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Pahlenkemper M, Bernhard H, Reithler J, Roberts MJ. Behavioural interference at event boundaries reduces long-term memory performance in the virtual water maze task without affecting working memory performance. Cognition 2024; 250:105859. [PMID: 38896998 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2024.105859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Narrative episodic memory of movie clips can be retroactively impaired by presenting unrelated stimuli coinciding with event boundaries. This effect has been linked with rapid hippocampal processes triggered by the offset of the event, that are alternatively related either to memory consolidation or with working memory processes. Here we tested whether this effect extended to spatial memory, the temporal specificity and extent of the interference, and its effect on working- vs long-term memory. In three computerized adaptations of the Morris Water Maze, participants learned the location of an invisible target over three trials each. A second spatial navigation task was presented either immediately after finding the target, after a 10-s delay, or no second task was presented (control condition). A recall session, in which participants indicated the learned target location with 10 'pin-drop' trials for each condition, was performed after a 1-h or a 24-h break. Spatial memory was measured by the mean distance between pins and the true location. Results indicated that the immediate presentation of the second task led to worse memory performance, for both break durations, compared to the delayed condition. There was no difference in performance between the delayed presentation and the control condition. Despite this long-term memory effect, we found no difference in the rate of performance improvement during the learning session, indicating no effect of the second task on working memory. Our findings are in line with a rapid process, linked to the offset of an event, that is involved in the early stages of memory consolidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Pahlenkemper
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Hannah Bernhard
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Joel Reithler
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Maastricht Brain Imaging Center (M-BIC), Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Mark J Roberts
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Maastricht Brain Imaging Center (M-BIC), Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
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Weinstein JJ, Moeller SJ, Perlman G, Gil R, Van Snellenberg JX, Wengler K, Meng J, Slifstein M, Abi-Dargham A. Imaging the Vesicular Acetylcholine Transporter in Schizophrenia: A Positron Emission Tomography Study Using [ 18F]-VAT. Biol Psychiatry 2024:S0006-3223(24)00062-3. [PMID: 38309322 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2024.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite longstanding interest in the central cholinergic system in schizophrenia (SCZ), cholinergic imaging studies with patients have been limited to receptors. Here, we conducted a proof-of-concept positron emission tomography study using [18F]-VAT, a new radiotracer that targets the vesicular acetylcholine transporter as a proxy measure of acetylcholine transmission capacity, in patients with SCZ and explored relationships of vesicular acetylcholine transporter with clinical symptoms and cognition. METHODS A total of 18 adult patients with SCZ or schizoaffective disorder (the SCZ group) and 14 healthy control participants underwent a positron emission tomography scan with [18F]-VAT. Distribution volume (VT) for [18F]-VAT was derived for each region of interest, and group differences in VT were assessed with 2-sample t tests. Functional significance was explored through correlations between VT and scores on the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale and a computerized neurocognitive battery (PennCNB). RESULTS No group differences in [18F]-VAT VT were observed. However, within the SCZ group, psychosis symptom severity was positively associated with VT in multiple regions of interest, with the strongest effects in the hippocampus, thalamus, midbrain, cerebellum, and cortex. In addition, in the SCZ group, working memory performance was negatively associated with VT in the substantia innominata and several cortical regions of interest including the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. CONCLUSIONS In this initial study, the severity of 2 important features of SCZ-psychosis and working memory deficit-was strongly associated with [18F]-VAT VT in several cortical and subcortical regions. These correlations provide preliminary evidence of cholinergic activity involvement in SCZ and, if replicated in larger samples, could lead to a more complete mechanistic understanding of psychosis and cognitive deficits in SCZ and the development of therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodi J Weinstein
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Stony Brook University Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook, New York; Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Vagelos School of Medicine and New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York.
| | - Scott J Moeller
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Stony Brook University Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook, New York
| | - Greg Perlman
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Stony Brook University Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook, New York
| | - Roberto Gil
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Stony Brook University Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook, New York
| | - Jared X Van Snellenberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Stony Brook University Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook, New York; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York; Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York
| | - Kenneth Wengler
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Vagelos School of Medicine and New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York; Department of Radiology, Stony Brook University Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook, New York
| | - Jiayan Meng
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Stony Brook University Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook, New York
| | - Mark Slifstein
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Stony Brook University Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook, New York
| | - Anissa Abi-Dargham
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Stony Brook University Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook, New York; Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Vagelos School of Medicine and New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York
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Varma MM, Chowdhury A, Yu R. The road not taken: Common and distinct neural correlates of regret and relief. Neuroimage 2023; 283:120413. [PMID: 37858905 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2023.120413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Humans anticipate and evaluate both obtained and counterfactual outcomes - outcomes that could have been had an alternate decision been taken - and experience associated emotions of regret and relief. Although many functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies have examined the neural correlates of these emotions, there is substantial heterogeneity in their results. We conducted coordinate-based ALE and network-based ANM meta-analysis of fMRI studies of experienced regret and relief to examine commonalities and differences in their neural correlates. Regionally, we observed that the experience of both regret and relief was associated with greater activation in the right ventral striatum (VS), which is implicated in tracking reward prediction error. At the network level, regret and relief shared the reward-sensitive mesocorticolimbic network with preferential activation of the medial orbitofrontal cortex (mOFC) for regret processing and medial cingulate cortex (MCC) for relief processing. Our research identified shared and separable brain systems subserving regret and relief experience, which may inform the treatment of regret-related mood disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohith M Varma
- Department of Management, Marketing, and Information Systems, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Avijit Chowdhury
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rongjun Yu
- Department of Management, Marketing, and Information Systems, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.
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Komlao P, Kraiwattanapirom N, Promyo K, Hein ZM, Chetsawang B. Melatonin enhances the restoration of neurological impairments and cognitive deficits during drug withdrawal in methamphetamine-induced toxicity and endoplasmic reticulum stress in rats. Neurotoxicology 2023; 99:305-312. [PMID: 37979660 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2023.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023]
Abstract
Methamphetamine (METH) is a psychostimulant with a very high addiction rate. Prolonged use of METH has been observed as one of the root causes of neurotoxicity. Melatonin (Mel) has been found to have a significant role in METH-induced neurotoxicity. This study aimed to investigate the restorative effect of Mel on behavioral flexibility in METH-induced cognitive deficits. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to be intraperitoneally injected with saline (control) or Meth at 5 mg/kg for 7 consecutive days. Then, METH injection was withdrawn and rats in each group were subcutaneously injected with saline or Mel at 10 mg/kg for 14 consecutive days. The stereotypic behavioral test and attentional set-shifting task (ASST) were used to evaluate neurological functions and cognitive flexibility, respectively. Rats developed abnormal features of stereotyped behaviors and deficits in cognitive flexibility after 7 days of METH administration. However, post-treatment with Mel for 14 days after METH withdrawal dramatically ameliorated the neurological and cognitive deficits in METH-treated rats. Blood biomarkers indicated METH-induced systemic low-grade inflammation. Moreover, METH-induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in the prefrontal cortex was diminished by melatonin supplementation. These findings might reveal the therapeutic potential of Mel in METH toxicity-induced neurological and cognitive deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pongphat Komlao
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Natcharee Kraiwattanapirom
- Research Center for Neuroscience, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Salaya, Nakhonpathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Kitipong Promyo
- School of Food Technology, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
| | - Zaw Myo Hein
- Basic Medical Sciences Department, College of Medicine and Center of Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman P.O. Box 346, United Arab Emirates
| | - Banthit Chetsawang
- Research Center for Neuroscience, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Salaya, Nakhonpathom 73170, Thailand.
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de Leo G, Gulino R, Coradazzi M, Leanza G. Acetylcholine and noradrenaline differentially regulate hippocampus-dependent spatial learning and memory. Brain Commun 2022; 5:fcac338. [PMID: 36632183 PMCID: PMC9825812 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcac338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe loss of cholinergic neurons in the basal forebrain nuclei and of noradrenergic neurons in the locus coeruleus are almost invariant histopathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease. However, the role of these transmitter systems in the spectrum of cognitive dysfunctions typical of the disease is still unclear, nor is it yet fully known whether do these systems interact and how. Selective ablation of either neuronal population, or both of them combined, were produced in developing animals to investigate their respective and/or concurrent contribution to spatial learning and memory, known to be severely affected in Alzheimer's disease. Single or double lesions were created in 4-8 days old rats by bilateral intraventricular infusion of two selective immunotoxins. At about 16 weeks of age, the animals underwent behavioural tests specifically designed to evaluate reference and working memory abilities, and their brains were later processed for quantitative morphological analyses. Animals with lesion to either system alone showed no significant reference memory deficits which, by contrast, were evident in the double-lesioned subjects. These animals could not adopt an efficient search strategy on a given testing day and were unable to transfer all relevant information to the next day, suggesting deficits in acquisition, storage and/or recall. Only animals with single noradrenergic or double lesions exhibited impaired working memory. Interestingly, ablation of cholinergic afferents to the hippocampus stimulated a robust ingrowth of thick fibres from the superior cervical ganglion which, however, did not appear to have contributed to the observed cognitive performance. Ascending cholinergic and noradrenergic afferents to the hippocampus and neocortex appear to be primarily involved in the regulation of different cognitive domains, but they may functionally interact, mainly at hippocampal level, for sustaining normal learning and memory. Moreover, these transmitter systems are likely to compensate for each other, but apparently not via ingrowing sympathetic fibres.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marino Coradazzi
- Neurogenesis and Repair Lab., B.R.A.I.N. Centre for Neuroscience, Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Fleming 2, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Giampiero Leanza
- Correspondence to: Giampiero Leanza Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania Via S. Sofia 64, 95125 Catania, Italy E-mail:
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Huang Q, Liao C, Ge F, Ao J, Liu T. Acetylcholine bidirectionally regulates learning and memory. JOURNAL OF NEURORESTORATOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnrt.2022.100002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Ganoderma tsugae prevents cognitive impairment and attenuates oxidative damage in d-galactose-induced aging in the rat brain. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0266331. [PMID: 35390035 PMCID: PMC8989198 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0266331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Lingzhi has long been regarded as having life-prolonging effects. Research in recent years has also reported that Lingzhi possesses anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, hepatoprotective, and anti-lipogenic effects. The D-galactose (D-gal, 100 mg/kg/day)-induced aging Long-Evans rats were simultaneously orally administered a DMSO extract of Ganoderma tsugae (GTDE, 200 μg/kg/day) for 25 weeks to investigate the effects of GTDE on oxidative stress and memory deficits in the D-galactose-induced aging rats. We found that GTDE significantly improved the locomotion and spatial memory and learning in the aging rats. GTDE alleviated the aging-induced reduction of dendritic branching in neurons of the hippocampus and cerebral cortex. Immunoblotting revealed a significant increase in the protein expression levels of the superoxide dismutase-1 (SOD-1) and catalase, and the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in rats that received GTDE. D-gal-induced increase in the lipid peroxidation product 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) was significantly attenuated after the administration of GTDE, and pyrin domain-containing 3 protein (NLRP3) revealed a significant decrease in NLRP3 expression after GTDE administration. Lastly, GTDE significantly reduced the advanced glycosylation end products (AGEs). In conclusion, GTDE increases antioxidant capacity and BDNF expression of the brain, protects the dendritic structure of neurons, and reduces aging-induced neuronal damage, thereby attenuating cognitive impairment caused by aging.
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Idebenone improves motor dysfunction, learning and memory by regulating mitophagy in MPTP-treated mice. Cell Death Dis 2022; 8:28. [PMID: 35039479 PMCID: PMC8764058 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-022-00826-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The progression of Parkinson’s disease (PD) is often accompanied by the loss of substantia nigra dopaminergic neurons, mitophagy damage, learning, and memory impairment. Idebenone is a therapeutic drug that targets the mitochondria of neurodegenerative diseases, but its role in Parkinson’s disease and its pathological mechanism are still unclear. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether idebenone could improve behavioral disorders, especially motor, learning, and memory disorders, in mouse PD models and to explore its molecular mechanism. In the present study, C57BL-6 mice underwent intraperitoneal injection of MPTP (30 mg/kg) once a day for five consecutive days. Then, a 200 mg/kg dose was given as a single daily gavage of idebenone dissolved in water for 21 days after the successful establishment of the subacute MPTP model. Motor, learning, and memory were measured by a water maze and a rotarod test. Our results showed that idebenone could reduce MPTP-induced dopaminergic neuron damage and improve movement disorders, memory, and learning ability, which may be associated with upregulating mitochondrial autophagy-related outer membrane proteins VDAC1 and BNIP3 and activating the Parkin/PINK1 mitochondrial autophagy pathway. To confirm whether idebenone promotes the smooth progression of autophagy, we used eGFP-mCherry-LC3 mice to construct a subacute model of Parkinson’s disease and found that idebenone can increase autophagy in dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson’s disease. In summary, our results confirm that idebenone can regulate the expression of the mitochondrial outer membrane proteins VDAC1 and BNIP3, activate Parkin/PINK1 mitophagy, promote the degradation of damaged mitochondria, reduce dopaminergic neuron damage, and improve behavioral disorders in Parkinson’s disease mice.
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9
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McLaurin KA, Harris M, Madormo V, Harrod SB, Mactutus CF, Booze RM. HIV-Associated Apathy/Depression and Neurocognitive Impairments Reflect Persistent Dopamine Deficits. Cells 2021; 10:2158. [PMID: 34440928 PMCID: PMC8392364 DOI: 10.3390/cells10082158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals living with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) are often plagued by debilitating neurocognitive impairments and affective alterations;the pathophysiology underlying these deficits likely includes dopaminergic system dysfunction. The present review utilized four interrelated aims to critically examine the evidence for dopaminergic alterations following HIV-1 viral protein exposure. First, basal dopamine (DA) values are dependent upon both brain region andexperimental approach (i.e., high-performance liquid chromatography, microdialysis or fast-scan cyclic voltammetry). Second, neurochemical measurements overwhelmingly support decreased DA concentrations following chronic HIV-1 viral protein exposure. Neurocognitive impairments, including alterations in pre-attentive processes and attention, as well as apathetic behaviors, provide an additional line of evidence for dopaminergic deficits in HIV-1. Third, to date, there is no compelling evidence that combination antiretroviral therapy (cART), the primary treatment regimen for HIV-1 seropositive individuals, has any direct pharmacological action on the dopaminergic system. Fourth, the infection of microglia by HIV-1 viral proteins may mechanistically underlie the dopamine deficit observed following chronic HIV-1 viral protein exposure. An inclusive and critical evaluation of the literature, therefore, supports the fundamental conclusion that long-term HIV-1 viral protein exposure leads to a decreased dopaminergic state, which continues to persist despite the advent of cART. Thus, effective treatment of HIV-1-associated apathy/depression and neurocognitive impairments must focus on strategies for rectifying decreases in dopamine function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Rosemarie M. Booze
- Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA; (K.A.M.); (M.H.); (V.M.); (S.B.H.); (C.F.M.)
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10
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Saebi Rad F, Haghparast A, Eliassi A. Ventral Tegmental Area Microinjected-SKF38393 Increases Regular Chow Intake in 18 Hours Food-Deprived Rats. Basic Clin Neurosci 2020; 11:773-780. [PMID: 33850614 PMCID: PMC8019846 DOI: 10.32598/bcn.11.6.2226.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA) dopamine neurons play an important role in reward mechanisms of food intake, and VTA dopamine receptors exist on the terminal of glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons and regulate Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) and glutamate release. To our knowledge, no evidence indicates any role for VTA D1 dopamine receptors in regular chow intake. METHODS In this paper, different dose of SKF38393, a D1 receptor agonist, was microinjected in VTA of 18-h food deprived-conscious rats and food intake was measured. RESULTS Our results revealed that VTAmicroinjected SKF383993 increased regular chow intake in a dose-dependent manner. The SKF3833 stimulatory effect persisted over 2 h post-injection. The results showed that the SKF38393, at doses less than 5 μg, did not affect locomotor activities. CONCLUSION VTA D1-like and/or serotonergic receptors may be involved in regulatory pathways. the current study suggests that VTA D1-like and/or serotonergic receptors not only affects food reward but is also involved in regulatory mechanisms of regular feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzaneh Saebi Rad
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Physiology, School of Medical, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Haghparast
- Department of Physiology, School of Medical, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Afsaneh Eliassi
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Physiology, School of Medical, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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The lateralization of left hippocampal CA3 during the retrieval of spatial working memory. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2901. [PMID: 32518226 PMCID: PMC7283476 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16698-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The hippocampal CA3 contributes to spatial working memory (SWM), but which stage of SWM the CA3 neurons act on and whether the lateralization of CA3 function occurs in SWM is also unknown. Here, we reveal increased neural activity in both sample and choice phases of SWM. Left CA3 (LCA3) neurons show higher sensitivity in the choice phase during the correct versus error trials compared with right CA3 (RCA3) neurons. LCA3 initiates firing prior to RCA3 in the choice phase. Optogenetic suppression of pyramidal neurons in LCA3 disrupts SWM only in the choice phase. Furthermore, we discover that parvalbumin (PV) neurons, rather than cholinergic neurons in the medial septum (DB were cholinergic neurons), can project directly to unilateral CA3. Selective suppression of PV neurons in the MS projecting to LCA3 impairs SWM. The findings suggest that MSPV-LCA3 projection plays a crucial role in manipulating the lateralization of LCA3 in the retrieval of SWM. The CA3 region of the hippocampus is involved in spatial working memory. Here, the authors show that neurons in the left CA3 are more active in the choice phase of correct trials of spatial working memory than neurons in the right CA3, revealing lateralization of spatial working memory.
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Matt SM, Gaskill PJ. Where Is Dopamine and how do Immune Cells See it?: Dopamine-Mediated Immune Cell Function in Health and Disease. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2020; 15:114-164. [PMID: 31077015 PMCID: PMC6842680 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-019-09851-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Dopamine is well recognized as a neurotransmitter in the brain, and regulates critical functions in a variety of peripheral systems. Growing research has also shown that dopamine acts as an important regulator of immune function. Many immune cells express dopamine receptors and other dopamine related proteins, enabling them to actively respond to dopamine and suggesting that dopaminergic immunoregulation is an important part of proper immune function. A detailed understanding of the physiological concentrations of dopamine in specific regions of the human body, particularly in peripheral systems, is critical to the development of hypotheses and experiments examining the effects of physiologically relevant dopamine concentrations on immune cells. Unfortunately, the dopamine concentrations to which these immune cells would be exposed in different anatomical regions are not clear. To address this issue, this comprehensive review details the current information regarding concentrations of dopamine found in both the central nervous system and in many regions of the periphery. In addition, we discuss the immune cells present in each region, and how these could interact with dopamine in each compartment described. Finally, the review briefly addresses how changes in these dopamine concentrations could influence immune cell dysfunction in several disease states including Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, as well as the collection of pathologies, cognitive and motor symptoms associated with HIV infection in the central nervous system, known as NeuroHIV. These data will improve our understanding of the interactions between the dopaminergic and immune systems during both homeostatic function and in disease, clarify the effects of existing dopaminergic drugs and promote the creation of new therapeutic strategies based on manipulating immune function through dopaminergic signaling. Graphical Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Matt
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19102, USA
| | - P J Gaskill
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19102, USA.
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Ermine CM, Wright JL, Frausin S, Kauhausen JA, Parish CL, Stanic D, Thompson LH. Modelling the dopamine and noradrenergic cell loss that occurs in Parkinson's disease and the impact on hippocampal neurogenesis. Hippocampus 2018; 28:327-337. [PMID: 29431270 PMCID: PMC5969306 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2017] [Revised: 01/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Key pathological features of Parkinson's Disease (PD) include the progressive degeneration of midbrain dopaminergic (DA) neurons and hindbrain noradrenergic (NA) neurons. The loss of DA neurons has been extensively studied and is the main cause of motor dysfunction. Importantly, however, there are a range of ‘non‐movement’ related features of PD including cognitive dysfunction, sleep disturbances and mood disorders. The origins for these non‐motor symptoms are less clear, but a possible substrate for cognitive decline may be reduced adult‐hippocampal neurogenesis, which is reported to be impaired in PD. The mechanisms underlying reduced neurogenesis in PD are not well established. Here we tested the hypothesis that NA and DA depletion, as occurs in PD, impairs hippocampal neurogenesis. We used 6‐hydroxydopamine or the immunotoxin dopamine‐β‐hydroxylase‐saporin to selectively lesion DA or NA neurons, respectively, in adult Sprague Dawley rats and assessed hippocampal neurogenesis through phenotyping of cells birth‐dated using 5‐bromo‐2′‐deoxyuridine. The results showed no difference in proliferation or differentiation of newborn cells in the subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus after NA or DA lesions. This suggests that impairment of hippocampal neurogenesis in PD likely results from mechanisms independent of, or in addition to degeneration of DA and NA neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte M Ermine
- Neurodegeneration division, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jordan L Wright
- Neurodegeneration division, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stefano Frausin
- Neurodegeneration division, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jessica A Kauhausen
- Neurodegeneration division, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Clare L Parish
- Neurodegeneration division, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Davor Stanic
- Neurodegeneration division, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lachlan H Thompson
- Neurodegeneration division, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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Bezu M, Maliković J, Kristofova M, Engidawork E, Höger H, Lubec G, Korz V. Spatial Working Memory in Male Rats: Pre-Experience and Task Dependent Roles of Dopamine D1- and D2-Like Receptors. Front Behav Neurosci 2017; 11:196. [PMID: 29081740 PMCID: PMC5645514 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2017.00196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The dopaminergic system is known to be involved in working memory processed by several brain regions like prefrontal cortex (PFC), hippocampus, striatum. In an earlier study we could show that Levodopa but not Modafinil enhanced working memory in a T-maze only during the early phase of training (day 3), whereas the later phase remained unaffected. Rats treated with a higher dose performed better than low dose treated rats. Here we could more specifically segregate the contributions of dopamine type 1- and 2- like receptors (D1R; D2R) to the training state dependent modulation of spatial working memory by intracerebroventricular (ICV) application of a D1R-like (SKF81297) and D2R-like agonist (Sumanirole) and antagonist (SCH23390, Remoxipride) at a low and high dose through 3 days of training. The D1R-like-agonist at both doses enhanced working memory at day 1 but only in the low dose treated rats enhancement persists over training compared to control rats. Rats treated with a high dose of a D1R-like-antagonist show persistent enhancement of working memory over training, whereas in low dose treated rats no statistical difference at any time point could be determined compared to controls. The D2R-like-agonist at both doses does not show an effect at any time point when compared to control animals, whereas the D2R-like antagonist at a low dose enhanced working memory at day 2. For the most effective D1R-like agonist, we repeated the experiments in a water maze working memory task, to test for task dependent differences in working memory modulations. Treated rats at both doses did not differ as compared to controls, but the temporal behavioral performance of all groups was different compared to T-maze trained rats. The results are in line with the view that spatial working memory is optimized within a limited range of dopaminergic transmission, however suggest that these ranges vary during spatial training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mekite Bezu
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jovana Maliković
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martina Kristofova
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ephrem Engidawork
- School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Harald Höger
- Core Unit of Biomedical Research, Division of Laboratory Animal Science and Genetics, Department of Biomedicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gert Lubec
- Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Volker Korz
- Brain Research Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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15
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Ballinger EC, Ananth M, Talmage DA, Role LW. Basal Forebrain Cholinergic Circuits and Signaling in Cognition and Cognitive Decline. Neuron 2017; 91:1199-1218. [PMID: 27657448 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2016.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 448] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Recent work continues to place cholinergic circuits at center stage for normal executive and mnemonic functioning and provides compelling evidence that the loss of cholinergic signaling and cognitive decline are inextricably linked. This Review focuses on the last few years of studies on the mechanisms by which cholinergic signaling contributes to circuit activity related to cognition. We attempt to identify areas of controversy, as well as consensus, on what is and is not yet known about how cholinergic signaling in the CNS contributes to normal cognitive processes. In addition, we delineate the findings from recent work on the extent to which dysfunction of cholinergic circuits contributes to cognitive decline associated with neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth C Ballinger
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Program in Neuroscience, Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA.
| | - Mala Ananth
- Program in Neuroscience, Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Science, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - David A Talmage
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, CNS Disorders Center, Center for Molecular Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Lorna W Role
- Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, Neurosciences Institute, CNS Disorders Center, Center for Molecular Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA.
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16
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The regulation of SKF38393 on the signaling pathway of dopamine D 1 receptor in hippocampus during chronic sleep deprivation. Neurosci Lett 2017; 654:42-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2017.05.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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17
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Combined immunohistochemical and retrograde tracing reveals little evidence of innervation of the rat dentate gyrus by midbrain dopamine neurons. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11515-016-1404-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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18
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Ryczko D, Cone JJ, Alpert MH, Goetz L, Auclair F, Dubé C, Parent M, Roitman MF, Alford S, Dubuc R. A descending dopamine pathway conserved from basal vertebrates to mammals. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E2440-9. [PMID: 27071118 PMCID: PMC4855556 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1600684113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dopamine neurons are classically known to modulate locomotion indirectly through ascending projections to the basal ganglia that project down to brainstem locomotor networks. Their loss in Parkinson's disease is devastating. In lampreys, we recently showed that brainstem networks also receive direct descending dopaminergic inputs that potentiate locomotor output. Here, we provide evidence that this descending dopaminergic pathway is conserved to higher vertebrates, including mammals. In salamanders, dopamine neurons projecting to the striatum or brainstem locomotor networks were partly intermingled. Stimulation of the dopaminergic region evoked dopamine release in brainstem locomotor networks and concurrent reticulospinal activity. In rats, some dopamine neurons projecting to the striatum also innervated the pedunculopontine nucleus, a known locomotor center, and stimulation of the dopaminergic region evoked pedunculopontine dopamine release in vivo. Finally, we found dopaminergic fibers in the human pedunculopontine nucleus. The conservation of a descending dopaminergic pathway across vertebrates warrants re-evaluating dopamine's role in locomotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitri Ryczko
- Groupe de Recherche sur le Système Nerveux Central, Département de Neurosciences, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada H3C 3J7
| | - Jackson J Cone
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60607
| | - Michael H Alpert
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607
| | - Laurent Goetz
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada G1J 2G3
| | - François Auclair
- Groupe de Recherche sur le Système Nerveux Central, Département de Neurosciences, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada H3C 3J7
| | - Catherine Dubé
- Groupe de Recherche sur le Système Nerveux Central, Département de Neurosciences, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada H3C 3J7
| | - Martin Parent
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada G1J 2G3
| | | | - Simon Alford
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607
| | - Réjean Dubuc
- Groupe de Recherche sur le Système Nerveux Central, Département de Neurosciences, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada H3C 3J7; Département des Sciences de l'Activité Physique, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada H3C 3P8
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19
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Multitarget strategies in Alzheimer's disease: benefits and challenges on the road to therapeutics. Future Med Chem 2016; 8:697-711. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2016-0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is a multifactorial syndrome, for which effective cures are urgently needed. Seeking for enhanced therapeutic efficacy, multitarget drugs have been increasingly sought after over the last decades. They offer the attractive prospect of tackling intricate network effects, but with the benefits of a single-molecule therapy. Herein, we highlight relevant progress in the field, focusing on acetylcholinesterase inhibition and amyloid pathways as two pivotal features in multitarget design strategies. We also discuss the intertwined relationship between selected molecular targets and give a brief glimpse into the power of multitarget agents as pharmacological probes of Alzheimer's disease molecular mechanisms.
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20
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Sase A, Aher YD, Saroja SR, Ganesan MK, Sase S, Holy M, Höger H, Bakulev V, Ecker GF, Langer T, Sitte HH, Leban J, Lubec G. A heterocyclic compound CE-103 inhibits dopamine reuptake and modulates dopamine transporter and dopamine D1-D3 containing receptor complexes. Neuropharmacology 2016; 102:186-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2014] [Revised: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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21
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Sizemore RJ, Zhang R, Lin N, Goddard L, Wastney T, Parr-Brownlie LC, Reynolds JNJ, Oorschot DE. Marked differences in the number and type of synapses innervating the somata and primary dendrites of midbrain dopaminergic neurons, striatal cholinergic interneurons, and striatal spiny projection neurons in the rat. J Comp Neurol 2015; 524:1062-80. [PMID: 26355230 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2013] [Revised: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Elucidating the link between cellular activity and goal-directed behavior requires a fuller understanding of the mechanisms underlying burst firing in midbrain dopaminergic neurons and those that suppress activity during aversive or non-rewarding events. We have characterized the afferent synaptic connections onto these neurons in the rat substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) and ventral tegmental area (VTA), and compared these findings with cholinergic interneurons and spiny projection neurons in the striatum. We found that the average absolute number of synapses was three to three and one-half times greater onto the somata of dorsal striatal spiny projection neurons than onto the somata of dopaminergic neurons in the SNpc or dorsal striatal cholinergic interneurons. A similar comparison between populations of dopamine neurons revealed a two times greater number of somatic synapses on VTA dopaminergic neurons than SNpc dopaminergic neurons. The percentage of symmetrical, presumably inhibitory, synaptic inputs on somata was significantly higher on spiny projection neurons and cholinergic interneurons compared with SNpc dopaminergic neurons. Synaptic data on the primary dendrites yielded similar significant differences for the percentage of symmetrical synapses for VTA dopaminergic vs. striatal neurons. No differences in the absolute number or type of somatic synapses were evident for dopaminergic neurons in the SNpc of Wistar vs. Sprague-Dawley rat strains. These data from identified neurons are pivotal for interpreting their electrophysiological responses to afferent activity and for generating realistic computer models of neuronal networks of striatal and midbrain dopaminergic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel J Sizemore
- Department of Anatomy, Otago School of Medical Sciences, and the Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand
| | - Rong Zhang
- Department of Anatomy, Otago School of Medical Sciences, and the Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand
| | - Naili Lin
- Department of Anatomy, Otago School of Medical Sciences, and the Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand
| | - Liping Goddard
- Department of Anatomy, Otago School of Medical Sciences, and the Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand
| | - Timothy Wastney
- Department of Anatomy, Otago School of Medical Sciences, and the Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand
| | - Louise C Parr-Brownlie
- Department of Anatomy, Otago School of Medical Sciences, and the Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand
| | - John N J Reynolds
- Department of Anatomy, Otago School of Medical Sciences, and the Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand
| | - Dorothy E Oorschot
- Department of Anatomy, Otago School of Medical Sciences, and the Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand
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22
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Matulewicz P, Orzeł-Gryglewska J, Braszka Ł, Zawistowski P, Jurkowlaniec E. Hippocampal theta rhythm after local administration of procaine or amphetamine into the ventral tegmental area in fear conditioned rats. Neurosci Lett 2015; 589:132-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2015.01.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Revised: 01/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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23
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Hall H, Reyes S, Landeck N, Bye C, Leanza G, Double K, Thompson L, Halliday G, Kirik D. Hippocampal Lewy pathology and cholinergic dysfunction are associated with dementia in Parkinson’s disease. Brain 2014; 137:2493-508. [DOI: 10.1093/brain/awu193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
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24
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Nordenankar K, Smith-Anttila CJA, Schweizer N, Viereckel T, Birgner C, Mejia-Toiber J, Morales M, Leao RN, Wallén-Mackenzie Å. Increased hippocampal excitability and impaired spatial memory function in mice lacking VGLUT2 selectively in neurons defined by tyrosine hydroxylase promoter activity. Brain Struct Funct 2014; 220:2171-90. [PMID: 24802380 PMCID: PMC4481332 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-014-0778-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Three populations of neurons expressing the vesicular glutamate transporter 2 (Vglut2) were recently described in the A10 area of the mouse midbrain, of which two populations were shown to express the gene encoding, the rate-limiting enzyme for catecholamine synthesis, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH).One of these populations ("TH-Vglut2 Class1") also expressed the dopamine transporter (DAT) gene while one did not ("TH-Vglut2 Class2"), and the remaining population did not express TH at all ("Vglut2-only"). TH is known to be expressed by a promoter which shows two phases of activation, a transient one early during embryonal development, and a later one which gives rise to stable endogenous expression of the TH gene. The transient phase is, however, not specific to catecholaminergic neurons, a feature taken to advantage here as it enabled Vglut2 gene targeting within all three A10 populations expressing this gene, thus creating a new conditional knockout. These knockout mice showed impairment in spatial memory function. Electrophysiological analyses revealed a profound alteration of oscillatory activity in the CA3 region of the hippocampus. In addition to identifying a novel role for Vglut2 in hippocampus function, this study points to the need for improved genetic tools for targeting of the diversity of subpopulations of the A10 area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Nordenankar
- Unit of Functional Neurobiology and Unit of Developmental Genetics, Biomedical Center, Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Box 593, S-751 24, Uppsala, Sweden
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25
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Wang Q, Wei X, Gao H, Li J, Liao J, Liu X, Qin B, Yu Y, Deng C, Tang B, Huang XF. Simvastatin reverses the downregulation of M1/4 receptor binding in 6-hydroxydopamine-induced parkinsonian rats: The association with improvements in long-term memory. Neuroscience 2014; 267:57-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Revised: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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26
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Retailleau A, Dejean C, Fourneaux B, Leinekugel X, Boraud T. Why am I lost without dopamine? Effects of 6-OHDA lesion on the encoding of reward and decision process in CA3. Neurobiol Dis 2013; 59:151-64. [PMID: 23911573 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2013.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Revised: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
There is growing evidence that Parkinson's disease, generally characterized by motor symptoms, also causes cognitive impairment such as spatial disorientation. The hippocampus is a critical structure for spatial navigation and receives sparse but comprehensive dopamine (DA) innervation. DA loss is known to be the cause of Parkinson's disease and therefore it has been hypothesized that the associated spatial disorientation could result from hippocampal dysfunction. Because DA is involved in the prediction of reward expectation, it is possible to infer that spatial disorientation in DA depleted subjects results from the loss of the ability to detect the rewarding features within the environment. Amongst hippocampal formation subdivisions, CA3 properties such as the high liability of its place fields make it a serious candidate for interfacing DA reward system and spatial information encoding. We addressed this issue using multiple electrode recordings of CA3 in normal and dopamine depleted rats performing a spatial learning in a Y-maze. Our data confirm that DA is essential to spatial learning as its depletion results in spatial impairments. The present work also shows that CA3 involvement in the detection of spatial feature contextual significance is under DA control. Finally, it also shows that CA3 contributes to the decision making processes of navigation tasks. The data also reveal a lateralization effect of DA depletion underlined by neural correlates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aude Retailleau
- University of Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodegeneratives UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France; CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodegeneratives UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France
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27
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Hall H, Jewett M, Landeck N, Nilsson N, Schagerlöf U, Leanza G, Kirik D. Characterization of cognitive deficits in rats overexpressing human alpha-synuclein in the ventral tegmental area and medial septum using recombinant adeno-associated viral vectors. PLoS One 2013; 8:e64844. [PMID: 23705016 PMCID: PMC3660601 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0064844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Accepted: 04/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Intraneuronal inclusions containing alpha-synuclein (a-syn) constitute one of the pathological hallmarks of Parkinson's disease (PD) and are accompanied by severe neurodegeneration of A9 dopaminergic neurons located in the substantia nigra. Although to a lesser extent, A10 dopaminergic neurons are also affected. Neurodegeneration of other neuronal populations, such as the cholinergic, serotonergic and noradrenergic cell groups, has also been documented in PD patients. Studies in human post-mortem PD brains and in rodent models suggest that deficits in cholinergic and dopaminergic systems may be associated with the cognitive impairment seen in this disease. Here, we investigated the consequences of targeted overexpression of a-syn in the mesocorticolimbic dopaminergic and septohippocampal cholinergic pathways. Rats were injected with recombinant adeno-associated viral vectors encoding for either human wild-type a-syn or green fluorescent protein (GFP) in the ventral tegmental area and the medial septum/vertical limb of the diagonal band of Broca, two regions rich in dopaminergic and cholinergic neurons, respectively. Histopathological analysis showed widespread insoluble a-syn positive inclusions in all major projections areas of the targeted nuclei, including the hippocampus, neocortex, nucleus accumbens and anteromedial striatum. In addition, the rats overexpressing human a-syn displayed an abnormal locomotor response to apomorphine injection and exhibited spatial learning and memory deficits in the Morris water maze task, in the absence of obvious spontaneous locomotor impairment. As losses in dopaminergic and cholinergic immunoreactivity in both the GFP and a-syn expressing animals were mild-to-moderate and did not differ from each other, the behavioral impairments seen in the a-syn overexpressing animals appear to be determined by the long term persisting neuropathology in the surviving neurons rather than by neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Hall
- Brain Repair and Imaging in Neural Systems, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
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28
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Ghanbarian E, Motamedi F. Ventral tegmental area inactivation suppresses the expression of CA1 long term potentiation in anesthetized rat. PLoS One 2013; 8:e58844. [PMID: 23536829 PMCID: PMC3594179 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The hippocampus receives dopaminergic projections from the ventral tegmental area (VTA). Modulatory effect of dopamine on hippocampal long term potentiation (LTP) has been studied before, but there are conflicting results and some limitations in previous reports. Most of these studies show a significant effect of dopamine on the late phase of LTP in CA1 area of the hippocampus, while few reports show an effect on the early phase. Moreover, they generally manipulated dopamine receptors in the hippocampus and there are few studies investigating influence of the VTA neural activity on hippocampal LTP in the intact brain. Besides, VTA neurons contain other neurotransmitters such as glutamate and GABA that may modify the net effect of dopamine. In this study we examined the effect of VTA reversible inactivation on the induction and maintenance of early LTP in the CA1 area of anesthetized rats, and also on different phases of learning of a passive avoidance (PA) task. We found that inactivation of the VTA by lidocaine had no effect on CA1 LTP induction and paired-pulse facilitation, but its inactivation immediately after tetanic stimulation transiently suppressed the expression of LTP. Blockade of the VTA 20 min after tetanic stimulation had no effect on the magnitude of LTP. Moreover, VTA inactivation immediately after training impaired memory in the passive avoidance task, while its blockade before or 20 min after training produced no memory deficit. It can be concluded that VTA activity has no effect on CA1 LTP induction and acquisition of PA task, but involves in the expression of LTP and PA memory consolidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Ghanbarian
- School of Cognitive Sciences (SCS), Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences (IPM), Tehran, Iran
- Neuroscience Research Center and Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fereshteh Motamedi
- School of Cognitive Sciences (SCS), Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences (IPM), Tehran, Iran
- Neuroscience Research Center and Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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29
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Lin LW, Kuo YH, Hseu YC, Tsai CW, Hsieh MT, Chen SC, Wu CR. Osthole Improves Spatial Memory Deficits in Rats via Hippocampal α 1-Adrenergic and D 1 /D 2 Receptors. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2013; 2013:273682. [PMID: 23533468 PMCID: PMC3600333 DOI: 10.1155/2013/273682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2012] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The present study evaluated the effect of osthole, an active ingredient isolated from Cnidium monnieri L. Cusson, on spatial memory deficits caused by central neurotoxins using the Morris water maze in rats. The involvement of catecholaminergic receptors on the memory-enhancing effect of osthole in rat hippocampus was further investigated by intrahippocampal injection of catecholaminergic receptor antagonists. Intracisternal injection of osthole (10 μ g/brain) improved the spatial performance and working memory impairments caused by the catecholaminergic neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine. No significant differences in swimming speeds were observed among sham, neurotoxin-induced, and osthole-treated groups. Intracisternal osthole injection also attenuated the spatial performance and working memory impairments caused by the α 1 receptor antagonist phenoxybenzamine, the D1 receptor antagonist SCH 23390, and the D2 receptor antagonist sulpiride. Therefore, we demonstrated that the effect of osthole on improving spatial memory deficits may be related to the activation of hippocampal α 1 and D1/D2 receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Wei Lin
- The School of Chinese Medicines for Post-Baccalaureate, I-Shou University, No.8, Yida Road, Yanchao Township, Kaohsiung County 82445, Taiwan
| | - Yueh-Hsiung Kuo
- The Department of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine Resources, College of Pharmacy, China Medical University, No.91, Hsueh Shih Road, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - You Cheng Hseu
- Department of Cosmeceutics, College of Pharmacy, China Medical University, No.91, Hsueh Shih Road, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Wen Tsai
- Department of Nutrition, China Medical University, No.91, Hsueh Shih Road, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Tsuen Hsieh
- The Department of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine Resources, College of Pharmacy, China Medical University, No.91, Hsueh Shih Road, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Shiu Ching Chen
- Department of Health, Taichung Hospital, The Executive Yuan, No.199, San Min Road, Taichung 40403, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Rei Wu
- The Department of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine Resources, College of Pharmacy, China Medical University, No.91, Hsueh Shih Road, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
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30
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Greene-Schloesser D, Schnegg CI, Robbins ME. Behavioral paradigms to evaluate PPAR modulation in animal models of brain injury. Methods Mol Biol 2013; 952:325-336. [PMID: 23100244 PMCID: PMC3795415 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-155-4_24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The use of behavioral testing has become an invaluable tool for assessing the efficacy of therapeutics for a variety of disorders of the central nervous system. This chapter will describe in detail several behavioral paradigms to evaluate the efficacy of PPAR agonists to modulate cognitive impairments in rodent models. When used together as a battery these procedures allow for a global assessment of cognition. These tests are explained in detail below, and include: (1) Novel Object Recognition (NOR), (2) Morris Water Maze (MWM), (3) Delay Match to Place (DMP), and (4) Cue Strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Greene-Schloesser
- Departments of Radiation Oncology and Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
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31
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Abdel-Salam OM, El-Sayed El-Shamarka M, Salem NA, El-Mosallamy AE, Sleem AA. Amelioration of the haloperidol-induced memory impairment and brain oxidative stress by cinnarizine. EXCLI JOURNAL 2012; 11:517-30. [PMID: 27540345 PMCID: PMC4983713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2012] [Accepted: 08/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Haloperidol is a classic antipsychotic drug known for its propensity to cause extrapyramidal symptoms and impaired memory, owing to blockade of striatal dopamine D2 receptors. Cinnarizine is a calcium channel blocker with D2 receptor blocking properties which is widely used in treatment of vertiginous disorders. The present study aimed to see whether cinnarizine would worsen the effect of haloperidol on memory function and on oxidative stress in mice brain. Cinnarizine (5, 10 or 20 mg/kg), haloperidol, or haloperidol combined with cinnarizine was administered daily via the subcutaneous route and mice were examined on weekly basis for their ability to locate a submerged plate in the water maze test. Mice were euthanized 30 days after starting drug injection. Malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH) and nitric oxide (nitrite/nitrate) were determined in brain. Haloperidol substantially impaired water maze performance. The mean time taken to find the escape platform (latency) was significantly delayed by haloperidol (2 mg/kg, i.p.) on weeks 1-8 of the test, compared with saline control group. In contrast, those treated with haloperidol and cinnarizine showed significantly shorter latencies, which indicated that learning had occurred immediately. Haloperidol resulted in increased MDA in cortex, striatum, cerebellum and midbrain. GSH decreased in cortex, striatum and cerebellum and nitric oxide increased in cortex. Meanwhile, treatment with cinnarizine (20 mg/kg) and haloperidol resulted in significant decrease in MDA cortex, striatum, cerebellum and midbrain and an increase in GSH in cortex and striatum, compared with haloperidol group. These data suggest that cinnarizine improves the haloperidol induced brain oxidative stress and impairment of learning and memory in the water maze test in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar M.E. Abdel-Salam
- Department of Toxicology and Narcotics, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt,*To whom correspondence should be addressed: Omar M.E. Abdel-Salam, Department of Toxicology and Narcotics, National Research Centre, Tahrir St., Dokki, Cairo, Egypt; FAX: 202-33370931, E-mail:
| | | | - Neveen A. Salem
- Department of Toxicology and Narcotics, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Amany A. Sleem
- Department of Pharmacology, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
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Zurkovsky L, Bychkov E, Tsakem EL, Siedlecki C, Blakely RD, Gurevich EV. Cognitive effects of dopamine depletion in the context of diminished acetylcholine signaling capacity in mice. Dis Model Mech 2012; 6:171-83. [PMID: 22864020 PMCID: PMC3529349 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.010363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A subset of patients with Parkinson’s disease acquires a debilitating dementia characterized by severe cognitive impairments (i.e. Parkinson’s disease dementia; PDD). Brains from PDD patients show extensive cholinergic loss as well as dopamine (DA) depletion. We used a mutant mouse model to directly test whether combined cholinergic and DA depletion leads to a cognitive profile resembling PDD. Mice carrying heterozygous deletion of the high-affinity, hemicholinium-3-sensitive choline transporter (CHTHET) show reduced levels of acetylcholine throughout the brain. We achieved bilateral DA depletion in CHTHET and wild-type (WT) littermates via intra-striatal infusion of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), or used vehicle as control. Executive function and memory were evaluated using rodent versions of cognitive tasks commonly used with human subjects: the set-shifting task and spatial and novel-object recognition paradigms. Our studies revealed impaired acquisition of attentional set in the set-shifting paradigm in WT-6OHDA and CHTHET-vehicle mice that was exacerbated in the CHTHET-6OHDA mice. The object recognition test following a 24-hour delay was also impaired in CHTHET-6OHDA mice compared with all other groups. Treatment with acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors physostigmine (0.05 or 0.1 mg/kg) and donepezil (0.1 and 0.3 mg/kg) reversed the impaired object recognition of the CHTHET-6OHDA mice. Our data demonstrate an exacerbated cognitive phenotype with dual ACh and DA depletion as compared with either insult alone, with traits analogous to those observed in PDD patients. The results suggest that combined loss of DA and ACh could be sufficient for pathogenesis of specific cognitive deficits in PDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilia Zurkovsky
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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Gritton HJ, Kantorowski A, Sarter M, Lee TM. Bidirectional interactions between circadian entrainment and cognitive performance. Learn Mem 2012; 19:126-41. [PMID: 22383380 DOI: 10.1101/lm.023499.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Circadian rhythms influence a variety of physiological and behavioral processes; however, little is known about how circadian rhythms interact with the organisms' ability to acquire and retain information about their environment. These experiments tested whether rats trained outside their endogenous active period demonstrate the same rate of acquisition, daily performance, and remote memory ability as their nocturnally trained counterparts in tasks of sustained attention and spatial memory. Furthermore, we explored how daily task training influenced circadian patterns of activity. We found that rats demonstrate better acquisition and performance on an operant task requiring attentional effort when trained during the dark-phase. Time of day did not affect acquisition or performance on the Morris water maze; however, when animals were retested 2 wk after their last day of training, they showed better remote memory if training originally occurred during the dark-phase. Finally, attentional, but not spatial, task performance during the light-phase promotes a shift toward diurnality and the synchronization of activity to the time of daily training; this shift was most robust when the demands on the cognitive control of attention were highest. Our findings support a theory of bidirectional interactions between cognitive performance and circadian processes and are consistent with the view that the circadian abnormalities associated with shift-work, aging, and neuropsychiatric illnesses may contribute to the deleterious effects on cognition often present in these populations. Furthermore, these findings suggest that time of day should be an important consideration for a variety of cognitive tasks principally used in psychological and neuroscience research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard J Gritton
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1043, USA
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da Silva WCN, Köhler CC, Radiske A, Cammarota M. D1/D5 dopamine receptors modulate spatial memory formation. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2012; 97:271-5. [PMID: 22266268 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2012.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2011] [Revised: 12/19/2011] [Accepted: 01/04/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the effect of the intra-CA1 administration of the D1/D5 receptor antagonist SCH23390 and the D1/D5 receptor agonist SKF38393 on spatial memory in the water maze. When given immediately, but not 3h after training, SCH23390 hindered long-term spatial memory formation without affecting non-spatial memory or the normal functionality of the hippocampus. On the contrary, post-training infusion of SKF38393 enhanced retention and facilitated the spontaneous recovery of the original spatial preference after reversal learning. Our findings demonstrate that hippocampal D1/D5 receptors play an essential role in spatial memory processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weber C N da Silva
- Laboratório de Neuroquímica & Neurofisiologia da Memória, Centro de Memória, Instituto do Cérebro, Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga, 6690-2nd floor, 90610-000 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Penner MR, Mizumori SJY. Neural systems analysis of decision making during goal-directed navigation. Prog Neurobiol 2011; 96:96-135. [PMID: 21964237 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2011.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2011] [Revised: 08/06/2011] [Accepted: 08/29/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The ability to make adaptive decisions during goal-directed navigation is a fundamental and highly evolved behavior that requires continual coordination of perceptions, learning and memory processes, and the planning of behaviors. Here, a neurobiological account for such coordination is provided by integrating current literatures on spatial context analysis and decision-making. This integration includes discussions of our current understanding of the role of the hippocampal system in experience-dependent navigation, how hippocampal information comes to impact midbrain and striatal decision making systems, and finally the role of the striatum in the implementation of behaviors based on recent decisions. These discussions extend across cellular to neural systems levels of analysis. Not only are key findings described, but also fundamental organizing principles within and across neural systems, as well as between neural systems functions and behavior, are emphasized. It is suggested that studying decision making during goal-directed navigation is a powerful model for studying interactive brain systems and their mediation of complex behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marsha R Penner
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-1525, United States
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Haley GE, Kroenke C, Schwartz D, Kohama SG, Urbanski HF, Raber J. Hippocampal M1 receptor function associated with spatial learning and memory in aged female rhesus macaques. AGE (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2011; 33:309-320. [PMID: 20890730 PMCID: PMC3168603 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-010-9184-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2010] [Accepted: 09/03/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Of the acetylcholine muscarinic receptors, the type 1 (M1) and type 2 (M2) receptors are expressed at the highest levels in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and hippocampus, brain regions important for cognition. As equivocal findings of age-related changes of M1 and M2 in the nonhuman primate brain have been reported, we first assessed age-related changes in M1 and M2 in the PFC and hippocampus using saturation binding assays. Maximum M1 receptor binding, but not affinity of M1 receptor binding, decreased with age. In contrast, the affinity of M2 receptor binding, but not maximum M2 receptor binding, increased with age. To determine if in the elderly cognitive performance is associated with M1 or M2 function, we assessed muscarinic function in elderly female rhesus macaques in vivo using a scopolamine challenge pharmacological magnetic resonance imaging and in vitro using saturation binding assays. Based on their performance in a spatial maze, the animals were classified as good spatial performers (GSP) or poor spatial performers (PSP). In the hippocampus, but not PFC, the GSP group showed a greater change in T(2)*-weighted signal intensity after scopolamine challenge than the PSP group. The maximum M1 receptor binding and receptor binding affinity was greater in the GSP than the PSP group, but no group difference was found in M2 receptor binding. Parameters of circadian activity positively correlated with the difference in T(2)*-weighted signal intensity before and after the challenge, the maximum M1 receptor binding, and the M1 receptor binding affinity. Thus, while in rhesus macaques, there are age-related decreases in M1 and M2 receptor binding, in aged females, hippocampal M1, but not M2, receptor function is associated with spatial learning and memory and circadian activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwendolen E. Haley
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR 97006 USA
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239 USA
| | - Chris Kroenke
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR 97006 USA
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239 USA
| | - Daniel Schwartz
- Portland Veterans Administration Medical Center, Division of Psychiatry, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239 USA
| | - Steven G. Kohama
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR 97006 USA
| | - Henryk F. Urbanski
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR 97006 USA
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239 USA
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239 USA
| | - Jacob Raber
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR 97006 USA
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239 USA
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239 USA
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Del Pino J, Martínez MA, Castellano VJ, Ramos E, Martínez-Larrañaga MR, Anadón A. Effects of prenatal and postnatal exposure to amitraz on norepinephrine, serotonin and dopamine levels in brain regions of male and female rats. Toxicology 2011; 287:145-52. [PMID: 21708217 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2011.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2011] [Revised: 05/23/2011] [Accepted: 06/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The effects of maternal exposure to amitraz on brain region monoamine levels of male and female offspring rats at 60 days of age were observed. Maternal and offspring body weight, physical and general activity development were unaffected by the exposure of dams to amitraz (20mg/kgbw, orally on days 6-21 of pregnancy and 1-10 of lactation). Male and female offspring were sacrificed at 60 days of age and possible alterations in the content and metabolism of NE, DA and 5-HT were determined in brain regions by HPLC. The results showed that all these neurotransmitter systems were altered in a brain regional-related manner. In male and female offspring, amitraz induced a significant decrease in the prefrontal cortex 5-HT and its metabolite 5-HIAA and DA and its metabolites DOPAC and HVA levels with interaction of sex. Nevertheless, we verified that striatum DA and 5-HT and corresponding metabolite contents decreased in male and female offspring without statistical distinction of sex. In contrast, amitraz did not modify 5-HT content, but caused an increase in 5-HIAA content in the medulla oblongata and hippocampus in male and female offspring. Alterations in the hippocampus DA, DOPAC and HVA levels after amitraz exposure were also observed displaying a sex interaction. NE levels also showed a decrease after amitraz treatment in the prefrontal cortex and striatum without statistical sex interaction, but MHPG levels decreased in both regions with a sex interaction. Amitraz evoked increases in 5-HT turnover in the prefrontal cortex as well as in DA turnover in the striatum and hippocampus but decreases in NE turnover in the hypothalamus, prefrontal cortex and striatum. The present findings indicated that maternal exposure to amitraz altered noradrenergic, serotonergic and dopaminergic neurochemistry in their offspring in the prefrontal cortex, striatum and hippocampus, and those variations could be related to several alterations in the functions in which these brain regions are involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Del Pino
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Haley GE, Urbanski HF, Kohama SG, Messaoudi I, Raber J. Spatial Memory Performance Associated with Measures of Immune Function in Elderly Female Rhesus Macaques. Eur Geriatr Med 2011; 2:117-121. [PMID: 21603071 PMCID: PMC3097089 DOI: 10.1016/j.eurger.2011.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
We recently reported that in aged female rhesus macaques, spatial learning and memory correlates with circadian sleep-wake measures and hippocampal muscarinic type 1 (M(1)) receptor binding. To investigate if spatial memory also correlates with measures of immune function, we now assessed the magnitude of the adaptive immune response to vaccination in the same old female rhesus macaques. Cognitively characterized animals were classified as good spatial performers (GSP) or poor spatial performers (PSP) based on performance in the Spatial Foodport maze. The GSP group had higher frequency of CD8, but not CD4, interferon-γ (IFN-γ) producing cells following vaccination compared to the PSP group, suggesting a stronger CD8 T cell response in the GSP group. In addition, the number of CD-8 IFN-γ positive cells correlated with measures of sleep quality. Interestingly, the PSP group had a significantly higher antibody titer compared to the GSP group, and antibody titer negatively correlated with day-time activity. Thus, in aged female rhesus macaques, superior cognitive performance is correlated with a more robust CD8 T cell response but a reduced antibody response to vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwendolen E. Haley
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239
- Division of Neuroscience Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Henryk F. Urbanski
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239
- Division of Neuroscience Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR 97006
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239
| | - Steven G. Kohama
- Division of Neuroscience Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Ilhem Messaoudi
- Division of Neuroscience Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR 97006
- Division of Pathobiology and Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Jacob Raber
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239
- Division of Neuroscience Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR 97006
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland OR 97239
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Del Arco A, Ronzoni G, Mora F. Prefrontal stimulation of GABAA receptors counteracts the corticolimbic hyperactivity produced by NMDA antagonists in the prefrontal cortex of the rat. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2011; 214:525-36. [PMID: 20981411 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-010-2055-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2010] [Accepted: 10/13/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE The hypofunction of NMDA receptors in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) has been suggested to produce corticolimbic hyperactivity through the reduction of cortical GABA transmission. OBJECTIVES The present study investigates the effects of injections of the NMDA antagonist 3-[(R)-2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl]-propyl-1-phosphonic acid (CPP) into the PFC on (1) the release of dopamine and/or acetylcholine in the amygdala and hippocampus, (2) the levels of corticosterone in the hippocampus and (3) spontaneous motor activity. Also, the stimulation of GABA(A) receptors, by prefrontal injections of muscimol, on the effects produced by NMDA antagonists on these same neurochemical, hormonal and behavioural parameters was evaluated. METHODS Male Wistar rats were implanted with guide cannulae to perform bilateral microinjections into the PFC and microdialysis experiments in the amygdala and/or ventral hippocampus, simultaneously. Spontaneous motor activity was monitored in the open field. RESULTS Injections of CPP (1 μg/0.5 μl) into the PFC increased dialysate concentrations of dopamine and acetylcholine in the amygdala, acetylcholine and free corticosterone in the hippocampus and also motor activity. Simultaneous injections of muscimol (0.5 μg/0.5 μl) into the PFC counteracted the increases of dopamine and acetylcholine in the amygdala and hippocampus and also significantly reduced the peak increase of corticosterone in the hippocampus. Injections of muscimol (0.05 and 0.5 μg/0.5 μl) reduced the increases of motor activity produced by prefrontal NMDA antagonists. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that the hypofunction of NMDA receptors in the PFC produces corticolimbic hyperactivity through the activation of prefrontal efferent projections to subcortical/limbic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Del Arco
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Avda. Complutense s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
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Martig AK, Mizumori SJY. Ventral tegmental area disruption selectively affects CA1/CA2 but not CA3 place fields during a differential reward working memory task. Hippocampus 2011; 21:172-84. [PMID: 20082295 PMCID: PMC2988981 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.20734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Hippocampus (HPC) receives dopaminergic (DA) projections from the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and substantia nigra. These inputs appear to provide a modulatory signal that influences HPC dependent behaviors and place fields. We examined how efferent projections from VTA to HPC influence spatial working memory and place fields when the reward context changes. CA1 and CA3 process environmental context changes differently and VTA preferentially innervates CA1. Given these anatomical data and electrophysiological evidence that implicate DA in reward processing, we predicted that CA1 place fields would respond more strongly to both VTA disruption and changes in the reward context than CA3 place fields. Rats (N = 9) were implanted with infusion cannula targeting VTA and recording tetrodes aimed at HPC. Then they were tested on a differential reward, win-shift working memory task. One recording session consisted of 5 baseline and 5 manipulation trials during which place cells in CA1/CA2 (N = 167) and CA3 (N = 94) were recorded. Prior to manipulation trials rats were infused with either baclofen or saline and then subjected to control or reward conditions during which the learned locations of large and small reward quantities were reversed. VTA disruption resulted in an increase in errors, and in CA1/CA2 place field reorganization. There were no changes in any measures of CA3 place field stability during VTA disruption. Reward manipulations did not affect performance or place field stability in CA1/CA2 or CA3; however, changes in the reward locations "rescued" performance and place field stability in CA1/CA2 when VTA activity was compromised, perhaps by trigging compensatory mechanisms. These data support the hypothesis that VTA contributes to spatial working memory performance perhaps by maintaining place field stability selectively in CA1/CA2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adria K Martig
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Washington, USA.
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Mahmoodi M, Shahidi S, Hasanein P. Involvement of the ventral tegmental area in the inhibitory avoidance memory in rats. Physiol Behav 2011; 102:542-7. [PMID: 21241724 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2011.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2010] [Revised: 01/07/2011] [Accepted: 01/11/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The ventral tegmental area (VTA) is a neural structure that sends strong efferent projections to the hippocampus. Output from the VTA can affect hippocampal-dependent neural processes that are critical for learning and memory, including long term potentiation and theta activity. However, no study to date has elucidated what role the VTA plays in mediating the different stages of learning and memory. Therefore, the current study was designed to assess how reversible inactivation of the VTA may affect the acquisition, consolidation and retrieval of memory in rats using an inhibitory avoidance (IA) task. In this experiment, rats with chronically implanted cannulae aimed at the VTA were trained on an inhibitory avoidance task. They received intra-VTA infusions of lidocaine or saline immediately before training, after training or before a memory retention test. The results indicate that inactivation of the VTA prior to the first acquisition session increased the number of trials rats required to reach the acquisition criterion. Similarly, inactivation of the VTA after acquisition training decreased the step-through latency and increased the amount of time spent in the dark compartment relative to the saline-treated group. However, inactivation of the VTA immediately prior to the memory retention test failed to alter either step-through latency or the amount of time spent in the dark compartment. Overall, these results suggest the VTA facilitates the acquisition and consolidation of IA learning and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minoo Mahmoodi
- Department of Biology, Islamic Azad University, Hamedan Branch, Hamedan, Iran
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Zakharova EI, Storozheva ZI, Dudchenko AM, Kubatiev AA. Chronic cerebral ischaemia forms new cholinergic mechanisms of learning and memory. Int J Alzheimers Dis 2010; 2010:954589. [PMID: 21197444 PMCID: PMC3010649 DOI: 10.4061/2010/954589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2010] [Revised: 08/10/2010] [Accepted: 11/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this research was a comparative analysis of cholinergic synaptic organization following learning and memory in normal and chronic cerebral ischaemic rats in the Morris water maze model. Choline acetyltransferase and protein content were determined in subpopulations of presynapses of “light” and “heavy” synaptosomal fractions of the cortex and the hippocampus, and the cholinergic projective and intrinsic systems of the brain structures were taken into consideration. We found a strong involvement of cholinergic systems, both projective and intrinsic, in all forms of cognition. Each form of cognition had an individual cholinergic molecular profile and the cholinergic synaptic compositions in the ischaemic rat brains differed significantly from normal ones. Our data demonstrated that under ischaemic conditions, instead of damaged connections new key synaptic relationships, which were stable against pathological influences and able to restore damaged cognitive functions, arose. The plasticity of neurochemical links in the individual organization of certain types of cognition gave a new input into brain pathology and can be used in the future for alternative corrections of vascular and other degenerative dementias.
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Affiliation(s)
- E I Zakharova
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, RAMS, Baltic street 8, Moscow 125315, Russia
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Sahni JK, Doggui S, Ali J, Baboota S, Dao L, Ramassamy C. Neurotherapeutic applications of nanoparticles in Alzheimer's disease. J Control Release 2010; 152:208-31. [PMID: 21134407 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2010.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2010] [Accepted: 11/29/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A rapid increase in incidence of neurodegenerative disorders has been observed with the aging of the population. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorder among the elderly. It is characterized by memory dysfunction, loss of lexical access, spatial and temporal disorientation and impairment of judgement clinically. Unfortunately, clinical development of drugs for the symptomatic and disease-modifying treatment of AD has resulted in both promise and disappointment. Indeed, a large number of drugs with differing targets and mechanisms of action were investigated with only a few of them being clinically available. The targeted drug delivery to the central nervous system (CNS), for the diagnosis and treatment of neurodegenerative disorders such as AD, is restricted due to the limitations posed by the blood-brain barrier (BBB) as well as due to opsonization by plasma proteins in the systemic circulation and peripheral side-effects. Over the last decade, nanoparticle-mediated drug delivery represents one promising strategy to successfully increase the CNS penetration of several therapeutic moieties. Different nanocarriers are being investigated to treat and diagnose AD by delivering at a constant rate a host of therapeutics over times extending up to days, weeks or even months. This review provides a concise incursion on the current pharmacotherapies for AD besides reviewing and discussing the literature on the different drug molecules that have been successfully encapsulated in nanoparticles (NPs). Some of them have been shown to cross the BBB and have been tested either for diagnosis or treatment of AD. Finally, the route of NPs administration and the future prospects will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasjeet Kaur Sahni
- INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, 531, boul. des Prairies, H7V 1B7 Laval, Québec, Canada
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Zhao Q, Yokozawa T, Yamabe N, Tsuneyama K, Li X, Matsumoto K. Kangen-karyu improves memory deficit caused by aging through normalization of neuro-plasticity-related signaling system and VEGF system in the brain. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2010; 131:377-385. [PMID: 20637274 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2010.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2010] [Revised: 06/03/2010] [Accepted: 07/06/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY Kangen-karyu (KK) is a traditional Chinese prescription consisting of six different herbs. This study was conducted to investigate the anti-dementia effect of KK on aging-induced cognitive deficits and the underlying mechanism using senescence-accelerated mice prone (SAMP8). MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty-week old SAMP8 (older SAMP8) were used as an animal model of aging and age-matched senescence-resistant inbred strain (SAMR1) and 8-week-old SAMP8 (young SAMP8) were as controls. Older SAMP8 received daily administration of KK (100 mg/kg, p.o.) or water vehicle for 22 days. RESULTS Compared to the controls, older SAMP8 exhibited cognitive deficits in the object recognition and object location tests; however, KK improved the deficits caused by aging. Moreover, the older SAMP8 treated with vehicle exhibited reduced anxiety-like behavior in the elevated plus-maze test compared to SAMR1, but KK had no effect on emotional disorder of older SAMP8. The levels of biochemical factors related to neuro-plasticity and learning and memory; i.e., phosphorylated forms of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor 1, Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II, and cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor, were significantly decreased in older SAMP8 compared to those in the control animals. KK normalized the levels of these factors. Moreover, the mRNA and protein levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its receptor type 2 in the cerebral cortices of older SAMP8 were down-regulated by aging, but these levels were reversed by KK. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that normalization of neuro-plasticity-related neuronal signaling and VEGF systems in the brain may be of the mechanisms underlying the ameliorative effects of KK on the cognitive deficits in older SAMP8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhao
- Division of Medicinal Pharmacology, Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, Japan
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Sizemore RJ, Reynolds JNJ, Oorschot DE. Number and type of synapses on the distal dendrite of a rat striatal cholinergic interneuron: a quantitative, ultrastructural study. J Anat 2010; 217:223-35. [PMID: 20629984 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2010.01264.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Knowledge of the innervation of interneurons within the striatum is critical to determining their role in the functioning of the striatal network. To this end, the synaptic innervation of a distal dendrite of a rat striatal cholinergic interneuron was quantified for the first time. These synaptic data were compared to three other dendrites from rat striatal interneurons and to published data from dendrites in the mammalian cerebral cortex. To label the cholinergic interneurons and their distal dendrites, a male Wistar rat was perfused and the striatum was double-immunolabelled with an antibody to choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and an antibody to m2 muscarinic receptor. After processing for transmission electron microscopy, a cholinergic interneuron was located and an m2-labelled distal dendrite identified by tracing it through serial ultrathin sections to this double-immunolabelled soma. Two interneuronal distal dendrites in the same tissue, and another from a second rat, were used for comparison. The widths and lengths of the four distal dendrites, the total number and type of synapses, and the number of synapses per mum for each distal dendrite were measured. Symmetric synapses were the most common type on all four dendrites. There were 0.73 synapses per mum on the distal dendrite of the identified striatal cholinergic interneuron. Two other interneuronal dendrites that were positive for the m2 muscarinic receptor antibody showed similar synaptic densities of 0.62 and 0.83 synapses per microm of distal dendrite, respectively. On a third unlabelled interneuronal distal dendrite located in the lateral striatum, there were 2.17 synapses per microm. This interneuron was thought to be a parvalbumin interneuron rather than a calretinin interneuron, which would more likely be medially located. These data suggest that the number of synapses per microm on the distal dendrite of the cholinergic interneuron, and possibly two other cholinergic interneurons, is three times lower than that of a likely parvalbumin interneuron in the rat striatum. The number of synapses per microm of distal dendrite for a striatal cholinergic interneuron is also lower than the published 1.22-3.3 synapses per microm of dendrite for neurons in the mammalian cerebral cortex. Such anatomical data are important for the construction of new generation computer models that are better able to emulate the operation of striatal cholinergic interneurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel J Sizemore
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Otago School of Medical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Martorana A, Esposito Z, Koch G. Beyond the cholinergic hypothesis: do current drugs work in Alzheimer's disease? CNS Neurosci Ther 2010; 16:235-45. [PMID: 20560995 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-5949.2010.00175.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by memory and cognitive loss, and represents the leading cause of dementia in elderly people. Besides the complex biochemical processes involved in the neuronal degeneration (formation of senile plaques containing Abeta peptides, and development of neurofibrillary tangles), other molecular and neurochemical alterations, like cholinergic deficit due to basal forebrain degeneration, also occur. Because acetylcholine has been demonstrated to be involved in cognitive processes, the idea to increase acetylcholine levels to restore cognitive deficits has gained interest (the so-called cholinergic hypothesis). This has led to the development of drugs able to prevent acetylcholine hydrolysis (acetylcholinesterase inhibitors). However, the analysis of clinical efficacy of these drugs in alleviating symptoms of dementia showed unsatisfactory results. Despite such critical opinions on the efficacy of these drugs, it should be said that acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, and for some aspects memantine also, improve memory and other cognitive functions throughout most of the duration of the disease. The pharmacological activity of these drugs suggests an effect beyond the mere increase of acetylcholine levels. These considerations are in agreement with the idea that cognitive decline is the result of a complex and not fully elucidated interplay among different neurotransmitters. The role of each of the neurotransmitters implicated has to be related to a cognitive process and as a consequence to its decline. The current review aims to highlight the positive role of cholinergic drugs in alleviating cognitive deficits during wake as well as sleep. Moreover, we suggest that future therapeutic approaches have to be developed to restore the complex interplay between acetylcholine and other neurotransmitters systems, such as dopamine, serotonin, noradrenaline, or glutamate, that are likely involved in the progressive deterioration of several cognitive functions such as attention, memory, and learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Martorana
- Clinica Neurologica, Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Università di Roma "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy.
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Narayanan NS, Guarnieri DJ, DiLeone RJ. Metabolic hormones, dopamine circuits, and feeding. Front Neuroendocrinol 2010; 31:104-12. [PMID: 19836414 PMCID: PMC2813908 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2009.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2009] [Revised: 10/12/2009] [Accepted: 10/13/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence has emerged demonstrating that metabolic hormones such as ghrelin and leptin can act on ventral tegmental area (VTA) midbrain dopamine neurons to influence feeding. The VTA is the origin of mesolimbic dopamine neurons that project to the nucleus accumbens (NAc) to influence behavior. While blockade of dopamine via systemic antagonists or targeted gene delete can impair food intake, local NAc dopamine manipulations have little effect on food intake. Notably, non-dopaminergic manipulations in the VTA and NAc produce more consistent effects on feeding and food choice. More recent genetic evidence supports a role for the substantia nigra-striatal dopamine pathways in food intake, while the VTA-NAc circuit is more likely involved in higher-order aspects of food acquisition, such as motivation and cue associations. This rich and complex literature should be considered in models of how peripheral hormones influence feeding behavior via action on the midbrain circuits.
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Pham TT, Giesert F, Röthig A, Floss T, Kallnik M, Weindl K, Hölter SM, Ahting U, Prokisch H, Becker L, Klopstock T, Hrabé de Angelis M, Beyer K, Görner K, Kahle PJ, Vogt Weisenhorn DM, Wurst W. DJ-1-deficient mice show less TH-positive neurons in the ventral tegmental area and exhibit non-motoric behavioural impairments. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2009; 9:305-17. [PMID: 20039949 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-183x.2009.00559.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Loss of function of DJ-1 (PARK7) is associated with autosomal recessive early-onset Parkinson's disease (PD), one of the major age-related neurological diseases. In this study, we extended former studies on DJ-1 knockout mice by identifying subtle morphological and behavioural phenotypes. The DJ-1 gene trap-induced null mutants exhibit less dopamine-producing neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA). They also exhibit slight changes in behaviour, i.e. diminished rearing behaviour and impairments in object recognition. Furthermore, we detected subtle phenotypes, which suggest that these animals compensate for the loss of DJ-1. First, we found a significant upregulation of mitochondrial respiratory enzyme activities, a mechanism known to protect against oxidative stress. Second, a close to significant increase in c-Jun N-terminal kinase 1 phosphorylation in old DJ-1-deficient mice hints at a differential activation of neuronal cell survival pathways. Third, as no change in the density of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-positive terminals in the striatum was observed, the remaining dopamine-producing neurons likely compensate by increasing axonal sprouting. In summary, the present data suggest that DJ-1 is implicated in major non-motor symptoms of PD appearing in the early phases of the disease-such as subtle impairments in motivated behaviour and cognition-and that under basal conditions the loss of DJ-1 is compensated.
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Affiliation(s)
- T T Pham
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstaedter, Neuherberg, Germany
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Di Giovanni G, Shi WX. Effects of scopolamine on dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra: role of the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus. Synapse 2009; 63:673-80. [PMID: 19360852 DOI: 10.1002/syn.20650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Previous neurochemical and behavioral studies suggest that muscarinic receptor antagonism has an excitatory effect on the nigrostriatal dopamine (DA) system. Using in vivo extracellular single unit recording, this study examined whether blockade of the muscarinic receptor by scopolamine alters the firing properties of DA neurons in the substantia nigra (SN). Scopolamine was administered either systemically or locally to DA neurons using microiontophoresis. Surprisingly, scopolamine did not cause any significant change in either the firing rate or pattern of the spontaneously active DA neurons. However, systemic injection of scopolamine significantly increased the number of active DA neurons in the SN. Local infusion of scopolamine into the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPT) mimicked the effect induced by systemically administered scopolamine, significantly increasing the number of active DA neurons without altering the firing rate and pattern. These results suggest that the reported increase in striatal DA release induced by scopolamine is in part mediated by activation of silent nigral DA neurons. The experiments with PPT local infusion further suggest that part of the effect of scopolamine may be due to its blockade of the inhibitory muscarinic autoreceptors on PPT cholinergic cells. The latter effect may lead to activation of quiescent DA neurons by increasing acetylcholine (ACh) release in the SN or in other brain areas providing inputs to DA neurons. Further understanding of the mechanism of action of scopolamine may help us further understand the role of ACh in both the pathophysiology and treatment of DA-related disorders including schizophrenia and Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Di Giovanni
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Sezione di Fisiologia Umana G Pagano, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy.
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Bode FJ, Stephan M, Wiehager S, Nguyen HP, Björkqvist M, von Hörsten S, Bauer A, Petersén A. Increased numbers of motor activity peaks during light cycle are associated with reductions in adrenergic alpha(2)-receptor levels in a transgenic Huntington's disease rat model. Behav Brain Res 2009; 205:175-82. [PMID: 19573560 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2009.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2009] [Revised: 06/18/2009] [Accepted: 06/22/2009] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a neurodegenerative disorder caused by a CAG repeat expansion in the HD gene. Besides psychiatric, motor and cognitive symptoms, HD patients suffer from sleep disturbances. In order to screen a rat model transgenic for HD (tgHD rats) for sleep-wake cycle dysregulation, we monitored their circadian activity peaks in the present study. TgHD rats of both sexes showed hyperactivity during the dark cycle and more frequent light cycle activity peaks indicative for a disturbed sleep-wake cycle. Focusing on males at the age of 4 and 14 months, analyses of receptor levels in the hypothalamus and the basal forebrain revealed that 5-HT(2A)- and adrenergic alpha(2)-receptor densities in these regions were significantly altered in tgHD rats compared to their wild-type littermates. Adrenergic receptor densities correlated negatively with the light cycle hyperactivity peaks at later stages of the disease in male tgHD rats. Furthermore, reduced leptin levels, a feature associated with circadian misalignment, were present. Our study demonstrates that the male tgHD rat is a suitable model to investigate HD associated sleep alterations. Further studies are warranted to elucidate the role of adrenergic- and 5-HT(2A)-receptors as therapeutic targets for dysregulation of the circadian activity in HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix J Bode
- Institute of Functional and Applied Anatomy, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
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