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He J, Hao F, Song S, Zhang J, Zhou H, Zhang J, Li Y. METTL Family in Healthy and Disease. MOLECULAR BIOMEDICINE 2024; 5:33. [PMID: 39155349 PMCID: PMC11330956 DOI: 10.1186/s43556-024-00194-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Transcription, RNA splicing, RNA translation, and post-translational protein modification are fundamental processes of gene expression. Epigenetic modifications, such as DNA methylation, RNA modifications, and protein modifications, play a crucial role in regulating gene expression. The methyltransferase-like protein (METTL) family, a constituent of the 7-β-strand (7BS) methyltransferase subfamily, is broadly distributed across the cell nucleus, cytoplasm, and mitochondria. Members of the METTL family, through their S-adenosyl methionine (SAM) binding domain, can transfer methyl groups to DNA, RNA, or proteins, thereby impacting processes such as DNA replication, transcription, and mRNA translation, to participate in the maintenance of normal function or promote disease development. This review primarily examines the involvement of the METTL family in normal cell differentiation, the maintenance of mitochondrial function, and its association with tumor formation, the nervous system, and cardiovascular diseases. Notably, the METTL family is intricately linked to cellular translation, particularly in its regulation of translation factors. Members represent important molecules in disease development processes and are associated with patient immunity and tolerance to radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Moreover, future research directions could include the development of drugs or antibodies targeting its structural domains, and utilizing nanomaterials to carry miRNA corresponding to METTL family mRNA. Additionally, the precise mechanisms underlying the interactions between the METTL family and cellular translation factors remain to be clarified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiejie He
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University, Xining, 810000, Qinghai Province, China
| | - Fengchen Hao
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University, Xining, 810000, Qinghai Province, China
| | - Shiqi Song
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University, Xining, 810000, Qinghai Province, China
| | - Junli Zhang
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University, Xining, 810000, Qinghai Province, China
| | - Hongyu Zhou
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University, Xining, 810000, Qinghai Province, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Urology Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University, No. 29, Tongren Road, West of the City, Xining, 810000, Qinghai Province, China.
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University & Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Qinghai University, No. 29, Tongren Road, West of the City, Xining, 810000, Qinghai Province, China.
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Dayal S, Chaubey D, Joshi DC, Ranmale S, Pillai B. Noncoding RNAs: Emerging regulators of behavioral complexity. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. RNA 2024; 15:e1847. [PMID: 38702948 DOI: 10.1002/wrna.1847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
The mammalian genome encodes thousands of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), ranging in size from about 20 nucleotides (microRNAs or miRNAs) to kilobases (long non-coding RNAs or lncRNAs). ncRNAs contribute to a layer of gene regulation that could explain the evolution of massive phenotypic complexity even as the number of protein-coding genes remains unaltered. We propose that low conservation, poor expression, and highly restricted spatiotemporal expression patterns-conventionally considered ncRNAs may affect behavior through direct, rapid, and often sustained regulation of gene expression at the transcriptional, post-transcriptional, or translational levels. Besides these direct roles, their effect during neurodevelopment may manifest as behavioral changes later in the organism's life, especially when exposed to environmental cues like stress and seasonal changes. The lncRNAs affect behavior through diverse mechanisms like sponging of miRNAs, recruitment of chromatin modifiers, and regulation of alternative splicing. We highlight the need for synthesis between rigorously designed behavioral paradigms in model organisms and the wide diversity of behaviors documented by ethologists through field studies on organisms exquisitely adapted to their environmental niche. Comparative genomics and the latest advancements in transcriptomics provide an unprecedented scope for merging field and lab studies on model and non-model organisms to shed light on the role of ncRNAs in driving the behavioral responses of individuals and groups. We touch upon the technical challenges and contentious issues that must be resolved to fully understand the role of ncRNAs in regulating complex behavioral traits. This article is categorized under: Regulatory RNAs/RNAi/Riboswitches > Regulatory RNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanovar Dayal
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB), New Delhi, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Divya Chaubey
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB), New Delhi, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Dheeraj Chandra Joshi
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB), New Delhi, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Samruddhi Ranmale
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB), New Delhi, India
| | - Beena Pillai
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB), New Delhi, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
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Su P, Yan S, Chen K, Huang L, Wang L, Lee FHF, Zhou H, Lai TKY, Jiang A, Samsom J, Wong AHC, Yang G, Liu F. EF1α-associated protein complexes affect dendritic spine plasticity by regulating microglial phagocytosis in Fmr1 knock-out mice. Mol Psychiatry 2024; 29:1099-1113. [PMID: 38212373 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-02396-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is the most common inherited cause of intellectual disability. There is no specific treatment for FXS due to the lack of therapeutic targets. We report here that Elongation Factor 1α (EF1α) forms a complex with two other proteins: Tripartite motif-containing protein 3 (TRIM3) and Murine double minute (Mdm2). Both EF1α-Mdm2 and EF1α-TRIM3 protein complexes are increased in the brain of Fmr1 knockout mice as a result of FMRP deficiency, which releases the normal translational suppression of EF1α mRNA and increases EF1α protein levels. Increased EF1α-Mdm2 complex decreases PSD-95 ubiquitination (Ub-PSD-95) and Ub-PSD-95-C1q interaction. The elevated level of TRIM3-EF1α complex is associated with decreased TRIM3-Complement Component 3 (C3) complex that inhibits the activation of C3. Both protein complexes thereby contribute to a reduction in microglia-mediated phagocytosis and dendritic spine pruning. Finally, we created a peptide that disrupts both protein complexes and restores dendritic spine plasticity and behavioural deficits in Fmr1 knockout mice. The EF1α-Mdm2 and EF1α-TRIM3 complexes could thus be new therapeutic targets for FXS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Su
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, M5T1R8, Canada
| | - Shuxin Yan
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, M5T1R8, Canada
| | - Kai Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Lianyan Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Le Wang
- Institute of Mental Health and Drug Discovery, Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), School of Mental Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, China
| | - Frankie Hang Fung Lee
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, M5T1R8, Canada
| | - Hang Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Terence Kai Ying Lai
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, M5T1R8, Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - Anlong Jiang
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, M5T1R8, Canada
| | - James Samsom
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, M5T1R8, Canada
| | - Albert H C Wong
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, M5T1R8, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5T 1R8, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5T 1R8, Canada
- Institutes of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - Guang Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Fang Liu
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, M5T1R8, Canada.
- Institute of Mental Health and Drug Discovery, Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), School of Mental Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, China.
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5T 1R8, Canada.
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5T 1R8, Canada.
- Institutes of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5T 1R8, Canada.
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Analysis of the Expression and Subcellular Distribution of eEF1A1 and eEF1A2 mRNAs during Neurodevelopment. Cells 2022; 11:cells11121877. [PMID: 35741005 PMCID: PMC9220863 DOI: 10.3390/cells11121877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodevelopment is accompanied by a precise change in the expression of the translation elongation factor 1A variants from eEF1A1 to eEF1A2. These are paralogue genes that encode 92% identical proteins in mammals. The switch in the expression of eEF1A variants has been well studied in mouse motor neurons, which solely express eEF1A2 by four weeks of postnatal development. However, changes in the subcellular localization of eEF1A variants during neurodevelopment have not been studied in detail in other neuronal types because antibodies lack perfect specificity, and immunofluorescence has a low sensitivity. In hippocampal neurons, eEF1A is related to synaptic plasticity and memory consolidation, and decreased eEF1A expression is observed in the hippocampus of Alzheimer's patients. However, the specific variant involved in these functions is unknown. To distinguish eEF1A1 from eEF1A2 expression, we have designed single-molecule fluorescence in-situ hybridization probes to detect either eEF1A1 or eEF1A2 mRNAs in cultured primary hippocampal neurons and brain tissues. We have developed a computational framework, ARLIN (analysis of RNA localization in neurons), to analyze and compare the subcellular distribution of eEF1A1 and eEF1A2 mRNAs at specific developmental stages and in mature neurons. We found that eEF1A1 and eEF1A2 mRNAs differ in expression and subcellular localization over neurodevelopment, and eEF1A1 mRNAs localize in dendrites and synapses during dendritogenesis and synaptogenesis. Interestingly, mature hippocampal neurons coexpress both variant mRNAs, and eEF1A1 remains the predominant variant in dendrites.
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Coccia E, Solé M, Comella JX. FAIM-L - SIVA-1: Two Modulators of XIAP in Non-Apoptotic Caspase Function. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 9:826037. [PMID: 35083225 PMCID: PMC8784879 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.826037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis is crucial for the correct development of the nervous system. In adulthood, the same protein machinery involved in programmed cell death can control neuronal adaptiveness through modulation of synaptic pruning and synaptic plasticity processes. Caspases are the main executioners in these molecular pathways, and their strict regulation is essential to perform neuronal remodeling preserving cell survival. FAIM-L and SIVA-1 are regulators of caspase activation. In this review we will focus on FAIM-L and SIVA-1 as two functional antagonists that modulate non-apoptotic caspase activity in neurons. Their participation in long-term depression and neurite pruning will be described in base of the latest studies performed. In addition, the association of FAIM-L non-apoptotic functions with the neurodegeneration process will be reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Coccia
- Cell Signaling and Apoptosis Group, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Research (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain.,Departament de Bioquímica I Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Montse Solé
- Cell Signaling and Apoptosis Group, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Research (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain.,Departament de Bioquímica I Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Joan X Comella
- Cell Signaling and Apoptosis Group, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Research (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain.,Departament de Bioquímica I Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Spain
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Mills A, Gago F. On the Need to Tell Apart Fraternal Twins eEF1A1 and eEF1A2, and Their Respective Outfits. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:6973. [PMID: 34203525 PMCID: PMC8268798 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
eEF1A1 and eEF1A2 are paralogous proteins whose presence in most normal eukaryotic cells is mutually exclusive and developmentally regulated. Often described in the scientific literature under the collective name eEF1A, which stands for eukaryotic elongation factor 1A, their best known activity (in a monomeric, GTP-bound conformation) is to bind aminoacyl-tRNAs and deliver them to the A-site of the 80S ribosome. However, both eEF1A1 and eEF1A2 are endowed with multitasking abilities (sometimes performed by homo- and heterodimers) and can be located in different subcellular compartments, from the plasma membrane to the nucleus. Given the high sequence identity of these two sister proteins and the large number of post-translational modifications they can undergo, we are often confronted with the dilemma of discerning which is the particular proteoform that is actually responsible for the ascribed biochemical or cellular effects. We argue in this review that acquiring this knowledge is essential to help clarify, in molecular and structural terms, the mechanistic involvement of these two ancestral and abundant G proteins in a variety of fundamental cellular processes other than translation elongation. Of particular importance for this special issue is the fact that several de novo heterozygous missense mutations in the human EEF1A2 gene are associated with a subset of rare but severe neurological syndromes and cardiomyopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Federico Gago
- Department of Biomedical Sciences & “Unidad Asociada IQM-CSIC”, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, E-28805 Alcalá de Henares, Spain;
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Sossin WS, Costa-Mattioli M. Translational Control in the Brain in Health and Disease. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2019; 11:cshperspect.a032912. [PMID: 30082469 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a032912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Translational control in neurons is crucially required for long-lasting changes in synaptic function and memory storage. The importance of protein synthesis control to brain processes is underscored by the large number of neurological disorders in which translation rates are perturbed, such as autism and neurodegenerative disorders. Here we review the general principles of neuronal translation, focusing on the particular relevance of several key regulators of nervous system translation, including eukaryotic initiation factor 2α (eIF2α), the mechanistic (or mammalian) target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1), and the eukaryotic elongation factor 2 (eEF2). These pathways regulate the overall rate of protein synthesis in neurons and have selective effects on the translation of specific messenger RNAs (mRNAs). The importance of these general and specific translational control mechanisms is considered in the normal functioning of the nervous system, particularly during synaptic plasticity underlying memory, and in the context of neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wayne S Sossin
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A-2B4, Canada
| | - Mauro Costa-Mattioli
- Department of Neuroscience, Memory and Brain Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
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Koley S, Rozenbaum M, Fainzilber M, Terenzio M. Translating regeneration: Local protein synthesis in the neuronal injury response. Neurosci Res 2019; 139:26-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2018.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Tréfier A, Pellissier LP, Musnier A, Reiter E, Guillou F, Crépieux P. G Protein-Coupled Receptors As Regulators of Localized Translation: The Forgotten Pathway? Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:17. [PMID: 29456523 PMCID: PMC5801404 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) exert their physiological function by transducing a complex signaling network that coordinates gene expression and dictates the phenotype of highly differentiated cells. Much is known about the gene networks they transcriptionally regulate upon ligand exposure in a process that takes hours before a new protein is synthesized. However, far less is known about GPCR impact on the translational machinery and subsequent mRNA translation, although this gene regulation level alters the cell phenotype in a strikingly different timescale. In fact, mRNA translation is an early response kinetically connected to signaling events, hence it leads to the synthesis of a new protein within minutes following receptor activation. By these means, mRNA translation is responsive to subtle variations of the extracellular environment. In addition, when restricted to cell subcellular compartments, local mRNA translation contributes to cell micro-specialization, as observed in synaptic plasticity or in cell migration. The mechanisms that control where in the cell an mRNA is translated are starting to be deciphered. But how an extracellular signal triggers such local translation still deserves extensive investigations. With the advent of high-throughput data acquisition, it now becomes possible to review the current knowledge on the translatome that some GPCRs regulate, and how this information can be used to explore GPCR-controlled local translation of mRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Tréfier
- Biologie et Bioinformatique des Systèmes de Signalisation, INRA, UMR85, Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, Nouzilly, France
- CNRS, UMR7247, Nouzilly, France
- Université François Rabelais, Tours, France
- IFCE, Nouzilly, France
| | - Lucie P. Pellissier
- Déficit de Récompense, GPCR et sociabilité, INRA, UMR85, Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, Nouzilly, France
- CNRS, UMR7247, Nouzilly, France
- Université François Rabelais, Tours, France
- IFCE, Nouzilly, France
| | - Astrid Musnier
- Biologie et Bioinformatique des Systèmes de Signalisation, INRA, UMR85, Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, Nouzilly, France
- CNRS, UMR7247, Nouzilly, France
- Université François Rabelais, Tours, France
- IFCE, Nouzilly, France
| | - Eric Reiter
- Biologie et Bioinformatique des Systèmes de Signalisation, INRA, UMR85, Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, Nouzilly, France
- CNRS, UMR7247, Nouzilly, France
- Université François Rabelais, Tours, France
- IFCE, Nouzilly, France
| | - Florian Guillou
- Plasticité Génomique et Expression Phénotypique, INRA, UMR85, Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, Nouzilly, France
- CNRS, UMR7247, Nouzilly, France
- Université François Rabelais, Tours, France
- IFCE, Nouzilly, France
| | - Pascale Crépieux
- Biologie et Bioinformatique des Systèmes de Signalisation, INRA, UMR85, Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, Nouzilly, France
- CNRS, UMR7247, Nouzilly, France
- Université François Rabelais, Tours, France
- IFCE, Nouzilly, France
- *Correspondence: Pascale Crépieux,
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Lu F, Shao G, Wang Y, Guan S, Burlingame AL, Liu X, Liang X, Knox R, Ferriero DM, Jiang X. Hypoxia-ischemia modifies postsynaptic GluN2B-containing NMDA receptor complexes in the neonatal mouse brain. Exp Neurol 2017; 299:65-74. [PMID: 28993251 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2017.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Revised: 09/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The N-methyl-d-aspartate-type glutamate receptor (NMDAR)-associated multiprotein complexes are indispensable for synaptic plasticity and cognitive functions. While purification and proteomic analyses of these signaling complexes have been performed in adult rodent and human brain, much less is known about the protein composition of NMDAR complexes in the developing brain and their modifications by neonatal hypoxic-ischemic (HI) brain injury. In this study, the postsynaptic density proteins were prepared from postnatal day 9 naïve, sham-operated and HI-injured mouse cortex. The GluN2B-containing NMDAR complexes were purified by immunoprecipitation with a mouse GluN2B antibody and subjected to mass spectrometry analysis for determination of the GluN2B binding partners. A total of 71 proteins of different functional categories were identified from the naïve animals as native GluN2B-interacting partners in the developing mouse brain. Neonatal HI reshaped the postsynaptic GluN2B interactome by recruiting new proteins, including multiple kinases, into the complexes; and modifying the existing associations within 1h of reperfusion. The early responses of postsynaptic NMDAR complexes and their related signaling networks may contribute to molecular processes leading to cell survival or death, brain damage and/or neurological disorders in term infants with neonatal encephalopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuxin Lu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Guo Shao
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Hypoxic Translational Medicine, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, China
| | - Yongqiang Wang
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, CA, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Shenheng Guan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Alma L Burlingame
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Xuemei Liu
- Central Laboratory, Dongfang Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Liang
- Central Laboratory, Dongfang Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Renatta Knox
- Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Donna M Ferriero
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Xiangning Jiang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, CA, USA.
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Kos A, Olde Loohuis N, Meinhardt J, van Bokhoven H, Kaplan BB, Martens GJ, Aschrafi A. MicroRNA-181 promotes synaptogenesis and attenuates axonal outgrowth in cortical neurons. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:3555-67. [PMID: 27017280 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2179-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Revised: 02/13/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRs) are non-coding gene transcripts abundantly expressed in both the developing and adult mammalian brain. They act as important modulators of complex gene regulatory networks during neuronal development and plasticity. miR-181c is highly abundant in cerebellar cortex and its expression is increased in autism patients as well as in an animal model of autism. To systematically identify putative targets of miR-181c, we repressed this miR in growing cortical neurons and found over 70 differentially expressed target genes using transcriptome profiling. Pathway analysis showed that the miR-181c-modulated genes converge on signaling cascades relevant to neurite and synapse developmental processes. To experimentally examine the significance of these data, we inhibited miR-181c during rat cortical neuronal maturation in vitro; this loss-of miR-181c function resulted in enhanced neurite sprouting and reduced synaptogenesis. Collectively, our findings suggest that miR-181c is a modulator of gene networks associated with cortical neuronal maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aron Kos
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Centre for Neuroscience, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Nikkie Olde Loohuis
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Centre for Neuroscience, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Julia Meinhardt
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Centre for Neuroscience, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Hans van Bokhoven
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Centre for Neuroscience, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Barry B Kaplan
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Gerard J Martens
- Department of Molecular Animal Physiology, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Centre for Neuroscience, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Armaz Aschrafi
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Centre for Neuroscience, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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Burow DA, Umeh-Garcia MC, True MB, Bakhaj CD, Ardell DH, Cleary MD. Dynamic regulation of mRNA decay during neural development. Neural Dev 2015; 10:11. [PMID: 25896902 PMCID: PMC4413985 DOI: 10.1186/s13064-015-0038-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Gene expression patterns are determined by rates of mRNA transcription and decay. While transcription is known to regulate many developmental processes, the role of mRNA decay is less extensively defined. A critical step toward defining the role of mRNA decay in neural development is to measure genome-wide mRNA decay rates in neural tissue. Such information should reveal the degree to which mRNA decay contributes to differential gene expression and provide a foundation for identifying regulatory mechanisms that affect neural mRNA decay. Results We developed a technique that allows genome-wide mRNA decay measurements in intact Drosophila embryos, across all tissues and specifically in the nervous system. Our approach revealed neural-specific decay kinetics, including stabilization of transcripts encoding regulators of axonogenesis and destabilization of transcripts encoding ribosomal proteins and histones. We also identified correlations between mRNA stability and physiologic properties of mRNAs; mRNAs that are predicted to be translated within axon growth cones or dendrites have long half-lives while mRNAs encoding transcription factors that regulate neurogenesis have short half-lives. A search for candidate cis-regulatory elements identified enrichment of the Pumilio recognition element (PRE) in mRNAs encoding regulators of neurogenesis. We found that decreased expression of the RNA-binding protein Pumilio stabilized predicted neural mRNA targets and that a PRE is necessary to trigger reporter-transcript decay in the nervous system. Conclusions We found that differential mRNA decay contributes to the relative abundance of transcripts involved in cell-fate decisions, axonogenesis, and other critical events during Drosophila neural development. Neural-specific decay kinetics and the functional specificity of mRNA decay suggest the existence of a dynamic neurodevelopmental mRNA decay network. We found that Pumilio is one component of this network, revealing a novel function for this RNA-binding protein. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13064-015-0038-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana A Burow
- Quantitative and Systems Biology Graduate Program, University of California, 5200 N. Lake Rd, Merced, CA, USA.
| | - Maxine C Umeh-Garcia
- Quantitative and Systems Biology Graduate Program, University of California, 5200 N. Lake Rd, Merced, CA, USA.
| | - Marie B True
- Quantitative and Systems Biology Graduate Program, University of California, 5200 N. Lake Rd, Merced, CA, USA.
| | - Crystal D Bakhaj
- Quantitative and Systems Biology Graduate Program, University of California, 5200 N. Lake Rd, Merced, CA, USA.
| | - David H Ardell
- Quantitative and Systems Biology Graduate Program, University of California, 5200 N. Lake Rd, Merced, CA, USA.
| | - Michael D Cleary
- Quantitative and Systems Biology Graduate Program, University of California, 5200 N. Lake Rd, Merced, CA, USA.
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13
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Buffington SA, Huang W, Costa-Mattioli M. Translational control in synaptic plasticity and cognitive dysfunction. Annu Rev Neurosci 2015; 37:17-38. [PMID: 25032491 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-neuro-071013-014100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Activity-dependent changes in the strength of synaptic connections are fundamental to the formation and maintenance of memory. The mechanisms underlying persistent changes in synaptic strength in the hippocampus, specifically long-term potentiation and depression, depend on new protein synthesis. Such changes are thought to be orchestrated by engaging the signaling pathways that regulate mRNA translation in neurons. In this review, we discuss the key regulatory pathways that govern translational control in response to synaptic activity and the mRNA populations that are specifically targeted by these pathways. The critical contribution of regulatory control over new protein synthesis to proper cognitive function is underscored by human disorders associated with either silencing or mutation of genes encoding proteins that directly regulate translation. In light of these clinical implications, we also consider the therapeutic potential of targeting dysregulated translational control to treat cognitive disorders of synaptic dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelly A Buffington
- Department of Neuroscience, Memory and Brain Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030; , ,
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14
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Nandagopal N, Roux PP. Regulation of global and specific mRNA translation by the mTOR signaling pathway. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 3:e983402. [PMID: 26779414 DOI: 10.4161/21690731.2014.983402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Revised: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The translation of mRNA into polypeptides is a key step in eukaryotic gene expression. Translation is mostly controlled at the level of initiation, which is partly regulated by the mammalian/mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway. Whereas mTOR controls global protein synthesis through specific effector proteins, its role in the translation of select groups of mRNAs, such as those harboring a terminal oligopyrimidine (TOP) tract at their 5' end, remains more enigmatic. In this article, we describe the current knowledge on the role of mTOR in global mRNA translation, but also focus on the potential molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation of specific translational programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neethi Nandagopal
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer (IRIC); Université de Montréal ; Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Philippe P Roux
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer (IRIC); Université de Montréal; Montréal, Québec, Canada; Department of Pathology and Cell Biology; Faculty of Medicine; Université de Montréal; Montréal, Québec, Canada
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15
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Tomassy GS, Morello N, Calcagno E, Giustetto M. Developmental abnormalities of cortical interneurons precede symptoms onset in a mouse model of Rett syndrome. J Neurochem 2014; 131:115-27. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Revised: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Noemi Morello
- Department of Neuroscience; University of Turin; Turin Italy
| | | | - Maurizio Giustetto
- Department of Neuroscience; University of Turin; Turin Italy
- National Institute of Neuroscience-Italy; Turin Italy
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16
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Thomas MG, Pascual ML, Maschi D, Luchelli L, Boccaccio GL. Synaptic control of local translation: the plot thickens with new characters. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 71:2219-39. [PMID: 24212248 PMCID: PMC11113725 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-013-1506-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2013] [Revised: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The production of proteins from mRNAs localized at the synapse ultimately controls the strength of synaptic transmission, thereby affecting behavior and cognitive functions. The regulated transcription, processing, and transport of mRNAs provide dynamic control of the dendritic transcriptome, which includes thousands of messengers encoding multiple cellular functions. Translation is locally modulated by synaptic activity through a complex network of RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) and various types of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) including BC-RNAs, microRNAs, piwi-interacting RNAs, and small interference RNAs. The RBPs FMRP and CPEB play a well-established role in synaptic translation, and additional regulatory factors are emerging. The mRNA repressors Smaug, Nanos, and Pumilio define a novel pathway for local translational control that affects dendritic branching and spines in both flies and mammals. Recent findings support a role for processing bodies and related synaptic mRNA-silencing foci (SyAS-foci) in the modulation of synaptic plasticity and memory formation. The SyAS-foci respond to different stimuli with changes in their integrity thus enabling regulated mRNA release followed by translation. CPEB, Pumilio, TDP-43, and FUS/TLS form multimers through low-complexity regions related to prion domains or polyQ expansions. The oligomerization of these repressor RBPs is mechanistically linked to the aggregation of abnormal proteins commonly associated with neurodegeneration. Here, we summarize the current knowledge on how specificity in mRNA translation is achieved through the concerted action of multiple pathways that involve regulatory ncRNAs and RBPs, the modification of translation factors, and mRNA-silencing foci dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Gabriela Thomas
- Instituto Leloir, Av. Patricias Argentinas 435, C1405BWE Buenos Aires, Argentina
- IIBBA-CONICET, C1405BWE Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Malena Lucía Pascual
- Instituto Leloir, Av. Patricias Argentinas 435, C1405BWE Buenos Aires, Argentina
- IIBBA-CONICET, C1405BWE Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Darío Maschi
- Instituto Leloir, Av. Patricias Argentinas 435, C1405BWE Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Present Address: Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO USA
| | - Luciana Luchelli
- Instituto Leloir, Av. Patricias Argentinas 435, C1405BWE Buenos Aires, Argentina
- IIBBA-CONICET, C1405BWE Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Graciela Lidia Boccaccio
- Instituto Leloir, Av. Patricias Argentinas 435, C1405BWE Buenos Aires, Argentina
- IIBBA-CONICET, C1405BWE Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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17
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Sethna F, Moon C, Wang H. From FMRP function to potential therapies for fragile X syndrome. Neurochem Res 2013; 39:1016-31. [PMID: 24346713 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-013-1229-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Revised: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is caused by mutations in the fragile X mental retardation 1 (FMR1) gene. Most FXS cases occur due to the expansion of the CGG trinucleotide repeats in the 5' un-translated region of FMR1, which leads to hypermethylation and in turn silences the expression of FMRP (fragile X mental retardation protein). Numerous studies have demonstrated that FMRP interacts with both coding and non-coding RNAs and represses protein synthesis at dendritic and synaptic locations. In the absence of FMRP, the basal protein translation is enhanced and not responsive to neuronal stimulation. The altered protein translation may contribute to functional abnormalities in certain aspects of synaptic plasticity and intracellular signaling triggered by Gq-coupled receptors. This review focuses on the current understanding of FMRP function and potential therapeutic strategies that are mainly based on the manipulation of FMRP targets and knowledge gained from FXS pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferzin Sethna
- Genetics Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
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18
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The role of eEF2 pathway in learning and synaptic plasticity. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2013; 105:100-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2013.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Revised: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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19
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Chang KT, Ro H, Wang W, Min KT. Meeting at the crossroads: common mechanisms in Fragile X and Down syndrome. Trends Neurosci 2013; 36:685-94. [PMID: 24075449 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2013.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Revised: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Intellectual disability is characterized by significantly impaired cognitive abilities and is due to various etiological factors, including both genetic and non-genetic causes. Two of the most common genetic forms of intellectual disability are Fragile X syndrome (FXS) and Down syndrome (DS). Recent studies have shown that proteins altered in FXS and DS can physically interact and participate in common signaling pathways regulating dendritic spine development and local protein synthesis, thus supporting the notion that spine dysmorphogenesis and abnormal local protein synthesis may be molecular underpinnings of intellectual disability. Here we review the molecular constituents regulating local protein synthesis and spine morphology and their alterations in FXS and DS. We argue that these changes might ultimately affect synaptic homeostasis and alter cognitive performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen T Chang
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute and Department of Cell and Neurobiology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
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20
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Timchenko AA, Novosylna OV, Prituzhalov EA, Kihara H, El’skaya AV, Negrutskii BS, Serdyuk IN. Different Oligomeric Properties and Stability of Highly Homologous A1 and Proto-Oncogenic A2 Variants of Mammalian Translation Elongation Factor eEF1. Biochemistry 2013; 52:5345-53. [DOI: 10.1021/bi400400r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Oleksandra V. Novosylna
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular
and Cellular Biology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, NAS of Ukraine, Kiev 03680, Ukraine
| | | | - Hiroshi Kihara
- Department of Physics, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1136,
Japan
| | - Anna V. El’skaya
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular
and Cellular Biology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, NAS of Ukraine, Kiev 03680, Ukraine
| | - Boris S. Negrutskii
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular
and Cellular Biology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, NAS of Ukraine, Kiev 03680, Ukraine
| | - Igor N. Serdyuk
- Institute of Protein Research, RAS, Pushchino 142290, Russia
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21
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Cohen LD, Zuchman R, Sorokina O, Müller A, Dieterich DC, Armstrong JD, Ziv T, Ziv NE. Metabolic turnover of synaptic proteins: kinetics, interdependencies and implications for synaptic maintenance. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63191. [PMID: 23658807 PMCID: PMC3642143 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 03/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemical synapses contain multitudes of proteins, which in common with all proteins, have finite lifetimes and therefore need to be continuously replaced. Given the huge numbers of synaptic connections typical neurons form, the demand to maintain the protein contents of these connections might be expected to place considerable metabolic demands on each neuron. Moreover, synaptic proteostasis might differ according to distance from global protein synthesis sites, the availability of distributed protein synthesis facilities, trafficking rates and synaptic protein dynamics. To date, the turnover kinetics of synaptic proteins have not been studied or analyzed systematically, and thus metabolic demands or the aforementioned relationships remain largely unknown. In the current study we used dynamic Stable Isotope Labeling with Amino acids in Cell culture (SILAC), mass spectrometry (MS), Fluorescent Non-Canonical Amino acid Tagging (FUNCAT), quantitative immunohistochemistry and bioinformatics to systematically measure the metabolic half-lives of hundreds of synaptic proteins, examine how these depend on their pre/postsynaptic affiliation or their association with particular molecular complexes, and assess the metabolic load of synaptic proteostasis. We found that nearly all synaptic proteins identified here exhibited half-lifetimes in the range of 2-5 days. Unexpectedly, metabolic turnover rates were not significantly different for presynaptic and postsynaptic proteins, or for proteins for which mRNAs are consistently found in dendrites. Some functionally or structurally related proteins exhibited very similar turnover rates, indicating that their biogenesis and degradation might be coupled, a possibility further supported by bioinformatics-based analyses. The relatively low turnover rates measured here (∼0.7% of synaptic protein content per hour) are in good agreement with imaging-based studies of synaptic protein trafficking, yet indicate that the metabolic load synaptic protein turnover places on individual neurons is very substantial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurie D. Cohen
- Technion Faculty of Medicine, Lorry Lokey Center for Life Sciences and Engineering, Technion, Haifa, Israel
- Network Biology Research Laboratories, Lorry Lokey Center for Life Sciences and Engineering, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Rina Zuchman
- Smoler Proteomics Center, Faculty of Biology, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Oksana Sorokina
- Institute for Adaptive and Neural Computation, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Anke Müller
- Leibniz-Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany
- Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Daniela C. Dieterich
- Leibniz-Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany
- Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - J. Douglas Armstrong
- Institute for Adaptive and Neural Computation, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Tamar Ziv
- Smoler Proteomics Center, Faculty of Biology, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Noam E. Ziv
- Technion Faculty of Medicine, Lorry Lokey Center for Life Sciences and Engineering, Technion, Haifa, Israel
- Network Biology Research Laboratories, Lorry Lokey Center for Life Sciences and Engineering, Technion, Haifa, Israel
- * E-mail:
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22
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Swanger SA, Bassell GJ. Dendritic protein synthesis in the normal and diseased brain. Neuroscience 2012; 232:106-27. [PMID: 23262237 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2012] [Revised: 11/21/2012] [Accepted: 12/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Synaptic activity is a spatially limited process that requires a precise, yet dynamic, complement of proteins within the synaptic micro-domain. The maintenance and regulation of these synaptic proteins is regulated, in part, by local mRNA translation in dendrites. Protein synthesis within the postsynaptic compartment allows neurons tight spatial and temporal control of synaptic protein expression, which is critical for proper functioning of synapses and neural circuits. In this review, we discuss the identity of proteins synthesized within dendrites, the receptor-mediated mechanisms regulating their synthesis, and the possible roles for these locally synthesized proteins. We also explore how our current understanding of dendritic protein synthesis in the hippocampus can be applied to new brain regions and to understanding the pathological mechanisms underlying varied neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Swanger
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - G J Bassell
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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23
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Millan MJ. An epigenetic framework for neurodevelopmental disorders: from pathogenesis to potential therapy. Neuropharmacology 2012; 68:2-82. [PMID: 23246909 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2012.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2012] [Revised: 11/11/2012] [Accepted: 11/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) are characterized by aberrant and delayed early-life development of the brain, leading to deficits in language, cognition, motor behaviour and other functional domains, often accompanied by somatic symptoms. Environmental factors like perinatal infection, malnutrition and trauma can increase the risk of the heterogeneous, multifactorial and polygenic disorders, autism and schizophrenia. Conversely, discrete genetic anomalies are involved in Down, Rett and Fragile X syndromes, tuberous sclerosis and neurofibromatosis, the less familiar Phelan-McDermid, Sotos, Kleefstra, Coffin-Lowry and "ATRX" syndromes, and the disorders of imprinting, Angelman and Prader-Willi syndromes. NDDs have been termed "synaptopathies" in reference to structural and functional disturbance of synaptic plasticity, several involve abnormal Ras-Kinase signalling ("rasopathies"), and many are characterized by disrupted cerebral connectivity and an imbalance between excitatory and inhibitory transmission. However, at a different level of integration, NDDs are accompanied by aberrant "epigenetic" regulation of processes critical for normal and orderly development of the brain. Epigenetics refers to potentially-heritable (by mitosis and/or meiosis) mechanisms controlling gene expression without changes in DNA sequence. In certain NDDs, prototypical epigenetic processes of DNA methylation and covalent histone marking are impacted. Conversely, others involve anomalies in chromatin-modelling, mRNA splicing/editing, mRNA translation, ribosome biogenesis and/or the regulatory actions of small nucleolar RNAs and micro-RNAs. Since epigenetic mechanisms are modifiable, this raises the hope of novel therapy, though questions remain concerning efficacy and safety. The above issues are critically surveyed in this review, which advocates a broad-based epigenetic framework for understanding and ultimately treating a diverse assemblage of NDDs ("epigenopathies") lying at the interface of genetic, developmental and environmental processes. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'Neurodevelopmental Disorders'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Millan
- Unit for Research and Discovery in Neuroscience, IDR Servier, 125 chemin de ronde, 78290 Croissy sur Seine, Paris, France.
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24
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Darland T, Mauch JT, Meier EM, Hagan SJ, Dowling JE, Darland DC. Sulpiride, but not SCH23390, modifies cocaine-induced conditioned place preference and expression of tyrosine hydroxylase and elongation factor 1α in zebrafish. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2012; 103:157-67. [PMID: 22910534 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2012.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2011] [Revised: 07/21/2012] [Accepted: 07/31/2012] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Finding genetic polymorphisms and mutations linked to addictive behavior can provide important targets for pharmaceutical and therapeutic interventions. Forward genetic approaches in model organisms such as zebrafish provide a potentially powerful avenue for finding new target genes. In order to validate this use of zebrafish, the molecular nature of its reward system must be characterized. We have previously reported the use of cocaine-induced conditioned place preference (CPP) as a reliable method for screening mutagenized fish for defects in the reward pathway. Here we test if CPP in zebrafish involves the dopaminergic system by co-treating fish with cocaine and dopaminergic antagonists. Sulpiride, a potent D2 receptor (DR2) antagonist, blocked cocaine-induced CPP, while the D1 receptor (DR1) antagonist SCH23390 had no effect. Acute cocaine exposure also induced a rise in the expression of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), an important enzyme in dopamine synthesis, and a significant decrease in the expression of elongation factor 1α (EF1α), a housekeeping gene that regulates protein synthesis. Cocaine selectively increased the ratio of TH/EF1α in the telencephalon, but not in other brain regions. The cocaine-induced change in TH/EF1α was blocked by co-treatment with sulpiride, but not SCH23390, correlating closely with the action of these drugs on the CPP behavioral response. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that the drop in EF1α was selective for the dorsal nucleus of the ventral telencephalic area (Vd), a region believed to be the teleost equivalent of the striatum. Examination of TH mRNA and EF1α transcripts suggests that regulation of expression is post-transcriptional, but this requires further examination. These results highlight important similarities and differences between zebrafish and more traditional mammalian model organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tristan Darland
- Biology Department, University of North Dakota, United States; Turtle Mountain Community College, United States.
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25
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Tan LA, Chand D, De Almeida R, Xu M, De Lannoy L, Lovejoy DA. Modulation of neuroplastic changes and corticotropin-releasing factor-associated behavior by a phylogenetically ancient and conserved peptide family. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2012; 176:309-13. [PMID: 22138219 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2011.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2011] [Revised: 11/03/2011] [Accepted: 11/11/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The co-evolution of peptides and early cells some 3.7 billion years ago provided bioactive peptides with a long history for the proliferation and refinement of peptide hormones. Central to the adaptation and evolution of cell types in metazoans is the development of peptide signaling systems that regulate stress mechanisms. The corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) family of peptides represents the canonical family of peptides that are pivotal to the regulation of stress in vertebrates. However, these peptides appear to have evolved at least 2 billion years after the formation of the first postulated bioactive peptides, suggesting that before this, other peptide systems played a role in stress and energy metabolism. The teneurin C-terminal associated peptides (TCAPs) are a recently discovered family of highly conserved peptides that are processed from the teneurin transmembrane proteins. This peptide/protein system is ubiquitous in multicellular organisms and evolved before the CRF family. TCAP-1 is a potent regulator of CRF-associated physiology and behavior and may play a significant role in the regulation of cell-to-cell communication and neuroplasticity in neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Tan
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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26
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Deregulated mTOR-mediated translation in intellectual disability. Prog Neurobiol 2012; 96:268-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2012.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2011] [Revised: 01/02/2012] [Accepted: 01/12/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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27
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Dharap A, Nakka VP, Vemuganti R. microRNAs in Ischemic Brain: The Fine-Tuning Specialists and Novel Therapeutic Targets. Transl Stroke Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-9530-8_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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28
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Goldie BJ, Cairns MJ. Post-transcriptional trafficking and regulation of neuronal gene expression. Mol Neurobiol 2011; 45:99-108. [PMID: 22167484 PMCID: PMC3259350 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-011-8222-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2011] [Accepted: 11/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular messenger RNA (mRNA) traffic and translation must be highly regulated, both temporally and spatially, within eukaryotic cells to support the complex functional partitioning. This capacity is essential in neurons because it provides a mechanism for rapid input-restricted activity-dependent protein synthesis in individual dendritic spines. While this feature is thought to be important for synaptic plasticity, the structures and mechanisms that support this capability are largely unknown. Certainly specialized RNA binding proteins and binding elements in the 3′ untranslated region (UTR) of translationally regulated mRNA are important, but the subtlety and complexity of this system suggests that an intermediate “specificity” component is also involved. Small non-coding microRNA (miRNA) are essential for CNS development and may fulfill this role by acting as the guide strand for mediating complex patterns of post-transcriptional regulation. In this review we examine post-synaptic gene regulation, mRNA trafficking and the emerging role of post-transcriptional gene silencing in synaptic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belinda J Goldie
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and the Hunter Medical Research Institute, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
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29
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Santoro MR, Bray SM, Warren ST. Molecular mechanisms of fragile X syndrome: a twenty-year perspective. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY-MECHANISMS OF DISEASE 2011; 7:219-45. [PMID: 22017584 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathol-011811-132457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 377] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is a common form of inherited intellectual disability and is one of the leading known causes of autism. The mutation responsible for FXS is a large expansion of the trinucleotide CGG repeat in the 5' untranslated region of the X-linked gene FMR1. This expansion leads to DNA methylation of FMR1 and to transcriptional silencing, which results in the absence of the gene product, FMRP, a selective messenger RNA (mRNA)-binding protein that regulates the translation of a subset of dendritic mRNAs. FMRP is critical for mGluR (metabotropic glutamate receptor)-dependent long-term depression, as well as for other forms of synaptic plasticity; its absence causes excessive and persistent protein synthesis in postsynaptic dendrites and dysregulated synaptic function. Studies continue to refine our understanding of FMRP's role in synaptic plasticity and to uncover new functions of this protein, which have illuminated therapeutic approaches for FXS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Santoro
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA.
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Oyang EL, Davidson BC, Lee W, Poon MM. Functional characterization of the dendritically localized mRNA neuronatin in hippocampal neurons. PLoS One 2011; 6:e24879. [PMID: 21935485 PMCID: PMC3173491 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0024879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2011] [Accepted: 08/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Local translation of dendritic mRNAs plays an important role in neuronal development and synaptic plasticity. Although several hundred putative dendritic transcripts have been identified in the hippocampus, relatively few have been verified by in situ hybridization and thus remain uncharacterized. One such transcript encodes the protein neuronatin. Neuronatin has been shown to regulate calcium levels in non-neuronal cells such as pancreatic or embryonic stem cells, but its function in mature neurons remains unclear. Here we report that neuronatin is translated in hippocampal dendrites in response to blockade of action potentials and NMDA-receptor dependent synaptic transmission by TTX and APV. Our study also reveals that neuronatin can adjust dendritic calcium levels by regulating intracellular calcium storage. We propose that neuronatin may impact synaptic plasticity by modulating dendritic calcium levels during homeostatic plasticity, thereby potentially regulating neuronal excitability, receptor trafficking, and calcium dependent signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine L. Oyang
- Department of Biology, Harvey Mudd College, Claremont, California, Untied States of America
| | - Bonnie C. Davidson
- Department of Biology, Harvey Mudd College, Claremont, California, Untied States of America
| | - Winfong Lee
- Department of Biology, Harvey Mudd College, Claremont, California, Untied States of America
| | - Michael M. Poon
- Department of Biology, Harvey Mudd College, Claremont, California, Untied States of America
- * E-mail:
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Natera-Naranjo O, Aschrafi A, Gioio AE, Kaplan BB. Identification and quantitative analyses of microRNAs located in the distal axons of sympathetic neurons. RNA (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2010; 16:1516-29. [PMID: 20584895 PMCID: PMC2905752 DOI: 10.1261/rna.1833310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2009] [Accepted: 05/17/2010] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
microRNAs (miRNAs) constitute a novel class of small, noncoding RNAs that act as negative post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression. Although the nervous system is a prominent site of miRNA expression, little is known about the spatial expression profiles of miRNAs in neurons. Here, we employed compartmentalized Campenot cell culture chambers to obtain a pure axonal RNA fraction of superior cervical ganglia (SCG) neurons, and determined the miRNA expression levels in these subcellular structural domains by microarray analysis and by real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. The data revealed stable expression of a number of mature miRNAs that were enriched in the axons and presynaptic nerve terminals. Among the 130 miRNAs identified in the axon, miR-15b, miR-16, miR-204, and miR-221 were found to be highly abundant in distal axons as compared with the cell bodies of primary sympathetic neurons. Moreover, a number of miRNAs encoded by a common primary transcript (pri-miRNA) were differentially expressed in the distal axons, suggesting that there is a differential subcellular transport of miRNAs derived from the same coding region of the genome. Taken together, the data provide an important resource for future studies on the regulation of axonal protein synthesis and the role played by miRNAs in the maintenance of axonal structure and function as well as neuronal growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orlangie Natera-Naranjo
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1381, USA
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Branco T, Häusser M. The single dendritic branch as a fundamental functional unit in the nervous system. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2010; 20:494-502. [DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2010.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2010] [Revised: 07/23/2010] [Accepted: 07/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Prion protein interaction with stress-inducible protein 1 enhances neuronal protein synthesis via mTOR. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:13147-52. [PMID: 20615969 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1000784107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies are fatal neurodegenerative diseases caused by the conversion of prion protein (PrP(C)) into an infectious isoform (PrP(Sc)). How this event leads to pathology is not fully understood. Here we demonstrate that protein synthesis in neurons is enhanced via PrP(C) interaction with stress-inducible protein 1 (STI1). We also show that neuroprotection and neuritogenesis mediated by PrP(C)-STI1 engagement are dependent upon the increased protein synthesis mediated by PI3K-mTOR signaling. Strikingly, the translational stimulation mediated by PrP(C)-STI1 binding is corrupted in neuronal cell lines persistently infected with PrP(Sc), as well as in primary cultured hippocampal neurons acutely exposed to PrP(Sc). Consistent with this, high levels of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2alpha (eIF2alpha) phosphorylation were found in PrP(Sc)-infected cells and in neurons acutely exposed to PrP(Sc). These data indicate that modulation of protein synthesis is critical for PrP(C)-STI1 neurotrophic functions, and point to the impairment of this process during PrP(Sc) infection as a possible contributor to neurodegeneration.
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Dölen G, Carpenter RL, Ocain TD, Bear MF. Mechanism-based approaches to treating fragile X. Pharmacol Ther 2010; 127:78-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2010.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2010] [Accepted: 02/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Mammalian target of rapamycin signaling modulates photic entrainment of the suprachiasmatic circadian clock. J Neurosci 2010; 30:6302-14. [PMID: 20445056 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.5482-09.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Inducible gene expression appears to be an essential event that couples light to entrainment of the master mammalian circadian clock located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus. Recently, we reported that light triggers phase-dependent activation of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway, a major regulator of protein synthesis, in the SCN, thus raising the possibility that mTOR-evoked mRNA translation contributes to clock entrainment. Here, we used a combination of cellular, molecular, and behavioral assays to address this question. To this end, we show that the in vivo infusion of the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin led to a significant attenuation of the phase-delaying effect of early-night light. Conversely, disruption of mTOR during the late night augmented the phase-advancing effect of light. To assess the role of mTOR signaling within the context of molecular entrainment, the effects of rapamycin on light-induced expression of PERIOD1 and PERIOD2 were examined. At both the early- and late-night time points, abrogation of mTOR signaling led to a significant attenuation of light-evoked PERIOD protein expression. Our results also reveal that light-induced mTOR activation leads to the translation of mRNAs with a 5'-terminal oligopyrimidine tract such as eukaryotic elongation factor 1A and the immediate early gene JunB. Together, these data indicate that the mTOR pathway functions as potent and selective regulator of light-evoked protein translation and SCN clock entrainment.
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Wang DO, Martin KC, Zukin RS. Spatially restricting gene expression by local translation at synapses. Trends Neurosci 2010; 33:173-82. [PMID: 20303187 PMCID: PMC3503250 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2010.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2009] [Revised: 01/12/2010] [Accepted: 01/19/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
mRNA localization and regulated translation provide a means of spatially restricting gene expression within each of the thousands of subcellular compartments made by a neuron, thereby vastly increasing the computational capacity of the brain. Recent studies reveal that local translation is regulated by stimuli that trigger neurite outgrowth and/or collapse, axon guidance, synapse formation, pruning, activity-dependent synaptic plasticity, and injury-induced axonal regeneration. Impairments in the local regulation of translation result in aberrant signaling, physiology and morphology of neurons, and are linked to neurological disorders. This review highlights current advances in understanding how mRNA translation is repressed during transport and how local translation is activated by stimuli. We address the function of local translation in the context of fragile X mental retardation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Ohtan Wang
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, USA
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Group 1 mGluR-dependent synaptic long-term depression: mechanisms and implications for circuitry and disease. Neuron 2010; 65:445-59. [PMID: 20188650 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2010.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 459] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Many excitatory synapses express Group 1, or Gq coupled, metabotropic glutamate receptors (Gp1 mGluRs) at the periphery of their postsynaptic density. Activation of Gp1 mGluRs typically occurs in response to strong activity and triggers long-term plasticity of synaptic transmission in many brain regions, including the neocortex, hippocampus, midbrain, striatum, and cerebellum. Here we focus on mGluR-induced long-term synaptic depression (LTD) and review the literature that implicates Gp1 mGluRs in the plasticity of behavior, learning, and memory. Moreover, recent studies investigating the molecular mechanisms of mGluR-LTD have discovered links to mental retardation, autism, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and drug addiction. We discuss how mGluRs lead to plasticity of neural circuits and how the understanding of the molecular mechanisms of mGluR plasticity provides insight into brain disease.
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Andreassi C, Zimmermann C, Mitter R, Fusco S, De Vita S, Devita S, Saiardi A, Riccio A. An NGF-responsive element targets myo-inositol monophosphatase-1 mRNA to sympathetic neuron axons. Nat Neurosci 2010; 13:291-301. [PMID: 20118926 DOI: 10.1038/nn.2486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2009] [Accepted: 12/14/2009] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
mRNA localization is an evolutionary conserved mechanism that underlies the establishment of cellular polarity and specialized cell functions. To identify mRNAs localized in subcellular compartments of developing neurons, we took an original approach that combines compartmentalized cultures of rat sympathetic neurons and sequential analysis of gene expression (SAGE). Unexpectedly, the most abundant transcript in axons was mRNA for myo-inositol monophosphatase-1 (Impa1), a key enzyme that regulates the inositol cycle and the main target of lithium in neurons. A novel localization element within the 3' untranslated region of Impa1 mRNA specifically targeted Impa1 transcript to sympathetic neuron axons and regulated local IMPA1 translation in response to nerve growth factor (NGF). Selective silencing of IMPA1 synthesis in axons decreased nuclear CREB activation and induced axonal degeneration. These results provide insights into mRNA transport in axons and reveal a new NGF-responsive localization element that directs the targeting and local translation of an axonal transcript.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catia Andreassi
- Medical Research Council Laboratory for Molecular and Cell Biology, University College London, London, UK
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39
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Heifets BD, Castillo PE. Endocannabinoid signaling and long-term synaptic plasticity. Annu Rev Physiol 2009; 71:283-306. [PMID: 19575681 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.physiol.010908.163149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 357] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Endocannabinoids (eCBs) are key activity-dependent signals regulating synaptic transmission throughout the central nervous system. Accordingly, eCBs are involved in neural functions ranging from feeding homeostasis to cognition. There is great interest in understanding how exogenous (e.g., cannabis) and endogenous cannabinoids affect behavior. Because behavioral adaptations are widely considered to rely on changes in synaptic strength, the prevalence of eCB-mediated long-term depression (eCB-LTD) at synapses throughout the brain merits close attention. The induction and expression of eCB-LTD, although remarkably similar at various synapses, are controlled by an array of regulatory influences that we are just beginning to uncover. This complexity endows eCB-LTD with important computational properties, such as coincidence detection and input specificity, critical for higher CNS functions like learning and memory. In this article, we review the major molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying eCB-LTD, as well as the potential physiological relevance of this widespread form of synaptic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris D Heifets
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
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40
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Panja D, Dagyte G, Bidinosti M, Wibrand K, Kristiansen AM, Sonenberg N, Bramham CR. Novel translational control in Arc-dependent long term potentiation consolidation in vivo. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:31498-511. [PMID: 19755425 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.056077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulation of translation factor activity plays a major role in protein synthesis-dependent forms of synaptic plasticity. We examined translational control across the critical period of Arc synthesis underlying consolidation of long term potentiation (LTP) in the dentate gyrus of intact, anesthetized rats. LTP induction by high frequency stimulation (HFS) evoked phosphorylation of the cap-binding protein eukaryotic initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) and dephosphorylation of eIF2alpha on a protracted time course matching the time-window of Arc translation. Local infusion of the ERK inhibitor U0126 inhibited LTP maintenance and Arc protein expression, blocked changes in eIF4E and eIF2alpha phosphorylation state, and prevented initiation complex (eIF4F) formation. Surprisingly, inhibition of the mTOR protein complex 1 (mTORC1) with rapamycin did not impair LTP maintenance or Arc synthesis nor did it inhibit eIF4F formation or phosphorylation of eIF4E. Rapamycin nonetheless blocked mTOR signaling to p70 S6 kinase and ribosomal protein S6 and inhibited synthesis of components of the translational machinery. Using immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization, we show that Arc protein expression depends on dual, ERK-dependent transcription and translation. Arc translation is selectively blocked by pharmacological inhibition of mitogen-activated protein kinase-interacting kinase (MNK), the kinase coupling ERK to eIF4E phosphorylation. Furthermore, MNK signaling was required for eIF4F formation. These results support a dominant role for ERK-MNK signaling in control of translational initiation and Arc synthesis during LTP consolidation in the dentate gyrus. In contrast, mTORC1 signaling is activated but nonessential for Arc synthesis and LTP. The work, thus, identifies translational control mechanisms uniquely tuned to Arc-dependent LTP consolidation in live rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debabrata Panja
- Department of Biomedicine and Bergen Mental Health Research Center, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 91, 5009 Bergen, Norway
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Abstract
The age of an experimental animal can be a critical variable, yet age matters are often overlooked within neuroscience. Many studies make use of young animals, without considering possible differences between immature and mature subjects. This is especially problematic when attempting to model traits or diseases that do not emerge until adulthood. In this commentary we discuss the reasons for this apparent bias in age of experimental animals, and illustrate the problem with a systematic review of published articles on long-term potentiation. Additionally, we review the developmental stages of a rat and discuss the difficulty of using the weight of an animal as a predictor of its age. Finally, we provide original data from our laboratory and review published data to emphasize that development is an ongoing process that does not end with puberty. Developmental changes can be quantitative in nature, involving gradual changes, rapid switches, or inverted U-shaped curves. Changes can also be qualitative. Thus, phenomena that appear to be unitary may be governed by different mechanisms at different ages. We conclude that selection of the age of the animals may be critically important in the design and interpretation of neurobiological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Edgar McCutcheon
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, The Chicago Medical School, 3333 Green Bay Road, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
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42
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Protein translation in synaptic plasticity: mGluR-LTD, Fragile X. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2009; 19:319-26. [PMID: 19411173 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2009.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2009] [Revised: 03/26/2009] [Accepted: 03/31/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Synaptically activated, rapid and dendritic synthesis of new proteins has long been proposed to mediate long-lasting changes at the synapse [Steward O, Schuman EM: Protein synthesis at synaptic sites on dendrites.Annu Rev Neurosci 2001, 24:299-325]. Studies of group 1 metabotropic glutamate receptor-dependent long-term depression (mGluR-LTD) have provided new insight into dendritic or local translation and plasticity. Here we highlight these exciting results and discuss how synaptic activity controls local translation, the proteins that are synthesized in dendrites, how they affect synaptic function and how altered local translational control contributes to a form of human mental retardation, Fragile X Syndrome.
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Grange J, Belly A, Dupas S, Trembleau A, Sadoul R, Goldberg Y. Specific interaction between Sam68 and neuronal mRNAs: implication for the activity-dependent biosynthesis of elongation factor eEF1A. J Neurosci Res 2009; 87:12-25. [PMID: 18711726 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.21824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In cultured hippocampal neurons and in adult brain, the splicing regulatory protein Sam68 is partially relocated to the somatodendritic domain and associates with dendritic polysomes. Transfer to the dendrites is activity-dependent. We have investigated the repertoire of neuronal mRNAs to which Sam68 binds in vivo. By using coimmunoprecipitation and microarray screening techniques, Sam68 was found to associate with a number of plasticity-related mRNA species, including Eef1a1, an activity-responsive mRNA coding for translation elongation factor eEF1A. In cortical neuronal cultures, translation of the Eef1a1 mRNA was strongly induced by neuronal depolarisation and correlated with enhanced association of Sam68 with polysomal mRNAs. The possible function of Sam68 in Eef1a1 mRNA utilization was studied by expressing a dominant-negative, cytoplasmic Sam68 mutant (GFP-Sam68DeltaC) in cultured hippocampal neurons. The level of eEF1A was lower in neurons expressing GFP-Sam68DeltaC than in control neurons, supporting the proposal that endogenous Sam68 may contribute to the translational efficiency of the Eef1a1 mRNA. These findings are discussed in the light of the complex, potentially crucial regulation of eEF1A biosynthesis during long-term synaptic change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Grange
- Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble Institute of Neuroscience, Grenoble, France
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44
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Subcellular neuropharmacology: the importance of intracellular targeting. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2009; 30:203-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2009.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2008] [Revised: 01/09/2009] [Accepted: 01/21/2009] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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45
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Costa-Mattioli M, Sossin WS, Klann E, Sonenberg N. Translational control of long-lasting synaptic plasticity and memory. Neuron 2009; 61:10-26. [PMID: 19146809 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2008.10.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 722] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2008] [Revised: 10/10/2008] [Accepted: 10/17/2008] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Long-lasting forms of synaptic plasticity and memory are dependent on new protein synthesis. Recent advances obtained from genetic, physiological, pharmacological, and biochemical studies provide strong evidence that translational control plays a key role in regulating long-term changes in neural circuits and thus long-term modifications in behavior. Translational control is important for regulating both general protein synthesis and synthesis of specific proteins in response to neuronal activity. In this review, we summarize and discuss recent progress in the field and highlight the prospects for better understanding of long-lasting changes in synaptic strength, learning, and memory and implications for neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Costa-Mattioli
- Department of Biochemistry and McGill Cancer Center, McGill University, Montreal QCH3G1Y6, Canada.
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46
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Bassell GJ, Warren ST. Fragile X syndrome: loss of local mRNA regulation alters synaptic development and function. Neuron 2008; 60:201-14. [PMID: 18957214 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2008.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 800] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Fragile X syndrome is the most common inherited form of cognitive deficiency in humans and perhaps the best-understood single cause of autism. A trinucleotide repeat expansion, inactivating the X-linked FMR1 gene, leads to the absence of the fragile X mental retardation protein. FMRP is a selective RNA-binding protein that regulates the local translation of a subset of mRNAs at synapses in response to activation of Gp1 metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) and possibly other receptors. In the absence of FMRP, excess and dysregulated mRNA translation leads to altered synaptic function and loss of protein synthesis-dependent plasticity. Recent evidence indicates the role of FMRP in regulated mRNA transport in dendrites. New studies also suggest a possible local function of FMRP in axons that may be important for guidance, synaptic development, and formation of neural circuits. The understanding of FMRP function at synapses has led to rationale therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary J Bassell
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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47
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Sánchez-Carbente MDR, Desgroseillers L. Understanding the importance of mRNA transport in memory. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2008; 169:41-58. [PMID: 18394467 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6123(07)00003-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
RNA localization is an important mechanism to sort proteins to specific subcellular domains. In neurons, several mRNAs are localized in dendrites and their presence allows autonomous control of local translation in response to stimulation of specific synapses. Active constitutive and activity-induced mechanisms of mRNA transport have been described that represent critical steps in the establishment and maintenance of synaptic plasticity. In recent years, the molecular composition of different transporting units has been reported and the identification of proteins and mRNAs in these RNA granules contributes to our understanding of the key steps that regulate mRNA transport and translation. Although RNA granules are heterogeneous, several proteins are common to different RNA granule populations, suggesting that they play important roles in the formation of the granules and/or their regulation during transport and translation. About 1-4% of the neuron transcriptome is found in RNA granules and the characterization of bound mRNAs reveal that they encode proteins of the cytoskeleton, the translation machinery, vesicle trafficking, and/or proteins involved in synaptic plasticity. Non-coding RNAs and microRNAs are also found in dendrites and likely regulate RNA translation. These mechanisms of mRNA transport and local translation are critical for synaptic plasticity mediated by activity or experience and memory.
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48
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Abraham WC. Metaplasticity: tuning synapses and networks for plasticity. Nat Rev Neurosci 2008; 9:387. [PMID: 18401345 DOI: 10.1038/nrn2356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 669] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Synaptic plasticity is a key component of the learning machinery in the brain. It is vital that such plasticity be tightly regulated so that it occurs to the proper extent at the proper time. Activity-dependent mechanisms that have been collectively termed metaplasticity have evolved to help implement these essential computational constraints. Various intercellular signalling molecules can trigger lasting changes in the ability of synapses to express plasticity; their mechanisms of action are reviewed here, along with a consideration of how metaplasticity might affect learning and clinical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wickliffe C Abraham
- Department of Psychology and the Brain Health and Repair Research Centre, University of Otago, BOX 56, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand.
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49
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Wang IF, Wu LS, Chang HY, Shen CKJ. TDP-43, the signature protein of FTLD-U, is a neuronal activity-responsive factor. J Neurochem 2008; 105:797-806. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2007.05190.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 268] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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50
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Schicknick H, Schott BH, Budinger E, Smalla KH, Riedel A, Seidenbecher CI, Scheich H, Gundelfinger ED, Tischmeyer W. Dopaminergic modulation of auditory cortex-dependent memory consolidation through mTOR. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 18:2646-58. [PMID: 18321872 PMCID: PMC2567422 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhn026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies in the auditory cortex of Mongolian gerbils on discrimination learning of the direction of frequency-modulated tones (FMs) revealed that long-term memory formation involves activation of the dopaminergic system, activity of the protein kinase mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), and protein synthesis. This led to the hypothesis that the dopaminergic system might modulate memory formation via regulation of mTOR, which is implicated in translational control. Here, we report that the D1/D5 dopamine receptor agonist SKF-38393 substantially improved gerbils’ FM discrimination learning when administered systemically or locally into the auditory cortex shortly before, shortly after, or 1 day before conditioning. Although acquisition performance during initial training was normal, the discrimination of FMs was enhanced during retraining performed hours or days after agonist injection compared with vehicle-injected controls. The D1/D5 receptor antagonist SCH-23390, the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin, and the protein synthesis blocker anisomycin suppressed this effect. By immunohistochemistry, D1 dopamine receptors were identified in the gerbil auditory cortex predominantly in the infragranular layers. Together, these findings suggest that in the gerbil auditory cortex dopaminergic inputs regulate mTOR-mediated, protein synthesis-dependent mechanisms, thus controlling for hours or days the consolidation of memory required for the discrimination of complex auditory stimuli.
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