengpiel F, Fox K. The role of GluA1 in ocular dominance plasticity in the mouse visual cortex. J Neurosci 2013; 33:15220-5. [PMID: 24048851 PMCID: PMC6618404 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2078-13.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Revised: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ocular dominance plasticity is a widely studied model of experience-dependent cortical plasticity. It has been shown that potentiation of open eye responses resulting from monocular deprivation relies on a homeostatic response to loss of input from the closed eye, but the mechanisms by which this occurs are not fully understood. The role of GluA1 in the homeostatic component of ocular dominance (OD) plasticity has not so far been tested. In this study, we tested the idea that the GluA1 subunit of the AMPA receptor is necessary for open eye potentiation. We found that open eye potentiation did not occur in GluA1 knock-out (GluA1(-/-)) mice but did occur in wild-type littermates when monocular deprivation was imposed during the critical period. We also found that depression of the closed eye response that normally occurs in the monocular as well as binocular zone is delayed, but only in the monocular zone in GluA1(-/-) mice and only in a background strain we have previously shown lacks synaptic scaling (C57BL/6OlaHsd). In adult mice, we found that OD plasticity and facilitation of OD plasticity by prior monocular experience were both present in GluA1(-/-) mice, suggesting that the GluA1-dependent mechanisms only operate during the critical period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Ranson
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, United Kingdom
| | - Frank Sengpiel
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin Fox
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, United Kingdom
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25
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Initiation, labile, and stabilization phases of experience-dependent plasticity at neocortical synapses. J Neurosci 2013; 33:8483-93. [PMID: 23658185 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3575-12.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Alteration of sensory input can change the strength of neocortical synapses. Selective activation of a subset of whiskers is sufficient to potentiate layer 4-layer 2/3 excitatory synapses in the mouse somatosensory (barrel) cortex, a process that is NMDAR dependent. By analyzing the time course of sensory-induced synaptic change, we have identified three distinct phases for synaptic strengthening in vivo. After an early, NMDAR-dependent phase where selective whisker activation is rapidly translated into increased synaptic strength, we identify a second phase where this potentiation is profoundly reduced by an input-specific, NMDAR-dependent depression. This labile phase is transient, lasting only a few hours, and may require ongoing sensory input for synaptic weakening. Residual synaptic strength is maintained in a third phase, the stabilization phase, which requires mGluR5 signaling. Identification of these three phases will facilitate a molecular dissection of the pathways that regulate synaptic lability and stabilization, and suggest potential approaches to modulate learning.
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Li Y, Li C, Sun L, Chu G, Li J, Chen F, Li G, Zhao Y. Role of p300 in regulating neuronal nitric oxide synthase gene expression through nuclear factor-κB-mediated way in neuronal cells. Neuroscience 2013; 248:681-9. [PMID: 23811396 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Revised: 06/15/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear factor (NF)-κB acetylation has been shown to participate in a number of neurological processes by regulating the expression of certain genes. We have previously demonstrated the neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) expression and nitric oxide (NO) production may be regulated by NF-κB acetylation via an NF-κB responsive element within the nNOS promoter in neuronal cells. p300 is a ubiquitous transcription coactivator with intrinsic histone acetyltransferase (HAT) activity, which is important in the nervous system. In the present study, we aimed at probing if p300 participated in regulating the nNOS expression through the NF-κB-mediated way. As a result, we found p300 enhanced the nNOS protein and mRNA levels in human neuroblastoma SK-N-SH cells by enhancing the binding of NF-κB to the nNOS promoter and NF-κB-mediated nNOS transcription. Meanwhile, p300 was shown to directly acetylate NF-κB p65 and p50 subunits, interact with NF-κB and bind to the NF-κB responsive element region within the nNOS promoter. Taken together, our results indicate p300 acts as both an HAT and a coactivator in regulating NF-κB-mediated nNOS expression, which provide some correlations between p300 and nNOS in neuronal cell, and suggest that some p300-related neurological disorders may be partially based on its effect on the nNOS expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Li
- Department of Medical Genetics, College of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, PR China.
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Moreno A, Jego P, de la Cruz F, Canals S. Neurophysiological, metabolic and cellular compartments that drive neurovascular coupling and neuroimaging signals. FRONTIERS IN NEUROENERGETICS 2013; 5:3. [PMID: 23543907 PMCID: PMC3610078 DOI: 10.3389/fnene.2013.00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2013] [Accepted: 03/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Complete understanding of the mechanisms that coordinate work and energy supply of the brain, the so called neurovascular coupling, is fundamental to interpreting brain energetics and their influence on neuronal coding strategies, but also to interpreting signals obtained from brain imaging techniques such as functional magnetic resonance imaging. Interactions between neuronal activity and cerebral blood flow regulation are largely compartmentalized. First, there exists a functional compartmentalization in which glutamatergic peri-synaptic activity and its electrophysiological events occur in close proximity to vascular responses. Second, the metabolic processes that fuel peri-synaptic activity are partially segregated between glycolytic and oxidative compartments. Finally, there is cellular segregation between astrocytic and neuronal compartments, which has potentially important implications on neurovascular coupling. Experimental data is progressively showing a tight interaction between the products of energy consumption and neurotransmission-driven signaling molecules that regulate blood flow. Here, we review some of these issues in light of recent findings with special attention to the neuron-glia interplay on the generation of neuroimaging signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Moreno
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Miguel HernándezSan Juan de Alicante, Spain
| | - Pierrick Jego
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Miguel HernándezSan Juan de Alicante, Spain
| | - Feliberto de la Cruz
- Centro de Estudios Avanzados de Cuba, Ministerio de Ciencia Tecnología y Medio AmbienteHabana, Cuba
| | - Santiago Canals
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Miguel HernándezSan Juan de Alicante, Spain
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Dachtler J, Hardingham NR, Fox K. The role of nitric oxide synthase in cortical plasticity is sex specific. J Neurosci 2012; 32:14994-9. [PMID: 23100421 PMCID: PMC3514831 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3189-12.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2012] [Revised: 08/13/2012] [Accepted: 08/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide synthase-1 (NOS1) is involved in several forms of plasticity including hippocampal-dependent learning and memory, experience-dependent plasticity in the barrel cortex, and long-term potentiation (LTP) in the hippocampus and neocortex. NOS1 also contributes to ischemic damage during stroke and has a stronger deleterious effect in males than females. We therefore investigated whether the role of NOS1 in plasticity might also be sex specific. We tested LTP in the layer IV-II/III pathway between barrel columns and experience-dependent plasticity in the barrel cortex of αNOS1 knock-out mice and their wild-type littermates. We found that LTP was absent in male αNOS1 knock-out mice but not in females and that the residual LTP in females was not NO dependent. We also found that experience-dependent potentiation due to single whisker experience was significantly reduced in male αNOS1 knockouts but was unaffected in females. The αNOS1 knockout had a small effect on the development of the barrels, which were reduced in size by 20% compared with wild types, but this effect was not sex specific. We therefore conclude that neocortical plasticity mechanisms differ between males and females at the synaptic level, either in their basic plasticity induction pathways or in their ability to compensate for loss of αNOS1.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Dachtler
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, United Kingdom
| | - Neil R. Hardingham
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin Fox
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, United Kingdom
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Jaglin XH, Hjerling-Leffler J, Fishell G, Batista-Brito R. The origin of neocortical nitric oxide synthase-expressing inhibitory neurons. Front Neural Circuits 2012; 6:44. [PMID: 22787442 PMCID: PMC3391688 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2012.00044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2012] [Accepted: 06/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhibitory neurons are critical for regulating effective transfer of sensory information and network stability. The precision of inhibitory function likely derives from the existence of a variety of interneuron subtypes. Their specification is largely dependent on the locale of origin of interneuron progenitors. Neocortical and hippocampal inhibitory neurons originate the subpallium, namely in the medial and caudal ganglionic eminences (MGE and CGE), and in the preoptic area (POA). In the hippocampus, neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS)-expressing cells constitute a numerically large GABAergic interneuron population. On the contrary, nNOS-expressing inhibitory neurons constitute the smallest of the known neocortical GABAergic neuronal subtypes. The origins of most neocortical GABAergic neuron subtypes have been thoroughly investigated, however, very little is known about the origin of, or the genetic programs underlying the development of nNOS neurons. Here, we show that the vast majority of neocortical nNOS-expressing neurons arise from the MGE rather than the CGE. Regarding their molecular signature, virtually all neocortical nNOS neurons co-express the neuropeptides somatostatin (SST) and neuropeptide Y (NPY), and about half of them express the calcium-binding protein calretinin (CR). nNOS neurons thus constitute a small cohort of the MGE-derived SST-expressing population of cortical inhibitory neurons. Finally, we show that conditional removal of the transcription factor Sox6 in MGE-derived GABAergic cortical neurons results in an absence of SST and CR expression, as well as reduced expression of nNOS in neocortical nNOS neurons. Based on their respective abundance, origin and molecular signature, our results suggest that neocortical and hippocampal nNOS GABAergic neurons likely subserve different functions and have very different physiological relevance in these two cortical structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier H Jaglin
- NYU Neuroscience Institute, New York University Langone Medical Center New York, NY, USA
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α4* Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors modulate experience-based cortical depression in the adult mouse somatosensory cortex. J Neurosci 2012; 32:1207-19. [PMID: 22279206 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4568-11.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms that mediate experience-based changes in the function of the cerebral cortex, particularly in the adult animal, are poorly understood. Here we show using in vivo voltage-sensitive dye imaging, that whisker trimming leads to depression of whisker-evoked sensory responses in primary, secondary and associative somatosensory cortical regions. Given the importance of cholinergic neurotransmission in cognitive and sensory functions, we examined whether α4-containing (α4*) nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) mediate cortical depression. Using knock-in mice that express YFP-tagged α4 nAChRs subunits, we show that whisker trimming selectively increased the number α4*-YFP nAChRs in layer 4 of deprived barrel columns within 24 h, which persisted until whiskers regrew. Confocal and electron microscopy revealed that these receptors were preferentially increased on the cell bodies of GABAergic neurons. To directly link these receptors with functional cortical depression, we show that depression could be induced in normal mice by topical application or micro-injection of α4* nAChR agonist in the somatosensory cortex. Furthermore, cortical depression could be blocked after whisker trimming with chronic infusions of an α4* nAChR antagonist. Collectively, these results uncover a new role for α4* nAChRs in regulating rapid changes in the functional responsiveness of the adult somatosensory cortex.
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