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Zhong J, He Y, Zhao Q, Luo H, Zhang Q, Tian Y, Liu Y, Yang C, Yin Y, Yu L, Pan L, Tan B. Low-Dose LPS Modulates Microglia/Macrophages Phenotypic Transformation to Amplify Rehabilitation Effects in Chronic Spinal Cord Injured (CSCI) Mice. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:6484-6500. [PMID: 38311654 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-03979-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) results in stalled motor function recovery under the chronic phase. One of the reasons due to the presence of ongoing inflammation. Therefore, regulating the status of immune cells may help reopen the window for neural repair, which represents a potential therapeutic target. In this study, we aimed to investigate whether this could be achieved in mice with cervical 5 crush CSCI (4 W) by utilizing a concentration of 0.5 mg/kg of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to stimulate microglia/macrophages. Additionally, the mice underwent rehabilitation training for another 6 weeks. Our results showed that systemic injection of LPS enhanced the effects of forelimb rehabilitation training, as evaluated through single pellet grasping (SPG). Electrophysiological studies revealed the restoration of cortical drive to the injured side's forelimb muscles in the training combined with LPS group. Tract tracing studies demonstrated the reconstruction of cortical innervation to the cervical spinal cord. Furthermore, the levels of pro-inflammatory phenotype markers, such as inducible nitric oxide synthase (INOS) and CD68, decreased, while the expression of anti-inflammatory phenotype markers, including arginase 1 (ARG-1) and CD206, increased. Importantly, this phenotypic switch in microglia/macrophages was accompanied by an increase in phagocytic activity markers as indicated by BODIPY + IBA1 + staining. Collectively, our data suggests that low-dose LPS improves the effects of rehabilitation training by regulating the phenotypic transformation of microglia/macrophages in CSCI. This study provides a fresh perspective and intervention direction for the clinical treatment of chronic spinal cord injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Zhong
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Yingxi He
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Qin Zhao
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Haodong Luo
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Yu Tian
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Department of Special War Wound, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Ce Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Department of Special War Wound, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Ying Yin
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Lehua Yu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Lu Pan
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China.
| | - Botao Tan
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China.
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Wu B, Yang L, Xi C, Yao H, Chen L, Fan F, Wu G, Du Z, Hu J, Hu S. Corticospinal-specific Shh overexpression in combination with rehabilitation promotes CST axonal sprouting and skilled motor functional recovery after ischemic stroke. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:2186-2196. [PMID: 37864058 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03642-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke often leads to permanent neurological impairments, largely due to limited neuroplasticity in adult central nervous system. Here, we first showed that the expression of Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) in corticospinal neurons (CSNs) peaked at the 2nd postnatal week, when corticospinal synaptogenesis occurs. Overexpression of Shh in adult CSNs did not affect motor functions and had borderline effects on promoting the recovery of skilled locomotion following ischemic stroke. In contrast, CSNs-specific Shh overexpression significantly enhanced the efficacy of rehabilitative training, resulting in robust axonal sprouting and synaptogenesis of corticospinal axons into the denervated spinal cord, along with significantly improved behavioral outcomes. Mechanistically, combinatory treatment led to additional mTOR activation in CSNs when compared to that evoked by rehabilitative training alone. Taken together, our study unveiled a role of Shh, a morphogen involved in early development, in enhancing neuroplasticity, which significantly improved the outcomes of rehabilitative training. These results thus provide novel insights into the design of combinatory treatment for stroke and traumatic central nervous system injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biwu Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery and Neurocritical Care, Affiliated Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Wulumuqi Middle Road, Shanghai, 200042, China
- National Center for Neurological Disorders, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Function Restoration and Neural Regeneration, Shanghai, China
- Neurosurgical Institute of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Clinical Medical Center of Neurosurgery, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery and Neurocritical Care, Affiliated Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Wulumuqi Middle Road, Shanghai, 200042, China
- National Center for Neurological Disorders, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Function Restoration and Neural Regeneration, Shanghai, China
- Neurosurgical Institute of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Clinical Medical Center of Neurosurgery, Shanghai, China
| | - Caihua Xi
- Department of Neurosurgery and Neurocritical Care, Affiliated Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Wulumuqi Middle Road, Shanghai, 200042, China
- National Center for Neurological Disorders, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Function Restoration and Neural Regeneration, Shanghai, China
- Neurosurgical Institute of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Clinical Medical Center of Neurosurgery, Shanghai, China
| | - Haijun Yao
- Department of Neurosurgery and Neurocritical Care, Affiliated Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Wulumuqi Middle Road, Shanghai, 200042, China
- National Center for Neurological Disorders, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Function Restoration and Neural Regeneration, Shanghai, China
- Neurosurgical Institute of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Clinical Medical Center of Neurosurgery, Shanghai, China
| | - Long Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery and Neurocritical Care, Affiliated Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Wulumuqi Middle Road, Shanghai, 200042, China
- National Center for Neurological Disorders, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Function Restoration and Neural Regeneration, Shanghai, China
- Neurosurgical Institute of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Clinical Medical Center of Neurosurgery, Shanghai, China
| | - Fengqi Fan
- Pain Department of Yueyang Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Gang Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery and Neurocritical Care, Affiliated Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Wulumuqi Middle Road, Shanghai, 200042, China
- National Center for Neurological Disorders, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Function Restoration and Neural Regeneration, Shanghai, China
- Neurosurgical Institute of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Clinical Medical Center of Neurosurgery, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhouying Du
- Department of Neurosurgery and Neurocritical Care, Affiliated Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Wulumuqi Middle Road, Shanghai, 200042, China
- National Center for Neurological Disorders, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Function Restoration and Neural Regeneration, Shanghai, China
- Neurosurgical Institute of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Clinical Medical Center of Neurosurgery, Shanghai, China
| | - Jin Hu
- Department of Neurosurgery and Neurocritical Care, Affiliated Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Wulumuqi Middle Road, Shanghai, 200042, China
- National Center for Neurological Disorders, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Function Restoration and Neural Regeneration, Shanghai, China
- Neurosurgical Institute of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Clinical Medical Center of Neurosurgery, Shanghai, China
| | - Shukun Hu
- Department of Neurosurgery and Neurocritical Care, Affiliated Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Wulumuqi Middle Road, Shanghai, 200042, China.
- National Center for Neurological Disorders, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Function Restoration and Neural Regeneration, Shanghai, China.
- Neurosurgical Institute of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Clinical Medical Center of Neurosurgery, Shanghai, China.
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Oquita R, Cuello V, Uppati S, Mannuru S, Salinas D, Dobbs M, Potter-Baker KA. Moving toward elucidating alternative motor pathway structures post-stroke: the value of spinal cord neuroimaging. Front Neurol 2024; 15:1282685. [PMID: 38419695 PMCID: PMC10899520 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2024.1282685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Stroke results in varying levels of motor and sensory disability that have been linked to the neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation that occur in the infarct and peri-infarct regions within the brain. Specifically, previous research has identified a key role of the corticospinal tract in motor dysfunction and motor recovery post-stroke. Of note, neuroimaging studies have utilized magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain to describe the timeline of neurodegeneration of the corticospinal tract in tandem with motor function following a stroke. However, research has suggested that alternate motor pathways may also underlie disease progression and the degree of functional recovery post-stroke. Here, we assert that expanding neuroimaging techniques beyond the brain could expand our knowledge of alternate motor pathway structure post-stroke. In the present work, we will highlight findings that suggest that alternate motor pathways contribute to post-stroke motor dysfunction and recovery, such as the reticulospinal and rubrospinal tract. Then we review imaging and electrophysiological techniques that evaluate alternate motor pathways in populations of stroke and other neurodegenerative disorders. We will then outline and describe spinal cord neuroimaging techniques being used in other neurodegenerative disorders that may provide insight into alternate motor pathways post-stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramiro Oquita
- School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX, United States
| | - Victoria Cuello
- School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX, United States
| | - Sarvani Uppati
- School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX, United States
| | - Sravani Mannuru
- School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX, United States
| | - Daniel Salinas
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX, United States
| | - Michael Dobbs
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, United States
| | - Kelsey A. Potter-Baker
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX, United States
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Pan L, Yi L, Liu Y, Liu L, Zhu Y, Zhong J, Wang Y, Yin Y, Yu L, Tan B, Yang C. Effects of task-based rehabilitative training combined with PTEN/SOCS3 coinhibition promotes axon regeneration and upper extremity skilled motor function recovery after cervical spinal cord injury in adult mice. Neurosci Lett 2023; 800:137121. [PMID: 36764478 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2023.137121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies reported that the codeletion of PTEN and SOCS3 can greatly enhance the capacity of axon regeneration after central nervous system (CNS) injury. Moreover, the promotion of functional recovery can be improved by rehabilitative training under a use-dependent plasticity mechanism after CNS injury. However, few studies have reported the interaction between these mechanisms after spinal cord injury (SCI). Therefore, we investigated the combined effects of PTEN/SOCS3 coinhibition and rehabilitative training on axon regeneration and upper extremity motor functional improvement after cervical SCI in mice. In this study, we used RNA interference viruses to coinhibit PTEN and SOCS3 and induced a C5 crush injury on the side of preference. The injured upper extremity was trained by single pellet grasping for 4 weeks. We found that the coinjection of viruses significantly increased the expression of p-S6 and p-STAT in the cortex, reduced the dieback pattern of injured axons and promoted traced axon regeneration. More importantly, combination therapy further enhanced axon regeneration compared with PTEN/SOCS3 coinhibition alone. In behavioral tests, the motor performance of the mice in the PTEN/SOCS3 + Training group was better than that of the mice in the other groups. These results indicate that combining task-based rehabilitative training with PTEN/SOCS3 coinhibition further promotes axon regeneration and significant improvement in forelimb skilled motor function after cervical SCI. Our findings provide new therapeutic insights into SCI treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Department of Research Institute of Surgery, The Army Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China; Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, China
| | - Lingrong Yi
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Department of Research Institute of Surgery, The Army Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Brain, The Chongqing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing 400011, China
| | - Ying Zhu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, China
| | - Juan Zhong
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, China
| | - Yunhang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Department of Research Institute of Surgery, The Army Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Ying Yin
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, China
| | - Lehua Yu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, China
| | - Botao Tan
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, China.
| | - Ce Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Department of Research Institute of Surgery, The Army Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China.
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Moderate-Intensity Treadmill Exercise Promotes mTOR-Dependent Motor Cortical Neurotrophic Factor Expression and Functional Recovery in a Murine Model of Crush Spinal Cord Injury (SCI). Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:960-978. [PMID: 36385234 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-03117-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Treadmill exercise is widely considered an effective strategy for restoration of skilled motor function after spinal cord injury (SCI). However, the specific exercise intensity that optimizes recovery and the underlying mechanistic basis of this recovery remain unclear. To that end, we sought to investigate the effect of different treadmill exercise intensities on cortical mTOR activity, a key regulator of functional recovery following CNS trauma, in an animal model of C5 crush spinal cord injury (SCI). Following injury, animals were subjected to treadmill exercise for 4 consecutive weeks at three different intensities (low intensity [LEI]; moderate intensity [MEI]; and high intensity [HEI]). Motor function recovery was assessed by horizontal ladder test, cylinder rearing test, and electrophysiology, while neurotrophic factors and cortical mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway-related proteins were assessed by Western blotting. The activation of the cortical mTOR pathway and axonal sprouting was evaluated by immunofluorescence and the changes of plasticity in motor cortex neurons were assessed by Golgi staining. In keeping with previous studies, we found that 4 weeks of treadmill training resulted in improved skilled motor function, enhanced nerve conduction capability, increased neuroplasticity, and axonal sprouting. Importantly, we also demonstrated that when compared with the LEI group, MEI and HEI groups demonstrated elevated expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), phosphorylated ribosomal S6 protein (p-S6), and protein kinase B (p-Akt), consistent with an intensity-dependent activation of the mTOR pathway and neurotrophic factor expression in the motor cortex. We also observed impaired exercise endurance and higher mortality during training in the HEI group than in the LEI and MEI groups. Collectively, our findings suggest that treadmill exercise following SCI is an effective means of promoting recovery and highlight the importance of the cortical mTOR pathway and neurotrophic factors as mediators of this effect. Importantly, our findings also demonstrate that excessive exercise can be detrimental, suggesting that moderation may be the optimal strategy. These findings provide an important foundation for further investigation of treadmill training as a modality for recovery following spinal cord injury and of the underlying mechanisms.
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Intranasal delivery of full-length anti-Nogo-A antibody: A potential alternative route for therapeutic antibodies to central nervous system targets. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2200057120. [PMID: 36649432 PMCID: PMC9942809 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2200057120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibody delivery to the CNS remains a huge hurdle for the clinical application of antibodies targeting a CNS antigen. The blood-brain barrier and blood-CSF barrier restrict access of therapeutic antibodies to their CNS targets in a major way. The very high amounts of therapeutic antibodies that are administered systemically in recent clinical trials to reach CNS targets are barely viable cost-wise for broad, routine applications. Though global CNS delivery of antibodies can be achieved by intrathecal application, these procedures are invasive. A non-invasive method to bring antibodies into the CNS reliably and reproducibly remains an important unmet need in neurology. In the present study, we show that intranasal application of a mouse monoclonal antibody against the neurite growth-inhibiting and plasticity-restricting membrane protein Nogo-A leads to a rapid transfer of significant amounts of antibody to the brain and spinal cord in intact adult rats. Daily intranasal application for 2 wk of anti-Nogo-A antibody enhanced growth and compensatory sprouting of corticofugal projections and functional recovery in rats after large unilateral cortical strokes. These findings are a starting point for clinical translation for a less invasive route of application of therapeutic antibodies to CNS targets for many neurological indications.
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Yoshikawa A, Ohtaki H, Miyamoto K, Kim S, Hase K, Yoshida M, Kamijo S, Kamimura S, Koiwa N, Izumizaki M. Mild-intensity running exercise recovered motor function by improvement of ankle mobility after unilateral brain injury of mice using three-dimensional kinematic analysis techniques. Brain Res 2022; 1798:148160. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2022.148160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Chen M, Chen Z, Xiao X, Zhou L, Fu R, Jiang X, Pang M, Xia J. Corticospinal circuit neuroplasticity may involve silent synapses: Implications for functional recovery facilitated by neuromodulation after spinal cord injury. IBRO Neurosci Rep 2022; 14:185-194. [PMID: 36824667 PMCID: PMC9941655 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibneur.2022.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) leads to devastating physical consequences, such as severe sensorimotor dysfunction even lifetime disability, by damaging the corticospinal system. The conventional opinion that SCI is intractable due to the poor regeneration of neurons in the adult central nervous system (CNS) needs to be revisited as the CNS is capable of considerable plasticity, which underlie recovery from neural injury. Substantial spontaneous neuroplasticity has been demonstrated in the corticospinal motor circuitry following SCI. Some of these plastic changes appear to be beneficial while others are detrimental toward locomotor function recovery after SCI. The beneficial corticospinal plasticity in the spared corticospinal circuits can be harnessed therapeutically by multiple contemporary neuromodulatory approaches, especially the electrical stimulation-based modalities, in an activity-dependent manner to improve functional outcomes in post-SCI rehabilitation. Silent synapse generation and unsilencing contribute to profound neuroplasticity that is implicated in a variety of neurological disorders, thus they may be involved in the corticospinal motor circuit neuroplasticity following SCI. Exploring the underlying mechanisms of silent synapse-mediated neuroplasticity in the corticospinal motor circuitry that may be exploited by neuromodulation will inform a novel direction for optimizing therapeutic repair strategies and rehabilitative interventions in SCI patients.
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Key Words
- AMPARs, α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptors
- BDNF, brain-derived neurotrophic factor
- BMIs, brain-machine interfaces
- CPG, central pattern generator
- CST, corticospinal tract
- Corticospinal motor circuitry
- DBS, deep brain stimulation
- ESS, epidural spinal stimulation
- MEPs, motor-evoked potentials
- NHPs, non-human primates
- NMDARs, N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors
- Neuromodulation
- Neuroplasticity
- PSNs, propriospinal neurons
- Rehabilitation
- SCI, spinal cord injury
- STDP, spike timing-dependent plasticity
- Silent synapses
- Spinal cord injury
- TBS, theta burst stimulation
- TMS, transcranial magnetic stimulation
- TrkB, tropomyosin-related kinase B
- cTBS, continuous TBS
- iTBS, intermittent TBS
- mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin
- rTMS, repetitive TMS
- tDCS, transcranial direct current stimulation
- tcSCS, transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingcong Chen
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Zuxin Chen
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction, Shenzhen Neher Neural Plasticity Laboratory, the Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS); Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Xiao Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Ministry of Education; Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience Center, Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence; MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Libing Zhou
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau CNS Regeneration Institute of Jinan University, Key Laboratory of CNS Regeneration (Jinan University)-Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China
| | - Rao Fu
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518100, China
| | - Xian Jiang
- Institute of Neurological and Psychiatric Disorder, Shenzhen Bay laboratory, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518000, China
| | - Mao Pang
- Department of Spine Surgery, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Center for Engineering and Technology Research of Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, China
| | - Jianxun Xia
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Yunkang School of Medicine and Health, Nanfang College, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510970, China,Corresponding author.
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Frost SB, Chen D, Barbay S, Friel KM, Plautz EJ, Nudo RJ. Reorganization of Ventral Premotor Cortex After Ischemic Brain Injury: Effects of Forced Use. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 2022; 36:514-524. [PMID: 35559809 PMCID: PMC9378490 DOI: 10.1177/15459683221101622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physical use of the affected upper extremity can have a beneficial effect on motor recovery in people after stroke. Few studies have examined neurological mechanisms underlying the effects of forced use in non-human primates. In particular, the ventral premotor cortex (PMV) has been previously implicated in recovery after injury. OBJECTIVE To examine changes in motor maps in PMV after a period of forced use following ischemic infarct in primary motor cortex (M1). METHODS Intracortical microstimulation (ICMS) techniques were used to derive motor maps in PMV of four adult squirrel monkeys before and after an experimentally induced ischemic infarct in the M1 distal forelimb area (DFL) in the dominant hemisphere. Monkeys wore a sleeved jacket (generally 24 hrs/day) that forced limb use contralateral to the infarct in tasks requiring skilled digit use. No specific rehabilitative training was provided. RESULTS At 3 mos post-infarct, ICMS maps revealed a significant expansion of the DFL representation in PMV relative to pre-infarct baseline (mean = +77.3%; n = 3). Regression analysis revealed that the magnitude of PMV changes was largely driven by M1 lesion size, with a modest effect of forced use. One additional monkey examined after ∼18 months of forced use demonstrated a 201.7% increase, unprecedented in non-human primate studies. CONCLUSIONS Functional reorganization in PMV following an ischemic infarct in the M1 DFL is primarily driven by M1 lesion size. Additional expansion occurs in PMV with extremely long periods of forced use but such extended constraint is not considered clinically feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn B. Frost
- Dept. Rehabilitation Medicine; Univ. of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160
- Landon Center on Aging; Univ. of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160
- Dept. of Molecular and Integrative Physiology; Univ. of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160
| | - Daofen Chen
- Landon Center on Aging; Univ. of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160
- Physical Therapy & Rehabilitation Science; Univ. of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160
| | - Scott Barbay
- Dept. Rehabilitation Medicine; Univ. of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160
- Landon Center on Aging; Univ. of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160
- Dept. of Molecular and Integrative Physiology; Univ. of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160
| | - Kathleen M. Friel
- Landon Center on Aging; Univ. of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160
- Dept. of Molecular and Integrative Physiology; Univ. of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160
| | - Erik J. Plautz
- Landon Center on Aging; Univ. of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160
- Dept. of Molecular and Integrative Physiology; Univ. of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160
| | - Randolph J. Nudo
- Dept. Rehabilitation Medicine; Univ. of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160
- Landon Center on Aging; Univ. of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160
- Dept. of Molecular and Integrative Physiology; Univ. of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160
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10
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Ying X, Yu X, Zhu J, Li X, Zheng Y, Xie Q, Wu Q, Li S, Yue J, Zhou Y, Zhou K, Tu W, Jiang S. Water Treadmill Training Ameliorates Neurite Outgrowth Inhibition Associated with NGR/RhoA/ROCK by Inhibiting Astrocyte Activation following Spinal Cord Injury. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:1724362. [PMID: 35387259 PMCID: PMC8977293 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1724362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) often results in damage to or degeneration of axons. Crosstalk between astrocytes and neurons plays a pivotal role in neurite outgrowth following SCI. Rehabilitative training is a recognized method for the treatment of SCI, but the specific mechanism underlying its effect on axonal outgrowth in the central nervous system (CNS) has not yet been determined. A total of 190 adult male SD rats weighing 200-250 g were randomly divided into eight groups for use as animal models of SCI. Rats were subjected to water treadmill training (TT) for 7 or 14 d. The Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan (BBB) motor function scale, hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining, Nissl staining, Western blotting, and immunofluorescence were used to measure tissue morphology and the degree of neurological deficit and to determine quantitative expression and accurate localization of the corresponding proteins. We found that TT decreased tissue structure damage and improved functional recovery. TT also promoted the regeneration of neurons and reduced SCI-induced apoptosis SCI around the lesion, as well as significantly increasing the expression of GAP43 and NF200 after SCI. In addition, TT significantly inhibited the injury-induced increase in the expression of proinflammatory factors. Moreover, TT reduced the activation of astrocytes and microglia, accompanied by the reduced expression of C3d and increased expression of S100A10. Finally, TT effectively reduced the level of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (CSPG) surrounding the lesion and inhibited the NGR/RhoA/ROCK signaling pathway in neurons after SCI. Overall, we found that TT played a novel role in recovery from SCI by promoting axonal outgrowth associated with NGR/RhoA/ROCK signaling by inhibiting astrocyte activation after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinwang Ying
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000 Zhejiang Province, China
- Department of Intelligent Rehabilitation International (Cross-Strait) Alliance of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000 Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xiaolan Yu
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000 Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jintao Zhu
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000 Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xuqing Li
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000 Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yujun Zheng
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000 Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Qingfeng Xie
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000 Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Qiaoyun Wu
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000 Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Shengcun Li
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000 Zhejiang Province, China
- Department of Intelligent Rehabilitation International (Cross-Strait) Alliance of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000 Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jingjing Yue
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000 Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Ye Zhou
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine), China
| | - Kecheng Zhou
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000 Zhejiang Province, China
- Department of Intelligent Rehabilitation International (Cross-Strait) Alliance of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000 Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Wenzhan Tu
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000 Zhejiang Province, China
- Department of Intelligent Rehabilitation International (Cross-Strait) Alliance of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000 Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Songhe Jiang
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000 Zhejiang Province, China
- Department of Intelligent Rehabilitation International (Cross-Strait) Alliance of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000 Zhejiang Province, China
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11
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Gongcheng X, Congcong H, Jiahui Y, Wenhao L, Hui X, Xiangyang L, Zengyong L, Yonghui W, Daifa W. Effective brain network analysis in unilateral and bilateral upper limb exercise training in subjects with stroke. Med Phys 2022; 49:3333-3346. [PMID: 35262918 DOI: 10.1002/mp.15570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Knowing the patterns of brain activation that occur and networks involved under different interventions is important for motor recovery in subjects with stroke. This study aimed to study the patterns of brain activation and networks in two interventions, affected upper limb side and bilateral exercise training, using concurrent functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) imaging. METHODS Thirty-two patients in the early subacute stage were randomly divided into two groups: unilateral and bilateral groups. The patients in the unilateral group underwent isokinetic muscle strength training on the affected upper limb side and patients in the bilateral group underwent bilateral upper limb training. Oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin concentration changes (ΔHbO2 and ΔHbR, respectively) were recorded in the ipsilateral and contralateral prefrontal cortex (IPFC and CPFC, respectively) and ipsilateral and contralateral motor cortex (IMC and CMC, respectively) by fNIRS equipment in the resting state and training conditions. The phase information of a 0.01-0.08 Hz fNIRS signal was extracted by the wavelet transform method. Dynamic Bayesian inference was adopted to calculate the coupling strength and direction of effective connectivity. The network threshold was determined by surrogate signal method, the global (weighted clustering coefficient, global efficiency and small-worldness) and local (degree, betweenness centrality and local efficiency) network metrics were calculated. The degree of cerebral lateralization was also compared between the two groups. RESULTS The results of covariance analysis showed that, compared with bilateral training, the coupling effect of CMC→IMC was significantly enhanced (p = 0.03); also, the local efficiency of the IMC (p = 0.01), IPFC (p<0.001), and CPFC (p = 0.006) and the hemispheric autonomy index of IPFC (p = 0.007) were significantly increased in unilateral training. In addition, there was a significant positive correlation between the coupling intensity of the inter-hemispheric motor area and the shifted local efficiency. CONCLUSIONS The results indicated that unilateral upper limb training could more effectively promote the interaction and balance of bilateral motor hemispheres and help brain reorganization in the IMC and prefrontal cortex in stroke patients. The method provided in this study could be used to evaluate dynamic brain activation and network reorganization under different interventions, thus improving the strategy of rehabilitation intervention in a timely manner and resulting in better motor recovery. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Gongcheng
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100086, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Technical Aids for Old-Age Disability, National Research Center for Rehabilitation Technical Aids, Beijing, 100176, China
| | - Huo Congcong
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100086, China
| | - Yin Jiahui
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Technical Aids for Old-Age Disability, National Research Center for Rehabilitation Technical Aids, Beijing, 100176, China
| | - Li Wenhao
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100086, China
| | - Xie Hui
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100086, China.,Key Laboratory of Neuro-functional Information and Rehabilitation Engineering of the Ministry of Civil Affairs, Beijing, 100176, China
| | - Li Xiangyang
- Nanchang Key Laboratory of Medical and Technology Research, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Li Zengyong
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Technical Aids for Old-Age Disability, National Research Center for Rehabilitation Technical Aids, Beijing, 100176, China.,Key Laboratory of Neuro-functional Information and Rehabilitation Engineering of the Ministry of Civil Affairs, Beijing, 100176, China
| | - Wang Yonghui
- Department of physical medicine and rehabilitation, Qilu hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, 250061, China
| | - Wang Daifa
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100086, China.,Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100083, China
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12
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Flores Á, López-Santos D, García-Alías G. When Spinal Neuromodulation Meets Sensorimotor Rehabilitation: Lessons Learned From Animal Models to Regain Manual Dexterity After a Spinal Cord Injury. FRONTIERS IN REHABILITATION SCIENCES 2021; 2:755963. [PMID: 36188826 PMCID: PMC9397786 DOI: 10.3389/fresc.2021.755963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Electrical neuromodulation has strongly hit the foundations of spinal cord injury and repair. Clinical and experimental studies have demonstrated the ability to neuromodulate and engage spinal cord circuits to recover volitional motor functions lost after the injury. Although the science and technology behind electrical neuromodulation has attracted much of the attention, it cannot be obviated that electrical stimulation must be applied concomitantly to sensorimotor rehabilitation, and one would be very difficult to understand without the other, as both need to be finely tuned to efficiently execute movements. The present review explores the difficulties faced by experimental and clinical neuroscientists when attempting to neuromodulate and rehabilitate manual dexterity in spinal cord injured subjects. From a translational point of view, we will describe the major rehabilitation interventions employed in animal research to promote recovery of forelimb motor function. On the other hand, we will outline some of the state-of-the-art findings when applying electrical neuromodulation to the spinal cord in animal models and human patients, highlighting how evidences from lumbar stimulation are paving the path to cervical neuromodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- África Flores
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Institute of Neuroscience, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Diego López-Santos
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Institute of Neuroscience, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Guillermo García-Alías
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Institute of Neuroscience, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Bellaterra, Spain
- Institut Guttmann de Neurorehabilitació, Badalona, Spain
- *Correspondence: Guillermo García-Alías
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13
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Baylo-Marín O, Flores Á, García-Alías G. Long-term rehabilitation reduces task error variability in cervical spinal cord contused rats. Exp Neurol 2021; 348:113928. [PMID: 34813841 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2021.113928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
To promote skilled forelimb function following a spinal cord injury, we have evaluated whether long-term voluntary sensorimotor rehabilitation can promote substantial reaching and grasping recovery. Long-Evans rats were trained to reach single pellets and then received a moderate 100 kdyn contusion to the C5 lateral funiculi. During the first eight months post-injury, a group of animals was enrolled in daily skilled reaching rehabilitation consisting of grabbing and manipulating seeds from the bottom of a grid. Single-pellet reaching and grasping recovery was tested biweekly throughout the functional follow-up and the recovery was compared to a second group of contused but non-rehabilitated animals. Following the injury, reaching and grasping success dropped to zero in both groups and remained absent for three months post-injury, followed by a slight recovery that remained constant until the end of the follow-up. No differences in reaching success were found between groups. Nevertheless, the type of gesture errors in the failed attempts were categorized and scored. The errors ranged from the animal's inability to lift the paw and initiate the movement to the final stage of the attempt, in which the pellet falls during grasping and retraction of the paw towards the mouth. Both groups of animals exhibited similar types of errors but the animals with rehabilitation showed less error variability and those that occurred at the latest stages of the attempt predominated compared to those performed by the non-trained animals. Histological examination of the injury showed that injury severity was similar between groups and that the damage was circumscribed to the site of impact, affecting mainly the dorsal and medial region of the lateral funiculi, with preservation of the dorsal component of the corticospinal tract and the interneurons and motoneurons of the spinal segments beyond the site of injury. The results indicate that activity-dependent plasticity driven by voluntary rehabilitation decreases task error variability and drives the recovery of the movement gestures. However, the plasticity achieved is insufficient to attain full functional recovery to successfully reach, grasp and release the pellets in the mouth, indicating the necessity for additional interventional therapies to promote repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olaia Baylo-Marín
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology & Institute of Neuroscience, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Bellaterra, Spain
| | - África Flores
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology & Institute of Neuroscience, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Guillermo García-Alías
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology & Institute of Neuroscience, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Bellaterra, Spain; Institut Guttmann de Neurorehabilitació, Badalona, Spain.
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14
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Kerr AL. Contralesional plasticity following constraint-induced movement therapy benefits outcome: contributions of the intact hemisphere to functional recovery. Rev Neurosci 2021; 33:269-283. [PMID: 34761646 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2021-0085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Stroke is a leading cause of death and disability worldwide. A common, chronic deficit after stroke is upper limb impairment, which can be exacerbated by compensatory use of the nonparetic limb. Resulting in learned nonuse of the paretic limb, compensatory reliance on the nonparetic limb can be discouraged with constraint-induced movement therapy (CIMT). CIMT is a rehabilitative strategy that may promote functional recovery of the paretic limb in both acute and chronic stroke patients through intensive practice of the paretic limb combined with binding, or otherwise preventing activation of, the nonparetic limb during daily living exercises. The neural mechanisms that support CIMT have been described in the lesioned hemisphere, but there is a less thorough understanding of the contralesional changes that support improved functional outcome following CIMT. Using both human and non-human animal studies, the current review explores the role of the contralesional hemisphere in functional recovery of stroke as it relates to CIMT. Current findings point to a need for a better understanding of the functional significance of contralesional changes, which may be determined by lesion size, location, and severity as well stroke chronicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail L Kerr
- Departments of Psychology and Neuroscience, Illinois Wesleyan University, 1312 Park Street, Bloomington, IL 61701, USA
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15
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Mac-Thiong JM, Richard-Denis A, Petit Y, Bernard F, Barthélemy D, Dionne A, Magnuson DSK. Protocol for rapid onset of mobilisation in patients with traumatic spinal cord injury (PROMPT-SCI) study: a single-arm proof-of-concept trial of early in-bed leg cycling following acute traumatic spinal cord injury. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e049884. [PMID: 34725077 PMCID: PMC8562499 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-049884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Activity-based therapy (ABT) is an important aspect of rehabilitation following traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI). Unfortunately, it has never been adapted to acute care despite compelling preclinical evidence showing that it is safe and effective for promoting neurological recovery when started within days after SCI. This article provides the protocol for a study that will determine the feasibility and explore potential benefits of early ABT in the form of in-bed leg cycling initiated within 48 hours after the end of spinal surgery for SCI. METHODS AND ANALYSIS PROMPT-SCI (protocol for rapid onset of mobilisation in patients with traumatic SCI) is a single-site single-arm proof-of-concept trial. Forty-five patients aged 18 years or older with a severe traumatic SCI (American Spinal Injury Association Impairment Scale grade A, B or C) from C0 to L2 undergoing spinal surgery within 48 hours of the injury will be included. Participants will receive daily 30 min continuous sessions of in-bed leg cycling for 14 consecutive days, initiated within 48 hours of the end of spinal surgery. The feasibility outcomes are: (1) absence of serious adverse events associated with cycling, (2) completion of 1 full session within 48 hours of spinal surgery for 90% of participants and (3) completion of 11 sessions for 80% of participants. Patient outcomes 6 weeks and 6 months after the injury will be measured using neurofunctional assessments, quality of life questionnaires and inpatient length of stay. Feasibility and patient outcomes will be analysed with descriptive statistics. Patient outcomes will also be compared with a matched historical cohort that has not undergone in-bed cycling using McNemar and Student's t-tests for binary and continuous outcomes, respectively. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION PROMPT-SCI is approved by the Research Ethics Board of the CIUSSS NIM. Recruitment began in April 2021. Dissemination strategies include publications in scientific journals and presentations at conferences. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT04699474.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Marc Mac-Thiong
- Department of Surgery, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Surgery, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Andreane Richard-Denis
- Department of Medicine, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Research Centre, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Yvan Petit
- Research Centre, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, École de technologie supérieure, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Francis Bernard
- Department of Medicine, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Dorothy Barthélemy
- Research Centre, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- School of Rehabilitation, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Antoine Dionne
- Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Research Centre, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - David S K Magnuson
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
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16
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Cao Y, Shi Y, Xiao Z, Chen X, Chen B, Yang B, Shu M, Yin Y, Wu S, Yin W, Fu X, Tan J, Zhou Q, Wu Z, Jiang X, Dai J. Contralateral Axon Sprouting but Not Ipsilateral Regeneration Is Responsible for Spontaneous Locomotor Recovery Post Spinal Cord Hemisection. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:730348. [PMID: 34512270 PMCID: PMC8426601 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.730348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) usually results in permanent functional impairment and is considered a worldwide medical problem. However, both motor and sensory functions can spontaneously recover to varying extents in humans and animals with incomplete SCI. This study observed a significant spontaneous hindlimb locomotor recovery in Sprague-Dawley rats at four weeks after post-right-side spinal cord hemisection at thoracic 8 (T8). To verify whether the above spontaneous recovery derives from the ipsilateral axonal or neuronal regeneration to reconnect the lesion site, we resected either the scar tissue or right side T7 spinal cord at five weeks post-T8 hemisected injury. The results showed that the spontaneously achieved right hindlimb locomotor function had little change after resection. Furthermore, when T7 left hemisection was performed five weeks after the initial injury, the spontaneously achieved right hindlimb locomotor function was dramatically abolished. A similar result could also be observed when T7 transection was performed after the initial hemisection. The results indicated that it might be the contralateral axonal remolding rather than the ipsilateral axonal or neuronal regeneration beyond the lesion site responsible for the spontaneous hindlimb locomotor recovery. The immunostaining analyses and corticospinal tracts (CSTs) tracing results confirmed this hypothesis. We detected no substantial neuronal and CST regeneration throughout the lesion site; however, significantly more CST fibers were observed to sprout from the contralateral side at the lumbar 4 (L4) spinal cord in the hemisection model rats than in intact ones. In conclusion, this study verified that contralateral CST sprouting, but not ipsilateral CST or neuronal regeneration, is primarily responsible for the spontaneous locomotor recovery in hemisection SCI rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yudong Cao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University (CSU), Changsha, China
| | - Ya Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhifeng Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Shigatse Branch, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Shigatse, China
| | - Bing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Muya Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yanyun Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shuyu Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University (CSU), Changsha, China
| | - Wen Yin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University (CSU), Changsha, China
| | - Xianyong Fu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University (CSU), Changsha, China
| | - Jun Tan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University (CSU), Changsha, China
| | - Quanwei Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University (CSU), Changsha, China
| | - Zhaoping Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University (CSU), Changsha, China
| | - Xingjun Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University (CSU), Changsha, China
| | - Jianwu Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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17
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Corticospinal Motor Circuit Plasticity After Spinal Cord Injury: Harnessing Neuroplasticity to Improve Functional Outcomes. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:5494-5516. [PMID: 34341881 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02484-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating condition that affects approximately 294,000 people in the USA and several millions worldwide. The corticospinal motor circuitry plays a major role in controlling skilled movements and in planning and coordinating movements in mammals and can be damaged by SCI. While axonal regeneration of injured fibers over long distances is scarce in the adult CNS, substantial spontaneous neural reorganization and plasticity in the spared corticospinal motor circuitry has been shown in experimental SCI models, associated with functional recovery. Beneficially harnessing this neuroplasticity of the corticospinal motor circuitry represents a highly promising therapeutic approach for improving locomotor outcomes after SCI. Several different strategies have been used to date for this purpose including neuromodulation (spinal cord/brain stimulation strategies and brain-machine interfaces), rehabilitative training (targeting activity-dependent plasticity), stem cells and biological scaffolds, neuroregenerative/neuroprotective pharmacotherapies, and light-based therapies like photodynamic therapy (PDT) and photobiomodulation (PMBT). This review provides an overview of the spontaneous reorganization and neuroplasticity in the corticospinal motor circuitry after SCI and summarizes the various therapeutic approaches used to beneficially harness this neuroplasticity for functional recovery after SCI in preclinical animal model and clinical human patients' studies.
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18
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Quintá HR. Intraspinal Administration of Netrin-1 Promotes Locomotor Recovery after Complete Spinal Cord Transection. J Neurotrauma 2021; 38:2084-2102. [PMID: 33599152 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2020.7571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Complete spinal cord lesions interrupt the connection of all axonal projections with their neuronal targets below and above the lesion site. In particular, the interruption of connections with the neurons at lumbar segments after thoracic injuries impairs voluntary body control below the injury. The failure of spontaneous regrowth of transected axons across the lesion prevents the reconnection and reinnervation of the neuronal targets. At present, the only treatment in humans that has proven to promote some degree of locomotor recovery is physical therapy. The success of these strategies, however, depends greatly on the type of lesion and the level of preservation of neural tissue in the spinal cord after injury. That is the reason it is key to design strategies to promote axonal regrowth and neuronal reconnection. Here, we test the use of a developmental axon guidance molecule as a biological agent to promote axonal regrowth, axonal reconnection, and recovery of locomotor activity after spinal cord injury (SCI). This molecule, netrin-1, guides the growth of the corticospinal tract (CST) during the development of the central nervous system. To assess the potential of this molecule, we used a model of complete spinal cord transection in rats, at thoracic level 10-11. We show that in situ delivery of netrin-1 at the epicenter of the lesion: (1) promotes regrowth of CST through the lesion and prevents CST dieback, (2) promotes synaptic reconnection of regenerated motor and sensory axons, and (3) preserves the polymerization of the neurofilaments in the sciatic nerve axons. These anatomical findings correlate with a significant recovery of locomotor function. Our work identifies netrin-1 as a biological agent with the capacity to promote the functional repair and recovery of locomotor function after SCI. These findings support the use of netrin-1 as a therapeutic intervention to be tested in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Héctor R Quintá
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Laboratorio de Medicina Experimental "Dr. Jorge E. Toblli," Hospital Alemán. CABA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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19
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Guérout N. Plasticity of the Injured Spinal Cord. Cells 2021; 10:cells10081886. [PMID: 34440655 PMCID: PMC8395000 DOI: 10.3390/cells10081886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Complete spinal cord injury (SCI) leads to permanent motor, sensitive and sensory deficits. In humans, there is currently no therapy to promote recovery and the only available treatments include surgical intervention to prevent further damage and symptomatic relief of pain and infections in the acute and chronic phases, respectively. Basically, the spinal cord is classically viewed as a nonregenerative tissue with limited plasticity. Thereby the establishment of the “glial” scar which appears within the SCI is mainly described as a hermetic barrier for axon regeneration. However, recent discoveries have shed new light on the intrinsic functional plasticity and endogenous recovery potential of the spinal cord. In this review, we will address the different aspects that the spinal cord plasticity can take on. Indeed, different experimental paradigms have demonstrated that axonal regrowth can occur even after complete SCI. Moreover, recent articles have demonstrated too that the “glial” scar is in fact composed of several cellular populations and that each of them exerts specific roles after SCI. These recent discoveries underline the underestimation of the plasticity of the spinal cord at cellular and molecular levels. Finally, we will address the modulation of this endogenous spinal cord plasticity and the perspectives of future therapeutic opportunities which can be offered by modulating the injured spinal cord microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Guérout
- EA3830 GRHV, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, 76000 Rouen, France
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20
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de Boer A, Storm A, Gomez-Soler M, Smolders S, Rué L, Poppe L, B Pasquale E, Robberecht W, Lemmens R. Environmental enrichment during the chronic phase after experimental stroke promotes functional recovery without synergistic effects of EphA4 targeted therapy. Hum Mol Genet 2021; 29:605-617. [PMID: 31814004 PMCID: PMC7068116 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddz288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Worldwide, stroke is the main cause of long-term adult disability. After the initial insult, most patients undergo a subacute period with intense plasticity and rapid functional improvements. This period is followed by a chronic phase where recovery reaches a plateau that is only partially modifiable by rehabilitation. After experimental stroke, various subacute rehabilitation paradigms improve recovery. However, in order to reach the best possible outcome, a combination of plasticity-promoting strategies and rehabilitation might be necessary. EphA4 is a negative axonal guidance regulator during development. After experimental stroke, reduced EphA4 levels improve functional outcome with similar beneficial effects upon the inhibition of EphA4 downstream targets. In this study, we assessed the effectiveness of a basic enriched environment in the chronic phase after photothrombotic stroke in mice as well as the therapeutic potential of EphA4 targeted therapy followed by rehabilitation. Our findings show that environmental enrichment in the chronic phase improves functional outcome up to 2 months post-stroke. Although EphA4 levels increase after experimental stroke, subacute EphA4 inhibition followed by environmental enrichment does not further increase recovery. In conclusion, we show that environmental enrichment during the chronic phase of stroke improves functional outcome in mice with no synergistic effects of the used EphA4 targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antina de Boer
- Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology, and Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium.,VIB, Center for Brain & Disease Research, Laboratory of Neurobiology, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Annet Storm
- Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology, and Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium.,VIB, Center for Brain & Disease Research, Laboratory of Neurobiology, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Maricel Gomez-Soler
- Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Silke Smolders
- Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology, and Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium.,VIB, Center for Brain & Disease Research, Laboratory of Neurobiology, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Laura Rué
- Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology, and Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium.,VIB, Center for Brain & Disease Research, Laboratory of Neurobiology, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Lindsay Poppe
- Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology, and Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium.,VIB, Center for Brain & Disease Research, Laboratory of Neurobiology, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Elena B Pasquale
- Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Wim Robberecht
- Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology, and Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium.,Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Robin Lemmens
- Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology, and Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium.,VIB, Center for Brain & Disease Research, Laboratory of Neurobiology, Leuven 3000, Belgium.,Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
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21
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Mah KM, Torres-Espín A, Hallworth BW, Bixby JL, Lemmon VP, Fouad K, Fenrich KK. Automation of training and testing motor and related tasks in pre-clinical behavioural and rehabilitative neuroscience. Exp Neurol 2021; 340:113647. [PMID: 33600814 PMCID: PMC10443427 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2021.113647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Testing and training animals in motor and related tasks is a cornerstone of pre-clinical behavioural and rehabilitative neuroscience. Yet manually testing and training animals in these tasks is time consuming and analyses are often subjective. Consequently, there have been many recent advances in automating both the administration and analyses of animal behavioural training and testing. This review is an in-depth appraisal of the history of, and recent developments in, the automation of animal behavioural assays used in neuroscience. We describe the use of common locomotor and non-locomotor tasks used for motor training and testing before and after nervous system injury. This includes a discussion of how these tasks help us to understand the underlying mechanisms of neurological repair and the utility of some tasks for the delivery of rehabilitative training to enhance recovery. We propose two general approaches to automation: automating the physical administration of behavioural tasks (i.e., devices used to facilitate task training, rehabilitative training, and motor testing) and leveraging the use of machine learning in behaviour analysis to generate large volumes of unbiased and comprehensive data. The advantages and disadvantages of automating various motor tasks as well as the limitations of machine learning analyses are examined. In closing, we provide a critical appraisal of the current state of automation in animal behavioural neuroscience and a prospective on some of the advances in machine learning we believe will dramatically enhance the usefulness of these approaches for behavioural neuroscientists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kar Men Mah
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Abel Torres-Espín
- Brain and Spinal Injury Center, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ben W Hallworth
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - John L Bixby
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA; Department of Molecular & Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Vance P Lemmon
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Karim Fouad
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Department of Physical Therapy, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Keith K Fenrich
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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22
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Toro CA, Hansen J, Siddiq MM, Johnson K, Zhao W, Azulai D, Das DK, Bauman W, Sebra R, Cai D, Iyengar R, Cardozo CP. The Human ApoE4 Variant Reduces Functional Recovery and Neuronal Sprouting After Incomplete Spinal Cord Injury in Male Mice. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:626192. [PMID: 33679326 PMCID: PMC7930340 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.626192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating form of neurotrauma. Patients who carry one or two apolipoprotein E (ApoE)4 alleles show worse functional outcomes and longer hospital stays after SCI, but the cellular and molecular underpinnings for this genetic link remain poorly understood. Thus, there is a great need to generate animal models to accurately replicate the genetic determinants of outcomes after SCI to spur development of treatments that improve physical function. Here, we examined outcomes after a moderate contusion SCI of transgenic mice expressing human ApoE3 or ApoE4. ApoE4 mice have worse locomotor function and coordination after SCI. Histological examination revealed greater glial staining in ApoE4 mice after SCI associated with reduced levels of neuronal sprouting markers. Bulk RNA sequencing revealed that subcellular processes (SCPs), such as extracellular matrix organization and inflammatory responses, were highly ranked among upregulated genes at 7 days after SCI in ApoE4 variants. Conversely, SCPs related to neuronal action potential and neuron projection development were increased in ApoE3 mice at 21 days. In summary, our results reveal a clinically relevant SCI mouse model that recapitulates the influence of ApoE genotypes on post SCI function in individuals who carry these alleles and suggest that the mechanisms underlying worse recovery for ApoE4 animals involve glial activation and loss of sprouting and synaptic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A Toro
- National Center for the Medical Consequences of Spinal Cord Injury, James J. Peters VA Medical Center, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States.,Spinal Cord Injuries and Disorders System of Care, United States Department of Veterans Affairs, New York, NY, United States
| | - Jens Hansen
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Institute for Systems Biomedicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Mustafa M Siddiq
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Institute for Systems Biomedicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Kaitlin Johnson
- National Center for the Medical Consequences of Spinal Cord Injury, James J. Peters VA Medical Center, New York, NY, United States.,Spinal Cord Injuries and Disorders System of Care, United States Department of Veterans Affairs, New York, NY, United States
| | - Wei Zhao
- National Center for the Medical Consequences of Spinal Cord Injury, James J. Peters VA Medical Center, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States.,Spinal Cord Injuries and Disorders System of Care, United States Department of Veterans Affairs, New York, NY, United States
| | - Daniella Azulai
- National Center for the Medical Consequences of Spinal Cord Injury, James J. Peters VA Medical Center, New York, NY, United States.,Spinal Cord Injuries and Disorders System of Care, United States Department of Veterans Affairs, New York, NY, United States
| | - Dibash K Das
- National Center for the Medical Consequences of Spinal Cord Injury, James J. Peters VA Medical Center, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States.,Spinal Cord Injuries and Disorders System of Care, United States Department of Veterans Affairs, New York, NY, United States
| | - William Bauman
- National Center for the Medical Consequences of Spinal Cord Injury, James J. Peters VA Medical Center, New York, NY, United States.,Spinal Cord Injuries and Disorders System of Care, United States Department of Veterans Affairs, New York, NY, United States
| | - Robert Sebra
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Studies, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Dongming Cai
- Department of Neurology, James J. Peters VA Medical Center, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Ravi Iyengar
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Institute for Systems Biomedicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Christopher P Cardozo
- National Center for the Medical Consequences of Spinal Cord Injury, James J. Peters VA Medical Center, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Rehabilitative Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
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23
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Tsujioka H, Yamashita T. Neural circuit repair after central nervous system injury. Int Immunol 2020; 33:301-309. [PMID: 33270108 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxaa077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Central nervous system injury often causes lifelong impairment of neural function, because the regenerative ability of axons is limited, making a sharp contrast to the successful regeneration that is seen in the peripheral nervous system. Nevertheless, partial functional recovery is observed, because axonal branches of damaged or undamaged neurons sprout and form novel relaying circuits. Using a lot of animal models such as the spinal cord injury model or the optic nerve injury model, previous studies have identified many factors that promote or inhibit axonal regeneration or sprouting. Molecules in the myelin such as myelin-associated glycoprotein, Nogo-A or oligodendrocyte-myelin glycoprotein, or molecules found in the glial scar such as chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans, activate Ras homolog A (RhoA) signaling, which leads to the collapse of the growth cone and inhibit axonal regeneration. By contrast, axonal regeneration programs can be activated by many molecules such as regeneration-associated transcription factors, cyclic AMP, neurotrophic factors, growth factors, mechanistic target of rapamycin or immune-related molecules. Axonal sprouting and axonal regeneration largely share these mechanisms. For functional recovery, appropriate pruning or suppressing of aberrant sprouting are also important. In contrast to adults, neonates show much higher sprouting ability. Specific cell types, various mouse strains and different species show higher regenerative ability. Studies focusing on these models also identified a lot of molecules that affect the regenerative ability. A deeper understanding of the mechanisms of neural circuit repair will lead to the development of better therapeutic approaches for central nervous system injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Tsujioka
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.,WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Toshihide Yamashita
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.,WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.,Graduate School of Frontier Bioscience, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.,Department of Neuro-Medical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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24
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Zhao C, Zhao S, Guan M, Cheng X, Wang H, Liu C, Zhong S, Zhou Z, Liang Y. Forced forelimb use following stroke enhances oligodendrogenesis and functional recovery in the rat. Brain Res 2020; 1746:147016. [PMID: 32679116 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2020.147016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Forced limb use, which forces the use of the impaired arm following stroke, improves functional recovery. The study was designed to investigate the mechanisms of recovery underlying forced impaired limbuse. Furthermore, forced unimpaired arm use was also performed in order to explore its effect on functional behavior. We hypothesized that forced forelimb use could improve functional recovery in rats that have had an experimentally induced ischemic stroke, through promoting the recruitment and differentiation of the oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs). Indeed the proliferation of Olig2 and NG2 positive cells, as well as the expression of myelin basic protein (MBP)were increased in the perilesional striatum, whereas quantitative changes of Olig2+ and NG2+ oligodendrocyte progenitor cells was not observed in the subventricular zone. Through comparing rats forced to rely on affected or unaffected forelimb, the results demonstrated that forced impaired limb use boosted functional recovery. At the same time forced unimpaired limb use deteriorated limb movement of injured side. In addition, the expression of NogoA is reduced, when the injured limb was used more, suggesting that it played a role in the repair of white matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuansheng Zhao
- The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
| | - Shanshan Zhao
- The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
| | - Meiting Guan
- The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
| | - Xi Cheng
- The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
| | - Huibin Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.
| | - Chang Liu
- The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
| | - Shanshan Zhong
- The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
| | - Zhike Zhou
- The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
| | - Yifan Liang
- The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
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25
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Zheng Y, Mao YR, Yuan TF, Xu DS, Cheng LM. Multimodal treatment for spinal cord injury: a sword of neuroregeneration upon neuromodulation. Neural Regen Res 2020; 15:1437-1450. [PMID: 31997803 PMCID: PMC7059565 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.274332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 04/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury is linked to the interruption of neural pathways, which results in irreversible neural dysfunction. Neural repair and neuroregeneration are critical goals and issues for rehabilitation in spinal cord injury, which require neural stem cell repair and multimodal neuromodulation techniques involving personalized rehabilitation strategies. Besides the involvement of endogenous stem cells in neurogenesis and neural repair, exogenous neural stem cell transplantation is an emerging effective method for repairing and replacing damaged tissues in central nervous system diseases. However, to ensure that endogenous or exogenous neural stem cells truly participate in neural repair following spinal cord injury, appropriate interventional measures (e.g., neuromodulation) should be adopted. Neuromodulation techniques, such as noninvasive magnetic stimulation and electrical stimulation, have been safely applied in many neuropsychiatric diseases. There is increasing evidence to suggest that neuromagnetic/electrical modulation promotes neuroregeneration and neural repair by affecting signaling in the nervous system; namely, by exciting, inhibiting, or regulating neuronal and neural network activities to improve motor function and motor learning following spinal cord injury. Several studies have indicated that fine motor skill rehabilitation training makes use of residual nerve fibers for collateral growth, encourages the formation of new synaptic connections to promote neural plasticity, and improves motor function recovery in patients with spinal cord injury. With the development of biomaterial technology and biomechanical engineering, several emerging treatments have been developed, such as robots, brain-computer interfaces, and nanomaterials. These treatments have the potential to help millions of patients suffering from motor dysfunction caused by spinal cord injury. However, large-scale clinical trials need to be conducted to validate their efficacy. This review evaluated the efficacy of neural stem cells and magnetic or electrical stimulation combined with rehabilitation training and intelligent therapies for spinal cord injury according to existing evidence, to build up a multimodal treatment strategy of spinal cord injury to enhance nerve repair and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Zheng
- Rehabilitation Section, Spine Surgery Division of Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ye-Ran Mao
- Rehabilitation Section, Spine Surgery Division of Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ti-Fei Yuan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Dong-Sheng Xu
- Rehabilitation Section, Spine Surgery Division of Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration of Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li-Ming Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration of Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Spine Surgery Division of Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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26
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Sun W, Larson MJ, Kiyoshi CM, Annett AJ, Stalker WA, Peng J, Tedeschi A. Gabapentinoid treatment promotes corticospinal plasticity and regeneration following murine spinal cord injury. J Clin Invest 2020; 130:345-358. [PMID: 31793909 DOI: 10.1172/jci130391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Axon regeneration failure causes neurological deficits and long-term disability after spinal cord injury (SCI). Here, we found that the α2δ2 subunit of voltage-gated calcium channels negatively regulates axon growth and regeneration of corticospinal neurons, the cells that originate the corticospinal tract. Increased α2δ2 expression in corticospinal neurons contributed to loss of corticospinal regrowth ability during postnatal development and after SCI. In contrast, α2δ2 pharmacological blockade through gabapentin administration promoted corticospinal structural plasticity and regeneration in adulthood. Using an optogenetic strategy combined with in vivo electrophysiological recording, we demonstrated that regenerating corticospinal axons functionally integrate into spinal circuits. Mice administered gabapentin recovered upper extremity function after cervical SCI. Importantly, such recovery relies on reorganization of the corticospinal pathway, as chemogenetic silencing of injured corticospinal neurons transiently abrogated recovery. Thus, targeting α2δ2 with a clinically relevant treatment strategy aids repair of motor circuits after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Sun
- Department of Neuroscience, Wexner Medical Center
| | | | | | | | | | - Juan Peng
- Center for Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, and
| | - Andrea Tedeschi
- Department of Neuroscience, Wexner Medical Center.,Chronic Brain Injury Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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27
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Tanaka T, Ito T, Sumizono M, Ono M, Kato N, Honma S, Ueno M. Combinational Approach of Genetic SHP-1 Suppression and Voluntary Exercise Promotes Corticospinal Tract Sprouting and Motor Recovery Following Brain Injury. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 2020; 34:558-570. [PMID: 32441214 DOI: 10.1177/1545968320921827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background. Brain injury often causes severe motor dysfunction, leading to difficulties with living a self-reliant social life. Injured neural circuits must be reconstructed to restore functions, but the adult brain is limited in its ability to restore neuronal connections. The combination of molecular targeting, which enhances neural plasticity, and rehabilitative motor exercise is an important therapeutic approach to promote neuronal rewiring in the spared circuits and motor recovery. Objective. We tested whether genetic reduction of Src homology 2-containing phosphatase-1 (SHP-1), an inhibitor of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)/tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB) signaling, has synergistic effects with rehabilitative training to promote reorganization of motor circuits and functional recovery in a mouse model of brain injury. Methods. Rewiring of the corticospinal circuit was examined using neuronal tracers following unilateral cortical injury in control mice and in Shp-1 mutant mice subjected to voluntary exercise. Recovery of motor functions was assessed using motor behavior tests. Results. We found that rehabilitative exercise decreased SHP-1 and increased BDNF and TrkB expression in the contralesional motor cortex after the injury. Genetic reduction of SHP-1 and voluntary exercise significantly increased sprouting of corticospinal tract axons and enhanced motor recovery in the impaired forelimb. Conclusions. Our data demonstrate that combining voluntary exercise and SHP-1 suppression promotes motor recovery and neural circuit reorganization after brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Tanaka
- Kanazawa Medical University, Kahoku, Ishikawa, Japan.,Kindai University, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tetsufumi Ito
- Kanazawa Medical University, Kahoku, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Megumi Sumizono
- Kyushu University of Nursing and Social Welfare, Tamana, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Munenori Ono
- Kanazawa Medical University, Kahoku, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Nobuo Kato
- Kanazawa Medical University, Kahoku, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Satoru Honma
- Kanazawa Medical University, Kahoku, Ishikawa, Japan
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28
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Griffin JM, Fackelmeier B, Clemett CA, Fong DM, Mouravlev A, Young D, O'Carroll SJ. Astrocyte-selective AAV-ADAMTS4 gene therapy combined with hindlimb rehabilitation promotes functional recovery after spinal cord injury. Exp Neurol 2020; 327:113232. [PMID: 32044329 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2020.113232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Chondroitin sulphate proteoglycans (CSPGs) are inhibitors to axon regeneration and plasticity. A disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs-4 (ADAMTS4) is a human enzyme that catalyses the proteolysis of CSPG protein cores. Infusion of ADAMTS4 into the damaged spinal cord was previously shown to improve functional recovery SCI, however, this therapy is limited in its enzyme form. Adeno-associated viral (AAV) vector gene therapy has emerged as the vector of choice for safe, robust and long-term transgene expression in the central nervous system. Here, an AAV expression cassette containing ADAMTS4 under the control of the astrocytic GfaABC1D promoter was packaged into an AAV5 vector. Sustained expression of ADAMTS4 was achieved in vitro and in vivo leading to degradation of CSPGs. Compared to a contusion only group, AAV-ADAMTS4 resulted in significantly decreased lesion size, increased sprouting of hindlimb corticospinal tract axons, increased serotonergic fiber density caudal to a contusive spinal cord injury. Hindlimb-specific exercise rehabilitation was used to drive neuroplasticity towards improving functional connections. The combination of hindlimb rehabilitation with AAV-ADAMTS4 led to functional recovery after SCI compared to a contusion only group. Thus, long-term degradation of CSPGs through AAV-ADAMTS4 gene therapy in a combinational approach with rehabilitation represents a candidate for further preclinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarred M Griffin
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, 85 Park Road, Grafton, New Zealand; Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, 85 Park Road, Grafton, New Zealand.
| | - Barbara Fackelmeier
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, 85 Park Road, Grafton, New Zealand; Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, 85 Park Road, Grafton, New Zealand.
| | - Connor A Clemett
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, 85 Park Road, Grafton, New Zealand; Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, 85 Park Road, Grafton, New Zealand.
| | - Dahna M Fong
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, 85 Park Road, Grafton, New Zealand; Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, 85 Park Road, Grafton, New Zealand.
| | - Alexandre Mouravlev
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, 85 Park Road, Grafton, New Zealand; Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, 85 Park Road, Grafton, New Zealand.
| | - Deborah Young
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, 85 Park Road, Grafton, New Zealand; Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, 85 Park Road, Grafton, New Zealand.
| | - Simon J O'Carroll
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, 85 Park Road, Grafton, New Zealand; Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, 85 Park Road, Grafton, New Zealand.
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Knock down of lncRNA H19 promotes axon sprouting and functional recovery after cerebral ischemic stroke. Brain Res 2020; 1732:146681. [PMID: 31991123 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2020.146681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a leading cause of irreversible brain damages and disabilities. In the past decade, much attention has been focused on exploring effective strategies to promote circuit reorganization and functional recovery post injury. Here, we showed that the expression level of a long non-coding RNA (lncRNA H19) is bilaterally increased in the sensorimotor cortex after a cerebral ischemia induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Knock down of contralaterally elevated H19 robustly enhanced the midline-crossing sprouting of the intact corticospinal axons in the spinal cord. Furthermore, H19 knockdown mice showed significant improvement on the performance of the food pellet retrieval assay, a skilled, cortical dependent motor task. Mechanistically, lncRNA H19 inhibition increased IGF1R expression and activated IGF1 mediated mTOR pathway. Our research thereby provided novel insights into identifying therapeutic targets for ischemic stroke.
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Wu YK, Levine JM, Wecht JR, Maher MT, LiMonta JM, Saeed S, Santiago TM, Bailey E, Kastuar S, Guber KS, Yung L, Weir JP, Carmel JB, Harel NY. Posteroanterior cervical transcutaneous spinal stimulation targets ventral and dorsal nerve roots. Clin Neurophysiol 2019; 131:451-460. [PMID: 31887616 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2019.11.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We aim to non-invasively facilitate activation of spared neural circuits after cervical spinal cord injury (SCI) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). We developed and tested a novel configuration for cervical transcutaneous spinal stimulation (cTSS). METHODS cTSS was delivered via electrodes placed over the midline at ~T2-T4 levels posteriorly and ~C4-C5 levels anteriorly. Electromyographic responses were measured in arm and hand muscles across a range of stimulus intensities. Double-pulse experiments were performed to assess homosynaptic post-activation depression (PAD). Safety was closely monitored. RESULTS More than 170 cTSS sessions were conducted without major safety or tolerability issues. A cathode-posterior, 2 ms biphasic waveform provided optimal stimulation characteristics. Bilateral upper extremity muscle responses were easily obtained in subjects with SCI and ALS. Resting motor threshold at the abductor pollicis brevis muscle ranged from 5.5 to 51.0 mA. As stimulus intensity increased, response latencies to all muscles decreased. PAD was incomplete at lower stimulus intensities, and decreased at higher stimulus intensities. CONCLUSIONS Posteroanterior cTSS has the capability to target motor neurons both trans-synaptically via large-diameter afferents and non-synaptically via efferent motor axons. SIGNIFICANCE Posteroanterior cTSS is well tolerated and easily activates upper extremity muscles in individuals with SCI and ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Kuang Wu
- James J. Peters VA Medical Center, 130 West Kingsbridge Road, Bronx, NY 10468, USA; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Jonah M Levine
- James J. Peters VA Medical Center, 130 West Kingsbridge Road, Bronx, NY 10468, USA
| | - Jaclyn R Wecht
- James J. Peters VA Medical Center, 130 West Kingsbridge Road, Bronx, NY 10468, USA
| | - Matthew T Maher
- James J. Peters VA Medical Center, 130 West Kingsbridge Road, Bronx, NY 10468, USA
| | - James M LiMonta
- James J. Peters VA Medical Center, 130 West Kingsbridge Road, Bronx, NY 10468, USA
| | - Sana Saeed
- James J. Peters VA Medical Center, 130 West Kingsbridge Road, Bronx, NY 10468, USA
| | - Tiffany M Santiago
- James J. Peters VA Medical Center, 130 West Kingsbridge Road, Bronx, NY 10468, USA
| | - Eric Bailey
- James J. Peters VA Medical Center, 130 West Kingsbridge Road, Bronx, NY 10468, USA
| | - Shivani Kastuar
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Kenneth S Guber
- James J. Peters VA Medical Center, 130 West Kingsbridge Road, Bronx, NY 10468, USA
| | - Lok Yung
- James J. Peters VA Medical Center, 130 West Kingsbridge Road, Bronx, NY 10468, USA
| | - Joseph P Weir
- University of Kansas, 1301 Sunnyside Avenue, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Jason B Carmel
- Columbia University, 650 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Noam Y Harel
- James J. Peters VA Medical Center, 130 West Kingsbridge Road, Bronx, NY 10468, USA; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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Ueno R, Takase H, Suenaga J, Kishimoto M, Kurihara Y, Takei K, Kawahara N, Yamamoto T. Axonal regeneration and functional recovery driven by endogenous Nogo receptor antagonist LOTUS in a rat model of unilateral pyramidotomy. Exp Neurol 2019; 323:113068. [PMID: 31629859 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2019.113068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The adult mammalian central nervous system (CNS) rarely recovers from injury. Myelin fragments contain axonal growth inhibitors that limit axonal regeneration, thus playing a major role in determining neural recovery. Nogo receptor-1 (NgR1) and its ligands are among the inhibitors that limit axonal regeneration. It has been previously shown that the endogenous protein, lateral olfactory tract usher substance (LOTUS), antagonizes NgR1-mediated signaling and accelerates neuronal plasticity after spinal cord injury and cerebral ischemia in mice. However, it remained unclear whether LOTUS-mediated reorganization of descending motor pathways in the adult brain is physiologically functional and contributes to functional recovery. Here, we generated LOTUS-overexpressing transgenic (LOTUS-Tg) rats to investigate the role of LOTUS in neuronal function after damage. After unilateral pyramidotomy, motor function in LOTUS-Tg rats recovered significantly compared to that in wild-type animals. In a retrograde tracing study, labeled axons spanning from the impaired side of the cervical spinal cord to the unlesioned hemisphere of the red nucleus and sensorimotor cortex were increased in LOTUS-Tg rats. Anterograde tracing from the unlesioned cortex also revealed enhanced ipsilateral connectivity to the impaired side of the cervical spinal cord in LOTUS-Tg rats. Moreover, electrophysiological analysis showed that contralesional cortex stimulation significantly increased ipsilateral forelimb movement in LOTUS-Tg rats, which was consistent with the histological findings. According to these data, LOTUS overexpression accelerates ipsilateral projection from the unlesioned cortex and promotes functional recovery after unilateral pyramidotomy. LOTUS could be a future therapeutic option for CNS injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryu Ueno
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan.
| | - Hajime Takase
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan.
| | - Jun Suenaga
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan.
| | - Masao Kishimoto
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan.
| | - Yuji Kurihara
- Molecular Medical Bioscience Laboratory, Department of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama, Japan.
| | - Kohtaro Takei
- Molecular Medical Bioscience Laboratory, Department of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama, Japan.
| | - Nobutaka Kawahara
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Yamamoto
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan.
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Yang Q, Ramamurthy A, Lall S, Santos J, Ratnadurai-Giridharan S, Lopane M, Zareen N, Alexander H, Ryan D, Martin JH, Carmel JB. Independent replication of motor cortex and cervical spinal cord electrical stimulation to promote forelimb motor function after spinal cord injury in rats. Exp Neurol 2019; 320:112962. [PMID: 31125548 PMCID: PMC7035596 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2019.112962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cervical spinal cord injury (SCI) impairs arm and hand function largely by interrupting descending tracts. Most SCI spare some axons at the lesion, including the corticospinal tract (CST), which is critical for voluntary movement. We targeted descending motor connections with paired electrical stimulation of motor cortex and cervical spinal cord in the rat. We sought to replicate the previously published effects of intermittent theta burst stimulation of forelimb motor cortex combined with trans-spinal direct current stimulation placed on the skin over the neck to target the cervical enlargement. We hypothesized that paired stimulation would improve performance in skilled walking and food manipulation (IBB) tasks. Rats received a moderate C4 spinal cord contusion injury (200 kDynes), which ablates the main CST. They were randomized to receive paired stimulation for 10 consecutive days starting 11 days after injury, or no stimulation. Behavior was assessed weekly from weeks 4-7 after injury, and then CST axons were traced. Rats with paired cortical and spinal stimulation achieved significantly better forelimb motor function recovery, as measured by fewer stepping errors on the horizontal ladder task (34 ± 9% in stimulation group vs. 51 ± 18% in control, p = .013) and higher scores on the food manipulation task (IBB, 0-9 score; 7.2 ± 0.8 in stimulated rats vs. 5.2 ± 2.6 in controls, p = .025). The effect size for both tasks was large (Cohen's d = 1.0 and 0.92, respectively). The CST axon length in the cervical spinal cord did not differ significantly between the groups, but there was denser and broader ipsilateral axons distribution distal to the spinal cord injury. The large behavioral effect and replication in an independent laboratory validate this approach, which will be trialed in cats before being tested in people using non-invasive methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Yang
- Departments of Neurology and Orthopedics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10031, USA
| | - Aditya Ramamurthy
- Departments of Neurology and Orthopedics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10031, USA
| | - Sophia Lall
- Burke Neurological Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, White Plains, NY 10605, USA
| | - Joshua Santos
- Burke Neurological Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, White Plains, NY 10605, USA
| | | | - Madeleine Lopane
- Burke Neurological Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, White Plains, NY 10605, USA
| | - Neela Zareen
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Biomedical Sciences, City University of NY School of Medicine, New York, NY 10031, USA
| | - Heather Alexander
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Biomedical Sciences, City University of NY School of Medicine, New York, NY 10031, USA
| | - Daniel Ryan
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Biomedical Sciences, City University of NY School of Medicine, New York, NY 10031, USA
| | - John H Martin
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Biomedical Sciences, City University of NY School of Medicine, New York, NY 10031, USA; CUNY Graduate Center, New York, NY 10031, USA
| | - Jason B Carmel
- Departments of Neurology and Orthopedics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10031, USA.
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Zemmar A, Chen CC, Weinmann O, Kast B, Vajda F, Bozeman J, Isaad N, Zuo Y, Schwab ME. Oligodendrocyte- and Neuron-Specific Nogo-A Restrict Dendritic Branching and Spine Density in the Adult Mouse Motor Cortex. Cereb Cortex 2019; 28:2109-2117. [PMID: 28505229 PMCID: PMC6018724 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhx116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Nogo-A has been well described as a myelin-associated inhibitor of neurite outgrowth and functional neuroregeneration after central nervous system (CNS) injury. Recently, a new role of Nogo-A has been identified as a negative regulator of synaptic plasticity in the uninjured adult CNS. Nogo-A is present in neurons and oligodendrocytes. However, it is yet unclear which of these two pools regulate synaptic plasticity. To address this question we used newly generated mouse lines in which Nogo-A is specifically knocked out in (1) oligodendrocytes (oligoNogo-A KO) or (2) neurons (neuroNogo-A KO). We show that both oligodendrocyte- and neuron-specific Nogo-A KO mice have enhanced dendritic branching and spine densities in layer 2/3 cortical pyramidal neurons. These effects are compartmentalized: neuronal Nogo-A affects proximal dendrites whereas oligodendrocytic Nogo-A affects distal regions. Finally, we used two-photon laser scanning microscopy to measure the spine turnover rate of adult mouse motor cortex layer 5 cells and find that both Nogo-A KO mouse lines show enhanced spine remodeling after 4 days. Our results suggest relevant control functions of glial as well as neuronal Nogo-A for synaptic plasticity and open new possibilities for more selective and targeted plasticity enhancing strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajmal Zemmar
- Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Biology and Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, CH-8091, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Chia-Chien Chen
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Oliver Weinmann
- Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Biology and Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Brigitt Kast
- Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Biology and Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Flora Vajda
- Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Biology and Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - James Bozeman
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Noel Isaad
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Yi Zuo
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Martin E Schwab
- Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Biology and Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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Dynamic Interaction between Cortico-Brainstem Pathways during Training-Induced Recovery in Stroke Model Rats. J Neurosci 2019; 39:7306-7320. [PMID: 31395620 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0649-19.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Reorganization of residual descending motor circuits underlies poststroke recovery. We previously clarified a causal relationship between the cortico-rubral tract and intensive limb use-induced functional recovery after internal capsule hemorrhage (ICH). However, other descending tracts, such as the cortico-reticular tract, might also be involved in rehabilitation-induced compensation. To investigate whether rehabilitation-induced recovery after ICH involves a shift in the compensatory circuit from the cortico-rubral tract to the cortico-reticular tract, we established loss of function of the cortico-rubral tract or/and cortico-reticular tract using two sets of viral vectors comprising the Tet-on system and designer receptors exclusively activated by the designer drug system. We used an ICH model that destroyed almost 60% of the corticofugal fibers. Anterograde tracing in rehabilitated rats revealed abundant sprouting of axons from the motor cortex in the red nucleus but not in the medullary reticular formation during the early phase of recovery. This primary contribution of the cortico-rubral tract was demonstrated by its selective blockade, whereas selective cortico-reticular tract silencing had little effect. Interestingly, cortico-rubral tract blockade from the start of rehabilitation induced an obvious increase of axon sprouting in the reticular formation with substantial functional recovery. Additional cortico-reticular tract silencing under the cortico-rubral tract blockade significantly worsened the recovered forelimb function. Furthermore, the alternative recruitment of the cortico-reticular tract was gradually induced by intensive limb use under cortico-rubral tract blockade, in which cortico-reticular tract silencing caused an apparent motor deficit. These findings indicate that individual cortico-brainstem pathways have dynamic compensatory potency to support rehabilitative functional recovery after ICH.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT This study aimed to clarify the interaction between the cortico-rubral and the cortico-reticular tract during intensive rehabilitation and functional recovery after capsular stroke. Pathway-selective disturbance by two sets of viral vectors revealed that the cortico-rubral tract was involved in rehabilitation-induced recovery of forelimb function from an early phase after internal capsule hemorrhage, but that the cortico-reticular tract was not. The sequential disturbance of both tracts revealed that the cortico-reticular tract was recruited and involved in rehabilitation-induced recovery when the cortico-rubral tract failed to function. Our data demonstrate a dynamic compensatory action of individual cortico-brainstem pathways for recovery through poststroke rehabilitation.
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Tsujioka H, Yamashita T. Comparison of gene expression profile of the spinal cord of sprouting-capable neonatal and sprouting-incapable adult mice. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:619. [PMID: 31362699 PMCID: PMC6668129 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-5974-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The regenerative ability of severed axons in the central nervous system is limited in mammals. However, after central nervous system injury, neural function is partially recovered by the formation of a compensatory neural circuit. In a mouse pyramidotomy model, axonal sprouting of the intact side of the corticospinal tract is observed in the spinal cord, and the axons make new synapses with the denervated side of propriospinal neurons. Moreover, this sprouting ability is enhanced in neonatal mice compared to that in adult mice. Myelin-associated molecules in the spinal cord or intrinsic factors in corticospinal neurons have been investigated in previous studies, but the factors that determine elevated sprouting ability in neonatal mice are not fully understood. Further, in the early phase after pyramidotomy, glial responses are observed in the spinal cord. To elucidate the basal difference in the spinal cord, we compared gene expression profiles of entire C4–7 cervical cord tissues between neonatal (injured at postnatal day 7) and adult (injured at 8 weeks of age) mice by RNA-sequencing. We also tried to identify discordant gene expression changes that might inhibit axonal sprouting in adult mice at the early phase (3 days) after pyramidotomy. Results A comparison of neonatal and adult sham groups revealed remarkable basal differences in the spinal cord, such as active neural circuit formation, cell proliferation, the development of myelination, and an immature immune system in neonatal mice compared to that observed in adult mice. Some inflammation-related genes were selectively expressed in adult mice after pyramidotomy, implying the possibility that these genes might be related to the low sprouting ability in adult mice. Conclusions This study provides useful information regarding the basal difference between neonatal and adult spinal cords and the possible differential response after pyramidotomy, both of which are necessary to understand why sprouting ability is increased in neonatal mice compared to that in adult mice. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-019-5974-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Tsujioka
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Toshihide Yamashita
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan. .,WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan. .,Graduate School of Frontier Bioscience, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan. .,Department of Neuro-Medical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.
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Nesin SM, Sabitha K, Gupta A, Laxmi T. Constraint Induced Movement Therapy as a Rehabilitative Strategy for Ischemic Stroke—Linking Neural Plasticity with Restoration of Skilled Movements. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2019; 28:1640-1653. [PMID: 30904472 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2019.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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The Spinal Transcriptome after Cortical Stroke: In Search of Molecular Factors Regulating Spontaneous Recovery in the Spinal Cord. J Neurosci 2019; 39:4714-4726. [PMID: 30962276 PMCID: PMC6561692 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2571-18.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In response to cortical stroke and unilateral corticospinal tract degeneration, compensatory sprouting of spared corticospinal fibers is associated with recovery of skilled movement in rodents. To date, little is known about the molecular mechanisms orchestrating this spontaneous rewiring. In this study, we provide insights into the molecular changes in the spinal cord tissue after large ischemic cortical injury in adult female mice, with a focus on factors that might influence the reinnervation process by contralesional corticospinal neurons. We mapped the area of cervical gray matter reinnervation by sprouting contralesional corticospinal axons after unilateral photothrombotic stroke of the motor cortex in mice using anterograde tracing. The mRNA profile of this reinnervation area was analyzed using whole-genome sequencing to identify differentially expressed genes at selected time points during the recovery process. Bioinformatic analysis revealed two phases of processes: early after stroke (4–7 d post-injury), the spinal transcriptome is characterized by inflammatory processes, including phagocytic processes as well as complement cascade activation. Microglia are specifically activated in the denervated corticospinal projection fields in this early phase. In a later phase (28–42 d post-injury), biological processes include tissue repair pathways with upregulated genes related to neurite outgrowth. Thus, the stroke-denervated spinal gray matter, in particular its intermediate laminae, represents a growth-promoting environment for sprouting corticospinal fibers originating from the contralesional motor cortex. This dataset provides a solid starting point for future studies addressing key elements of the post-stroke recovery process, with the goal to improve neuroregenerative treatment options for stroke patients. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT We show that the molecular changes in the spinal cord target tissue of the stroke-affected corticospinal tract are mainly defined by two phases: an early inflammatory phase during which microglia are specifically activated in the target area of reinnervating corticospinal motor neurons; and a late phase during which growth-promoting factors are upregulated which can influence the sprouting response, arborization, and synapse formation. By defining for the first time the endogenous molecular machinery in the stroke-denervated cervical spinal gray matter with a focus on promotors of axon growth through the growth-inhibitory adult CNS, this study will serve as a basis to address novel neuroregenerative treatment options for chronic stroke patients.
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Optic Nerve Regeneration: Considerations on Treatment of Acute Optic Neuropathy and End-Stage Disease. CURRENT OPHTHALMOLOGY REPORTS 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s40135-019-00194-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Loy K, Bareyre FM. Rehabilitation following spinal cord injury: how animal models can help our understanding of exercise-induced neuroplasticity. Neural Regen Res 2019; 14:405-412. [PMID: 30539806 PMCID: PMC6334617 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.245951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury is a devastating condition that is followed by long and often unsuccessful recovery after trauma. The state of the art approach to manage paralysis and concomitant impairments is rehabilitation, which is the only strategy that has proven to be effective and beneficial for the patients over the last decades. How rehabilitation influences the remodeling of spinal axonal connections in patients is important to understand, in order to better target these changes and define the optimal timing and onset of training. While clinically the answers to these questions remain difficult to obtain, rodent models of rehabilitation like bicycling, treadmill training, swimming, enriched environments or wheel running that mimic clinical rehabilitation can be helpful to reveal the axonal changes underlying motor recovery. This review will focus on the different animal models of spinal cord injury rehabilitation and the underlying changes in neuronal networks that are improved by exercise and rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Loy
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Florence M Bareyre
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München; Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
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Liu XH, Bi HY, Cao J, Ren S, Yue SW. Early constraint-induced movement therapy affects behavior and neuronal plasticity in ischemia-injured rat brains. Neural Regen Res 2019; 14:775-782. [PMID: 30688263 PMCID: PMC6375040 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.249225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Constraint-induced movement therapy is an effective rehabilitative training technique used to improve the restoration of impaired upper extremity movement after stroke. However, whether constraint-induced movement therapy is more effective than conventional rehabilitation in acute or sub-acute stroke remains controversial. The aim of the present study was to identify the optimal time to start constraint-induced movement therapy after ischemic stroke and to explore the mechanisms by which constraint-induced movement therapy leads to post-stroke recovery. Sixty-four adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups: sham-surgery group, cerebral ischemia/reperfusion group, early constraint-induced movement therapy group, and late constraint-induced movement therapy group. Rat models of left middle cerebral artery occlusion were established according to the Zea Longa line embolism method. Constraint-induced movement therapy was conducted starting on day 1 or day 14 in the early constraint-induced movement therapy and late constraint-induced movement therapy groups, respectively. To explore the effect of each intervention time on neuromotor function, behavioral function was assessed using a balance beam walking test before surgery and at 8 and 21 days after surgery. The expression levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor, nerve growth factor and Nogo receptor were evaluated using real time-polymerase chain reaction and western blot assay to assess the effect of each intervention time. The results showed that the behavioral score was significantly lower in the early constraint-induced movement therapy group than in the cerebral ischemia/reperfusion and late constraint-induced movement therapy groups at 8 days. At 21 days, the scores had significantly decreased in the early constraint-induced movement therapy and late constraint-induced movement therapy groups. At 8 days, only mild pyknosis appeared in neurons of the ischemic penumbra in the early constraint-induced movement therapy group, which was distinctly better than in the cerebral ischemia/reperfusion group. At 21 days, only a few vacuolated cells were observed and no obvious inflammatory cells were visible in late constraint-induced movement therapy group, which was much better than at 8 days. The mRNA and protein expression levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and nerve growth factor were significantly higher, but expression levels of Nogo receptor were significantly lower in the early constraint-induced movement therapy group compared with the cerebral ischemia/reperfusion and late constraint-induced movement therapy groups at 8 days. The changes in expression levels at 21 days were larger but similar in both the early constraint-induced movement therapy and late constraint-induced movement therapy groups. Besides, the protein nerve growth factor level was higher in the late constraint-induced movement therapy group than in the early constraint-induced movement therapy group at 21 days. These results suggest that both early (1 day) and late (14 days) constraint-induced movement therapy induces molecular plasticity and facilitates functional recovery after ischemic stroke, as illustrated by the histology. The mechanism may be associated with downregulation of Nogo receptor expression and upregulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and nerve growth factor expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Hua Liu
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong Traditional Chinese Medicine University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Hong-Yan Bi
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong Traditional Chinese Medicine University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Jie Cao
- Maternal and Child Health Development Research Center, Shandong Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Shuo Ren
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong Traditional Chinese Medicine University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Shou-Wei Yue
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
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Iskra DA, Kovalenko AP, Koshkarev MA, Dyskin DE. [Spasticity: from pathophysiology to treatment]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2018; 118:108-114. [PMID: 30499506 DOI: 10.17116/jnevro2018118101108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The article presents modern views on the pathophysiology of spasticity, which is a frequent disabling consequence to the upper motor neuron (UMN) damage. Morphological and functional system of motion organization and the changes after the UMN damage is considered. The authors analyze existing definitions of spasticity. Stages of spasticity development are described in the context of neuroplasticity as well as in the framework of pathogenesis and sanogenesis. Existing ideas of its pathogenesis are compared with the typical clinical symptoms. The occurring pathological processes in muscles, tendons and joints that can aggravate the development of spasticity and complicate the diagnosis are considered. In addition, the main pathological spasticity patterns are described and the current development of diagnostic techniques is estimated. A review of main methods of spasticity treatment is presented. Special attention is paid to the botulinum neurotoxin type A (BoNT) preparations and central action muscle relaxants. The pathophysiological basement for complex treatment of spasticity as a part of the general rehabilitation process is given, so that the BoNT can be considered as the obligatory element of standard rehabilitation programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Iskra
- Military Medical Academy n.a. S.M. Kirov, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - A P Kovalenko
- Military Medical Academy n.a. S.M. Kirov, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - M A Koshkarev
- Military Medical Academy n.a. S.M. Kirov, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - D E Dyskin
- Military Medical Academy n.a. S.M. Kirov, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
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Meves JM, Geoffroy CG, Kim ND, Kim JJ, Zheng B. Oligodendrocytic but not neuronal Nogo restricts corticospinal axon sprouting after CNS injury. Exp Neurol 2018; 309:32-43. [PMID: 30055160 PMCID: PMC6139267 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2018.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Recovery from injury to the central nervous system (CNS) is limited in the mammalian adult. Nonetheless, some degree of spontaneous recovery occurs after partial CNS injury. Compensatory axonal growth from uninjured neurons, termed sprouting, contributes to this naturally occurring recovery process and can be modulated by molecular intervention. Extensive studies have depicted a long-held hypothesis that oligodendrocyte-derived Nogo restricts axonal sprouting and functional recovery after CNS injury. However, cell type-specific function of Nogo in compensatory sprouting, spinal axon repair or functional recovery after CNS injury has not been reported. Here we present data showing that inducible, cell type-specific deletion of Nogo from oligodendrocytes led to a ~50% increase in the compensatory sprouting of corticospinal tract (CST) axons in the cervical spinal cord after unilateral pyramidotomy in mice. In contrast to a previously proposed growth-promoting role of neuronal Nogo in the optic nerve, deleting neuronal Nogo did not significantly affect CST axon sprouting in the spinal cord. Sprouting axons were associated with the expression of synaptic marker VGLUT1 in both the oligodendrocytic Nogo deletion and control mice. However, we did not detect any functional improvement in fine motor control associated with the increased sprouting in oligodendrocytic Nogo deletion mice. These data show for the first time with genetic evidence that Nogo specifically expressed by oligodendrocytes restricts compensatory sprouting after CNS injury, supporting a longstanding but heretofore untested hypothesis. While implicating a focus on sprouting as a repair mechanism in the translational potential of targeting the myelin inhibitory pathway, our study illustrates the challenge to harness enhanced structural plasticity for functional improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M Meves
- Neurosciences Graduate Program, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Cédric G Geoffroy
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Noah D Kim
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Joseph J Kim
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Binhai Zheng
- Neurosciences Graduate Program, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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Transneuronal Downregulation of the Premotor Cholinergic System After Corticospinal Tract Loss. J Neurosci 2018; 38:8329-8344. [PMID: 30049887 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3410-17.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Injury to the supraspinal motor systems, especially the corticospinal tract, leads to movement impairments. In addition to direct disruption of descending motor pathways, spinal motor circuits that are distant to and not directly damaged by the lesion undergo remodeling that contributes significantly to the impairments. Knowing which spinal circuits are remodeled and the underlying mechanisms are critical for understanding the functional changes in the motor pathway and for developing repair strategies. Here, we target spinal premotor cholinergic interneurons (IN) that directly modulate motoneuron excitability via their cholinergic C-bouton terminals. Using a model of unilateral medullary corticospinal tract lesion in male rats, we found transneuronal downregulation of the premotor cholinergic pathway. Phagocytic microglial cells were upregulated in parallel with cholinergic pathway downregulation and both were blocked by minocycline, a microglia activation inhibitor. Additionally, we found a transient increase in interneuronal complement protein C1q expression that preceded cell loss. 3D reconstructions showed ongoing phagocytosis of C1q-expressing cholinergic INs by microglia 3 d after injury, which was complete by 10 d after injury. Unilateral motor cortex inactivation using the GABAA receptor agonist muscimol replicated the changes detected at 3 d after lesion, indicating activity dependence. The neuronal loss after the lesion was rescued by increasing spinal activity using cathodal trans-spinal direct current stimulation. Our finding of activity-dependent modulation of cholinergic premotor INs after CST injury provides the mechanistic insight that maintaining activity, possibly during a critical period, helps to protect distant motor circuits from further damage and, as a result, may improve motor functional recovery and rehabilitation.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Supraspinal injury to the motor system disrupts descending motor pathways, leading to movement impairments. Whether and how intrinsic spinal circuits are remodeled after a brain injury is unclear. Using a rat model of unilateral corticospinal tract lesion in the medulla, we show activity-dependent, transneuronal downregulation of the spinal premotor cholinergic system, which is mediated by microglial phagocytosis, possibly involving a rapid and transient increase in neuronal C1q before neuronal loss. Spinal cord neuromodulation after injury to augment spinal activity rescued the premotor cholinergic system. Our findings provide the mechanistic insight that maintaining activity, possibly during an early critical period, could protect distant motor circuits from further damage mediated by microglia and interneuronal complement protein and improve motor functional outcomes.
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Amelot A, Terrier LM, Lot G. Predictive factors of neurological recovery after chronic craniovertebral brainstem compression. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2018; 160:1243-1250. [PMID: 29582153 DOI: 10.1007/s00701-018-3523-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurologic manifestations of craniovertebral junction (CVJ) disease may generate dramatic brainstem damage, which could evolve to paralysis. In most cases, patients are referred with advanced neurological symptoms such as tetraplegia/paresis. The aim of this study was to identify predictive factors of favorable neurological evolution after non-traumatic brainstem compression. METHODS A prospective study evaluated 143 consecutive patients who had undergone CVJ anterior brainstem decompression. The mean age was 45.1 ± 19.1 years. The study analyzed clinical, surgical, and imagery characters to determine predictive factors of neurological improvement. RESULTS The mean follow-up of our series was 10.2 years (range 0.5-23.9). Seventy-one (49.6%) presented initial tetrapalsies resulting from spinal cord compression. Multivariable analysis revealed that Frankel score [odds ratio (OR) 5.7, CI 95% 1.01-31.8; p < 0.04] and preoperative symptoms < 6 months [OR 0.33, CI 95% 0.125-0.9; p < 0.025] were independently associated with partial neurological improvement, while the only independent factor associated with total neurologic recovery was the preoperative symptom evolution <6 months [odd ratio (OR) 4.3, CI 95% 1.6-11.4; p < 0.003]. None of the following were identified as predictive factors: demographic characteristics, medical history, the etiology of compression, or initial spinal cord MRI. CONCLUSION The earlier the decompression is performed, the better the neurological improvement. Whatever the initial Frankel score, if neurological palsy or disorders evolved for less than 6 months, complete recovery is possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aymeric Amelot
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fondation Adolphe de Rothschild, 25 Rue Manin, 75019, Paris, France.
- Department of Neurosurgery, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Tours, Tours, France.
| | - Louis-Marie Terrier
- Department of Neurosurgery, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Guillaume Lot
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fondation Adolphe de Rothschild, 25 Rue Manin, 75019, Paris, France
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Zareen N, Dodson S, Armada K, Awad R, Sultana N, Hara E, Alexander H, Martin JH. Stimulation-dependent remodeling of the corticospinal tract requires reactivation of growth-promoting developmental signaling pathways. Exp Neurol 2018; 307:133-144. [PMID: 29729248 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2018.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Revised: 03/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The corticospinal tract (CST) can become damaged after spinal cord injury or stroke, resulting in weakness or paralysis. Repair of the damaged CST is limited because mature CST axons fail to regenerate, which is partly because the intrinsic axon growth capacity is downregulated in maturity. Whereas CST axons sprout after injury, this is insufficient to recover lost functions. Chronic motor cortex (MCX) electrical stimulation is a neuromodulatory strategy to promote CST axon sprouting, leading to functional recovery after CST lesion. Here we examine the molecular mechanisms of stimulation-dependent CST axonal sprouting and synapse formation. MCX stimulation rapidly upregulates mTOR and Jak/Stat signaling in the corticospinal system. Chronic stimulation, which leads to CST sprouting and increased CST presynaptic sites, further enhances mTOR and Jak/Stat activity. Importantly, chronic stimulation shifts the equilibrium of the mTOR repressor PTEN to the inactive phosphorylated form suggesting a molecular transition to an axon growth state. We blocked each signaling pathway selectively to determine potential differential contributions to axonal outgrowth and synapse formation. mTOR blockade prevented stimulation-dependent axon sprouting. Surprisingly, Jak/Stat blockade did not abrogate sprouting, but instead prevented the increase in CST presynaptic sites produced by chronic MCX stimulation. Chronic stimulation increased the number of spinal neurons expressing the neural activity marker cFos. Jak/Stat blockade prevented the increase in cFos-expressing neurons after chronic stimulation, confirming an important role for Jak/Stat signaling in activity-dependent CST synapse formation. MCX stimulation is a neuromodulatory repair strategy that reactivates distinct developmentally-regulated signaling pathways for axonal outgrowth and synapse formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neela Zareen
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Basic Medical Sciences, Center for Discovery and Innovation, City University of New York School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Shahid Dodson
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Basic Medical Sciences, Center for Discovery and Innovation, City University of New York School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kristine Armada
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Basic Medical Sciences, Center for Discovery and Innovation, City University of New York School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rahma Awad
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Basic Medical Sciences, Center for Discovery and Innovation, City University of New York School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nadia Sultana
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Basic Medical Sciences, Center for Discovery and Innovation, City University of New York School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Erina Hara
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Basic Medical Sciences, Center for Discovery and Innovation, City University of New York School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Heather Alexander
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Basic Medical Sciences, Center for Discovery and Innovation, City University of New York School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - John H Martin
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Basic Medical Sciences, Center for Discovery and Innovation, City University of New York School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Neuroscience Program, Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY, USA.
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Wen TC, Lall S, Pagnotta C, Markward J, Gupta D, Ratnadurai-Giridharan S, Bucci J, Greenwald L, Klugman M, Hill NJ, Carmel JB. Plasticity in One Hemisphere, Control From Two: Adaptation in Descending Motor Pathways After Unilateral Corticospinal Injury in Neonatal Rats. Front Neural Circuits 2018; 12:28. [PMID: 29706871 PMCID: PMC5906589 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2018.00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
After injury to the corticospinal tract (CST) in early development there is large-scale adaptation of descending motor pathways. Some studies suggest the uninjured hemisphere controls the impaired forelimb, while others suggest that the injured hemisphere does; these pathways have never been compared directly. We tested the contribution of each motor cortex to the recovery forelimb function after neonatal injury of the CST. We cut the left pyramid (pyramidotomy) of postnatal day 7 rats, which caused a measurable impairment of the right forelimb. We used pharmacological inactivation of each motor cortex to test its contribution to a skilled reach and supination task. Rats with neonatal pyramidotomy were further impaired by inactivation of motor cortex in both the injured and the uninjured hemispheres, while the forelimb of uninjured rats was impaired only from the contralateral motor cortex. Thus, inactivation demonstrated motor control from each motor cortex. In contrast, physiological and anatomical interrogation of these pathways support adaptations only in the uninjured hemisphere. Intracortical microstimulation of motor cortex in the uninjured hemisphere of rats with neonatal pyramidotomy produced responses from both forelimbs, while stimulation of the injured hemisphere did not elicit responses from either forelimb. Both anterograde and retrograde tracers were used to label corticofugal pathways. There was no increased plasticity from the injured hemisphere, either from cortex to the red nucleus or the red nucleus to the spinal cord. In contrast, there were very strong CST connections to both halves of the spinal cord from the uninjured motor cortex. Retrograde tracing produced maps of each forelimb within the uninjured hemisphere, and these were partly segregated. This suggests that the uninjured hemisphere may encode separate control of the unimpaired and the impaired forelimbs of rats with neonatal pyramidotomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong-Chun Wen
- Motor Recovery Laboratory, Burke-Cornell Medical Research Institute, White Plains, NY, United States
| | - Sophia Lall
- Motor Recovery Laboratory, Burke-Cornell Medical Research Institute, White Plains, NY, United States
| | - Corey Pagnotta
- Motor Recovery Laboratory, Burke-Cornell Medical Research Institute, White Plains, NY, United States
| | - James Markward
- Motor Recovery Laboratory, Burke-Cornell Medical Research Institute, White Plains, NY, United States
| | - Disha Gupta
- Motor Recovery Laboratory, Burke-Cornell Medical Research Institute, White Plains, NY, United States
| | | | - Jacqueline Bucci
- Motor Recovery Laboratory, Burke-Cornell Medical Research Institute, White Plains, NY, United States
| | - Lucy Greenwald
- Motor Recovery Laboratory, Burke-Cornell Medical Research Institute, White Plains, NY, United States
| | - Madelyn Klugman
- Motor Recovery Laboratory, Burke-Cornell Medical Research Institute, White Plains, NY, United States
| | - N Jeremy Hill
- Motor Recovery Laboratory, Burke-Cornell Medical Research Institute, White Plains, NY, United States
| | - Jason B Carmel
- Motor Recovery Laboratory, Burke-Cornell Medical Research Institute, White Plains, NY, United States.,Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics, Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, United States
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Okabe N, Himi N, Nakamura-Maruyama E, Hayashi N, Sakamoto I, Narita K, Hasegawa T, Miyamoto O. Constraint-induced movement therapy improves efficacy of task-specific training after severe cortical stroke depending on the ipsilesional corticospinal projections. Exp Neurol 2018; 305:108-120. [PMID: 29653186 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2018.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Descending spinal pathways (corticospinal, rubrospinal, and reticulospinal) are believed to contribute to functional recovery resulting from rehabilitative training after stroke. However, the contribution of each pathway remains unclear. In the current study, we investigated rehabilitation-induced functional recovery and remodelling of the descending spinal pathways after severe cortical stroke in rats followed by 3 weeks of various rehabilitation [constraint-induced movement therapy (CIMT), skilled forelimb reaching, rotarod, and treadmill exercise]. Following photothrombotic stroke, 96% of corticospinal neurons in the ipsilesional motor cortex were destroyed. Despite the preservation of 82% of total spinal projection neurons (e.g. rubrospinal and reticulospinal projection neurons), rats showed persistent and severe disability, especially in skilled motor function. In this severe stroke model, only CIMT promoted functional recovery, associated with increased corticospinal projections from the peri-infarct motor cortex. Rehabilitation-induced recovery was reversed when the restored corticospinal neurons were destroyed by a second stroke. These data indicate that training-induced functional recovery is dependent on ipsilesional corticospinal projections, which highlights the importance of using strategies to enhance survival, axonal remodelling, or regeneration of corticospinal neurons to effectively restore function in severely affected stroke patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naohiko Okabe
- Second Department of Physiology, Kawasaki Medical School, 577, Matsushima, Kurashiki City, Okayama 701-0192, Japan.
| | - Naoyuki Himi
- Second Department of Physiology, Kawasaki Medical School, 577, Matsushima, Kurashiki City, Okayama 701-0192, Japan
| | - Emi Nakamura-Maruyama
- Second Department of Physiology, Kawasaki Medical School, 577, Matsushima, Kurashiki City, Okayama 701-0192, Japan
| | - Norito Hayashi
- Second Department of Physiology, Kawasaki Medical School, 577, Matsushima, Kurashiki City, Okayama 701-0192, Japan; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kawasaki Medical School, 577, Matsushima, Kurashiki City, Okayama 701-0192, Japan
| | - Issei Sakamoto
- Second Department of Physiology, Kawasaki Medical School, 577, Matsushima, Kurashiki City, Okayama 701-0192, Japan; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kawasaki Medical School, 577, Matsushima, Kurashiki City, Okayama 701-0192, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Narita
- Second Department of Physiology, Kawasaki Medical School, 577, Matsushima, Kurashiki City, Okayama 701-0192, Japan
| | - Toru Hasegawa
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kawasaki Medical School, 577, Matsushima, Kurashiki City, Okayama 701-0192, Japan
| | - Osamu Miyamoto
- Second Department of Physiology, Kawasaki Medical School, 577, Matsushima, Kurashiki City, Okayama 701-0192, Japan
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Higo N, Sato A, Yamamoto T, Oishi T, Nishimura Y, Murata Y, Onoe H, Isa T, Kojima T. Comprehensive analysis of area‐specific and time‐dependent changes in gene expression in the motor cortex of macaque monkeys during recovery from spinal cord injury. J Comp Neurol 2018; 526:1110-1130. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.24396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Noriyuki Higo
- Human Informatics Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)Tsukuba Ibaraki Japan
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST)Kawaguchi Saitama Japan
- Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO)Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST)Kawaguchi Saitama Japan
| | - Akira Sato
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST)Kawaguchi Saitama Japan
- Computational Systems Biology Research Group, Advanced Science Institute, RIKENYokohama Kanagawa Japan
| | - Tatsuya Yamamoto
- Human Informatics Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)Tsukuba Ibaraki Japan
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Medical and Health SciencesTsukuba International UniversityTsuchiura Ibaraki Japan
| | - Takao Oishi
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST)Kawaguchi Saitama Japan
- Systems Neuroscience SectionPrimate Research Institute, Kyoto University, KanrinInuyama Aichi Japan
| | - Yukio Nishimura
- Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO)Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST)Kawaguchi Saitama Japan
- Department of Developmental PhysiologyNational Institute for Physiological Sciences (NIPS), National Institutes of Natural SciencesOkazaki Aichi Japan
- The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI)Hayama Kanagawa Japan
| | - Yumi Murata
- Human Informatics Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)Tsukuba Ibaraki Japan
| | - Hirotaka Onoe
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST)Kawaguchi Saitama Japan
- Division of Bio‐function Dynamics ImagingCenter for Life Science Technologies (CLST), RIKENKobe Hyogo Japan
| | - Tadashi Isa
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST)Kawaguchi Saitama Japan
- Department of Developmental PhysiologyNational Institute for Physiological Sciences (NIPS), National Institutes of Natural SciencesOkazaki Aichi Japan
- The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI)Hayama Kanagawa Japan
| | - Toshio Kojima
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST)Kawaguchi Saitama Japan
- Computational Systems Biology Research Group, Advanced Science Institute, RIKENYokohama Kanagawa Japan
- Health Care CenterToyohashi University of TechnologyToyohashi Aichi Japan
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Feter N, Freitas M, Gonzales N, Umpierre D, Cardoso R, Rombaldi A. Effects of physical exercise on myelin sheath regeneration: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Sports 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2017.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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50
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Okabe N, Himi N, Maruyama-Nakamura E, Hayashi N, Narita K, Miyamoto O. Rehabilitative skilled forelimb training enhances axonal remodeling in the corticospinal pathway but not the brainstem-spinal pathways after photothrombotic stroke in the primary motor cortex. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0187413. [PMID: 29095902 PMCID: PMC5667818 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0187413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Task-specific rehabilitative training is commonly used for chronic stroke patients. Axonal remodeling is believed to be one mechanism underlying rehabilitation-induced functional recovery, and significant roles of the corticospinal pathway have previously been demonstrated. Brainstem-spinal pathways, as well as the corticospinal tract, have been suggested to contribute to skilled motor function and functional recovery after brain injury. However, whether axonal remodeling in the brainstem-spinal pathways is a critical component for rehabilitation-induced functional recovery is not known. In this study, rats were subjected to photothrombotic stroke in the caudal forelimb area of the primary motor cortex and received rehabilitative training with a skilled forelimb reaching task for 4 weeks. After completion of the rehabilitative training, the retrograde tracer Fast blue was injected into the contralesional lower cervical spinal cord. Fast blue-positive cells were counted in 32 brain areas located in the cerebral cortex, hypothalamus, midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata. Rehabilitative training improved motor performance in the skilled forelimb reaching task but not in the cylinder test, ladder walk test, or staircase test, indicating that rehabilitative skilled forelimb training induced task-specific recovery. In the histological analysis, rehabilitative training significantly increased the number of Fast blue-positive neurons in the ipsilesional rostral forelimb area and secondary sensory cortex. However, rehabilitative training did not alter the number of Fast blue-positive neurons in any areas of the brainstem. These results indicate that rehabilitative skilled forelimb training enhances axonal remodeling selectively in the corticospinal pathway, which suggests a critical role of cortical plasticity, rather than brainstem plasticity, in task-specific recovery after subtotal motor cortex destruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naohiko Okabe
- Second Department of Physiology, Kawasaki Medical School, Matsushima, Kurashiki City, Okayama, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Naoyuki Himi
- Second Department of Physiology, Kawasaki Medical School, Matsushima, Kurashiki City, Okayama, Japan
| | - Emi Maruyama-Nakamura
- Second Department of Physiology, Kawasaki Medical School, Matsushima, Kurashiki City, Okayama, Japan
| | - Norito Hayashi
- Second Department of Physiology, Kawasaki Medical School, Matsushima, Kurashiki City, Okayama, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Narita
- Second Department of Physiology, Kawasaki Medical School, Matsushima, Kurashiki City, Okayama, Japan
| | - Osamu Miyamoto
- Second Department of Physiology, Kawasaki Medical School, Matsushima, Kurashiki City, Okayama, Japan
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