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Pang MM, Chen F, Xie M, Druckmann S, Clandinin TR, Yang HH. A recurrent neural circuit in Drosophila deblurs visual inputs. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.19.590352. [PMID: 38712245 PMCID: PMC11071408 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.19.590352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
A critical goal of vision is to detect changes in light intensity, even when these changes are blurred by the spatial resolution of the eye and the motion of the animal. Here we describe a recurrent neural circuit in Drosophila that compensates for blur and thereby selectively enhances the perceived contrast of moving edges. Using in vivo , two-photon voltage imaging, we measured the temporal response properties of L1 and L2, two cell types that receive direct synaptic input from photoreceptors. These neurons have biphasic responses to brief flashes of light, a hallmark of cells that encode changes in stimulus intensity. However, the second phase was often much larger than the first, creating an unusual temporal filter. Genetic dissection revealed that recurrent neural circuitry strongly shapes the second phase of the response, informing the structure of a dynamical model. By applying this model to moving natural images, we demonstrate that rather than veridically representing stimulus changes, this temporal processing strategy systematically enhances them, amplifying and sharpening responses. Comparing the measured responses of L2 to model predictions across both artificial and natural stimuli revealed that L2 tunes its properties as the model predicts in order to deblur images. Since this strategy is tunable to behavioral context, generalizable to any time-varying sensory input, and implementable with a common circuit motif, we propose that it could be broadly used to selectively enhance sharp and salient changes.
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Volonté C, Liguori F, Amadio S. A Closer Look at Histamine in Drosophila. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4449. [PMID: 38674034 PMCID: PMC11050612 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25084449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The present work intends to provide a closer look at histamine in Drosophila. This choice is motivated firstly because Drosophila has proven over the years to be a very simple, but powerful, model organism abundantly assisting scientists in explaining not only normal functions, but also derangements that occur in higher organisms, not excluding humans. Secondly, because histamine has been demonstrated to be a pleiotropic master molecule in pharmacology and immunology, with increasingly recognized roles also in the nervous system. Indeed, it interacts with various neurotransmitters and controls functions such as learning, memory, circadian rhythm, satiety, energy balance, nociception, and motor circuits, not excluding several pathological conditions. In view of this, our review is focused on the knowledge that the use of Drosophila has added to the already vast histaminergic field. In particular, we have described histamine's actions on photoreceptors sustaining the visual system and synchronizing circadian rhythms, but also on temperature preference, courtship behavior, and mechanosensory transmission. In addition, we have highlighted the pathophysiological consequences of mutations on genes involved in histamine metabolism and signaling. By promoting critical discussion and further research, our aim is to emphasize and renew the importance of histaminergic research in biomedicine through the exploitation of Drosophila, hopefully extending the scientific debate to the academic, industry, and general public audiences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinzia Volonté
- National Research Council, Institute for Systems Analysis and Computer Science “A. Ruberti”, Via Dei Taurini 19, 00185 Rome, Italy;
- Experimental Neuroscience and Neurological Disease Models, Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS, Via Del Fosso di Fiorano 65, 00143 Rome, Italy;
| | - Francesco Liguori
- National Research Council, Institute for Systems Analysis and Computer Science “A. Ruberti”, Via Dei Taurini 19, 00185 Rome, Italy;
- Experimental Neuroscience and Neurological Disease Models, Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS, Via Del Fosso di Fiorano 65, 00143 Rome, Italy;
| | - Susanna Amadio
- Experimental Neuroscience and Neurological Disease Models, Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS, Via Del Fosso di Fiorano 65, 00143 Rome, Italy;
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Currier TA, Pang MM, Clandinin TR. Visual processing in the fly, from photoreceptors to behavior. Genetics 2023; 224:iyad064. [PMID: 37128740 PMCID: PMC10213501 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/iyad064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Originally a genetic model organism, the experimental use of Drosophila melanogaster has grown to include quantitative behavioral analyses, sophisticated perturbations of neuronal function, and detailed sensory physiology. A highlight of these developments can be seen in the context of vision, where pioneering studies have uncovered fundamental and generalizable principles of sensory processing. Here we begin with an overview of vision-guided behaviors and common methods for probing visual circuits. We then outline the anatomy and physiology of brain regions involved in visual processing, beginning at the sensory periphery and ending with descending motor control. Areas of focus include contrast and motion detection in the optic lobe, circuits for visual feature selectivity, computations in support of spatial navigation, and contextual associative learning. Finally, we look to the future of fly visual neuroscience and discuss promising topics for further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy A Currier
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Michelle M Pang
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Thomas R Clandinin
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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4
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El Kholy S, Al Naggar Y. Exposure to a sublethal concentration of CdO nanoparticles impairs the vision of the fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster) by disrupting histamine synthesis and recycling mechanisms. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:27936-27947. [PMID: 36394804 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-24034-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
While there is substantial literature on potential risks associated with exposure to emerging nanomaterials, less is known about the potential effects of hazardous metallic nanoparticles on vision, as well as the mechanisms that underpin them. The fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster) was used as an in vivo model organism to investigate the effects of exposure to a sublethal concentration (0.03 mg CdO NPs/mL, which was 20% of the LC50) on fly vision and compound eye ultrastructure. First, we observed a reduction in phototaxis response in treated flies but no change in locomotor activity. Because histamine (HA) has been linked to arthropod vision, we investigated HA synthesis, uptake, and recycling as a possible underlying mechanism for the observed adverse effect of CdO NPs on fly vision. This was accomplished by measuring the expression of the histamine decarboxylase (hdc) gene, which encodes the enzyme that converts the amino acid histidine to histamine (HA), as well as the expression of some genes involved in HA-recycling pathways (tan, ebony, Balat, CarT, and Lovit). The results showed that CdO NPs changed the expression levels of hdc, Lovit, tan, and eboney, indicating that HA synthesis, transport, and recycling were disrupted. Furthermore, less histamine immunolabeling was found in the head tissues of CdO NP-treated flies, particularly in the optic lobes. We also observed and quantified CdO NP bioaccumulation in compound eye tissues, which resulted in a number of cytological changes. Phenotypic effects (undersized eyes) have also been observed in the compound eyes of F1 flies. Considering the significance of vision in an organism's survival, the findings of this study are extremely crucial, as long-term exposure to CdO NPs may result in blindness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samar El Kholy
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527, Egypt
| | - Yahya Al Naggar
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527, Egypt.
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Damulewicz M, Tyszka A, Pyza E. Light exposure during development affects physiology of adults in Drosophila melanogaster. Front Physiol 2022; 13:1008154. [PMID: 36505068 PMCID: PMC9732085 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1008154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Light is one of most important factors synchronizing organisms to day/night cycles in the environment. In Drosophila it is received through compound eyes, Hofbauer-Buchner eyelet, ocelli, using phospholipase C-dependent phototransduction and by deep brain photoreceptors, like Cryptochrome. Even a single light pulse during early life induces larval-time memory, which synchronizes the circadian clock and maintains daily rhythms in adult flies. In this study we investigated several processes in adult flies after maintaining their embryos, larvae and pupae in constant darkness (DD) until eclosion. We found that the lack of external light during development affects sleep time, by reduction of night sleep, and in effect shift to the daytime. However, disruption of internal CRY- dependent photoreception annuls this effect. We also observed changes in the expression of genes encoding neurotransmitters and their receptors between flies kept in different light regime. In addition, the lack of light during development results in decreasing size of mushroom bodies, involved in sleep regulation. Taking together, our results show that presence of light during early life plays a key role in brain development and affects adult behavior.
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Richard M, Doubková K, Nitta Y, Kawai H, Sugie A, Tavosanis G. A Quantitative Model of Sporadic Axonal Degeneration in the Drosophila Visual System. J Neurosci 2022; 42:4937-4952. [PMID: 35534228 PMCID: PMC9188428 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2115-21.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In human neurodegenerative diseases, neurons undergo axonal degeneration months to years before they die. Here, we developed a system modeling early degenerative events in Drosophila adult photoreceptor cells. Thanks to the stereotypy of their axonal projections, this system delivers quantitative data on sporadic and progressive axonal degeneration of photoreceptor cells. Using this method, we show that exposure of adult female flies to a constant light stimulation for several days overcomes the intrinsic resilience of R7 photoreceptors and leads to progressive axonal degeneration. This was not associated with apoptosis. We furthermore provide evidence that loss of synaptic integrity between R7 and a postsynaptic partner preceded axonal degeneration, thus recapitulating features of human neurodegenerative diseases. Finally, our experiments uncovered a role of postsynaptic partners of R7 to initiate degeneration, suggesting that postsynaptic cells signal back to the photoreceptor to maintain axonal structure. This model can be used to dissect cellular and circuit mechanisms involved in the early events of axonal degeneration, allowing for a better understanding of how neurons cope with stress and lose their resilience capacities.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Neurons can be active and functional for several years. In the course of aging and in disease conditions leading to neurodegeneration, subsets of neurons lose their resilience and start dying. What initiates this turning point at the cellular level is not clear. Here, we developed a model allowing to systematically describe this phase. The loss of synapses and axons represents an early and functionally relevant event toward degeneration. Using the ordered distribution of Drosophila photoreceptor axon terminals, we assembled a system to study sporadic initiation of axon loss and delineated a role for non-cell-autonomous activity regulation in the initiation of axon degeneration. This work will help shed light on key steps in the etiology of nonfamilial cases of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélisande Richard
- Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen e. V., 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Karolína Doubková
- Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen e. V., 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Yohei Nitta
- Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8585, Japan
| | | | - Atsushi Sugie
- Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8585, Japan
| | - Gaia Tavosanis
- Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen e. V., 53127 Bonn, Germany
- Life & Medical Sciences Institute (LIMES), University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
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Yin X, Yang GF, Niu DB, Chen J, Liao M, Cao HQ, Sheng CW. Identification and pharmacological characterization of histamine-gated chloride channels in the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 140:103698. [PMID: 34848284 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2021.103698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Histamine-gated chloride channels (HACls) mediate fast inhibitory neurotransmission in invertebrate nervous systems and have important roles in light reception, color processing, temperature preference and light-dark cycle. The fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda is a main destructive pest of grain and row crops. However, the pharmacological characterization of HACls in S. frugiperda remain unknown. In this study, we identified two cDNAs encoding SfHACl1 and SfHACl2 in S. frugiperda. They had similar expression patterns and were most abundantly expressed in the head of larvae and at the egg stage. Electrophysiological analysis with the two-electrode voltage clamp method showed that histamine (HA) and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) activated inward currents when SfHACls were singly or collectively expressed with different ratios in Xenopus laevis oocytes. These channels were ≥2000-fold more sensitive to HA than to GABA. They were anion-selective channels, which were highly dependent on changes in external chloride concentrations, but insensitive to changes in external sodium concentrations. The insecticides abamectin (ABM) and emamectin benzoate (EB) also activated these channels with the EC50 to SfHACl1 lower than that to SfHACl2. And the EC50s of ABM and EB to the co-expressed channels gradually increased with increase in the injection ratio of SfHACl2 cRNA. Homology models and docking simulations revealed that HA bound to the large amino-terminal extracellular domain of SfHACl1 and SfHACl2 by forming 4 and 2 hydrogen bonds, respectively. The docking simulations of ABM and EB had similar binding sites in the transmembrane regions. Overall, these findings indicated that HACls act as targets for macrolide, and this study provides theoretical guidance for further derivatization of abamectin insecticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Yin
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, PR China
| | - Guo-Feng Yang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, PR China
| | - Duo-Bang Niu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, PR China
| | - Jiao Chen
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210028, PR China
| | - Min Liao
- Anhui Province Engineering Laboratory for Green Pesticide Development and Application, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, PR China
| | - Hai-Qun Cao
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, PR China; Anhui Province Engineering Laboratory for Green Pesticide Development and Application, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, PR China.
| | - Cheng-Wang Sheng
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, PR China; Anhui Province Engineering Laboratory for Green Pesticide Development and Application, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, PR China.
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8
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Kind E, Longden KD, Nern A, Zhao A, Sancer G, Flynn MA, Laughland CW, Gezahegn B, Ludwig HDF, Thomson AG, Obrusnik T, Alarcón PG, Dionne H, Bock DD, Rubin GM, Reiser MB, Wernet MF. Synaptic targets of photoreceptors specialized to detect color and skylight polarization in Drosophila. eLife 2021; 10:e71858. [PMID: 34913436 PMCID: PMC8789284 DOI: 10.7554/elife.71858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Color and polarization provide complementary information about the world and are detected by specialized photoreceptors. However, the downstream neural circuits that process these distinct modalities are incompletely understood in any animal. Using electron microscopy, we have systematically reconstructed the synaptic targets of the photoreceptors specialized to detect color and skylight polarization in Drosophila, and we have used light microscopy to confirm many of our findings. We identified known and novel downstream targets that are selective for different wavelengths or polarized light, and followed their projections to other areas in the optic lobes and the central brain. Our results revealed many synapses along the photoreceptor axons between brain regions, new pathways in the optic lobes, and spatially segregated projections to central brain regions. Strikingly, photoreceptors in the polarization-sensitive dorsal rim area target fewer cell types, and lack strong connections to the lobula, a neuropil involved in color processing. Our reconstruction identifies shared wiring and modality-specific specializations for color and polarization vision, and provides a comprehensive view of the first steps of the pathways processing color and polarized light inputs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emil Kind
- Instititut für Biologie – Abteilung Neurobiologie, Fachbereich Biologie, Chemie & Pharmazie, Freie Universität BerlinBerlinGermany
| | - Kit D Longden
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical InstituteAshburnUnited States
| | - Aljoscha Nern
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical InstituteAshburnUnited States
| | - Arthur Zhao
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical InstituteAshburnUnited States
| | - Gizem Sancer
- Instititut für Biologie – Abteilung Neurobiologie, Fachbereich Biologie, Chemie & Pharmazie, Freie Universität BerlinBerlinGermany
| | - Miriam A Flynn
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical InstituteAshburnUnited States
| | - Connor W Laughland
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical InstituteAshburnUnited States
| | - Bruck Gezahegn
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical InstituteAshburnUnited States
| | - Henrique DF Ludwig
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical InstituteAshburnUnited States
| | - Alex G Thomson
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical InstituteAshburnUnited States
| | - Tessa Obrusnik
- Instititut für Biologie – Abteilung Neurobiologie, Fachbereich Biologie, Chemie & Pharmazie, Freie Universität BerlinBerlinGermany
| | - Paula G Alarcón
- Instititut für Biologie – Abteilung Neurobiologie, Fachbereich Biologie, Chemie & Pharmazie, Freie Universität BerlinBerlinGermany
| | - Heather Dionne
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical InstituteAshburnUnited States
| | - Davi D Bock
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical InstituteAshburnUnited States
| | - Gerald M Rubin
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical InstituteAshburnUnited States
| | - Michael B Reiser
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical InstituteAshburnUnited States
| | - Mathias F Wernet
- Instititut für Biologie – Abteilung Neurobiologie, Fachbereich Biologie, Chemie & Pharmazie, Freie Universität BerlinBerlinGermany
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Buckingham SD, Partridge FA, Poulton BC, Miller BS, McKendry RA, Lycett GJ, Sattelle DB. Automated phenotyping of mosquito larvae enables high-throughput screening for novel larvicides and offers potential for smartphone-based detection of larval insecticide resistance. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0008639. [PMID: 34081710 PMCID: PMC8205174 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyrethroid-impregnated nets have contributed significantly to halving the burden of malaria but resistance threatens their future efficacy and the pipeline of new insecticides is short. Here we report that an invertebrate automated phenotyping platform (INVAPP), combined with the algorithm Paragon, provides a robust system for measuring larval motility in Anopheles gambiae (and An. coluzzi) as well as Aedes aegypti with the capacity for high-throughput screening for new larvicides. By this means, we reliably quantified both time- and concentration-dependent actions of chemical insecticides faster than using the WHO standard larval assay. We illustrate the effectiveness of the system using an established larvicide (temephos) and demonstrate its capacity for library-scale chemical screening using the Medicines for Malaria Venture (MMV) Pathogen Box library. As a proof-of-principle, this library screen identified a compound, subsequently confirmed to be tolfenpyrad, as an effective larvicide. We have also used the INVAPP / Paragon system to compare responses in larvae derived from WHO classified deltamethrin resistant and sensitive mosquitoes. We show how this approach to monitoring larval response to insecticides can be adapted for use with a smartphone camera application and therefore has potential for further development as a simple portable field-assay with associated real-time, geo-located information to identify hotspots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven D. Buckingham
- UCL Centre for Respiratory Biology, UCL Respiratory, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Frederick A. Partridge
- UCL Centre for Respiratory Biology, UCL Respiratory, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Beth C. Poulton
- UCL Centre for Respiratory Biology, UCL Respiratory, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin S. Miller
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, Faculty of Maths & Physical Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel A. McKendry
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, Faculty of Maths & Physical Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Division of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gareth J. Lycett
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - David B. Sattelle
- UCL Centre for Respiratory Biology, UCL Respiratory, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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10
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Pagni M, Haikala V, Oberhauser V, Meyer PB, Reiff DF, Schnaitmann C. Interaction of “chromatic” and “achromatic” circuits in Drosophila color opponent processing. Curr Biol 2021; 31:1687-1698.e4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.01.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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11
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Parallel Synaptic Acetylcholine Signals Facilitate Large Monopolar Cell Repolarization and Modulate Visual Behavior in Drosophila. J Neurosci 2021; 41:2164-2176. [PMID: 33468565 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2388-20.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Appropriate termination of the photoresponse in image-forming photoreceptors and downstream neurons is critical for an animal to achieve high temporal resolution. Although the cellular and molecular mechanisms of termination in image-forming photoreceptors have been extensively studied in Drosophila, the underlying mechanism of termination in their downstream large monopolar cells remains less explored. Here, we show that synaptic ACh signaling, from both amacrine cells (ACs) and L4 neurons, facilitates the rapid repolarization of L1 and L2 neurons. Intracellular recordings in female flies show that blocking synaptic ACh output from either ACs or L4 neurons leads to slow repolarization of L1 and L2 neurons. Genetic and electrophysiological studies in both male and female flies determine that L2 neurons express ACh receptors and directly receive ACh signaling. Moreover, our results demonstrate that synaptic ACh signaling from both ACs and L4 neurons simultaneously facilitates ERG termination. Finally, visual behavior studies in both male and female flies show that synaptic ACh signaling, from either ACs or L4 neurons to L2 neurons, is essential for the optomotor response of the flies in high-frequency light stimulation. Our study identifies parallel synaptic ACh signaling for repolarization of L1 and L2 neurons and demonstrates that synaptic ACh signaling facilitates L1 and L2 neuron repolarization to maintain the optomotor response of the fly on high-frequency light stimulation.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The image-forming photoreceptor downstream neurons receive multiple synaptic inputs from image-forming photoreceptors and various types of interneurons. It remains largely unknown how these synaptic inputs modulate the neural activity and function of image-forming photoreceptor downstream neurons. We show that parallel synaptic ACh signaling from both amacrine cells and L4 neurons facilitates rapid repolarization of large monopolar cells in Drosophila and maintains the optomotor response of the fly on high-frequency light stimulation. This work is one of the first reports showing how parallel synaptic signaling modulates the activity of large monopolar cells and motion vision simultaneously.
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12
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Mazzotta GM, Damulewicz M, Cusumano P. Better Sleep at Night: How Light Influences Sleep in Drosophila. Front Physiol 2020; 11:997. [PMID: 33013437 PMCID: PMC7498665 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Sleep-like states have been described in Drosophila and the mechanisms and factors that generate and define sleep-wake profiles in this model organism are being thoroughly investigated. Sleep is controlled by both circadian and homeostatic mechanisms, and environmental factors such as light, temperature, and social stimuli are fundamental in shaping and confining sleep episodes into the correct time of the day. Among environmental cues, light seems to have a prominent function in modulating the timing of sleep during the 24 h and, in this review, we will discuss the role of light inputs in modulating the distribution of the fly sleep-wake cycles. This phenomenon is of growing interest in the modern society, where artificial light exposure during the night is a common trait, opening the possibility to study Drosophila as a model organism for investigating shift-work disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Milena Damulewicz
- Department of Cell Biology and Imaging, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Paola Cusumano
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
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13
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Damulewicz M, Ispizua JI, Ceriani MF, Pyza EM. Communication Among Photoreceptors and the Central Clock Affects Sleep Profile. Front Physiol 2020; 11:993. [PMID: 32848895 PMCID: PMC7431659 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Light is one of the most important factors regulating rhythmical behavior of Drosophila melanogaster. It is received by different photoreceptors and entrains the circadian clock, which controls sleep. The retina is known to be essential for light perception, as it is composed of specialized light-sensitive cells which transmit signal to deeper parts of the brain. In this study we examined the role of specific photoreceptor types and peripheral oscillators located in these cells in the regulation of sleep pattern. We showed that sleep is controlled by the visual system in a very complex way. Photoreceptors expressing Rh1, Rh3 are involved in night-time sleep regulation, while cells expressing Rh5 and Rh6 affect sleep both during the day and night. Moreover, Hofbauer-Buchner (HB) eyelets which can directly contact with s-LN v s and l-LN v s play a wake-promoting function during the day. In addition, we showed that L2 interneurons, which receive signal from R1-6, form direct synaptic contacts with l-LN v s, which provides new light input to the clock network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Damulewicz
- Department of Cell Biology and Imaging, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Juan I. Ispizua
- Laboratorio de Genética del Comportamiento, Fundación Instituto Leloir, IIBBA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Maria F. Ceriani
- Laboratorio de Genética del Comportamiento, Fundación Instituto Leloir, IIBBA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Elzbieta M. Pyza
- Department of Cell Biology and Imaging, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
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14
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Mechanisms underlying homeostatic plasticity in the Drosophila mushroom body in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:16606-16615. [PMID: 32601210 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1921294117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural network function requires an appropriate balance of excitation and inhibition to be maintained by homeostatic plasticity. However, little is known about homeostatic mechanisms in the intact central brain in vivo. Here, we study homeostatic plasticity in the Drosophila mushroom body, where Kenyon cells receive feedforward excitation from olfactory projection neurons and feedback inhibition from the anterior paired lateral neuron (APL). We show that prolonged (4-d) artificial activation of the inhibitory APL causes increased Kenyon cell odor responses after the artificial inhibition is removed, suggesting that the mushroom body compensates for excess inhibition. In contrast, there is little compensation for lack of inhibition (blockade of APL). The compensation occurs through a combination of increased excitation of Kenyon cells and decreased activation of APL, with differing relative contributions for different Kenyon cell subtypes. Our findings establish the fly mushroom body as a model for homeostatic plasticity in vivo.
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15
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LOVIT Is a Putative Vesicular Histamine Transporter Required in Drosophila for Vision. Cell Rep 2020; 27:1327-1333.e3. [PMID: 31042461 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Classical fast neurotransmitters are loaded into synaptic vesicles and concentrated by the action of a specific vesicular transporter before being released from the presynaptic neuron. In Drosophila, histamine is distributed mainly in photoreceptors, where it serves as the main neurotransmitter for visual input. In a targeted RNAi screen for neurotransmitter transporters involved in concentrating photoreceptor synaptic histamine, we identified an SLC45 transporter protein, LOVIT (loss of visual transmission). LOVIT is prominently expressed in photoreceptor synaptic vesicles and is required for Drosophila visual neurotransmission. Null mutations of lovit severely reduced the concentration of histamine in photoreceptor terminals. These results demonstrate a LOVIT-dependent mechanism, maintaining the synaptic concentration of histamine, and provide evidence for a histamine vesicular transporter besides the vesicular monoamine transporter (VMAT) family.
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16
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Yuan D, Ji X, Hao S, Gestrich JY, Duan W, Wang X, Xiang Y, Yang J, Hu P, Xu M, Liu L, Wei H. Lamina feedback neurons regulate the bandpass property of the flicker-induced orientation response in Drosophila. J Neurochem 2020; 156:59-75. [PMID: 32383496 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Natural scenes contain complex visual cues with specific features, including color, motion, flicker, and position. It is critical to understand how different visual features are processed at the early stages of visual perception to elicit appropriate cellular responses, and even behavioral output. Here, we studied the visual orientation response induced by flickering stripes in a novel behavioral paradigm in Drosophila melanogaster. We found that free walking flies exhibited bandpass orientation response to flickering stripes of different frequencies. The most sensitive frequency spectrum was confined to low frequencies of 2-4 Hz. Through genetic silencing, we showed that lamina L1 and L2 neurons, which receive visual inputs from R1 to R6 neurons, were the main components in mediating flicker-induced orientation behavior. Moreover, specific blocking of different types of lamina feedback neurons Lawf1, Lawf2, C2, C3, and T1 modulated orientation responses to flickering stripes of particular frequencies, suggesting that bandpass orientation response was generated through cooperative modulation of lamina feedback neurons. Furthermore, we found that lamina feedback neurons Lawf1 were glutamatergic. Thermal activation of Lawf1 neurons could suppress neural activities in L1 and L2 neurons, which could be blocked by the glutamate-gated chloride channel inhibitor picrotoxin (PTX). In summary, lamina monopolar neurons L1 and L2 are the primary components in mediating flicker-induced orientation response. Meanwhile, lamina feedback neurons cooperatively modulate the orientation response in a frequency-dependent way, which might be achieved through modulating neural activities of L1 and L2 neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deliang Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China.,College of Life Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoxiao Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China.,College of Life Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Shun Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China.,College of Life Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Julia Yvonne Gestrich
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Wenlan Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China.,College of Life Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Xinwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China.,College of Life Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Yuanhang Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China.,College of Life Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Jihua Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China.,College of Life Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Pengbo Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China.,College of Life Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Mengbo Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Li Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China.,College of Life Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Hongying Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China.,College of Life Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
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17
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Schnaitmann C, Pagni M, Reiff DF. Color vision in insects: insights from Drosophila. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2020; 206:183-198. [PMID: 32020291 PMCID: PMC7069916 DOI: 10.1007/s00359-019-01397-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Color vision is an important sensory capability that enhances the detection of contrast in retinal images. Monochromatic animals exclusively detect temporal and spatial changes in luminance, whereas two or more types of photoreceptors and neuronal circuitries for the comparison of their responses enable animals to differentiate spectral information independent of intensity. Much of what we know about the cellular and physiological mechanisms underlying color vision comes from research on vertebrates including primates. In insects, many important discoveries have been made, but direct insights into the physiology and circuit implementation of color vision are still limited. Recent advances in Drosophila systems neuroscience suggest that a complete insect color vision circuitry, from photoreceptors to behavior, including all elements and computations, can be revealed in future. Here, we review fundamental concepts in color vision alongside our current understanding of the neuronal basis of color vision in Drosophila, including side views to selected other insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Schnaitmann
- Department for Animal Physiology and Neurobiology, Institute of Biology I, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, 79104, Germany
| | - Manuel Pagni
- Department for Animal Physiology and Neurobiology, Institute of Biology I, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, 79104, Germany
| | - Dierk F Reiff
- Department for Animal Physiology and Neurobiology, Institute of Biology I, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, 79104, Germany.
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18
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Davis FP, Nern A, Picard S, Reiser MB, Rubin GM, Eddy SR, Henry GL. A genetic, genomic, and computational resource for exploring neural circuit function. eLife 2020; 9:e50901. [PMID: 31939737 PMCID: PMC7034979 DOI: 10.7554/elife.50901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The anatomy of many neural circuits is being characterized with increasing resolution, but their molecular properties remain mostly unknown. Here, we characterize gene expression patterns in distinct neural cell types of the Drosophila visual system using genetic lines to access individual cell types, the TAPIN-seq method to measure their transcriptomes, and a probabilistic method to interpret these measurements. We used these tools to build a resource of high-resolution transcriptomes for 100 driver lines covering 67 cell types, available at http://www.opticlobe.com. Combining these transcriptomes with recently reported connectomes helps characterize how information is transmitted and processed across a range of scales, from individual synapses to circuit pathways. We describe examples that include identifying neurotransmitters, including cases of apparent co-release, generating functional hypotheses based on receptor expression, as well as identifying strong commonalities between different cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fred P Davis
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical InstituteAshburnUnited States
- Molecular Immunology and Inflammation BranchNational Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
| | - Aljoscha Nern
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical InstituteAshburnUnited States
| | - Serge Picard
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical InstituteAshburnUnited States
| | - Michael B Reiser
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical InstituteAshburnUnited States
| | - Gerald M Rubin
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical InstituteAshburnUnited States
| | - Sean R Eddy
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical InstituteAshburnUnited States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Molecular and Cellular BiologyHarvard UniversityCambridgeUnited States
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied SciencesHarvard UniversityCambridgeUnited States
| | - Gilbert L Henry
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical InstituteAshburnUnited States
- Cold Spring Harbor LaboratoryCold Spring HarborUnited States
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19
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Abstract
A recent study reports a novel form of lateral inhibition between photoreceptors supporting colour vision in the vinegar fly, Drosophila melanogaster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kit D Longden
- Reiser Lab, HHMI Janelia Research Campus, 19700 Helix Drive, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA.
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20
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Alejevski F, Saint-Charles A, Michard-Vanhée C, Martin B, Galant S, Vasiliauskas D, Rouyer F. The HisCl1 histamine receptor acts in photoreceptors to synchronize Drosophila behavioral rhythms with light-dark cycles. Nat Commun 2019; 10:252. [PMID: 30651542 PMCID: PMC6335465 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-08116-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In Drosophila, the clock that controls rest-activity rhythms synchronizes with light-dark cycles through either the blue-light sensitive cryptochrome (Cry) located in most clock neurons, or rhodopsin-expressing histaminergic photoreceptors. Here we show that, in the absence of Cry, each of the two histamine receptors Ort and HisCl1 contribute to entrain the clock whereas no entrainment occurs in the absence of the two receptors. In contrast to Ort, HisCl1 does not restore entrainment when expressed in the optic lobe interneurons. Indeed, HisCl1 is expressed in wild-type photoreceptors and entrainment is strongly impaired in flies with photoreceptors mutant for HisCl1. Rescuing HisCl1 expression in the Rh6-expressing photoreceptors restores entrainment but it does not in other photoreceptors, which send histaminergic inputs to Rh6-expressing photoreceptors. Our results thus show that Rh6-expressing neurons contribute to circadian entrainment as both photoreceptors and interneurons, recalling the dual function of melanopsin-expressing ganglion cells in the mammalian retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faredin Alejevski
- Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay, Univ. Paris Sud, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Alexandra Saint-Charles
- Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay, Univ. Paris Sud, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Institut de la Vision, Univ. P. & M. Curie, INSERM, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Paris, 75012, France
| | - Christine Michard-Vanhée
- Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay, Univ. Paris Sud, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Béatrice Martin
- Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay, Univ. Paris Sud, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Sonya Galant
- Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay, Univ. Paris Sud, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Daniel Vasiliauskas
- Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay, Univ. Paris Sud, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - François Rouyer
- Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay, Univ. Paris Sud, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
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21
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Schnaitmann C, Haikala V, Abraham E, Oberhauser V, Thestrup T, Griesbeck O, Reiff DF. Color Processing in the Early Visual System of Drosophila. Cell 2018; 172:318-330.e18. [PMID: 29328919 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2017.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Color vision extracts spectral information by comparing signals from photoreceptors with different visual pigments. Such comparisons are encoded by color-opponent neurons that are excited at one wavelength and inhibited at another. Here, we examine the circuit implementation of color-opponent processing in the Drosophila visual system by combining two-photon calcium imaging with genetic dissection of visual circuits. We report that color-opponent processing of UVshort/blue and UVlong/green is already implemented in R7/R8 inner photoreceptor terminals of "pale" and "yellow" ommatidia, respectively. R7 and R8 photoreceptors of the same type of ommatidia mutually inhibit each other directly via HisCl1 histamine receptors and receive additional feedback inhibition that requires the second histamine receptor Ort. Color-opponent processing at the first visual synapse represents an unexpected commonality between Drosophila and vertebrates; however, the differences in the molecular and cellular implementation suggest that the same principles evolved independently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Schnaitmann
- Department for Animal Physiology and Neurobiology, Institute of Biology I, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Väinö Haikala
- Department for Animal Physiology and Neurobiology, Institute of Biology I, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Eva Abraham
- Department for Animal Physiology and Neurobiology, Institute of Biology I, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Vitus Oberhauser
- Department for Animal Physiology and Neurobiology, Institute of Biology I, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Thestrup
- Tools for Bio-Imaging, Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Oliver Griesbeck
- Tools for Bio-Imaging, Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Dierk F Reiff
- Department for Animal Physiology and Neurobiology, Institute of Biology I, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.
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22
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Chen P, Matsushita A, Wakakuwa M, Arikawa K. Immunolocalization suggests a role of the histamine‐gated chloride channel PxHCLB in spectral opponent processing in butterfly photoreceptors. J Comp Neurol 2018; 527:753-766. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.24558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pei‐Ju Chen
- Department of Evolutionary Studies of BiosystemsSOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies) Hayama Japan
| | - Atsuko Matsushita
- Department of Evolutionary Studies of BiosystemsSOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies) Hayama Japan
| | - Motohiro Wakakuwa
- Department of Evolutionary Studies of BiosystemsSOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies) Hayama Japan
| | - Kentaro Arikawa
- Department of Evolutionary Studies of BiosystemsSOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies) Hayama Japan
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23
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Borycz J, Ziegler A, Borycz JA, Uhlenbrock G, Tapken D, Caceres L, Hollmann M, Hovemann BT, Meinertzhagen IA. Location and functions of Inebriated in the Drosophila eye. Biol Open 2018; 7:7/7/bio034926. [PMID: 30037884 PMCID: PMC6078345 DOI: 10.1242/bio.034926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Histamine (HA) is a neurotransmitter in arthropod photoreceptors. It is recycled via conjugation to β-alanine to form β-alanylhistamine (carcinine). Conjugation occurs in epithelial glia that surround photoreceptor terminals in the first optic neuropil, and carcinine (CA) is then transported back to photoreceptors and cleaved to liberate HA and β-alanine. The gene Inebriated (Ine) encodes an Na+/Cl--dependent SLC6 family transporter translated as two protein isoforms, long (P1) and short (P2). Photoreceptors specifically express Ine-P2 whereas Ine-P1 is expressed in non-neuronal cells. Both ine1 and ine3 have significantly reduced head HA contents compared with wild type, and a smaller increase in head HA after drinking 1% CA. Similarly, uptake of 0.1% CA was reduced in ine1 and ine3 mutant synaptosomes, but increased by 90% and 84% respectively for fractions incubated in 0.05% β-Ala, compared with wild type. Screening potential substrates in Ine expressing Xenopus oocytes revealed very little response to carcinine and β-Ala but increased conductance with glycine. Both ine1 and ine3 mutant responses in light-dark phototaxis did not differ from wild-type. Collectively our results suggest that Inebriated functions in an adjunct role as a transporter to the previously reported carcinine transporter CarT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janusz Borycz
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Anna Ziegler
- Receptor Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University of Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Jolanta A Borycz
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Guido Uhlenbrock
- Receptor Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University of Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Daniel Tapken
- Receptor Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University of Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Lucia Caceres
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Michael Hollmann
- Molecular Cell Biochemistry, Ruhr University of Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Bernhard T Hovemann
- Receptor Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University of Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Ian A Meinertzhagen
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada .,Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
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24
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Akashi HD, Chen PJ, Akiyama T, Terai Y, Wakakuwa M, Takayama Y, Tominaga M, Arikawa K. Physiological responses of ionotropic histamine receptors, PxHCLA and PxHCLB, to neurotransmitter candidates in a butterfly, Papilio xuthus. J Exp Biol 2018; 221:jeb.183129. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.183129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Histamine is the only known neurotransmitter released by arthropod photoreceptors. Synaptic transmission from photoreceptors to second order neurons is mediated by the activation of histamine-gated chloride channels (HCLs). These histaminergic synapses have been assumed to be conserved among insect visual systems. However, our understanding of the channels in question has thus far been based on studies in flies. In the butterfly Papilio xuthus, we have identified two candidate histamine-gated chloride channels, PxHCLA and PxHCLB, and studied their physiological properties using a whole-cell patch-clamp technique. We studied the responses of channels expressed in cultured cells to histamine as well as to other neurotransmitter candidates, namely GABA, tyramine, serotonin, D-/L- glutamate, and glycine. We found that histamine and GABA activated both PxHCLA and PxHCLB, while the other molecules did not. The sensitivity to histamine and GABA was consistently higher in PxHCLB than in PxHCLA. Interestingly, simultaneous application of histamine and GABA activated both PxHCLA and PxHCLB more strongly than either neurotansmitter individually; histamine and GABA may have synergistic effects on PxHCLs in the regions where they colocalize. Our results suggest that the physiological properties of the histamine receptors are basically conserved among insects, but that the response to GABA differs between butterflies and flies, implying variation in early visual processing among species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi D. Akashi
- Department of Evolutionary Studies of Biosystems, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Hayama, Kanagawa 240-0193, Japan
| | - Pei-Ju Chen
- Department of Evolutionary Studies of Biosystems, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Hayama, Kanagawa 240-0193, Japan
| | - Tokiho Akiyama
- Department of Evolutionary Studies of Biosystems, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Hayama, Kanagawa 240-0193, Japan
| | - Yohey Terai
- Department of Evolutionary Studies of Biosystems, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Hayama, Kanagawa 240-0193, Japan
| | - Motohiro Wakakuwa
- Department of Evolutionary Studies of Biosystems, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Hayama, Kanagawa 240-0193, Japan
| | - Yasunori Takayama
- Division of Cell Signaling, Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience (National Institute for Physiological Sciences), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787, Japan
- Department of Physiological Sciences, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787, Japan
| | - Makoto Tominaga
- Division of Cell Signaling, Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience (National Institute for Physiological Sciences), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787, Japan
- Department of Physiological Sciences, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787, Japan
| | - Kentaro Arikawa
- Department of Evolutionary Studies of Biosystems, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Hayama, Kanagawa 240-0193, Japan
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25
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A Neural Network Underlying Circadian Entrainment and Photoperiodic Adjustment of Sleep and Activity in Drosophila. J Neurosci 2017; 36:9084-96. [PMID: 27581451 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0992-16.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED A sensitivity of the circadian clock to light/dark cycles ensures that biological rhythms maintain optimal phase relationships with the external day. In animals, the circadian clock neuron network (CCNN) driving sleep/activity rhythms receives light input from multiple photoreceptors, but how these photoreceptors modulate CCNN components is not well understood. Here we show that the Hofbauer-Buchner eyelets differentially modulate two classes of ventral lateral neurons (LNvs) within the Drosophila CCNN. The eyelets antagonize Cryptochrome (CRY)- and compound-eye-based photoreception in the large LNvs while synergizing CRY-mediated photoreception in the small LNvs. Furthermore, we show that the large LNvs interact with subsets of "evening cells" to adjust the timing of the evening peak of activity in a day length-dependent manner. Our work identifies a peptidergic connection between the large LNvs and a group of evening cells that is critical for the seasonal adjustment of circadian rhythms. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT In animals, circadian clocks have evolved to orchestrate the timing of behavior and metabolism. Consistent timing requires the entrainment these clocks to the solar day, a process that is critical for an organism's health. Light cycles are the most important external cue for the entrainment of circadian clocks, and the circadian system uses multiple photoreceptors to link timekeeping to the light/dark cycle. How light information from these photorecptors is integrated into the circadian clock neuron network to support entrainment is not understood. Our results establish that input from the HB eyelets differentially impacts the physiology of neuronal subgroups. This input pathway, together with input from the compound eyes, precisely times the activity of flies under long summer days. Our results provide a mechanistic model of light transduction and integration into the circadian system, identifying new and unexpected network motifs within the circadian clock neuron network.
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26
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Charlton-Perkins MA, Sendler ED, Buschbeck EK, Cook TA. Multifunctional glial support by Semper cells in the Drosophila retina. PLoS Genet 2017; 13:e1006782. [PMID: 28562601 PMCID: PMC5470715 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Revised: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Glial cells play structural and functional roles central to the formation, activity and integrity of neurons throughout the nervous system. In the retina of vertebrates, the high energetic demand of photoreceptors is sustained in part by Müller glia, an intrinsic, atypical radial glia with features common to many glial subtypes. Accessory and support glial cells also exist in invertebrates, but which cells play this function in the insect retina is largely undefined. Using cell-restricted transcriptome analysis, here we show that the ommatidial cone cells (aka Semper cells) in the Drosophila compound eye are enriched for glial regulators and effectors, including signature characteristics of the vertebrate visual system. In addition, cone cell-targeted gene knockdowns demonstrate that such glia-associated factors are required to support the structural and functional integrity of neighboring photoreceptors. Specifically, we show that distinct support functions (neuronal activity, structural integrity and sustained neurotransmission) can be genetically separated in cone cells by down-regulating transcription factors associated with vertebrate gliogenesis (pros/Prox1, Pax2/5/8, and Oli/Olig1,2, respectively). Further, we find that specific factors critical for glial function in other species are also critical in cone cells to support Drosophila photoreceptor activity. These include ion-transport proteins (Na/K+-ATPase, Eaat1, and Kir4.1-related channels) and metabolic homeostatic factors (dLDH and Glut1). These data define genetically distinct glial signatures in cone/Semper cells that regulate their structural, functional and homeostatic interactions with photoreceptor neurons in the compound eye of Drosophila. In addition to providing a new high-throughput model to study neuron-glia interactions, the fly eye will further help elucidate glial conserved "support networks" between invertebrates and vertebrates. Glia are the caretakers of the nervous system. Like their neighboring neurons, different glial subtypes exist that share many overlapping functions. Despite our recognition of glia as a key component of the brain, the genetic networks that mediate their neuroprotective functions remain relatively poorly understood. Here, using the genetic model Drosophila melanogaster, we identify a new glial cell type in one of the most active tissues in the nervous system—the retina. These cells, called ommatidial cone cells (or Semper cells), were previously recognized for their role in lens formation. Using cell-specific molecular genetic approaches, we demonstrate that cone cells (CCs) also share molecular, functional, and genetic features with both vertebrate and invertebrate glia to prevent light-induced retinal degeneration and provide structural and physiological support for photoreceptors. Further, we demonstrate that three factors associated with gliogenesis in vertebrates—prospero/Prox1, Pax2, and Oli/Olig1,2—control genetically distinct aspects of these support functions. CCs also share molecular and functional features with the three main glial types in the mammalian visual system: Müller glia, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. Combined, these studies provide insight into potentially deeply conserved aspects of glial functions in the visual system and introduce a high-throughput system to genetically dissect essential neuroprotective mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A. Charlton-Perkins
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Edward D. Sendler
- Center of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Elke K. Buschbeck
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Tiffany A. Cook
- Center of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Pharmacological characterization of histamine-gated chloride channels from the housefly Musca domestica. Neurotoxicology 2017; 60:245-253. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2016.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Liu H, French AS, Torkkeli PH. Expression of Cys-loop receptor subunits and acetylcholine binding protein in the mechanosensory neurons, glial cells, and muscle tissue of the spider Cupiennius salei. J Comp Neurol 2016; 525:1139-1154. [PMID: 27650259 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The central and peripheral nervous system transcriptomes of the spider Cupiennius salei have 15 Cys-loop receptor subunits and an acetylcholine-binding protein (AChBP). Twelve subunits are predicted to form anion channels gated by γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), glutamate, histamine, or changes in pH, and three are putative ACh-gated cation channels. Spiders have a variety of mechanosensilla and proprioceptive organs that are innervated by efferents in their peripherally located parts, and efferents also innervate muscle fibers. We investigated Cys-loop gene expression in muscle tissue by qPCR and localized this expression in mechanosensilla via in situ hybridization. The cuticular mechanosensory neurons had only CsGABArdl and CspHCl2 subunits, whereas the muscle tissue expressed a wider variety of subunits, especially CsGABAgrd, CsGABAA β, CsGluCl1 and CspHCl, but very low levels of the CsGABArdl or CsnACh subunits. An nACh non-α subunit was expressed in a group of unidentified cells in the hypodermis and at low level in the muscle tissue, but the physiological function of this subunit is unknown. The CsnAChα subunit was not expressed in sensory neurons and was expressed at extremely low level in the muscle tissue. None of the probes gave signals in proprioceptive joint receptors, suggesting that efferent innervation to this sense organ employs other receptor types. CsAChBP and a glia-specific homeodomain CsREPO were both expressed in glial cells that surround sensory neurons and also in muscle tissue, probably around the nerve endings of the neuromuscular junction. These locations have large numbers of synapses, suggesting that AChBP may have a function in modulating synaptic transmission. J. Comp. Neurol. 525:1139-1154, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxia Liu
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Andrew S French
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Päivi H Torkkeli
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 4R2, Canada
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An optimised phylogenetic method sheds more light on the main branching events of rhodopsin-like superfamily. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY D-GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2016; 20:85-94. [PMID: 27614546 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2016.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Revised: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The comparative genomics between different rhodopsin-like family groups (α, β, γ and δ) is not well studied. We used a combination of phylogenetic analysis and statistical genomic methods to compare rhodopsin-like family proteins in species likely symbolic of this family's evolutionary progression. For intra-cluster relationships, we applied mathematical optimisation to enhance the tree search produced by the neighbour joining method (NJ) and compared it with maximum likelihood (ML) method. To infer inter-clusters relationships, we used Needleman-Wunsch analysis (NW), HHsearch, ancestral sequence reconstruction and phylogenetic network analysis. Using this workflow, we were able to identify key evolutionary events in the rhodopsin-like family receptors. We found that α rhodopsin-like group gave rise to the β group, while the γ rhodopsin-like group diverged from the β group. We tracked the diversification of every cluster, revealing that fungal opsin is the most ancient member of the α group, while adenosine receptors could be the first member to diverge in the MECA (melanocortin, endothelial differentiation sphingolipid, cannabinoid, and adenosine receptors) subfamily and that histamine receptors could be the parent of the amines receptors, while hypocretin receptors might be the most ancient member of the β group. SOG (somatostatin, opioid, galanin) receptors formed the most ancient members of the γ group. Our analysis indicated that basal receptors might be playing a role in early evolution of the nervous system. This is evident in Trichoplax adhaerens genome, where we located histamine receptors and adenosine receptors.
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Juusola M, Dau A, Zheng L, Rien D. Electrophysiological Method for Recording Intracellular Voltage Responses of Drosophila Photoreceptors and Interneurons to Light Stimuli In Vivo. J Vis Exp 2016. [PMID: 27403647 PMCID: PMC4993232 DOI: 10.3791/54142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Voltage responses of insect photoreceptors and visual interneurons can be accurately recorded with conventional sharp microelectrodes. The method described here enables the investigator to measure long-lasting (from minutes to hours) high-quality intracellular responses from single Drosophila R1-R6 photoreceptors and Large Monopolar Cells (LMCs) to light stimuli. Because the recording system has low noise, it can be used to study variability among individual cells in the fly eye, and how their outputs reflect the physical properties of the visual environment. We outline all key steps in performing this technique. The basic steps in constructing an appropriate electrophysiology set-up for recording, such as design and selection of the experimental equipment are described. We also explain how to prepare for recording by making appropriate (sharp) recording and (blunt) reference electrodes. Details are given on how to fix an intact fly in a bespoke fly-holder, prepare a small window in its eye and insert a recording electrode through this hole with minimal damage. We explain how to localize the center of a cell's receptive field, dark- or light-adapt the studied cell, and to record its voltage responses to dynamic light stimuli. Finally, we describe the criteria for stable normal recordings, show characteristic high-quality voltage responses of individual cells to different light stimuli, and briefly define how to quantify their signaling performance. Many aspects of the method are technically challenging and require practice and patience to master. But once learned and optimized for the investigator's experimental objectives, it grants outstanding in vivo neurophysiological data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikko Juusola
- National Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University; Department of Biomedical Science, The University of Sheffield;
| | - An Dau
- Department of Biomedical Science, The University of Sheffield
| | - Lei Zheng
- National Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University
| | - Diana Rien
- National Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University; Department of Biomedical Science, The University of Sheffield
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Derby CD, Kozma MT, Senatore A, Schmidt M. Molecular Mechanisms of Reception and Perireception in Crustacean Chemoreception: A Comparative Review. Chem Senses 2016; 41:381-98. [PMID: 27107425 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjw057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
This review summarizes our present knowledge of chemoreceptor proteins in crustaceans, using a comparative perspective to review these molecules in crustaceans relative to other metazoan models of chemoreception including mammals, insects, nematodes, and molluscs. Evolution has resulted in unique expansions of specific gene families and repurposing of them for chemosensation in various clades, including crustaceans. A major class of chemoreceptor proteins across crustaceans is the Ionotropic Receptors, which diversified from ionotropic glutamate receptors in ancient protostomes but which are not present in deuterostomes. Representatives of another major class of chemoreceptor proteins-the Grl/GR/OR family of ionotropic 7-transmembrane receptors-are diversified in insects but to date have been reported in only one crustacean species, Daphnia pulex So far, canonic 7-transmembrane G-protein coupled receptors, the principal chemoreceptors in vertebrates and reported in a few protostome clades, have not been identified in crustaceans. More types of chemoreceptors are known throughout the metazoans and might well be expected to be discovered in crustaceans. Our review also provides a comparative coverage of perireceptor events in crustacean chemoreception, including molecules involved in stimulus acquisition, stimulus delivery, and stimulus removal, though much less is known about these events in crustaceans, particularly at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Adriano Senatore
- Present address: Biology Department, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario L5L 1C6, Canada
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Bradley SP, Chapman PD, Lizbinski KM, Daly KC, Dacks AM. A Flight Sensory-Motor to Olfactory Processing Circuit in the Moth Manduca sexta. Front Neural Circuits 2016; 10:5. [PMID: 26909026 PMCID: PMC4754697 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2016.00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural circuits projecting information from motor to sensory pathways are common across sensory domains. These circuits typically modify sensory function as a result of motor pattern activation; this is particularly so in cases where the resultant behavior affects the sensory experience or its processing. However, such circuits have not been observed projecting to an olfactory pathway in any species despite well characterized active sampling behaviors that produce reafferent mechanical stimuli, such as sniffing in mammals and wing beating in the moth Manduca sexta. In this study we characterize a circuit that connects a flight sensory-motor center to an olfactory center in Manduca. This circuit consists of a single pair of histamine immunoreactive (HA-ir) neurons that project from the mesothoracic ganglion to innervate a subset of ventral antennal lobe (AL) glomeruli. Furthermore, within the AL we show that the M. sexta histamine B receptor (MsHisClB) is exclusively expressed by a subset of GABAergic and peptidergic LNs, which broadly project to all olfactory glomeruli. Finally, the HA-ir cell pair is present in fifth stage instar larvae; however, the absence of MsHisClB-ir in the larval antennal center indicates that the circuit is incomplete prior to metamorphosis and importantly prior to the expression of flight behavior. Although the functional consequences of this circuit remain unknown, these results provide the first detailed description of a circuit that interconnects an olfactory system with motor centers driving flight behaviors including odor-guided flight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samual P Bradley
- Department of Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown WV, USA
| | | | | | - Kevin C Daly
- Department of Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown WV, USA
| | - Andrew M Dacks
- Department of Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown WV, USA
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Yoshii T, Hermann-Luibl C, Helfrich-Förster C. Circadian light-input pathways in Drosophila. Commun Integr Biol 2016; 9:e1102805. [PMID: 27066180 PMCID: PMC4802797 DOI: 10.1080/19420889.2015.1102805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Revised: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Light is the most important environmental cue to entrain the circadian clock in most animals. In the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, the light entrainment mechanisms of the clock have been well-studied. The Drosophila brain contains approximately 150 neurons that rhythmically express circadian clock genes. These neurons are called "clock neurons" and control behavioral activity rhythms. Many clock neurons express the Cryptochrome (CRY) protein, which is sensitive to UV and blue light, and thus enables clock neurons deep in the brain to directly perceive light. In addition to the CRY protein, external photoreceptors in the Drosophila eyes play an important role in circadian light-input pathways. Recent studies have provided new insights into the mechanisms that integrate these light inputs into the circadian network of the brain. In this review, we will summarize the current knowledge on the light entrainment pathways in the Drosophila circadian clock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taishi Yoshii
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Christiane Hermann-Luibl
- Neurobiology and Genetics, Theodor-Boveri Institute, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Charlotte Helfrich-Förster
- Neurobiology and Genetics, Theodor-Boveri Institute, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg, Germany
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Stenesen D, Moehlman AT, Krämer H. The carcinine transporter CarT is required in Drosophila photoreceptor neurons to sustain histamine recycling. eLife 2015; 4:e10972. [PMID: 26653853 PMCID: PMC4739767 DOI: 10.7554/elife.10972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Synaptic transmission from Drosophila photoreceptors to lamina neurons requires recycling of histamine neurotransmitter. Synaptic histamine is cleared by uptake into glia and conversion into carcinine, which functions as transport metabolite. How carcinine is transported from glia to photoreceptor neurons remains unclear. In a targeted RNAi screen for genes involved in this pathway, we identified carT, which encodes a member of the SLC22A transporter family. CarT expression in photoreceptors is necessary and sufficient for fly vision and behavior. Carcinine accumulates in the lamina of carT flies. Wild-type levels are restored by photoreceptor-specific expression of CarT, and endogenous tagging suggests CarT localizes to synaptic endings. Heterologous expression of CarT in S2 cells is sufficient for carcinine uptake, demonstrating the ability of CarT to utilize carcinine as a transport substrate. Together, our results demonstrate that CarT transports the histamine metabolite carcinine into photoreceptor neurons, thus contributing an essential step to the histamine–carcinine cycle. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.10972.001 Photoreceptors are light-sensitive neurons in the eyes of the fruit fly Drosophila that form connections with other neurons in the fly’s brain. At these connections, which are called synapses, the photoreceptors continuously release a chemical called histamine. Photoreceptors will release more or less histamine depending on changes in light intensity, but always tend to release more histamine than they can produce themselves from scratch. This means that the visual system in Drosophila relies on a pathway that recycles histamine. That is to say, glial cells (which support the activity of the neurons) remove the chemical from synapses and return it to the photoreceptor neurons in a slightly modified form called “carcinine”. The photoreceptors then quickly convert the chemical back into histamine, ready to be released. Stenesen et al. set out to identify the proteins that support this recycling pathway, and started by screening around 130 genes that encode transporter proteins for potential roles in histamine recycling. This screen identified a gene encoding a protein that was named CarT. This protein transports carcinine, the modified version of the histamine neurotransmitter. Stenesen et al. show that the photoreceptor neurons make the CarT protein and need this protein to take up the carcinine released by the supporting glial cells. Without CarT, photoreceptor neurons cannot transmit visual information, and so mutant flies in which the gene for CarT is deleted are blind. Follow-up studies related to this work could involve identifying the transporters that move histamine and carcinine in and out of the glia cells, and exploring what other neurons and behaviors in fruit flies rely on CarT’s activity. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.10972.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Drew Stenesen
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Andrew T Moehlman
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Helmut Krämer
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
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Dutta S, Rieche F, Eckl N, Duch C, Kretzschmar D. Glial expression of Swiss cheese (SWS), the Drosophila orthologue of neuropathy target esterase (NTE), is required for neuronal ensheathment and function. Dis Model Mech 2015; 9:283-94. [PMID: 26634819 PMCID: PMC4826977 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.022236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in Drosophila Swiss cheese (SWS) or its vertebrate orthologue neuropathy target esterase (NTE), respectively, cause progressive neuronal degeneration in Drosophila and mice and a complex syndrome in humans that includes mental retardation, spastic paraplegia and blindness. SWS and NTE are widely expressed in neurons but can also be found in glia; however, their function in glia has, until now, remained unknown. We have used a knockdown approach to specifically address SWS function in glia and to probe for resulting neuronal dysfunctions. This revealed that loss of SWS in pseudocartridge glia causes the formation of multi-layered glial whorls in the lamina cortex, the first optic neuropil. This phenotype was rescued by the expression of SWS or NTE, suggesting that the glial function is conserved in the vertebrate protein. SWS was also found to be required for the glial wrapping of neurons by ensheathing glia, and its loss in glia caused axonal damage. We also detected severe locomotion deficits in glial sws-knockdown flies, which occurred as early as 2 days after eclosion and increased further with age. Utilizing the giant fibre system to test for underlying functional neuronal defects showed that the response latency to a stimulus was unchanged in knockdown flies compared to controls, but the reliability with which the neurons responded to increasing frequencies was reduced. This shows that the loss of SWS in glia impairs neuronal function, strongly suggesting that the loss of glial SWS plays an important role in the phenotypes observed in the sws mutant. It is therefore likely that changes in glia also contribute to the pathology observed in humans that carry mutations in NTE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudeshna Dutta
- Oregon Institute of Occupational Health Sciences, Oregon Health & Sciences University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Franziska Rieche
- Institut für Zoologie III - Neurobiologie, Universität Mainz, Colonel-Kleinmann-Weg 2, Mainz D-55099, Germany
| | - Nina Eckl
- Institut für Zoologie III - Neurobiologie, Universität Mainz, Colonel-Kleinmann-Weg 2, Mainz D-55099, Germany
| | - Carsten Duch
- Institut für Zoologie III - Neurobiologie, Universität Mainz, Colonel-Kleinmann-Weg 2, Mainz D-55099, Germany
| | - Doris Kretzschmar
- Oregon Institute of Occupational Health Sciences, Oregon Health & Sciences University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
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Transcriptome Analysis of the Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems of the Spider Cupiennius salei Reveals Multiple Putative Cys-Loop Ligand Gated Ion Channel Subunits and an Acetylcholine Binding Protein. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0138068. [PMID: 26368804 PMCID: PMC4569296 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Invertebrates possess a diverse collection of pentameric Cys-loop ligand gated ion channel (LGIC) receptors whose molecular structures, evolution and relationships to mammalian counterparts have been intensely investigated in several clinically and agriculturally important species. These receptors are targets for a variety of control agents that may also harm beneficial species. However, little is known about Cys-loop receptors in spiders, which are important natural predators of insects. We assembled de novo transcriptomes from the central and peripheral nervous systems of the Central American wandering spider Cupiennius salei, a model species for neurophysiological, behavioral and developmental studies. We found 15 Cys-loop receptor subunits that are expected to form anion or cation permeable channels, plus a putative acetylcholine binding protein (AChBP) that has only previously been reported in molluscs and one annelid. We used phylogenetic and sequence analysis to compare the spider subunits to homologous receptors in other species and predicted the 3D structures of each protein using the I-Tasser server. The quality of homology models improved with increasing sequence identity to the available high-resolution templates. We found that C. salei has orthologous γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), GluCl, pHCl, HisCl and nAChα LGIC subunits to other arthropods, but some subgroups are specific to arachnids, or only to spiders. C. salei sequences were phylogenetically closest to gene fragments from the social spider, Stegodyphus mimosarum, indicating high conservation within the Araneomorphae suborder of spiders. C. salei sequences had similar ligand binding and transmembrane regions to other invertebrate and vertebrate LGICs. They also had motifs associated with high sensitivity to insecticides and antiparasitic agents such as fipronil, dieldrin and ivermectin. Development of truly selective control agents for pest species will require information about the molecular structure and pharmacology of Cys-loop receptors in beneficial species.
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Hu W, Wang T, Wang X, Han J. Ih channels control feedback regulation from amacrine cells to photoreceptors. PLoS Biol 2015; 13:e1002115. [PMID: 25831426 PMCID: PMC4382183 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1002115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
In both vertebrates and invertebrates, photoreceptors’ output is regulated by feedback signals from interneurons that contribute to several important visual functions. Although synaptic feedback regulation of photoreceptors is known to occur in Drosophila, many questions about the underlying molecular mechanisms and physiological implementation remain unclear. Here, we systematically investigated these questions using a broad range of experimental methods. We isolated two Ih mutant fly lines that exhibit rhythmic photoreceptor depolarization without light stimulation. We discovered that Ih channels regulate glutamate release from amacrine cells by modulating calcium channel activity. Moreover, we showed that the eye-enriched kainate receptor (EKAR) is expressed in photoreceptors and receives the glutamate signal released from amacrine cells. Finally, we presented evidence that amacrine cell feedback regulation helps maintain light sensitivity in ambient light. Our findings suggest plausible molecular underpinnings and physiological effects of feedback regulation from amacrine cells to photoreceptors. These results provide new mechanistic insight into how synaptic feedback regulation can participate in network processing by modulating neural information transfer and circuit excitability. A systematic study of the Drosophila visual system clarifies the molecular mechanisms and physiological effects of feedback regulation of photoreceptors by amacrine cells, essential for maintaining light sensitivity. Feedback regulation is a common feature of neural circuits during the process of acquiring information. Therefore, it is important to understand how this phenomenon occurs. Using the primary visual system of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster as a model, we systematically investigated the molecular mechanisms and the physiological implementation of feedback regulation from amacrine cells (second order neurons that are present in the lamina) to photoreceptors. We isolated two fly lines with mutations in the gene that encodes for the ion channel known as Ih, whose photoreceptors exhibited rhythmic depolarizations in the absence of light stimulation. We demonstrated that Ih channels function in amacrine cells to regulate the release of the neurotransmitter glutamate by modulating the activity of the voltage-gated calcium channel, Cac. We further found that the glutamate signal released by amacrine cells is sensed and transduced by glutamate receptors expressed by the photoreceptors. Finally, we showed that this feedback regulation is critical for maintaining light sensitivity in the presence of ambient light. Our results suggest that regulation of synaptic feedback in a neuronal network modulates information transfer and circuit excitability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Hu
- Institute of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
- Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Tingting Wang
- Institute of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
- Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- Institute of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Junhai Han
- Institute of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
- Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
- * E-mail:
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Furutani S, Ihara M, Nishino Y, Akamatsu M, Jones AK, Sattelle DB, Matsuda K. Exon 3 splicing and mutagenesis identify residues influencing cell surface density of heterologously expressed silkworm (Bombyx mori) glutamate-gated chloride channels. Mol Pharmacol 2014; 86:686-95. [PMID: 25261427 DOI: 10.1124/mol.114.095869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutamate-gated chloride channels (GluCls) mediate fast inhibitory neurotransmission in invertebrate nervous systems. Insect GluCls show alternative splicing, and, to determine its impact on channel function and pharmacology, we isolated GluCl cDNAs from larvae of the silkworm (Bombyx mori). We show that six B. mori glutamate-gated chloride channel variants are generated by splicing in exons 3 and 9 and that exons 3b and 3c are common in the brain and third thoracic ganglion. When expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes, the three functional exon 3 variants (3a, b, c) all had similar EC50 values for l-glutamate and ivermectin (IVM); however, Imax (the maximum l-glutamate- and IVM-induced response of the channels at saturating concentrations) differed strikingly between variants, with the 3c variant showing the largest l-glutamate- and IVM-induced responses. By contrast, a partial deletion detected in exon 9 had a much smaller impact on l-glutamate and IVM actions. Binding assays using [(3)H]IVM indicate that diversity in IVM responses among the GluCl variants is mainly due to the impact on channel assembly, altering receptor cell surface numbers. GluCl variants expressed in HEK293 cells show that structural differences influenced Bmax but not Kd values of [(3)H]IVM. Domain swapping and site-directed mutagenesis identified four amino acids in exon 3c as hot spots determining the highest amplitude of the l-glutamate and IVM responses. Modeling the GluCl 3a and 3c variants suggested that three of the four amino acids contribute to intersubunit contacts, whereas the other interacts with the TM2-TM3 linker, influencing the receptor response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shogo Furutani
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Kinki University, Nakamachi Nara, Japan (S.F., M.I., K.M.); Graduate School of Life Science, University of Hyogo, Koto, Kamigori-cho, Ako-gun, Hyogo, Japan (Y.N.); Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto, Japan (M.A.); Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, United Kingdom (A.K.J.); and Department of Medicine, Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom (D.B.S.)
| | - Makoto Ihara
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Kinki University, Nakamachi Nara, Japan (S.F., M.I., K.M.); Graduate School of Life Science, University of Hyogo, Koto, Kamigori-cho, Ako-gun, Hyogo, Japan (Y.N.); Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto, Japan (M.A.); Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, United Kingdom (A.K.J.); and Department of Medicine, Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom (D.B.S.)
| | - Yuri Nishino
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Kinki University, Nakamachi Nara, Japan (S.F., M.I., K.M.); Graduate School of Life Science, University of Hyogo, Koto, Kamigori-cho, Ako-gun, Hyogo, Japan (Y.N.); Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto, Japan (M.A.); Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, United Kingdom (A.K.J.); and Department of Medicine, Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom (D.B.S.)
| | - Miki Akamatsu
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Kinki University, Nakamachi Nara, Japan (S.F., M.I., K.M.); Graduate School of Life Science, University of Hyogo, Koto, Kamigori-cho, Ako-gun, Hyogo, Japan (Y.N.); Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto, Japan (M.A.); Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, United Kingdom (A.K.J.); and Department of Medicine, Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom (D.B.S.)
| | - Andrew K Jones
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Kinki University, Nakamachi Nara, Japan (S.F., M.I., K.M.); Graduate School of Life Science, University of Hyogo, Koto, Kamigori-cho, Ako-gun, Hyogo, Japan (Y.N.); Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto, Japan (M.A.); Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, United Kingdom (A.K.J.); and Department of Medicine, Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom (D.B.S.)
| | - David B Sattelle
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Kinki University, Nakamachi Nara, Japan (S.F., M.I., K.M.); Graduate School of Life Science, University of Hyogo, Koto, Kamigori-cho, Ako-gun, Hyogo, Japan (Y.N.); Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto, Japan (M.A.); Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, United Kingdom (A.K.J.); and Department of Medicine, Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom (D.B.S.)
| | - Kazuhiko Matsuda
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Kinki University, Nakamachi Nara, Japan (S.F., M.I., K.M.); Graduate School of Life Science, University of Hyogo, Koto, Kamigori-cho, Ako-gun, Hyogo, Japan (Y.N.); Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto, Japan (M.A.); Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, United Kingdom (A.K.J.); and Department of Medicine, Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom (D.B.S.)
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Velez MM, Gohl D, Clandinin TR, Wernet MF. Differences in Neural Circuitry Guiding Behavioral Responses to Polarized light Presented to Either the Dorsal or Ventral Retina inDrosophila. J Neurogenet 2014; 28:348-60. [DOI: 10.3109/01677063.2014.922556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Afsari F, Christensen KV, Smith GP, Hentzer M, Nippe OM, Elliott CJH, Wade AR. Abnormal visual gain control in a Parkinson's disease model. Hum Mol Genet 2014; 23:4465-78. [PMID: 24718285 PMCID: PMC4119403 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddu159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Our understanding of Parkinson's disease (PD) has been revolutionized by the discovery of disease-causing genetic mutations. The most common of these is the G2019S mutation in the LRRK2 kinase gene, which leads to increased kinase activity. However, the link between increased kinase activity and PD is unclear. Previously, we showed that dopaminergic expression of the human LRRK2-G2019S transgene in flies led to an activity-dependent loss of vision in older animals and we hypothesized that this may have been preceded by a failure to regulate neuronal activity correctly in younger animals. To test this hypothesis, we used a sensitive measure of visual function based on frequency-tagged steady-state visually evoked potentials. Spectral analysis allowed us to identify signals from multiple levels of the fly visual system and wild-type visual response curves were qualitatively similar to those from human cortex. Dopaminergic expression of hLRRK2-G2019S increased contrast sensitivity throughout the retinal network. To test whether this was due to increased kinase activity, we fed Drosophila with kinase inhibitors targeted at LRRK2. Contrast sensitivity in both day 1 and day 14 flies was normalized by a novel LRRK2 kinase inhibitor ‘BMPPB-32’. Biochemical and cellular assays suggested that BMPPB-32 would be a more specific kinase inhibitor than LRRK2-IN-1. We confirmed this in vivo, finding that dLRRK− null flies show large off-target effects with LRRK2-IN-1 but not BMPPB-32. Our data link the increased Kinase activity of the G2019S-LRRK2 mutation to neuronal dysfunction and demonstrate the power of the Drosophila visual system in assaying the neurological effects of genetic diseases and therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kenneth V Christensen
- Neuroscience Drug Discovery DK, H. Lundbeck A/S, Ottiliavej 9, DK-2500 Valby, Denmark
| | - Garrick Paul Smith
- Neuroscience Drug Discovery DK, H. Lundbeck A/S, Ottiliavej 9, DK-2500 Valby, Denmark
| | - Morten Hentzer
- Neuroscience Drug Discovery DK, H. Lundbeck A/S, Ottiliavej 9, DK-2500 Valby, Denmark
| | | | | | - Alex R Wade
- Department of Psychology, University of York, YO1 5DD York, UK
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Chen Y, Akin O, Nern A, Tsui CYK, Pecot MY, Zipursky SL. Cell-type-specific labeling of synapses in vivo through synaptic tagging with recombination. Neuron 2014; 81:280-93. [PMID: 24462095 PMCID: PMC4025979 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2013.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The study of synaptic specificity and plasticity in the CNS is limited by the inability to efficiently visualize synapses in identified neurons using light microscopy. Here, we describe synaptic tagging with recombination (STaR), a method for labeling endogenous presynaptic and postsynaptic proteins in a cell-type-specific fashion. We modified genomic loci encoding synaptic proteins within bacterial artificial chromosomes such that these proteins, expressed at endogenous levels and with normal spatiotemporal patterns, were labeled in an inducible fashion in specific neurons through targeted expression of site-specific recombinases. Within the Drosophila visual system, the number and distribution of synapses correlate with electron microscopy studies. Using two different recombination systems, presynaptic and postsynaptic specializations of synaptic pairs can be colabeled. STaR also allows synapses within the CNS to be studied in live animals noninvasively. In principle, STaR can be adapted to the mammalian nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Chen
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Orkun Akin
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Aljoscha Nern
- Janelia Farm Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147-2408, USA
| | - C Y Kimberly Tsui
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Matthew Y Pecot
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - S Lawrence Zipursky
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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Inducible and titratable silencing of Caenorhabditis elegans neurons in vivo with histamine-gated chloride channels. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:2770-5. [PMID: 24550306 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1400615111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent progress in neuroscience has been facilitated by tools for neuronal activation and inactivation that are orthogonal to endogenous signaling systems. We describe here a chemical-genetic approach for inducible silencing of Caenorhabditis elegans neurons in intact animals, using the histamine-gated chloride channel HisCl1 from Drosophila and exogenous histamine. Administering histamine to freely moving C. elegans that express HisCl1 transgenes in neurons leads to rapid and potent inhibition of neural activity within minutes, as assessed by behavior, functional calcium imaging, and electrophysiology of neurons expressing HisCl1. C. elegans does not use histamine as an endogenous neurotransmitter, and exogenous histamine has little apparent effect on wild-type C. elegans behavior. HisCl1-histamine silencing of sensory neurons, interneurons, and motor neurons leads to behavioral effects matching their known functions. In addition, the HisCl1-histamine system can be used to titrate the level of neural activity, revealing quantitative relationships between neural activity and behavioral output. We use these methods to dissect escape circuits, define interneurons that regulate locomotion speed (AVA, AIB) and escape-related omega turns (AIB), and demonstrate graded control of reversal length by AVA interneurons and DA/VA motor neurons. The histamine-HisCl1 system is effective, robust, compatible with standard behavioral assays, and easily combined with optogenetic tools, properties that should make it a useful addition to C. elegans neurotechnology.
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Ziegler AB, Brüsselbach F, Hovemann BT. Activity and coexpression of Drosophila black with ebony in fly optic lobes reveals putative cooperative tasks in vision that evade electroretinographic detection. J Comp Neurol 2013; 521:1207-24. [PMID: 23124681 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2012] [Revised: 08/18/2012] [Accepted: 10/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Drosophila mutants black and ebony show pigmentation defects in the adult cuticle, which disclose their cooperative activity in β-alanyl-dopamine formation. In visual signal transduction, Ebony conjugates β-alanine to histamine, forming β-alanyl-histamine or carcinine. Mutation of ebony disrupts signal transduction and reveals an electroretinogram (ERG) phenotype. In contrast to the corresponding cuticle phenotype of black and ebony, there is no ERG phenotype observed when black expression is disrupted. This discrepancy calls into question the longstanding assumption of Black and Ebony interaction. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of Black and Ebony in fly optic lobes. We excluded a presynaptic histamine uptake pathway and confirmed histamine recycling via carcinine formation in glia. β-Alanine supply for this pathway is independent of enzymatic synthesis by Black and β-alanine synthase Pyd3. Two versions of Black are expressed in vivo. Black is a specific aspartate decarboxylase with no activity on glutamate. RNA in situ hybridization and anti-Black antisera localized Black expression in the head. Immunolabeling revealed expression in lamina glia, in large medulla glia, in glia of the ocellar ganglion, and in astrocyte-like glia below the ocellar ganglion. In these glia types, Black expression is strictly accompanied by Ebony expression. Activity, localization, and strict coexpression with Ebony strongly indicate a specific mode of functional interaction that, however, evades ERG detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna B Ziegler
- AG Molekulare Zellbiochemie, Fakultät für Chemie und Biochemie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
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Oh Y, Jang D, Sonn JY, Choe J. Histamine-HisCl1 receptor axis regulates wake-promoting signals in Drosophila melanogaster. PLoS One 2013; 8:e68269. [PMID: 23844178 PMCID: PMC3700972 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0068269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Histamine and its two receptors, histamine-gated chloride channel subunit 1 (HisCl1) and ora transientless (Ort), are known to control photoreception and temperature sensing in Drosophila. However, histamine signaling in the context of neural circuitry for sleep-wake behaviors has not yet been examined in detail. Here, we obtained mutant flies with compromised or enhanced histamine signaling and tested their baseline sleep. Hypomorphic mutations in histidine decarboxylase (HDC), an enzyme catalyzing the conversion from histidine to histamine, caused an increase in sleep duration. Interestingly, hisCl1 mutants but not ort mutants showed long-sleep phenotypes similar to those in hdc mutants. Increased sleep duration in hisCl1 mutants was rescued by overexpressing hisCl1 in circadian pacemaker neurons expressing a neuropeptide pigment dispersing factor (PDF). Consistently, RNA interference (RNAi)-mediated depletion of hisCl1 in PDF neurons was sufficient to mimic hisCl1 mutant phenotypes, suggesting that PDF neurons are crucial for sleep regulation by the histamine-HisCl1 signaling. Finally, either hisCl1 mutation or genetic ablation of PDF neurons dampened wake-promoting effects of elevated histamine signaling via direct histamine administration. Taken together, these data clearly demonstrate that the histamine-HisCl1 receptor axis can activate and maintain the wake state in Drosophila and that wake-activating signals may travel via the PDF neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangkyun Oh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Donghoon Jang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Young Sonn
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Joonho Choe
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
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Liu WW, Wilson RI. Transient and specific inactivation of Drosophila neurons in vivo using a native ligand-gated ion channel. Curr Biol 2013; 23:1202-8. [PMID: 23770187 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2013.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Revised: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A key tool in neuroscience is the ability to transiently inactivate specific neurons on timescales of milliseconds to minutes. In Drosophila, there are two available techniques for accomplishing this (shibire(ts) and halorhodopsin [1-3]), but both have shortcomings [4-9]. Here we describe a complementary technique using a native histamine-gated chloride channel (Ort). Ort is the receptor at the first synapse in the visual system. It forms large-conductance homomeric channels that desensitize only modestly in response to ligand [10]. Many regions of the CNS are devoid of histaminergic neurons [11, 12], raising the possibility that Ort could be used to artificially inactivate specific neurons in these regions. To test this idea, we performed in vivo whole-cell recordings from antennal lobe neurons misexpressing Ort. In these neurons, histamine produced a rapid and reversible drop in input resistance, clamping the membrane potential below spike threshold and virtually abolishing spontaneous and odor-evoked activity. Every neuron type in this brain region could be inactivated in this manner. Neurons that did not misexpress Ort showed negligible responses to histamine. Ort also performed favorably in comparison to the available alternative effector transgenes. Thus, Ort misexpression is a useful tool for probing functional connectivity among Drosophila neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy W Liu
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Baz ES, Wei H, Grosshans J, Stengl M. Calcium responses of circadian pacemaker neurons of the cockroach Rhyparobia maderae to acetylcholine and histamine. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2013; 199:365-74. [PMID: 23456090 DOI: 10.1007/s00359-013-0800-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Revised: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 02/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The accessory medulla (aMe) is the pacemaker that controls circadian activity rhythms in the cockroach Rhyparobia maderae. Not much is known about the classical neurotransmitters of input pathways to the cockroach circadian system. The circadian pacemaker center receives photic input from the compound eye, via unknown excitatory and GABAergic inhibitory entrainment pathways. In addition, neuropeptidergic inputs couple both pacemaker centers. A histamine-immunoreactive centrifugal neuron connects the ventral aMe with projection areas in the lateral protocerebrum and may provide non-photic inputs. To identify neurotransmitters of input pathways to the circadian clock with Fura-2-dependent Ca(2+) imaging, primary cell cultures of the adult aMe were stimulated with acetylcholine (ACh), as the most prominent excitatory, and histamine, as common inhibitory neurotransmitter. In most of aMe neurons, ACh application caused dose-dependent increases in intracellular Ca(2+) levels via ionotropic nicotinic ACh receptors. These ACh-dependent rises in Ca(2+) were mediated by mibefradil-sensitive voltage-activated Ca(2+) channels. In contrast, histamine application decreased intracellular Ca(2+) levels in only a subpopulation of aMe cells via H2-type histamine receptor chloride channels. Thus, our data suggest that ACh is part of the light entrainment pathway while histamine is involved in a non-photic input pathway to the ventral circadian clock of the Madeira cockroach.
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Affiliation(s)
- El-Sayed Baz
- Animal Physiology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences (FB 10), University of Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Str. 40, 34132, Kassel, Germany
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Kupenova P, Yusein-Myashkova S. Participation of the histamine receptor encoded by the gene hclB (HCLB) in visual sensitivity control: an electroretinographic study in Drosophila melanogaster. Mol Vis 2012; 18:2497-508. [PMID: 23077407 PMCID: PMC3472930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2012] [Accepted: 10/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Histaminergic transmission in the first synapse of the visual system in Drosophila melanogaster is mediated by two types of histamine receptors: 1) encoded by the gene hclA (HCLA), which is expressed in the second-order neurons-the large monopolar cells of the lamina, and is absolutely required for forward signal transmission; and 2) encoded by the gene hclB (HCLB), which is expressed in epithelial glia, and is involved in modulation of synaptic transmission from photoreceptors to large monopolar cells. The aim of our study was to establish whether the HCLB receptor-mediated modulation of synaptic transmission 1) contributes to the process of light adaptation, and 2) is involved in the control of the dynamics of sensitivity recovery after short-term light adaptation. METHODS The effects of mutations in the gene hclB, encoding the subunits of the histamine receptor HCLB, were studied on 1) the intensity-response (V/logI) function of electroretinographic (ERG) responses under dark adaptation, as well as under three levels of background illumination; and 2) the dynamics of the dark sensitivity recovery after short-term light adaptation. RESULTS The amplitude of the photoreceptor component in the electroretinogram (ERG) was not significantly different between the hclB mutants and the wild-type flies, while the amplitude of the ERG ON and OFF transients, representing the activity of the second-order visual cells, was increased in the hclB mutants under both dark and light adaptation. The ON responses were affected to a greater degree. Under a given background, the ON response V/logI function was steeper and the response dynamic range was narrowed. The absolute sensitivity of the two transients was increased, as revealed by the decrease of their thresholds. The relative sensitivity of the transients, assessed by the semisaturation points of their V/logI functions, was decreased in ON responses to long (2 s) stimuli under dark and moderate light adaptation, being unchanged under bright backgrounds. Thus, the shift of the ON response V/logI function along the stimulus intensity axis during light adaptation occurred within a narrower range. The peak latencies of the ERG transients were delayed. The slower kinetics of the ERG transients was also indicated by their lower sensitivity to low-pass filtering, the effect being more pronounced under light adaptation. In wild-type flies, an instant dark sensitivity recovery or postadaptational potentiation of the ERG transients was usually observed after short-term light adaptation. In the hclB mutants the dark sensitivity recovery in similar conditions was significantly delayed. CONCLUSIONS The glial histamine receptor HCLB participates in visual sensitivity control at the level of the first synapse of the Drosophila visual system under a wide range of ambient illumination conditions and contributes to the process of light adaptation. The HCLB receptor-mediated modulation of synaptic gain helps avoid response saturation and increases the range of stimulus intensities within which dynamic responses can be generated. The HCLB receptors also speed up the sensitivity recovery after short-term light adaptation and contribute to the mechanism of postadaptational potentiation. They modulate the temporal characteristics of visual responses in a way that improves the temporal resolution of the visual system and reduces redundant (low-frequency) information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petia Kupenova
- Department of Physiology, Medical University, Sofia, Bulgaria
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Abstract
Glutamate-gated chloride channels (GluCls) are found only in protostome invertebrate phyla but are closely related to mammalian glycine receptors. They have a number of roles in these animals, controlling locomotion and feeding and mediating sensory inputs into behavior. In nematodes and arthropods, they are targeted by the macrocyclic lactone family of anthelmintics and pesticides, making the GluCls of considerable medical and economic importance. Recently, the three-dimensional structure of a GluCl was solved, the first for any eukaryotic ligand-gated anion channel, revealing a macrocyclic lactone-binding site between the channel domains of adjacent subunits. This minireview will highlight some unique features of the GluCls and illustrate their contribution to our knowledge of the entire Cys loop ligand-gated ion channel superfamily.
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