1
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Liu ML, Liu YP, Guo XX, Wu ZY, Zhang XT, Roe AW, Hu JM. Orientation selectivity mapping in the visual cortex. Prog Neurobiol 2024:102656. [PMID: 39009108 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2024.102656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2024] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
The orientation map is one of the most well-studied functional maps of the visual cortex. However, results from the literature are of different qualities. Clear boundaries among different orientation domains and blurred uncertain distinctions were shown in different studies. These unclear imaging results will lead to an inaccuracy in depicting cortical structures, and the lack of consideration in experimental design will also lead to biased depictions of the cortical features. How we accurately define orientation domains will impact the entire field of research. In this study, we test how spatial frequency (SF), stimulus size, location, chromatic, and data processing methods affect the orientation functional maps (including a large area of dorsal V4, and parts of dorsal V1) acquired by intrinsic signal optical imaging. Our results indicate that, for large imaging fields, large grating stimuli with mixed SF components should be considered to acquire the orientation map. A diffusion model image enhancement based on the difference map could further improve the map quality. In addition, the similar outcomes of achromatic and chromatic gratings indicate two alternative types of afferents from LGN, pooling in V1 to generate cue-invariant orientation selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Lan Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Interdisciplinary Institute of Neuroscience and Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China; Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Yi-Peng Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Interdisciplinary Institute of Neuroscience and Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
| | - Xin-Xia Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Interdisciplinary Institute of Neuroscience and Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
| | - Zhi-Yi Wu
- Eye Center, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310010, China
| | - Xiao-Tong Zhang
- College of Electrical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Anna Wang Roe
- Department of Neurosurgery of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Interdisciplinary Institute of Neuroscience and Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China; Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science and Brain-machine Integration, School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310012, China; The State Key Laboratory of Brain-Machine Intelligence, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Jia-Ming Hu
- Department of Neurosurgery of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Interdisciplinary Institute of Neuroscience and Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China; MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science and Brain-machine Integration, School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310012, China.
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2
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Chetverikov A, Jehee JFM. Motion direction is represented as a bimodal probability distribution in the human visual cortex. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7634. [PMID: 37993430 PMCID: PMC10665457 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43251-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Humans infer motion direction from noisy sensory signals. We hypothesize that to make these inferences more precise, the visual system computes motion direction not only from velocity but also spatial orientation signals - a 'streak' created by moving objects. We implement this hypothesis in a Bayesian model, which quantifies knowledge with probability distributions, and test its predictions using psychophysics and fMRI. Using a probabilistic pattern-based analysis, we decode probability distributions of motion direction from trial-by-trial activity in the human visual cortex. Corroborating the predictions, the decoded distributions have a bimodal shape, with peaks that predict the direction and magnitude of behavioral errors. Interestingly, we observe similar bimodality in the distribution of the observers' behavioral responses across trials. Together, these results suggest that observers use spatial orientation signals when estimating motion direction. More broadly, our findings indicate that the cortical representation of low-level visual features, such as motion direction, can reflect a combination of several qualitatively distinct signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey Chetverikov
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
- Department of Psychosocial Science, Faculty of Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Janneke F M Jehee
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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3
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Kennedy B, Bex P, Hunter DG, Nasr S. Two fine-scale channels for encoding motion and stereopsis within the human magnocellular stream. Prog Neurobiol 2023; 220:102374. [PMID: 36403864 PMCID: PMC9832588 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2022.102374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In humans and non-human primates (NHPs), motion and stereopsis are processed within fine-scale cortical sites, including V2 thick stripes and their extensions into areas V3 and V3A that are believed to be under the influence of magnocellular stream. However, in both species, the relative functional organization (overlapping vs. none overlapping) of these sites remains unclear. Using high-resolution functional MRI (fMRI), we found evidence for two minimally-overlapping channels within human extrastriate areas that contribute to processing motion and stereopsis. Across multiple experiments that included different stimuli (random dots, gratings, and natural scenes), the functional selectivity of these channels for motion vs. stereopsis remained consistent. Furthermore, an analysis of resting-state functional connectivity revealed stronger functional connectivity within the two channels rather than between them. This finding provides a new perspective toward the mesoscale organization of the magnocellular stream within the human extrastriate visual cortex, beyond our previous understanding based on animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Kennedy
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, United States
| | - P Bex
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - D G Hunter
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Ophthalmology, Boston's Children Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - S Nasr
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, United States; Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.
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4
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Li M, Chen X, Yuan N, Lu Y, Liu Y, Gong H, Qian L, Andolina IM, Wu J, Zhang S, McLoughlin N, Sun X, Wang W. Effects of acute high intraocular pressure on red-green and blue-yellow cortical color responses in non-human primates. Neuroimage Clin 2022; 35:103092. [PMID: 35753237 PMCID: PMC9249948 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2022.103092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Glaucoma is a leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide, and intraocular pressure (IOP) is an established and modifiable risk factor for both chronic and acute glaucoma. The relationship between color vision deficits and chronic glaucoma has been described previously. However, the effects of acute glaucoma or acute primary angle closure, which has high prevalence in China, on color vision remains unclear. To address the above question, red-green or blue-yellow color responses in V1, V2, and V4 of seven rhesus macaques were monitored using intrinsic-signal optical imaging while monocular anterior chamber perfusions were performed to reversibly elevate IOP acutely over a clinically observed range of 30 to 90 mmHg. We found that the cortical population responses to both red-green and blue-yellow grating stimuli, systematically decreased as IOP increased from 30 to 90 mmHg. Although a similar decrement in magnitude was noted in V1, V2, and V4, blue-yellow responses were consistently more impaired than red-green responses at all levels of acute IOP elevation and in all monitored visual areas. This physiological study in non-human primates demonstrates that acute IOP elevations substantially depress the ability of the visual cortex to register color information. This effect is more severe for blue-yellow responses than for red-green responses, suggesting selective impairment of the koniocellular pathways compared with the parvocellular pathways. Together, we infer that blue-yellow color vision might be the most vulnerable visual function in acute glaucoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengwei Li
- Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Chen
- Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Nini Yuan
- Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Primate Neurobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence Technology, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yiliang Lu
- Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Primate Neurobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Ye Liu
- Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Primate Neurobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongliang Gong
- Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Primate Neurobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Liling Qian
- Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Primate Neurobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Ian Max Andolina
- Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Primate Neurobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Jihong Wu
- Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Shanghai, China
| | - Shenghai Zhang
- Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Shanghai, China
| | - Niall McLoughlin
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Bradford, UK
| | - Xinghuai Sun
- Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Shanghai, China.
| | - Wei Wang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Primate Neurobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence Technology, Shanghai, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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5
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6
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Raffin E, Witon A, Salamanca-Giron RF, Huxlin KR, Hummel FC. Functional Segregation within the Dorsal Frontoparietal Network: A Multimodal Dynamic Causal Modeling Study. Cereb Cortex 2021; 32:3187-3205. [PMID: 34864941 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhab409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Discrimination and integration of motion direction requires the interplay of multiple brain areas. Theoretical accounts of perception suggest that stimulus-related (i.e., exogenous) and decision-related (i.e., endogenous) factors affect distributed neuronal processing at different levels of the visual hierarchy. To test these predictions, we measured brain activity of healthy participants during a motion discrimination task, using electroencephalography (EEG) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). We independently modeled the impact of exogenous factors (task demand) and endogenous factors (perceptual decision-making) on the activity of the motion discrimination network and applied Dynamic Causal Modeling (DCM) to both modalities. DCM for event-related potentials (DCM-ERP) revealed that task demand impacted the reciprocal connections between the primary visual cortex (V1) and medial temporal areas (V5). With practice, higher visual areas were increasingly involved, as revealed by DCM-fMRI. Perceptual decision-making modulated higher levels (e.g., V5-to-Frontal Eye Fields, FEF), in a manner predictive of performance. Our data suggest that lower levels of the visual network support early, feature-based selection of responses, especially when learning strategies have not been implemented. In contrast, perceptual decision-making operates at higher levels of the visual hierarchy by integrating sensory information with the internal state of the subject.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estelle Raffin
- Defitech Chair in Clinical Neuroengineering, Center for Neuroprosthetics and Brain Mind Institute, EPFL, Geneva CH-1201, Switzerland.,Defitech Chair in Clinical Neuroengineering, Center for Neuroprosthetics and Brain Mind Institute, Clinique Romande de Readaptation (CRR), EPFL Valais, Sion CH-1950, Switzerland
| | - Adrien Witon
- Defitech Chair in Clinical Neuroengineering, Center for Neuroprosthetics and Brain Mind Institute, EPFL, Geneva CH-1201, Switzerland.,Defitech Chair in Clinical Neuroengineering, Center for Neuroprosthetics and Brain Mind Institute, Clinique Romande de Readaptation (CRR), EPFL Valais, Sion CH-1950, Switzerland.,Health IT, IT Department, Hôpital du Valais, Sion, Switzerland
| | - Roberto F Salamanca-Giron
- Defitech Chair in Clinical Neuroengineering, Center for Neuroprosthetics and Brain Mind Institute, EPFL, Geneva CH-1201, Switzerland.,Defitech Chair in Clinical Neuroengineering, Center for Neuroprosthetics and Brain Mind Institute, Clinique Romande de Readaptation (CRR), EPFL Valais, Sion CH-1950, Switzerland
| | - Krystel R Huxlin
- The Flaum Eye Institute and Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY-14642, USA
| | - Friedhelm C Hummel
- Defitech Chair in Clinical Neuroengineering, Center for Neuroprosthetics and Brain Mind Institute, EPFL, Geneva CH-1201, Switzerland.,Defitech Chair in Clinical Neuroengineering, Center for Neuroprosthetics and Brain Mind Institute, Clinique Romande de Readaptation (CRR), EPFL Valais, Sion CH-1950, Switzerland.,Clinical Neuroscience, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva CH-1205, Switzerland
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7
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Ma H, Li P, Hu J, Cai X, Song Q, Lu HD. Processing of motion boundary orientation in macaque V2. eLife 2021; 10:61317. [PMID: 33759760 PMCID: PMC8026216 DOI: 10.7554/elife.61317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human and nonhuman primates are good at identifying an object based on its motion, a task that is believed to be carried out by the ventral visual pathway. However, the neural mechanisms underlying such ability remains unclear. We trained macaque monkeys to do orientation discrimination for motion boundaries (MBs) and recorded neuronal response in area V2 with microelectrode arrays. We found 10.9% of V2 neurons exhibited robust orientation selectivity to MBs, and their responses correlated with monkeys' orientation-discrimination performances. Furthermore, the responses of V2 direction-selective neurons recorded at the same time showed correlated activity with MB neurons for particular MB stimuli, suggesting that these motion-sensitive neurons made specific functional contributions to MB discrimination tasks. Our findings support the view that V2 plays a critical role in MB analysis and may achieve this through a neural circuit within area V2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Pengcheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaming Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Xingya Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Qianling Song
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Haidong D Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
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8
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Tohmi M, Tanabe S, Cang J. Motion Streak Neurons in the Mouse Visual Cortex. Cell Rep 2021; 34:108617. [PMID: 33440151 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Motion streaks are smeared representation of fast-moving objects due to temporal integration. Here, we test for motion streak signals in mice with two-photon calcium imaging. For small dots moving at low speeds, neurons in primary visual cortex (V1) encode the component motion, with preferred direction along the axis perpendicular to their preferred orientation. At high speeds, V1 neurons prefer the direction along the axis parallel to their preferred orientation, as expected for encoding motion streaks. Whereas some V1 neurons (∼20%) display a switch of preferred motion axis with increasing speed, others (>40%) respond specifically to high speeds at the parallel axis. Motion streak neurons are also seen in higher visual lateromedial (LM), anterolateral (AL), and rostrolateral (RL) areas, but with higher transition speeds, and many still prefer the perpendicular axis even with fast motion. Our results thus indicate that diverse motion encoding exists in mouse visual cortex, with intriguing differences among visual areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manavu Tohmi
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA.
| | - Seiji Tanabe
- Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
| | - Jianhua Cang
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA; Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
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9
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Luo J, Chen Z, Lu Y, Spillmann L, Andolina IM, Wang W. The Serpentine Illusion: A Visual Motion Illusion Induced by Phase-Shifted Line Gratings. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:612153. [PMID: 33424543 PMCID: PMC7793819 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.612153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In a pattern of horizontal lines containing ± 45° zigzagging phase-shifted strips, vivid illusory motion is perceived when the pattern is translated up or down at a moderate speed. Two forms of illusory motion are seen: [i] a motion "racing" along the diagonal interface between the strips and [ii] lateral (sideways) motion of the strip sections. We found the relative salience of these two illusory motions to be strongly influenced by the vertical spacing and length of the line gratings, and the period length of the zigzag strips. Both illusory motions are abolished when the abutting strips are interleaved, separated by a gap or when a real line is superimposed at the interface. Illusory motion is also severely weakened when equiluminant colored grating lines are used. Illusory motion perception is fully restored at < 20% luminance contrast. Using adaptation, we find that line-ends alone are insufficient for illusory motion perception, and that both physical carrier motion and line orientation are required. We finally test a classical spatiotemporal energy model of V1 cells that exhibit direction tuning changes that are consistent with the direction of illusory motion. Taking this data together, we constructed a new visual illusion and surmise its origin to interactions of spatial and temporal energy of the lines and line-ends preferentially driving the magnocellular pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junxiang Luo
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Primate Neurobiology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Zheyuan Chen
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Primate Neurobiology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiliang Lu
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Primate Neurobiology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Lothar Spillmann
- Department of Neurology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Ian Max Andolina
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Primate Neurobiology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Primate Neurobiology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence Technology, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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10
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Navarro KT, Sanchez MJ, Engel SA, Olman CA, Weldon KB. Depth-dependent functional MRI responses to chromatic and achromatic stimuli throughout V1 and V2. Neuroimage 2020; 226:117520. [PMID: 33137474 PMCID: PMC7958868 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the primate visual system, form (shape, location) and color information are processed in separate but interacting pathways. Recent access to high-resolution neuroimaging has facilitated the exploration of the structure of these pathways at the mesoscopic level in the human visual cortex. We used 7T fMRI to observe selective activation of the primary visual cortex to chromatic versus achromatic stimuli in five participants across two scanning sessions. Achromatic checkerboards with low spatial frequency and high temporal frequency targeted the color-insensitive magnocellular pathway. Chromatic checkerboards with higher spatial frequency and low temporal frequency targeted the color-selective parvocellular pathway. This work resulted in three main findings. First, responses driven by chromatic stimuli had a laminar profile biased towards superficial layers of V1, as compared to responses driven by achromatic stimuli. Second, we found stronger preference for chromatic stimuli in parafoveal V1 compared with peripheral V1. Finally, we found alternating, stimulus-selective bands stemming from the V1 border into V2 and V3. Similar alternating patterns have been previously found in both NHP and human extrastriate cortex. Together, our findings confirm the utility of fMRI for revealing details of mesoscopic neural architecture in human cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen T Navarro
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, 75 E River Rd, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States.
| | - Marisa J Sanchez
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, 2450 Riverside Ave f275, Minneapolis, MN 55454, United States
| | - Stephen A Engel
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, 75 E River Rd, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States
| | - Cheryl A Olman
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, 75 E River Rd, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States; Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, 2021 6th St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States
| | - Kimberly B Weldon
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, 2450 Riverside Ave f275, Minneapolis, MN 55454, United States; Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, 2021 6th St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States
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11
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Srinath R, Emonds A, Wang Q, Lempel AA, Dunn-Weiss E, Connor CE, Nielsen KJ. Early Emergence of Solid Shape Coding in Natural and Deep Network Vision. Curr Biol 2020; 31:51-65.e5. [PMID: 33096039 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.09.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Area V4 is the first object-specific processing stage in the ventral visual pathway, just as area MT is the first motion-specific processing stage in the dorsal pathway. For almost 50 years, coding of object shape in V4 has been studied and conceived in terms of flat pattern processing, given its early position in the transformation of 2D visual images. Here, however, in awake monkey recording experiments, we found that roughly half of V4 neurons are more tuned and responsive to solid, 3D shape-in-depth, as conveyed by shading, specularity, reflection, refraction, or disparity cues in images. Using 2-photon functional microscopy, we found that flat- and solid-preferring neurons were segregated into separate modules across the surface of area V4. These findings should impact early shape-processing theories and models, which have focused on 2D pattern processing. In fact, our analyses of early object processing in AlexNet, a standard visual deep network, revealed a similar distribution of sensitivities to flat and solid shape in layer 3. Early processing of solid shape, in parallel with flat shape, could represent a computational advantage discovered by both primate brain evolution and deep-network training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramanujan Srinath
- Zanvyl Krieger Mind/Brain Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA; Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Alexandriya Emonds
- Zanvyl Krieger Mind/Brain Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Qingyang Wang
- Zanvyl Krieger Mind/Brain Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA; Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Augusto A Lempel
- Zanvyl Krieger Mind/Brain Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA; Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Erika Dunn-Weiss
- Zanvyl Krieger Mind/Brain Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA; Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Charles E Connor
- Zanvyl Krieger Mind/Brain Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA; Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| | - Kristina J Nielsen
- Zanvyl Krieger Mind/Brain Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA; Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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12
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Zeki S. "Multiplexing" cells of the visual cortex and the timing enigma of the binding problem. Eur J Neurosci 2020; 52:4684-4694. [PMID: 32722893 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
In this opinion essay, I address the perennial binding problem, that is to say of how independently processed visual attributes such as form, colour and motion are brought together to give us a unified and holistic picture of the visual world. A solution to this central issue in neurobiology remains as elusive as ever. No one knows today how it is implemented. The issue is not a new one and, though discussed most commonly in the context of the visual brain, it is not unique to it either. Karl Lashley summarized it well years ago when he wrote that a critical problem for brain studies is to understand how "the specialized areas of the cerebral cortex interact to provide the integration evident in thought and behaviour" (Lashley, 1931).
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Affiliation(s)
- Semir Zeki
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Division of Cell & Developmental Biology, University College London, London, UK
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13
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Liu Y, Li M, Zhang X, Lu Y, Gong H, Yin J, Chen Z, Qian L, Yang Y, Andolina IM, Shipp S, Mcloughlin N, Tang S, Wang W. Hierarchical Representation for Chromatic Processing across Macaque V1, V2, and V4. Neuron 2020; 108:538-550.e5. [PMID: 32853551 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2020.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The perception of color is an internal label for the inferred spectral reflectance of visible surfaces. To study how spectral representation is transformed through modular subsystems of successive cortical areas, we undertook simultaneous optical imaging of intrinsic signals in macaque V1, V2, and V4, supplemented by higher-resolution electrophysiology and two-photon imaging in awake macaques. We find a progressive evolution in the scale and precision of chromotopic maps, expressed by a uniform blob-like architecture of hue responses within each area. Two-photon imaging reveals enhanced hue-specific cell clustering in V2 compared with V1. A phenomenon of endspectral (red and blue) responses that is clear in V1, recedes in V2, and is virtually absent in V4. The increase in mid- and extra-spectral hue representations through V2 and V4 reflects the nature of hierarchical processing as higher areas read out locations in chromatic space from progressive integration of signals relayed by V1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Liu
- Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Primate Neurobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence Technology, Shanghai 200031, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Xian Zhang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Primate Neurobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence Technology, Shanghai 200031, China; Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Yiliang Lu
- Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Primate Neurobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence Technology, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Hongliang Gong
- Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Primate Neurobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence Technology, Shanghai 200031, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jiapeng Yin
- Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Primate Neurobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence Technology, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Zheyuan Chen
- Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Primate Neurobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence Technology, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Liling Qian
- Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Primate Neurobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence Technology, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yupeng Yang
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Diseases, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Ian Max Andolina
- Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Primate Neurobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence Technology, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Stewart Shipp
- Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Primate Neurobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence Technology, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Niall Mcloughlin
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health Science, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Shiming Tang
- Peking University School of Life Sciences and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Beijing 100871, China; IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research at Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Wei Wang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Primate Neurobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence Technology, Shanghai 200031, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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14
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Asher JM, Romei V, Hibbard PB. Spatial Frequency Tuning and Transfer of Perceptual Learning for Motion Coherence Reflects the Tuning Properties of Global Motion Processing. Vision (Basel) 2019; 3:vision3030044. [PMID: 31735845 PMCID: PMC6802806 DOI: 10.3390/vision3030044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Perceptual learning is typically highly specific to the stimuli and task used during training. However, recently, it has been shown that training on global motion can transfer to untrained tasks, reflecting the generalising properties of mechanisms at this level of processing. We investigated (i) if feedback was required for learning in a motion coherence task, (ii) the transfer across the spatial frequency of training on a global motion coherence task and (iii) the transfer of this training to a measure of contrast sensitivity. For our first experiment, two groups, with and without feedback, trained for ten days on a broadband motion coherence task. Results indicated that feedback was a requirement for robust learning. For the second experiment, training consisted of five days of direction discrimination using one of three motion coherence stimuli (where individual elements were comprised of either broadband Gaussian blobs or low- or high-frequency random-dot Gabor patches), with trial-by-trial auditory feedback. A pre- and post-training assessment was conducted for each of the three types of global motion coherence conditions and high and low spatial frequency contrast sensitivity (both without feedback). Our training paradigm was successful at eliciting improvement in the trained tasks over the five days. Post-training assessments found evidence of transfer for the motion coherence task exclusively for the group trained on low spatial frequency elements. For the contrast sensitivity tasks, improved performance was observed for low- and high-frequency stimuli, following motion coherence training with broadband stimuli, and for low-frequency stimuli, following low-frequency training. Our findings are consistent with perceptual learning, which depends on the global stage of motion processing in higher cortical areas, which is broadly tuned for spatial frequency, with a preference for low frequencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi M. Asher
- Department of Psychology, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester CO4 3SQ, UK; (V.R.); (P.B.H.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Vincenzo Romei
- Department of Psychology, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester CO4 3SQ, UK; (V.R.); (P.B.H.)
- Dipartimento di Psicologia and Centro Studi e Ricerche in Neuroscienze Cognitive, Campus di Cesena, Università di Bologna, 47521 Cesena, Italy
| | - Paul B. Hibbard
- Department of Psychology, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester CO4 3SQ, UK; (V.R.); (P.B.H.)
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Sandhaeger F, von Nicolai C, Miller EK, Siegel M. Monkey EEG links neuronal color and motion information across species and scales. eLife 2019; 8:e45645. [PMID: 31287792 PMCID: PMC6615858 DOI: 10.7554/elife.45645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
It remains challenging to relate EEG and MEG to underlying circuit processes and comparable experiments on both spatial scales are rare. To close this gap between invasive and non-invasive electrophysiology we developed and recorded human-comparable EEG in macaque monkeys during visual stimulation with colored dynamic random dot patterns. Furthermore, we performed simultaneous microelectrode recordings from 6 areas of macaque cortex and human MEG. Motion direction and color information were accessible in all signals. Tuning of the non-invasive signals was similar to V4 and IT, but not to dorsal and frontal areas. Thus, MEG and EEG were dominated by early visual and ventral stream sources. Source level analysis revealed corresponding information and latency gradients across cortex. We show how information-based methods and monkey EEG can identify analogous properties of visual processing in signals spanning spatial scales from single units to MEG - a valuable framework for relating human and animal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Sandhaeger
- Centre for Integrative NeuroscienceUniversity of TübingenTübingenGermany
- Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain ResearchUniversity of TübingenTübingenGermany
- MEG CenterUniversity of TübingenTübingenGermany
- IMPRS for Cognitive and Systems NeuroscienceUniversity of TübingenTübingenGermany
| | - Constantin von Nicolai
- Centre for Integrative NeuroscienceUniversity of TübingenTübingenGermany
- Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain ResearchUniversity of TübingenTübingenGermany
- MEG CenterUniversity of TübingenTübingenGermany
| | - Earl K Miller
- The Picower Institute for Learning and Memory and Department of Brain and Cognitive SciencesMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeUnited States
| | - Markus Siegel
- Centre for Integrative NeuroscienceUniversity of TübingenTübingenGermany
- Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain ResearchUniversity of TübingenTübingenGermany
- MEG CenterUniversity of TübingenTübingenGermany
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16
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Li M, Yuan N, Chen X, Lu Y, Gong H, Qian L, Wu J, Zhang S, Shipp S, Andolina IM, Sun X, Wang W. Impact of acute intraocular pressure elevation on the visual acuity of non-human primates. EBioMedicine 2019; 44:554-562. [PMID: 31178426 PMCID: PMC6606989 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.05.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 05/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Glaucoma is the leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide and elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) is an established risk factor. Visual acuity, the capacity for fine analysis of spatial frequency (SF) information, is relatively preserved in central vision until the later stages of chronic glaucoma. However, for acute glaucoma that is associated with sharp IOP elevation, how visual acuity is affected by acute IOP elevation remains unclear. Methods Using intrinsic-signal optical imaging of large areas of visual cortices V1 and V2 in seven rhesus macaques, visual acuity was directly examined during acute IOP elevation at 70 mmHg, a pressure often observed in acute angle-closure glaucoma. Acute IOP elevation was achieved by reversible monocular anterior chamber perfusions, and visual acuity was quantified by cortical population responses to various SFs ranging from 0.5–6 cycles/°. Findings Acute IOP elevation particularly depressed the ability of the visual cortex to register fine details (at high SFs referring to visual acuity), an effect that was progressively more severe toward the central visual field. These results completely contrast with long-term impairments present in chronic glaucoma. Interpretation Our results show that impairment of fine visual discrimination within the central visual field is the principal consequence of sharp IOP elevation, implicating relatively greater dysfunction in parvocellular pathways. This study provides direct cortical neural evidence for the immediate visual acuity impairment in acute glaucoma patients. Fund National Natural Science Foundation of China, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai Committee of Science and Technology, and Shanghai Municipal Health Commission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengwei Li
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat Hospital, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Nini Yuan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat Hospital, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat Hospital, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiliang Lu
- Institute of Neuroscience, The Center of Excellence in Brain and Intelligence Technology, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Primate Neurobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongliang Gong
- Institute of Neuroscience, The Center of Excellence in Brain and Intelligence Technology, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Primate Neurobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Liling Qian
- Institute of Neuroscience, The Center of Excellence in Brain and Intelligence Technology, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Primate Neurobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jihong Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat Hospital, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, China; State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; NHC/Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration (Fudan University), Shanghai, China
| | - Shenghai Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat Hospital, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, China; State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; NHC/Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration (Fudan University), Shanghai, China
| | - Stewart Shipp
- Institute of Neuroscience, The Center of Excellence in Brain and Intelligence Technology, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Primate Neurobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ian Max Andolina
- Institute of Neuroscience, The Center of Excellence in Brain and Intelligence Technology, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Primate Neurobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinghuai Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat Hospital, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, China; State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; NHC/Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration (Fudan University), Shanghai, China.
| | - Wei Wang
- Institute of Neuroscience, The Center of Excellence in Brain and Intelligence Technology, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Primate Neurobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Shanghai Center for Brain and Brain-Inspired Intelligence Technology, Shanghai, China.
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17
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Cohen D, Goddard E, Mullen KT. Reevaluating hMT+ and hV4 functional specialization for motion and static contrast using fMRI-guided repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation. J Vis 2019; 19:11. [PMID: 30916726 DOI: 10.1167/19.3.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Although visual areas hMT+ and hV4 are considered to have segregated functions for the processing of motion and form within dorsal and ventral streams, respectively, more recent evidence favors some functional overlap. Here we use fMRI-guided online repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) to test two associated hypotheses: that area hV4 is causally involved in the perception of motion and hMT+ in the perception of static form. We use variations of a common global stimulus to test two dynamic motion-based tasks and two static form-based tasks in ipsilateral and contralateral visual fields. We find that rTMS to both hMT+ and hV4 significantly impairs direction discrimination and causes a perceptual slowing of motion, implicating hV4 in motion perception. Stimulation of hMT+ impairs motion in both visual fields, implying that disruption to one hMT+ disrupts the other with both needed for optimal performance. For the second hypothesis, we find the novel result that hV4 stimulation markedly reduces perceived contrast of a static stimulus. hMT+ stimulation also produces an effect, implicating it in static contrast perception. Our findings are the first to show that rTMS of hV4 can produce a large perceptual effect and, taken together, suggest a less rigid functional segregation between hMT+ and hV4 than previously thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Cohen
- McGill Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Erin Goddard
- McGill Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Kathy T Mullen
- McGill Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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18
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Revealing Detail along the Visual Hierarchy: Neural Clustering Preserves Acuity from V1 to V4. Neuron 2018; 98:417-428.e3. [PMID: 29606580 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2018.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
How primates perceive objects along with their detailed features remains a mystery. This ability to make fine visual discriminations depends upon a high-acuity analysis of spatial frequency (SF) along the visual hierarchy from V1 to inferotemporal cortex. By studying the transformation of SF across macaque parafoveal V1, V2, and V4, we discovered SF-selective functional domains in V4 encoding higher SFs up to 12 cycles/°. These intermittent higher-SF-selective domains, surrounded by domains encoding lower SFs, violate the inverse relationship between SF preference and retinal eccentricity. The neural activities of higher- and lower-SF domains correspond to local and global features, respectively, of the same stimuli. Neural response latencies in high-SF domains are around 10 ms later than in low-SF domains, consistent with the coarse-to-fine nature of perception. Thus, our finding of preserved resolution from V1 into V4, separated both spatially and temporally, may serve as a connecting link for detailed object representation.
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19
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Li X, Zhu Q, Janssens T, Arsenault JT, Vanduffel W. In Vivo Identification of Thick, Thin, and Pale Stripes of Macaque Area V2 Using Submillimeter Resolution (f)MRI at 3 T. Cereb Cortex 2017; 29:544-560. [DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhx337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolian Li
- Laboratory of Neuro- and Psychophysiology, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven Medical School, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Qi Zhu
- Laboratory of Neuro- and Psychophysiology, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven Medical School, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Thomas Janssens
- Laboratory of Neuro- and Psychophysiology, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven Medical School, Leuven, Belgium
- Current address: Siemens Healthcare Belgium, Beersel, Belgium
| | - John T Arsenault
- Laboratory of Neuro- and Psychophysiology, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven Medical School, Leuven, Belgium
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Wim Vanduffel
- Laboratory of Neuro- and Psychophysiology, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven Medical School, Leuven, Belgium
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
- Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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20
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Tao J, Wang D, Ran J, Jin A, Yu H. Response characteristics of the cat somatosensory cortex following the mechanical stimulation to non-vital and vital canine. Neuroscience 2017; 363:34-42. [PMID: 28757248 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.07.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 07/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Patients sometimes complain that non-vital teeth after root canal treatment (RCT) are paresthesia compared with vital teeth, and previous psychological studies on the tactile sensibility of non-vital teeth remained controversial. In the present study, intrinsic signal optical imaging, which served as an objective tool, was employed to compare the cortex response characteristics following forces applied to the cat non-vital and vital canines. Based on the evoked cortical responses, the response threshold, signal strength, spatial pattern, temporal dynamics and the preference of force direction, they were not significantly different between vital and non-vital canines. It seemed that the tactile sensibility of vital and non-vital teeth was comparable at the cortical response level, and pulpal receptors were not concerned in tactile function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxiang Tao
- Department of Prosthodontics, School &Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Duo Wang
- Vision Research Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, The State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jie Ran
- Department of Prosthodontics, School &Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Anqi Jin
- Vision Research Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, The State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Hongbo Yu
- Vision Research Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, The State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
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21
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Attentive Motion Discrimination Recruits an Area in Inferotemporal Cortex. J Neurosci 2017; 36:11918-11928. [PMID: 27881778 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1888-16.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2016] [Revised: 08/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Attentional selection requires the interplay of multiple brain areas. Theoretical accounts of selective attention predict different areas with different functional properties to support endogenous covert attention. To test these predictions, we devised a demanding attention task requiring motion discrimination and spatial selection and performed whole-brain imaging in macaque monkeys. Attention modulated the early visual cortex, motion-selective dorsal stream areas, the lateral intraparietal area, and the frontal eye fields. This pattern of activation supports early selection, feature-based, and biased-competition attention accounts, as well as the frontoparietal theory of attentional control. While high-level motion-selective dorsal stream areas did not exhibit strong attentional modulation, ventral stream areas V4d and the dorsal posterior inferotemporal cortex (PITd) did. The PITd in fact was, consistently across task variations, the most significantly and most strongly attention-modulated area, even though it did not exhibit signs of motion selectivity. Thus the recruitment of the PITd in attention tasks involving different kinds of motion analysis is not predicted by any theoretical account of attention. These functional data, together with known anatomical connections, suggest a general and possibly critical role of the PITd in attentional selection. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Attention is the key cognitive function that selects sensory information relevant to the current goals, relegating other information to the shadows of consciousness. To better understand the neural mechanisms of this interplay between sensory processing and internal cognitive state, we must learn more about the brain areas supporting attentional selection. Here, to test theoretical accounts of attentional selection, we used a novel task requiring sustained attention to motion. We found that, surprisingly, among the most strongly attention-modulated areas is one that is neither selective for the sensory feature relevant for current goals nor one hitherto thought to be involved in attentional control. This discovery suggests a need for an extension of current theoretical accounts of the brain circuits for attentional selection.
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22
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Jancke D. Catching the voltage gradient-asymmetric boost of cortical spread generates motion signals across visual cortex: a brief review with special thanks to Amiram Grinvald. NEUROPHOTONICS 2017; 4:031206. [PMID: 28217713 PMCID: PMC5301132 DOI: 10.1117/1.nph.4.3.031206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Wide-field voltage imaging is unique in its capability to capture snapshots of activity-across the full gradient of average changes in membrane potentials from subthreshold to suprathreshold levels-of hundreds of thousands of superficial cortical neurons that are simultaneously active. Here, I highlight two examples where voltage-sensitive dye imaging (VSDI) was exploited to track gradual space-time changes of activity within milliseconds across several millimeters of cortex at submillimeter resolution: the line-motion condition, measured in Amiram Grinvald's Laboratory more than 10 years ago and-coming full circle running VSDI in my laboratory-another motion-inducing condition, in which two neighboring stimuli counterchange luminance simultaneously. In both examples, cortical spread is asymmetrically boosted, creating suprathreshold activity drawn out over primary visual cortex. These rapidly propagating waves may integrate brain signals that encode motion independent of direction-selective circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Jancke
- Ruhr University Bochum, Optical Imaging Group, Institut für Neuroinformatik, Bochum, Germany
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23
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Norcia AM, Pei F, Kohler PJ. Evidence for long-range spatiotemporal interactions in infant and adult visual cortex. J Vis 2017. [PMID: 28622700 PMCID: PMC5477630 DOI: 10.1167/17.6.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of spatiotemporal interactions giving rise to classical receptive field properties has been well studied in animal models, but little is known about the development of putative nonclassical mechanisms in any species. Here we used visual evoked potentials to study the developmental status of spatiotemporal interactions for stimuli that were biased to engage long-range spatiotemporal integration mechanisms. We compared responses to widely spaced stimuli presented either in temporal succession or at the same time. The former configuration elicits a percept of apparent motion in adults but the latter does not. Component flash responses were summed to make a linear prediction (no spatiotemporal interaction) for comparison with the measured evoked responses to sequential or simultaneous flash conditions. In adults, linear summation of the separate flash responses measured with 40% contrast stimuli predicted sequential flash responses twice as large as those measured, indicating that the response measured under apparent motion conditions is subadditive. Simultaneous-flash responses at the same spatial separation were also subadditive, but substantially less so. The subadditivity in both cases could be modeled as a simple multiplicative gain term across all electrodes and time points. In infants aged 3-8 months, responses to the stimuli used in adults were similar to their linear predictions at 40%, but the responses measured at 80% contrast resembled the subadditive responses of the adults for both sequential and simultaneous flash conditions. We interpret the developmental data as indicating that adult-like long-range spatiotemporal interactions can be demonstrated by 3-8 months, once stimulus contrast is high enough.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony M Norcia
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Francesca Pei
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USADepartment of Psychiatry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Peter J Kohler
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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24
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Mice Can Use Second-Order, Contrast-Modulated Stimuli to Guide Visual Perception. J Neurosci 2016; 36:4457-69. [PMID: 27098690 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4595-15.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Visual processing along the primate ventral stream takes place in a hierarchy of areas, characterized by an increase in both complexity of neuronal preferences and invariance to changes of low-level stimulus attributes. A basic type of invariance is form-cue invariance, where neurons have similar preferences in response to first-order stimuli, defined by changes in luminance, and global features of second-order stimuli, defined by changes in texture or contrast. Whether in mice, a now popular model system for early visual processing, visual perception can be guided by second-order stimuli is currently unknown. Here, we probed mouse visual perception and neural responses in areas V1 and LM using various types of second-order, contrast-modulated gratings with static noise carriers. These gratings differ in their spatial frequency composition and thus in their ability to invoke first-order mechanisms exploiting local luminance features. We show that mice can transfer learning of a coarse orientation discrimination task involving first-order, luminance-modulated gratings to the contrast-modulated gratings, albeit with markedly reduced discrimination performance. Consistent with these behavioral results, we demonstrate that neurons in area V1 and LM are less responsive and less selective to contrast-modulated than to luminance-modulated gratings, but respond with broadly similar preferred orientations. We conclude that mice can, at least in a rudimentary form, use second-order stimuli to guide visual perception. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT To extract object boundaries in natural scenes, the primate visual system does not only rely on differences in local luminance but can also take into account differences in texture or contrast. Whether the mouse, which has a much simpler visual system, can use such second-order information to guide visual perception is unknown. Here we tested mouse perception of second-order, contrast-defined stimuli and measured their neural representations in two areas of visual cortex. We find that mice can use contrast-defined stimuli to guide visual perception, although behavioral performance and neural representations were less robust than for luminance-defined stimuli. These findings shed light on basic steps of feature extraction along the mouse visual cortical hierarchy, which may ultimately lead to object recognition.
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Tao J, Wang J, Li Z, Meng J, Yu H. Population response characteristics of intrinsic signals in the cat somatosensory cortex following canine mechanical stimulation. Neuroscience 2016; 329:254-63. [PMID: 27163378 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.04.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Revised: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/30/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Intrinsic signal optical imaging has been widely used to measure functional maps in various sensory cortices due to better spatial resolution and sensitivity for detecting cortical neuroplasticity. However, application of this technique in dentistry has not been reported. In this study, intrinsic signal optical imaging was used to investigate mechanically driven responses in the cat somatosensory cortex, when punctate mechanical stimuli were applied to maxillary canines. The global signal and its spatial organization pattern were obtained. Global signal strength gradually increased with stimulus strength. There was no significant difference in response strength between contralateral and ipsilateral mechanical stimulation. A slightly greater response was recorded in the sigmoidal gyrus than in the coronal gyrus. The cat somatosensory cortex activated by sensory inputs from mechanical stimulation of canines lacks both topographical and functional organization. It is not organized into columns that represent sensory input from each tooth or direction of stimulation. These results demonstrate that intrinsic signal optical imaging is a valid tool for investigating neural responses and neuroplasticity in the somatosensory cortex that represents teeth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxiang Tao
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Department of Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Vision Research Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, The State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Zhong Li
- Vision Research Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, The State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jianjun Meng
- Vision Research Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, The State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Hongbo Yu
- Vision Research Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, The State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
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Temporal Asymmetry in Dark-Bright Processing Initiates Propagating Activity across Primary Visual Cortex. J Neurosci 2016; 36:1902-13. [PMID: 26865614 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3235-15.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Differences between visual pathways representing darks and lights have been shown to affect spatial resolution and detection timing. Both psychophysical and physiological studies suggest an underlying retinal origin with amplification in primary visual cortex (V1). Here we show that temporal asymmetries in the processing of darks and lights create motion in terms of propagating activity across V1. Exploiting the high spatiotemporal resolution of voltage-sensitive dye imaging, we captured population responses to abrupt local changes of luminance in cat V1. For stimulation we used two neighboring small squares presented on either bright or dark backgrounds. When a single square changed from dark to bright or vice versa, we found coherent population activity emerging at the respective retinal input locations. However, faster rising and decay times were obtained for the bright to dark than the dark to bright changes. When the two squares changed luminance simultaneously in opposite polarities, we detected a propagating wave front of activity that originated at the cortical location representing the darkened square and rapidly expanded toward the region representing the brightened location. Thus, simultaneous input led to sequential activation across cortical retinotopy. Importantly, this effect was independent of the squares' contrast with the background. We suggest imbalance in dark-bright processing as a driving force in the generation of wave-like activity. Such propagation may convey motion signals and influence perception of shape whenever abrupt shifts in visual objects or gaze cause counterchange of luminance at high-contrast borders. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT An elementary process in vision is the detection of darks and lights through the retina via ON and OFF channels. Psychophysical and physiological studies suggest that differences between these channels affect spatial resolution and detection thresholds. Here we show that temporal asymmetries in the processing of darks and lights create motion signals across visual cortex. Using two neighboring squares, which simultaneously counterchanged luminance, we discovered propagating activity that was strictly drawn out from cortical regions representing the darkened location. Thus, a synchronous stimulus event translated into sequential wave-like brain activation. Such propagation may convey motion signals accessible in higher brain areas, whenever abrupt shifts in visual objects or gaze cause counterchange of luminance at high-contrast borders.
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Yin J, Gong H, An X, Chen Z, Lu Y, Andolina IM, McLoughlin N, Wang W. Breaking cover: neural responses to slow and fast camouflage-breaking motion. Proc Biol Sci 2016; 282:20151182. [PMID: 26269500 PMCID: PMC4632627 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2015.1182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Primates need to detect and recognize camouflaged animals in natural environments. Camouflage-breaking movements are often the only visual cue available to accomplish this. Specifically, sudden movements are often detected before full recognition of the camouflaged animal is made, suggesting that initial processing of motion precedes the recognition of motion-defined contours or shapes. What are the neuronal mechanisms underlying this initial processing of camouflaged motion in the primate visual brain? We investigated this question using intrinsic-signal optical imaging of macaque V1, V2 and V4, along with computer simulations of the neural population responses. We found that camouflaged motion at low speed was processed as a direction signal by both direction- and orientation-selective neurons, whereas at high-speed camouflaged motion was encoded as a motion-streak signal primarily by orientation-selective neurons. No population responses were found to be invariant to the camouflage contours. These results suggest that the initial processing of camouflaged motion at low and high speeds is encoded as direction and motion-streak signals in primate early visual cortices. These processes are consistent with a spatio-temporal filter mechanism that provides for fast processing of motion signals, prior to full recognition of camouflage-breaking animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiapeng Yin
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience and Key Laboratory of Primate Neurobiology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongliang Gong
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience and Key Laboratory of Primate Neurobiology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, People's Republic of China
| | - Xu An
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience and Key Laboratory of Primate Neurobiology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, People's Republic of China
| | - Zheyuan Chen
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience and Key Laboratory of Primate Neurobiology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiliang Lu
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience and Key Laboratory of Primate Neurobiology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, People's Republic of China
| | - Ian M Andolina
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience and Key Laboratory of Primate Neurobiology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, People's Republic of China
| | - Niall McLoughlin
- Faculty of Life Science, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Wei Wang
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience and Key Laboratory of Primate Neurobiology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, People's Republic of China
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Moutoussis K. The physiology and psychophysics of the color-form relationship: a review. Front Psychol 2015; 6:1407. [PMID: 26578989 PMCID: PMC4630562 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The relationship between color and form has been a long standing issue in visual science. A picture of functional segregation and topographic clustering emerges from anatomical and electrophysiological studies in animals, as well as by brain imaging studies in human. However, one of the many roles of chromatic information is to support form perception, and in some cases it can do so in a way superior to achromatic (luminance) information. This occurs both at an early, contour-detection stage, as well as in late, higher stages involving spatial integration and the perception of global shapes. Pure chromatic contrast can also support several visual illusions related to form-perception. On the other hand, form seems a necessary prerequisite for the computation and assignment of color across space, and there are several respects in which the color of an object can be influenced by its form. Evidently, color and form are mutually dependent. Electrophysiological studies have revealed neurons in the visual brain able to signal contours determined by pure chromatic contrast, the spatial tuning of which is similar to that of neurons carrying luminance information. It seems that, especially at an early stage, form is processed by several, independent systems that interact with each other, each one having different tuning characteristics in color space. At later processing stages, mechanisms able to combine information coming from different sources emerge. A clear interaction between color and form is manifested by the fact that color-form contingencies can be observed in various perceptual phenomena such as adaptation aftereffects and illusions. Such an interaction suggests a possible early binding between these two attributes, something that has been verified by both electrophysiological and fMRI studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Moutoussis
- Department of History and Philosophy of Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Athens, Greece
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29
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Nascimento-Silva S, Pinõn C, Soares JGM, Gattass R. Feedforward and feedback connections and their relation to the cytox modules of V2 in Cebus monkeys. J Comp Neurol 2015; 522:3091-105. [PMID: 24585707 PMCID: PMC4233920 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Revised: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
To study the circuitry related to the ventral stream of visual information processing and its relation to the cytochrome oxidase (CytOx) modules in visual area V2, we injected anterograde and retrograde cholera toxin subunit B (CTb) tracer into nine sites in area V4 in five Cebus apella monkeys. The injection site locations ranged from 2° to 10° eccentricity in the lower visual field representation of V4. Alternate cortical sections, cut tangentially to the pial surface or in the coronal plane, were stained for CTb immunocytochemistry or for CytOx histochemistry or for Nissl. Our results indicate that the V4-projecting cells and terminal-like labeling were located in interstripes and thin CytOx-rich stripes and avoided the CytOx-rich thick stripes in V2. The feedforward projecting cell bodies in V2 were primarily located in the supragranular layers and sparsely located in the infragranular layers, whereas the feedback projections (i.e., the terminal-like labels) were located in the supra- and infragranular layers. V4 injections of CTb resulted in labeling of the thin stripes and interstripes of V2 and provided an efficient method of distinguishing the V2 modules that were related to the ventral stream from the CytOx-rich thick stripes, related to the dorsal stream. In V2, there was a significant heterogeneity in the distribution of projections: feedforward projections were located in CytOx-rich thin stripes and in the CytOx-poor interstripes, whereas the feedback projections were more abundant in the thin stripes than in the interstripes. J. Comp. Neurol. 522:3091–3105, 2014.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheila Nascimento-Silva
- Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21949-900, Brazil
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30
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Zhang X, An X, Liu H, Peng J, Cai S, Wang W, Lin DT, Yang Y. The topographical arrangement of cutoff spatial frequencies across lower and upper visual fields in mouse V1. Sci Rep 2015; 5:7734. [PMID: 25583266 PMCID: PMC4291572 DOI: 10.1038/srep07734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The visual response to spatial frequency (SF), a characteristic of spatial structure across position in space, is of particular importance for animal survival. A natural challenge for rodents is to detect predators as early as possible while foraging. Whether neurons in mouse primary visual cortex (V1) are functionally organized to meet this challenge remains unclear. Combining intrinsic signal optical imaging and single-unit recording, we found that the cutoff SF was much greater for neurons whose receptive fields were located above the mouse. Specifically, we discovered that the cutoff SF increased in a gradient that was positively correlated with the elevation in the visual field. This organization was present at eye opening and persisted through adulthood. Dark rearing delayed the maturation of the cutoff SF globally, but had little impact on the topographical organization of the cutoff SF, suggesting that this regional distribution is innately determined. This form of cortical organization of different SFs may benefit the mouse for detection of airborne threats in the natural environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Diseases, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, P.R. China
| | - Xu An
- CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Diseases, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, P.R. China
| | - Hanxiao Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Diseases, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, P.R. China
| | - Jing Peng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Diseases, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, P.R. China
| | - Shanshan Cai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Diseases, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, P.R. China
| | - Wei Wang
- Institute of Neuroscience and State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, P. R. China
| | - Da-Ting Lin
- Intramural Research Programme, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore MD 21224
| | - Yupeng Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Diseases, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, P.R. China
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An X, Gong H, Yin J, Wang X, Pan Y, Zhang X, Lu Y, Yang Y, Toth Z, Schiessl I, McLoughlin N, Wang W. Orientation-cue invariant population responses to contrast-modulated and phase-reversed contour stimuli in macaque V1 and V2. PLoS One 2014; 9:e106753. [PMID: 25188576 PMCID: PMC4154761 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Visual scenes can be readily decomposed into a variety of oriented components, the processing of which is vital for object segregation and recognition. In primate V1 and V2, most neurons have small spatio-temporal receptive fields responding selectively to oriented luminance contours (first order), while only a subgroup of neurons signal non-luminance defined contours (second order). So how is the orientation of second-order contours represented at the population level in macaque V1 and V2? Here we compared the population responses in macaque V1 and V2 to two types of second-order contour stimuli generated either by modulation of contrast or phase reversal with those to first-order contour stimuli. Using intrinsic signal optical imaging, we found that the orientation of second-order contour stimuli was represented invariantly in the orientation columns of both macaque V1 and V2. A physiologically constrained spatio-temporal energy model of V1 and V2 neuronal populations could reproduce all the recorded population responses. These findings suggest that, at the population level, the primate early visual system processes the orientation of second-order contours initially through a linear spatio-temporal filter mechanism. Our results of population responses to different second-order contour stimuli support the idea that the orientation maps in primate V1 and V2 can be described as a spatial-temporal energy map.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu An
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience and Key Laboratory of Primate Neurobiology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Diseases, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, P. R. China
| | - Hongliang Gong
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience and Key Laboratory of Primate Neurobiology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Jiapeng Yin
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience and Key Laboratory of Primate Neurobiology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Xiaochun Wang
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience and Key Laboratory of Primate Neurobiology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Yanxia Pan
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience and Key Laboratory of Primate Neurobiology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Xian Zhang
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience and Key Laboratory of Primate Neurobiology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Diseases, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, P. R. China
| | - Yiliang Lu
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience and Key Laboratory of Primate Neurobiology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Yupeng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Diseases, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, P. R. China
| | - Zoltan Toth
- Faculty of Life Science, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Ingo Schiessl
- Faculty of Life Science, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Niall McLoughlin
- Faculty of Life Science, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Wei Wang
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience and Key Laboratory of Primate Neurobiology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, P. R. China
- * E-mail:
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Lüdge T, Urbanczik R, Senn W. Modulation of orientation-selective neurons by motion: when additive, when multiplicative? Front Comput Neurosci 2014; 8:67. [PMID: 24999328 PMCID: PMC4064552 DOI: 10.3389/fncom.2014.00067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The recurrent interaction among orientation-selective neurons in the primary visual cortex (V1) is suited to enhance contours in a noisy visual scene. Motion is known to have a strong pop-up effect in perceiving contours, but how motion-sensitive neurons in V1 support contour detection remains vastly elusive. Here we suggest how the various types of motion-sensitive neurons observed in V1 should be wired together in a micro-circuitry to optimally extract contours in the visual scene. Motion-sensitive neurons can be selective about the direction of motion occurring at some spot or respond equally to all directions (pandirectional). We show that, in the light of figure-ground segregation, direction-selective motion neurons should additively modulate the corresponding orientation-selective neurons with preferred orientation orthogonal to the motion direction. In turn, to maximally enhance contours, pandirectional motion neurons should multiplicatively modulate all orientation-selective neurons with co-localized receptive fields. This multiplicative modulation amplifies the local V1-circuitry among co-aligned orientation-selective neurons for detecting elongated contours. We suggest that the additive modulation by direction-specific motion neurons is achieved through synaptic projections to the somatic region, and the multiplicative modulation by pandirectional motion neurons through projections to the apical region of orientation-specific pyramidal neurons. For the purpose of contour detection, the V1-intrinsic integration of motion information is advantageous over a downstream integration as it exploits the recurrent V1-circuitry designed for that task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torsten Lüdge
- Computational Neuroscience Group, Department of Physiology, University of BernBern, Switzerland
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33
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An X, Gong H, McLoughlin N, Yang Y, Wang W. The mechanism for processing random-dot motion at various speeds in early visual cortices. PLoS One 2014; 9:e93115. [PMID: 24682033 PMCID: PMC3969330 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
All moving objects generate sequential retinotopic activations representing a series of discrete locations in space and time (motion trajectory). How direction-selective neurons in mammalian early visual cortices process motion trajectory remains to be clarified. Using single-cell recording and optical imaging of intrinsic signals along with mathematical simulation, we studied response properties of cat visual areas 17 and 18 to random dots moving at various speeds. We found that, the motion trajectory at low speed was encoded primarily as a direction signal by groups of neurons preferring that motion direction. Above certain transition speeds, the motion trajectory is perceived as a spatial orientation representing the motion axis of the moving dots. In both areas studied, above these speeds, other groups of direction-selective neurons with perpendicular direction preferences were activated to encode the motion trajectory as motion-axis information. This applied to both simple and complex neurons. The average transition speed for switching between encoding motion direction and axis was about 31°/s in area 18 and 15°/s in area 17. A spatio-temporal energy model predicted the transition speeds accurately in both areas, but not the direction-selective indexes to random-dot stimuli in area 18. In addition, above transition speeds, the change of direction preferences of population responses recorded by optical imaging can be revealed using vector maximum but not vector summation method. Together, this combined processing of motion direction and axis by neurons with orthogonal direction preferences associated with speed may serve as a common principle of early visual motion processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu An
- CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Diseases, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, P. R. China; Institute of Neuroscience and State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Hongliang Gong
- Institute of Neuroscience and State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Niall McLoughlin
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Yupeng Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Diseases, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, P. R. China
| | - Wei Wang
- Institute of Neuroscience and State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, P. R. China
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Nauhaus I, Nielsen KJ. Building maps from maps in primary visual cortex. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2014; 24:1-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2013.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Revised: 08/05/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
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35
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Silveira VDA, Souza GDS, Gomes BD, Rodrigues AR, Silveira LCDL. Joint entropy for space and spatial frequency domains estimated from psychometric functions of achromatic discrimination. PLoS One 2014; 9:e86579. [PMID: 24466158 PMCID: PMC3900586 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We used psychometric functions to estimate the joint entropy for space discrimination and spatial frequency discrimination. Space discrimination was taken as discrimination of spatial extent. Seven subjects were tested. Gábor functions comprising unidimensionalsinusoidal gratings (0.4, 2, and 10 cpd) and bidimensionalGaussian envelopes (1°) were used as reference stimuli. The experiment comprised the comparison between reference and test stimulithat differed in grating's spatial frequency or envelope's standard deviation. We tested 21 different envelope's standard deviations around the reference standard deviation to study spatial extent discrimination and 19 different grating's spatial frequencies around the reference spatial frequency to study spatial frequency discrimination. Two series of psychometric functions were obtained for 2%, 5%, 10%, and 100% stimulus contrast. The psychometric function data points for spatial extent discrimination or spatial frequency discrimination were fitted with Gaussian functions using the least square method, and the spatial extent and spatial frequency entropies were estimated from the standard deviation of these Gaussian functions. Then, joint entropy was obtained by multiplying the square root of space extent entropy times the spatial frequency entropy. We compared our results to the theoretical minimum for unidimensional Gábor functions, 1/4π or 0.0796. At low and intermediate spatial frequencies and high contrasts, joint entropy reached levels below the theoretical minimum, suggesting non-linear interactions between two or more visual mechanisms. We concluded that non-linear interactions of visual pathways, such as the M and P pathways, could explain joint entropy values below the theoretical minimum at low and intermediate spatial frequencies and high contrasts. These non-linear interactions might be at work at intermediate and high contrasts at all spatial frequencies once there was a substantial decrease in joint entropy for these stimulus conditions when contrast was raised.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Givago da Silva Souza
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
- Núcleo de Medicina Tropical, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Bruno Duarte Gomes
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | | | - Luiz Carlos de Lima Silveira
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
- Núcleo de Medicina Tropical, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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36
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Splenium of corpus callosum: patterns of interhemispheric interaction in children and adults. Neural Plast 2013; 2013:639430. [PMID: 23577273 PMCID: PMC3610378 DOI: 10.1155/2013/639430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2012] [Revised: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 02/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The splenium of the corpus callosum connects the posterior cortices with fibers varying in size from thin late-myelinating axons in the anterior part, predominantly connecting parietal and temporal areas, to thick early-myelinating fibers in the posterior part, linking primary and secondary visual areas. In the adult human brain, the function of the splenium in a given area is defined by the specialization of the area and implemented via excitation and/or suppression of the contralateral homotopic and heterotopic areas at the same or different level of visual hierarchy. These mechanisms are facilitated by interhemispheric synchronization of oscillatory activity, also supported by the splenium. In postnatal ontogenesis, structural MRI reveals a protracted formation of the splenium during the first two decades of human life. In doing so, the slow myelination of the splenium correlates with the formation of interhemispheric excitatory influences in the extrastriate areas and the EEG synchronization, while the gradual increase of inhibitory effects in the striate cortex is linked to the local inhibitory circuitry. Reshaping interactions between interhemispherically distributed networks under various perceptual contexts allows sparsification of responses to superfluous information from the visual environment, leading to a reduction of metabolic and structural redundancy in a child's brain.
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Zhu YG, Cao HQ, Dong ED. Grand Research Plan for Neural Circuits of Emotion and Memory--current status of neural circuit studies in China. Neurosci Bull 2013; 29:121-4. [PMID: 23361522 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-013-1307-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2012] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
During recent years, major advances have been made in neuroscience, i.e., asynchronous release, three-dimensional structural data sets, saliency maps, magnesium in brain research, and new functional roles of long non-coding RNAs. Especially, the development of optogenetic technology provides access to important information about relevant neural circuits by allowing the activation of specific neurons in awake mammals and directly observing the resulting behavior. The Grand Research Plan for Neural Circuits of Emotion and Memory was launched by the National Natural Science Foundation of China. It takes emotion and memory as its main objects, making the best use of cutting-edge technologies from medical science, life science and information science. In this paper, we outline the current status of neural circuit studies in China and the technologies and methodologies being applied, as well as studies related to the impairments of emotion and memory. In this phase, we are making efforts to repair the current deficiencies by making adjustments, mainly involving four aspects of core scientific issues to investigate these circuits at multiple levels. Five research directions have been taken to solve important scientific problems while the Grand Research Plan is implemented. Future research into this area will be multimodal, incorporating a range of methods and sciences into each project. Addressing these issues will ensure a bright future, major discoveries, and a higher level of treatment for all affected by debilitating brain illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Gui Zhu
- Department of Health Sciences, National Natural Science Foundation of China, Beijing, 100085, China
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