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Liu H, Gao W, Jiao Q, Cao W, Guo Y, Cui D, Shi Y, Sun F, Su L, Lu G. Structural and functional disruption of subcortical limbic structures related with executive function in pediatric bipolar disorder. J Psychiatr Res 2024; 175:461-469. [PMID: 38820996 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2024.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Impaired cognition has been demonstrated in pediatric bipolar disorder (PBD). The subcortical limbic structures play a key role in PBD. However, alternations of anatomical and functional characteristics of subcortical limbic structures and their relationship with neurocognition of PBD remain unclear. METHODS Thirty-six PBD type I (PBD-I) (15.36 ± 0.32 years old), twenty PBD type II (PBD-II) (14.80 ± 0.32 years old) and nineteen age-gender matched healthy controls (HCs) (14.16 ± 0.36 years old) were enlisted. Primarily, the volumes of the subcortical limbic structures were obtained and differences in the volumes were evaluated. Then, these structures served as seeds of regions of interest to calculate the voxel-wised functional connectivity (FC). After that, correlation analysis was completed between volumes and FC of brain regions showing significant differences and neuropsychological tests. RESULTS Compared to HCs, both PBD-I and PBD-II patients showed a decrease in the Stroop color word test (SCWT) and digit span backward test scores. Compared with HCs, PBD-II patients exhibited a significantly increased volume of right septal nuclei, and PBD-I patients presented increased FC of right nucleus accumbens and bilateral pallidum, of right basal forebrain with right putamen and left pallidum. Both the significantly altered volumes and FC were negatively correlated with SCWT scores. SIGNIFICANCE The study revealed the role of subcortical limbic structural and functional abnormalities on cognitive impairments in PBD patients. These may have far-reaching significance for the etiology of PBD and provide neuroimaging clues for the differential diagnosis of PBD subtypes. CONCLUSIONS Distinctive features of neural structure and function in PBD subtypes may contribute to better comprehending the potential mechanisms of PBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiqin Liu
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Tai'an, China; School of Radiology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Tai'an, China
| | - Weijia Gao
- Department of Child Psychology, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qing Jiao
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Tai'an, China; School of Radiology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Tai'an, China.
| | - Weifang Cao
- School of Radiology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Tai'an, China
| | - Yongxin Guo
- School of Radiology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Tai'an, China
| | - Dong Cui
- School of Radiology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Tai'an, China
| | - Yajun Shi
- School of Radiology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Tai'an, China
| | - Fengzhu Sun
- School of Radiology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Tai'an, China
| | - Linyan Su
- Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health of Hunan Province, Mental Health Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Guangming Lu
- Department of Medical Imaging, Jinling Hospital, Clinical School of Medical College, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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2
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Kwapiszewski JT, Rivera-Perez LM, Roberts MT. Cholinergic Boutons are Distributed Along the Dendrites and Somata of VIP Neurons in the Inferior Colliculus. J Assoc Res Otolaryngol 2023; 24:181-196. [PMID: 36627519 PMCID: PMC10121979 DOI: 10.1007/s10162-022-00885-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholinergic signaling shapes sound processing and plasticity in the inferior colliculus (IC), the midbrain hub of the central auditory system, but how cholinergic terminals contact and influence individual neuron types in the IC remains largely unknown. Using pharmacology and electrophysiology, we recently found that acetylcholine strongly excites VIP neurons, a class of glutamatergic principal neurons in the IC, by activating α3β4* nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). Here, we confirm and extend these results using tissue from mice of both sexes. First, we show that mRNA encoding α3 and β4 nAChR subunits is expressed in many neurons throughout the IC, including most VIP neurons, suggesting that these subunits, which are rare in the brain, are important mediators of cholinergic signaling in the IC. Next, by combining fluorescent labeling of VIP neurons and immunofluorescence against the vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT), we show that individual VIP neurons in the central nucleus of the IC (ICc) are contacted by a large number of cholinergic boutons. Cholinergic boutons were distributed adjacent to the somata and along the full length of the dendritic arbors of VIP neurons, positioning cholinergic signaling to affect synaptic computations arising throughout the somatodendritic compartments of VIP neurons. In addition, cholinergic boutons were occasionally observed in close apposition to dendritic spines on VIP neurons, raising the possibility that cholinergic signaling also modulates presynaptic release onto VIP neurons. Together, these results strengthen the evidence that cholinergic signaling exerts widespread influence on auditory computations performed by VIP neurons and other neurons in the IC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia T Kwapiszewski
- Kresge Hearing Research Institute, Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan, MI, Ann Arbor, 48109, USA
| | - Luis M Rivera-Perez
- Kresge Hearing Research Institute, Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan, MI, Ann Arbor, 48109, USA
| | - Michael T Roberts
- Kresge Hearing Research Institute, Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan, MI, Ann Arbor, 48109, USA.
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Pharmacology, University of Michigan, MI, Ann Arbor, 48109, USA.
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3
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Kang JY, Kim JM, Park SK, Lee HL, Heo HJ. A Mixture of Artemisia argyi and Saururus chinensis Improves PM 2.5-Induced Cognitive Dysfunction by Regulating Oxidative Stress and Inflammatory Response in the Lung and Brain. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1230. [PMID: 36986919 PMCID: PMC10059966 DOI: 10.3390/plants12061230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
This study was performed to investigate the improving effect of a mixture of Artemisia argyi and Saururus chinensis (AASC) on cognitive dysfunction in mice with long-term exposure to fine particles (particulate matter smaller than 2.5 µm: PM2.5). The main compounds of AASC were identified as dicaffeoylquinic acid isomers of A. argyi and a quercetin-3-glucoside of S. chinesis. As a result of behavioral tests for the evaluation of cognitive function, it was confirmed that cognitive dysfunction was induced in the PM2.5 exposure group, and a tendency to improve in the AASC group was confirmed. Increased oxidative stress and inflammatory response and mitochondrial dysfunction were observed in the brain and lung tissues of the PM group. Damage to the brain and lung affected the accumulation of amyloid beta (Aβ) in the brain. It increased Aβ and induced the cholinergic dysfunction, hyperphosphorylation of the tau protein, and activation of apoptosis, leading to cognitive impairment. However, AASC suppressed brain and lung oxidative stress and inflammation, thereby suppressing brain Aβ expression. Consequently, this study shows the potential that a steady intake of plant resources with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity could prevent cognitive impairment caused by PM2.5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Yong Kang
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21), Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
- Research and Development Division, World Institute of Kimchi, Gwangju 61755, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Min Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21), Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon-Kyeong Park
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21), Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
- Korea Food Research institute, Wanju-Gun 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Lim Lee
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21), Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Jin Heo
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21), Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
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4
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Pugliese A, Holland SH, Rodolico C, Lochmüller H, Spendiff S. Presynaptic Congenital Myasthenic Syndromes: Understanding Clinical Phenotypes through In vivo Models. J Neuromuscul Dis 2023; 10:731-759. [PMID: 37212067 PMCID: PMC10578258 DOI: 10.3233/jnd-221646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Presynaptic congenital myasthenic syndromes (CMS) are a group of genetic disorders affecting the presynaptic side of the neuromuscular junctions (NMJ). They can result from a dysfunction in acetylcholine (ACh) synthesis or recycling, in its packaging into synaptic vesicles, or its subsequent release into the synaptic cleft. Other proteins involved in presynaptic endplate development and maintenance can also be impaired.Presynaptic CMS usually presents during the prenatal or neonatal period, with a severe phenotype including congenital arthrogryposis, developmental delay, and apnoeic crisis. However, milder phenotypes with proximal muscle weakness and good response to treatment have been described. Finally, many presynaptic genes are expressed in the brain, justifying the presence of additional central nervous system symptoms.Several animal models have been developed to study CMS, providing the opportunity to identify disease mechanisms and test treatment options. In this review, we describe presynaptic CMS phenotypes with a focus on in vivo models, to better understand CMS pathophysiology and define new causative genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Pugliese
- Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Stephen H. Holland
- Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Carmelo Rodolico
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Hanns Lochmüller
- Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Neuropediatrics and Muscle Disorders, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Freiburg, Germany
- Centro Nacional de Análisis Genómico (CNAG-CRG), Center for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Sally Spendiff
- Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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5
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Kljakic O, Janíčková H, Skirzewski M, Reichelt A, Memar S, El Mestikawy S, Li Y, Saksida LM, Bussey TJ, Prado VF, Prado MAM. Functional dissociation of behavioral effects from acetylcholine and glutamate released from cholinergic striatal interneurons. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22135. [PMID: 35032355 PMCID: PMC9303754 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202101425r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In the striatum, cholinergic interneurons (CINs) have the ability to release both acetylcholine and glutamate, due to the expression of the vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT) and the vesicular glutamate transporter 3 (VGLUT3). However, the relationship these neurotransmitters have in the regulation of behavior is not fully understood. Here we used reward‐based touchscreen tests in mice to assess the individual and combined contributions of acetylcholine/glutamate co‐transmission in behavior. We found that reduced levels of the VAChT from CINs negatively impacted dopamine signalling in response to reward, and disrupted complex responses in a sequential chain of events. In contrast, diminished VGLUT3 levels had somewhat opposite effects. When mutant mice were treated with haloperidol in a cue‐based task, the drug did not affect the performance of VAChT mutant mice, whereas VGLUT3 mutant mice were highly sensitive to haloperidol. In mice where both vesicular transporters were deleted from CINs, we observed altered reward‐evoked dopaminergic signalling and behavioral deficits that resemble, but were worse, than those in mice with specific loss of VAChT alone. These results demonstrate that the ability to secrete two different neurotransmitters allows CINs to exert complex modulation of a wide range of behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ornela Kljakic
- Translational Neuroscience Group, Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Helena Janíčková
- Translational Neuroscience Group, Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Miguel Skirzewski
- Translational Neuroscience Group, Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.,Brain and Mind Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Amy Reichelt
- Translational Neuroscience Group, Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sara Memar
- Translational Neuroscience Group, Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.,Brain and Mind Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Salah El Mestikawy
- Department of Psychiatry, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,INSERM, CNRS, Neuroscience Paris Seine - Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (NPS - IBPS), Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Yulong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Peking University School of Life Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lisa M Saksida
- Translational Neuroscience Group, Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.,Brain and Mind Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Timothy J Bussey
- Translational Neuroscience Group, Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.,Brain and Mind Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Vania F Prado
- Translational Neuroscience Group, Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.,Brain and Mind Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marco A M Prado
- Translational Neuroscience Group, Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.,Brain and Mind Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
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6
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Stress-inducible phosphoprotein 1 (HOP/STI1/STIP1) regulates the accumulation and toxicity of α-synuclein in vivo. Acta Neuropathol 2022; 144:881-910. [PMID: 36121476 PMCID: PMC9547791 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-022-02491-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The predominantly pre-synaptic intrinsically disordered protein α-synuclein is prone to misfolding and aggregation in synucleinopathies, such as Parkinson's disease (PD) and Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB). Molecular chaperones play important roles in protein misfolding diseases and members of the chaperone machinery are often deposited in Lewy bodies. Here, we show that the Hsp90 co-chaperone STI1 co-immunoprecipitated α-synuclein, and co-deposited with Hsp90 and Hsp70 in insoluble protein fractions in two mouse models of α-synuclein misfolding. STI1 and Hsp90 also co-localized extensively with filamentous S129 phosphorylated α-synuclein in ubiquitin-positive inclusions. In PD human brains, STI1 transcripts were increased, and in neurologically healthy brains, STI1 and α-synuclein transcripts correlated. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) analyses revealed direct interaction of α-synuclein with STI1 and indicated that the STI1 TPR2A, but not TPR1 or TPR2B domains, interacted with the C-terminal domain of α-synuclein. In vitro, the STI1 TPR2A domain facilitated S129 phosphorylation by Polo-like kinase 3. Moreover, mice over-expressing STI1 and Hsp90ß presented elevated α-synuclein S129 phosphorylation accompanied by inclusions when injected with α-synuclein pre-formed fibrils. In contrast, reduced STI1 function decreased protein inclusion formation, S129 α-synuclein phosphorylation, while mitigating motor and cognitive deficits as well as mesoscopic brain atrophy in α-synuclein-over-expressing mice. Our findings reveal a vicious cycle in which STI1 facilitates the generation and accumulation of toxic α-synuclein conformers, while α-synuclein-induced proteostatic stress increased insoluble STI1 and Hsp90.
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7
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Kipp BT, Nunes PT, Galaj E, Hitchcock B, Nasra T, Poynor KR, Heide SK, Reitz NL, Savage LM. Adolescent Ethanol Exposure Alters Cholinergic Function and Apical Dendritic Branching Within the Orbital Frontal Cortex. Neuroscience 2021; 473:52-65. [PMID: 34450212 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
During adolescence, heavy binge-like ethanol consumption can lead to frontocortical structural and functional impairments. These impairments are likely driven by adolescence being a critical time point for maturation of brain regions associated with higher-order cognitive functioning. Rodent models of heavy binge-like ethanol exposure show consistent disruptions to the typical development of the prefrontal cortex (PFC). All deep cortical layers receive cholinergic projections that originate from the Nucleus basalis of Meynert (NbM) complex. These cholinergic projections are highly involved in learning, memory, and attention. Adolescent intermittent ethanol exposure (AIE) induces cholinergic dysfunction as a result of an epigenetic suppression of the genes that drive the cholinergic phenotype. The current study used a model of AIE to assess structural and functional changes to the frontal cortex and NbM following binge-like ethanol exposure in adolescence. Western blot analysis revealed long-term disruptions of the cholinergic circuit following AIE: choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) was suppressed in the NbM and vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT) was suppressed in the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC). In vivo microdialysis for acetylcholine efflux during a spatial memory task determined changes in cholinergic modulation within the PFC following AIE. However, AIE spared performance on the spatial memory task and on an operant reversal task. In a second study, Golgi-Cox staining determined that AIE increased apical dendritic complexity in the OFC, with sex influencing whether the increase in branching occurred near or away from the soma. Spine density or maturity was not affected, likely compensating for a disruption in neurotransmitter function following AIE.
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Affiliation(s)
- B T Kipp
- Department of Psychology, Binghamton University of the State University of New York, New York, USA
| | - P T Nunes
- Department of Psychology, Binghamton University of the State University of New York, New York, USA
| | - E Galaj
- Department of Psychology, Binghamton University of the State University of New York, New York, USA
| | - B Hitchcock
- Department of Psychology, Binghamton University of the State University of New York, New York, USA
| | - T Nasra
- Department of Psychology, Binghamton University of the State University of New York, New York, USA
| | - K R Poynor
- Department of Psychology, Binghamton University of the State University of New York, New York, USA
| | - S K Heide
- Department of Psychology, Binghamton University of the State University of New York, New York, USA
| | - N L Reitz
- Department of Psychology, Binghamton University of the State University of New York, New York, USA
| | - L M Savage
- Department of Psychology, Binghamton University of the State University of New York, New York, USA.
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8
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Hauser SR, Rodd ZA, Deehan GA, Liang T, Rahman S, Bell RL. Effects of adolescent substance use disorders on central cholinergic function. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2021; 160:175-221. [PMID: 34696873 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2021.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Adolescence is a transitional period between childhood and adulthood, in which the individual undergoes significant cognitive, behavioral, physical, emotional, and social developmental changes. During this period, adolescents engage in experimentation and risky behaviors such as licit and illicit drug use. Adolescents' high vulnerability to abuse drugs and natural reinforcers leads to greater risk for developing substance use disorders (SUDs) during adulthood. Accumulating evidence indicates that the use and abuse of licit and illicit drugs during adolescence and emerging adulthood can disrupt the cholinergic system and its processes. This review will focus on the effects of peri-adolescent nicotine and/or alcohol use, or exposure, on the cholinergic system during adulthood from preclinical and clinical studies. This review further explores potential cholinergic agents and pharmacological manipulations to counteract peri-adolescent nicotine and/or alcohol abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Hauser
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States; Paul and Carole Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States.
| | - Z A Rodd
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States; Paul and Carole Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - G A Deehan
- Department of Psychology, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States
| | - T Liang
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Shafiqur Rahman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, United States
| | - Richard L Bell
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States; Paul and Carole Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States.
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9
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Long-term endogenous acetylcholine deficiency potentiates pulmonary inflammation in a murine model of elastase-induced emphysema. Sci Rep 2021; 11:15918. [PMID: 34354132 PMCID: PMC8342425 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-95211-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Acetylcholine (ACh), the neurotransmitter of the cholinergic system, regulates inflammation in several diseases including pulmonary diseases. ACh is also involved in a non-neuronal mechanism that modulates the innate immune response. Because inflammation and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines are involved in pulmonary emphysema, we hypothesized that vesicular acetylcholine transport protein (VAChT) deficiency, which leads to reduction in ACh release, can modulate lung inflammation in an experimental model of emphysema. Mice with genetical reduced expression of VAChT (VAChT KDHOM 70%) and wild-type mice (WT) received nasal instillation of 50 uL of porcine pancreatic elastase (PPE) or saline on day 0. Twenty-eight days after, animals were evaluated. Elastase instilled VAChT KDHOM mice presented an increase in macrophages, lymphocytes, and neutrophils in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and MAC2-positive macrophages in lung tissue and peribronchovascular area that was comparable to that observed in WT mice. Conversely, elastase instilled VAChT KDHOM mice showed significantly larger number of NF-κB-positive cells and isoprostane staining in the peribronchovascular area when compared to elastase-instilled WT-mice. Moreover, elastase-instilled VAChT-deficient mice showed increased MCP-1 levels in the lungs. Other cytokines, extracellular matrix remodeling, alveolar enlargement, and lung function were not worse in elastase-instilled VAChT deficiency than in elastase-instilled WT-controls. These data suggest that decreased VAChT expression may contribute to the pathogenesis of emphysema, at least in part, through NF-κB activation, MCP-1, and oxidative stress pathways. This study highlights novel pathways involved in lung inflammation that may contribute to the development of chronic obstrutive lung disease (COPD) in cholinergic deficient individuals such as Alzheimer's disease patients.
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10
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Kljakic O, Al-Onaizi M, Janíčková H, Chen KS, Guzman MS, Prado MAM, Prado VF. Cholinergic transmission from the basal forebrain modulates social memory in male mice. Eur J Neurosci 2021; 54:6075-6092. [PMID: 34308559 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Disruptions in social behaviour are prevalent in many neuropsychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and autism spectrum disorders. However, the underlying neurochemical regulation of social behaviour is still not well understood. The central cholinergic system has been proposed to contribute to the regulation of social behaviour. For instance, decreased global levels of acetylcholine release in the brain leads to decreased social interaction and an impairment of social memory in mice. Nonetheless, it has been difficult to ascertain the specific brain areas where cholinergic signalling influences social preference and social memory. In this study, we investigated the impact of different forebrain cholinergic regions on social behaviour by examining mouse lines that differ in their regional expression level of the vesicular acetylcholine transporter-the protein that regulates acetylcholine secretion. We found that when cholinergic signalling is highly disrupted in the striatum, hippocampus, cortex and amygdala mice have intact social preference but are impaired in social memory, as they cannot remember a familiar conspecific nor recognize a novel one. A similar pattern emerges when acetylcholine release is disrupted mainly in the striatum, cortex, and amygdala; however, the ability to recognize novel conspecifics is retained. In contrast, cholinergic signalling of the striatum and amygdala does not appear to significantly contribute to the modulation of social memory and social preference. Furthermore, we demonstrated that increasing global cholinergic tone does not increase social behaviours. Together, these data suggest that cholinergic transmission from the hippocampus and cortex are important for regulating social memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ornela Kljakic
- Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mohammed Al-Onaizi
- Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Helena Janíčková
- Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Neurochemistry, Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Kevin S Chen
- Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Monica S Guzman
- Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.,Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marco A M Prado
- Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Vania F Prado
- Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
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11
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Thibault PA, Ganesan A, Kalyaanamoorthy S, Clarke JPWE, Salapa HE, Levin MC. hnRNP A/B Proteins: An Encyclopedic Assessment of Their Roles in Homeostasis and Disease. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10080712. [PMID: 34439945 PMCID: PMC8389229 DOI: 10.3390/biology10080712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The hnRNP A/B family of proteins is canonically central to cellular RNA metabolism, but due to their highly conserved nature, the functional differences between hnRNP A1, A2/B1, A0, and A3 are often overlooked. In this review, we explore and identify the shared and disparate homeostatic and disease-related functions of the hnRNP A/B family proteins, highlighting areas where the proteins have not been clearly differentiated. Herein, we provide a comprehensive assembly of the literature on these proteins. We find that there are critical gaps in our grasp of A/B proteins' alternative splice isoforms, structures, regulation, and tissue and cell-type-specific functions, and propose that future mechanistic research integrating multiple A/B proteins will significantly improve our understanding of how this essential protein family contributes to cell homeostasis and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia A. Thibault
- Office of the Saskatchewan Multiple Sclerosis Clinical Research Chair, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7K 0M7, Canada; (P.A.T.); (J.-P.W.E.C.); (H.E.S.)
- Department of Medicine, Neurology Division, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0X8, Canada
| | - Aravindhan Ganesan
- ArGan’s Lab, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada;
| | - Subha Kalyaanamoorthy
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada;
| | - Joseph-Patrick W. E. Clarke
- Office of the Saskatchewan Multiple Sclerosis Clinical Research Chair, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7K 0M7, Canada; (P.A.T.); (J.-P.W.E.C.); (H.E.S.)
- Department of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Hannah E. Salapa
- Office of the Saskatchewan Multiple Sclerosis Clinical Research Chair, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7K 0M7, Canada; (P.A.T.); (J.-P.W.E.C.); (H.E.S.)
- Department of Medicine, Neurology Division, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0X8, Canada
| | - Michael C. Levin
- Office of the Saskatchewan Multiple Sclerosis Clinical Research Chair, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7K 0M7, Canada; (P.A.T.); (J.-P.W.E.C.); (H.E.S.)
- Department of Medicine, Neurology Division, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0X8, Canada
- Department of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada
- Correspondence:
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12
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Sun Y, Zhao Z, Li Q, Wang C, Ge X, Wang X, Wang G, Qin Y. Dl-3-n-butylphthalide regulates cholinergic dysfunction in chronic cerebral hypoperfusion rats. J Int Med Res 2021; 48:300060520936177. [PMID: 32644834 PMCID: PMC7350057 DOI: 10.1177/0300060520936177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives To investigate whether dl-3-n-butylphthalide (NBP) affects cholinergic system function and ameliorates cognitive decline in a rat model of vascular dementia (VaD). Methods The VaD rat model was established by bilateral common carotid artery ligation (two-vessel occlusion, 2VO). Rats were divided into five groups: control, sham, 2VO, 2VO+NBP (80 mg/kg; intragastric), and 2VO+donepezil (1 mg/kg; intragastric). Treatments were administered once daily for 2 weeks from day 21 post-surgery. Spatial learning and memory were evaluated by Morris water maze performance. Hippocampal choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), acetylcholinesterase (AChE), vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expressions were detected using immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, and real-time polymerase chain reaction methods. Results The daily escape latency was significantly longer in 2VO rats than in the sham or control groups, while the time spent in the target quadrant was significantly shorter. The daily escape latency of the 2VO+NBP group was significantly shorter compared with the 2VO group. Following NBP treatment, ChAT, AChE, VAChT, and BDNF expressions were significantly upregulated in the hippocampus. Conclusions Central cholinergic dysfunction may be involved in VaD pathogenesis. NBP treatment significantly improved spatial learning and memory in VaD rats, and may enhance cholinergic system function via BDNF-mediated neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Sun
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Zilong Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Qi Li
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Chunyang Wang
- Scientific Research Department, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Xintong Ge
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Xing Wang
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Gang Wang
- Library of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yu Qin
- Department of Diagnostics, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
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13
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Teixeira VP, Miranda K, Scalzo S, Rocha-Resende C, Silva MM, Tezini GCSV, Melo MB, Souza-Neto FP, Silva KSC, Jesus ICG, Santos AK, de Oliveira M, Szawka RE, Salgado HC, Prado MAM, Poletini MO, Guatimosim S. Increased cholinergic activity under conditions of low estrogen leads to adverse cardiac remodeling. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2021; 320:C602-C612. [PMID: 33296286 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00142.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cholinesterase inhibitors are used in postmenopausal women for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Despite their widespread use in the clinical practice, little is known about the impact of augmented cholinergic signaling on cardiac function under reduced estrogen conditions. To address this gap, we subjected a genetically engineered murine model of systemic vesicular acetylcholine transporter overexpression (Chat-ChR2) to ovariectomy and evaluated cardiac parameters. Left-ventricular function was similar between Chat-ChR2 and wild-type (WT) mice. Following ovariectomy, WT mice showed signs of cardiac hypertrophy. Conversely, ovariectomized (OVX) Chat-ChR2 mice evolved to cardiac dilation and failure. Transcript levels for cardiac stress markers atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) were similarly upregulated in WT/OVX and Chat-ChR2/OVX mice. 17β-Estradiol (E2) treatment normalized cardiac parameters in Chat-ChR2/OVX to the Chat-ChR2/SHAM levels, providing a link between E2 status and the aggravated cardiac response in this model. To investigate the cellular basis underlying the cardiac alterations, ventricular myocytes were isolated and their cellular area and contractility were assessed. Myocytes from WT/OVX mice were wider than WT/SHAM, an indicative of concentric hypertrophy, but their fractional shortening was similar. Conversely, Chat-ChR2/OVX myocytes were elongated and presented contractile dysfunction. E2 treatment again prevented the structural and functional changes in Chat-ChR2/OVX myocytes. We conclude that hypercholinergic mice under reduced estrogen conditions do not develop concentric hypertrophy, a critical compensatory adaptation, evolving toward cardiac dilation and failure. This study emphasizes the importance of understanding the consequences of cholinesterase inhibition, used clinically to treat dementia, for cardiac function in postmenopausal women.
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MESH Headings
- Acetylcholine/metabolism
- Animals
- Cholinergic Fibers/metabolism
- Estradiol/pharmacology
- Estrogen Replacement Therapy
- Estrogens/deficiency
- Female
- Heart/innervation
- Heart Rate
- Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular/metabolism
- Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular/pathology
- Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular/physiopathology
- Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular/prevention & control
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Myocardial Contraction
- Myocytes, Cardiac/drug effects
- Myocytes, Cardiac/metabolism
- Myocytes, Cardiac/pathology
- Ovariectomy
- Signal Transduction
- Ventricular Dysfunction, Left/metabolism
- Ventricular Dysfunction, Left/pathology
- Ventricular Dysfunction, Left/physiopathology
- Ventricular Dysfunction, Left/prevention & control
- Ventricular Function, Left/drug effects
- Ventricular Remodeling/drug effects
- Vesicular Acetylcholine Transport Proteins/genetics
- Vesicular Acetylcholine Transport Proteins/metabolism
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa P Teixeira
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Kiany Miranda
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Sergio Scalzo
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Cibele Rocha-Resende
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Mário Morais Silva
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Geisa C S V Tezini
- Ribeirão Preto Medical School, Universidade de São Paulo, Riberão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcos B Melo
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Fernando Pedro Souza-Neto
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Kaoma S C Silva
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Itamar C G Jesus
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Anderson K Santos
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Mauro de Oliveira
- Ribeirão Preto Medical School, Universidade de São Paulo, Riberão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Raphael E Szawka
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Helio C Salgado
- Ribeirão Preto Medical School, Universidade de São Paulo, Riberão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marco Antonio Máximo Prado
- Robarts Research Institute, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology and Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Maristela O Poletini
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Silvia Guatimosim
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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14
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Sullivan JA, Dumont JR, Memar S, Skirzewski M, Wan J, Mofrad MH, Ansari HZ, Li Y, Muller L, Prado VF, Prado MAM, Saksida LM, Bussey TJ. New frontiers in translational research: Touchscreens, open science, and the mouse translational research accelerator platform. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2020; 20:e12705. [PMID: 33009724 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Many neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric diseases and other brain disorders are accompanied by impairments in high-level cognitive functions including memory, attention, motivation, and decision-making. Despite several decades of extensive research, neuroscience is little closer to discovering new treatments. Key impediments include the absence of validated and robust cognitive assessment tools for facilitating translation from animal models to humans. In this review, we describe a state-of-the-art platform poised to overcome these impediments and improve the success of translational research, the Mouse Translational Research Accelerator Platform (MouseTRAP), which is centered on the touchscreen cognitive testing system for rodents. It integrates touchscreen-based tests of high-level cognitive assessment with state-of-the art neurotechnology to record and manipulate molecular and circuit level activity in vivo in animal models during human-relevant cognitive performance. The platform also is integrated with two Open Science platforms designed to facilitate knowledge and data-sharing practices within the rodent touchscreen community, touchscreencognition.org and mousebytes.ca. Touchscreencognition.org includes the Wall, showcasing touchscreen news and publications, the Forum, for community discussion, and Training, which includes courses, videos, SOPs, and symposia. To get started, interested researchers simply create user accounts. We describe the origins of the touchscreen testing system, the novel lines of research it has facilitated, and its increasingly widespread use in translational research, which is attributable in part to knowledge-sharing efforts over the past decade. We then identify the unique features of MouseTRAP that stand to potentially revolutionize translational research, and describe new initiatives to partner with similar platforms such as McGill's M3 platform (m3platform.org).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline A Sullivan
- Department of Philosophy, The University of Western Ontario, Ontario, Canada.,Rotman Institute of Philosophy, The University of Western Ontario, Ontario, Canada.,Brain and Mind Institute, The University of Western Ontario, Ontario, Canada
| | - Julie R Dumont
- BrainsCAN, The University of Western Ontario, Ontario, Canada.,Robarts Research Institute, The University of Western Ontario, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sara Memar
- Robarts Research Institute, The University of Western Ontario, Ontario, Canada
| | - Miguel Skirzewski
- BrainsCAN, The University of Western Ontario, Ontario, Canada.,Robarts Research Institute, The University of Western Ontario, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jinxia Wan
- Division of Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Peking University School of Life Sciences, Beijing, China.,PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, China
| | - Maryam H Mofrad
- Brain and Mind Institute, The University of Western Ontario, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Applied Mathematics, The University of Western Ontario, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Yulong Li
- Division of Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Peking University School of Life Sciences, Beijing, China.,PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, China.,Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Lyle Muller
- Brain and Mind Institute, The University of Western Ontario, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Applied Mathematics, The University of Western Ontario, Ontario, Canada
| | - Vania F Prado
- Robarts Research Institute, The University of Western Ontario, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The University of Western Ontario, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The University of Western Ontario, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marco A M Prado
- Robarts Research Institute, The University of Western Ontario, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The University of Western Ontario, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The University of Western Ontario, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lisa M Saksida
- Brain and Mind Institute, The University of Western Ontario, Ontario, Canada.,BrainsCAN, The University of Western Ontario, Ontario, Canada.,Robarts Research Institute, The University of Western Ontario, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The University of Western Ontario, Ontario, Canada
| | - Timothy J Bussey
- Brain and Mind Institute, The University of Western Ontario, Ontario, Canada.,BrainsCAN, The University of Western Ontario, Ontario, Canada.,Robarts Research Institute, The University of Western Ontario, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The University of Western Ontario, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, The University of Western Ontario, Ontario, Canada
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15
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Piras IS, Krate J, Delvaux E, Nolz J, Mastroeni DF, Persico AM, Jepsen WM, Beach TG, Huentelman MJ, Coleman PD. Transcriptome Changes in the Alzheimer's Disease Middle Temporal Gyrus: Importance of RNA Metabolism and Mitochondria-Associated Membrane Genes. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 70:691-713. [PMID: 31256118 DOI: 10.3233/jad-181113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We used Illumina Human HT-12 v4 arrays to compare RNA expression of middle temporal gyrus (MTG; BA21) in Alzheimer's disease (AD = 97) and non-demented controls (ND = 98). A total of 938 transcripts were highly differentially expressed (adj p < 0.01; log2 FC ≥ |0.500|, with 411 overexpressed and 527 underexpressed in AD. Our results correlated with expression profiling in neurons from AD and ND obtained by laser capture microscopy in MTG from an independent dataset (log2 FC correlation: r = 0.504; p = 2.2e-16). Additionally, selected effects were validated by qPCR. ANOVA analysis yielded no difference between genders in response to AD, but some gender specific genes were detected (e.g., IL8 and AGRN in males, and HSPH1 and GRM1 in females). Several transcripts were associated with Braak staging (e.g., AEBP1 and DNALI1), antemortem MMSE (e.g., AEBP1 and GFAP), and tangle density (e.g., RNU1G2, and DNALI1). At the pathway level, we detected enrichment of synaptic vesicle processes and GABAergic transmission genes. Finally, applying the Weighted Correlation Network Analysis, we identified four expression modules enriched for neuronal and synaptic genes, mitochondria-associated membrane, chemical stimulus and olfactory receptor and non-coding RNA metabolism genes. Our results represent an extensive description of MTG mRNA profiling in a large sample of AD and ND. These data provide a list of genes associated with AD, and correlated to neurofibrillary tangles density. In addition, these data emphasize the importance of mitochondrial membranes and transcripts related to olfactory receptors in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignazio S Piras
- Neurogenomics Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Jonida Krate
- Neurogenomics Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Elaine Delvaux
- Biodesign Institute, Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Jennifer Nolz
- Biodesign Institute, Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Diego F Mastroeni
- Biodesign Institute, Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Antonio M Persico
- Unit of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, "Gaetano Martino" University Hospital, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.,Mafalda Luce Center for Pervasive Developmental Disorders, Milan, Italy
| | - Wayne M Jepsen
- Neurogenomics Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Thomas G Beach
- Civin Laboratory of Neuropathology at Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, AZ, US
| | - Matthew J Huentelman
- Neurogenomics Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Paul D Coleman
- Biodesign Institute, Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
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16
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Goncalves DF, Guzman MS, Gros R, Massensini AR, Bartha R, Prado VF, Prado MAM. Striatal Acetylcholine Helps to Preserve Functional Outcomes in a Mouse Model of Stroke. ASN Neuro 2020; 12:1759091420961612. [PMID: 32967452 PMCID: PMC7521057 DOI: 10.1177/1759091420961612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Acetylcholine (ACh) has been suggested to facilitate plasticity and
improve functional recovery after different types of brain lesions.
Interestingly, numerous studies have shown that striatal cholinergic
interneurons are relatively resistant to acute ischemic insults, but
whether ACh released by these neurons enhances functional recovery
after stroke is unknown. We investigated the role of endogenous
striatal ACh in stroke lesion volume and functional outcomes following
middle cerebral artery occlusion to induce focal ischemia in
striatum-selective vesicular acetylcholine transporter-deficient mice
(stVAChT-KO). As transporter expression is almost completely
eliminated in the striatum of stVAChT-KO mice, ACh release is nearly
abolished in this area. Conversely, in other brain areas, VAChT
expression and ACh release are preserved. Our results demonstrate a
larger infarct size after ischemic insult in stVAChT-KO mice, with
more pronounced functional impairments and increased mortality than in
littermate controls. These changes are associated with increased
activation of GSK-3, decreased levels of β-catenin, and a higher
permeability of the blood–brain barrier in mice with loss of VAChT in
striatum neurons. These results support a framework in which
endogenous ACh secretion originating from cholinergic interneurons in
the striatum helps to protect brain tissue against ischemia-induced
damage and facilitates brain recovery by supporting blood–brain
barrier function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela F Goncalves
- Robarts Research Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada.,Neuroscience Centre, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Monica S Guzman
- Robarts Research Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
| | - Robert Gros
- Robarts Research Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
| | - André R Massensini
- Neuroscience Centre, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Robert Bartha
- Robarts Research Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
| | - Vania F Prado
- Robarts Research Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
| | - Marco A M Prado
- Robarts Research Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
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17
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Liu Y, Shi SL. The roles of hnRNP A2/B1 in RNA biology and disease. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-RNA 2020; 12:e1612. [PMID: 32588964 DOI: 10.1002/wrna.1612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The RNA-binding protein hnRNPA2/B1 is a member of the hnRNPs family and is widely expressed in various tissues. hnRNPA2/B1 recognizes and binds specific RNA substrates and DNA motifs and is involved in the transcription, splicing processing, transport, stability, and translation regulation of a variety of RNA molecules and in regulating the expression of a large number of genes. hnRNPA2/B1 is also involved in telomere maintenance and DNA repair, while its expression changes and mutations are involved in the development of various tumors and neurodegenerative and autoimmune diseases. This paper reviews the role and mechanism of hnRNPA2/B1 in RNA metabolism, tumors, and neurodegenerative and autoimmune diseases. This article is categorized under: RNA Interactions with Proteins and Other Molecules > Protein-RNA Interactions: Functional Implications RNA in Disease and Development > RNA in Disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Liu
- Cancer Research Center, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.,School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Song-Lin Shi
- Cancer Research Center, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
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18
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Beraldo FH, Palmer D, Memar S, Wasserman DI, Lee WJV, Liang S, Creighton SD, Kolisnyk B, Cowan MF, Mels J, Masood TS, Fodor C, Al-Onaizi MA, Bartha R, Gee T, Saksida LM, Bussey TJ, Strother SS, Prado VF, Winters BD, Prado MA. MouseBytes, an open-access high-throughput pipeline and database for rodent touchscreen-based cognitive assessment. eLife 2019; 8:49630. [PMID: 31825307 PMCID: PMC6934379 DOI: 10.7554/elife.49630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Open Science has changed research by making data accessible and shareable, contributing to replicability to accelerate and disseminate knowledge. However, for rodent cognitive studies the availability of tools to share and disseminate data is scarce. Automated touchscreen-based tests enable systematic cognitive assessment with easily standardised outputs that can facilitate data dissemination. Here we present an integration of touchscreen cognitive testing with an open-access database public repository (mousebytes.ca), as well as a Web platform for knowledge dissemination (https://touchscreencognition.org). We complement these resources with the largest dataset of age-dependent high-level cognitive assessment of mouse models of Alzheimer’s disease, expanding knowledge of affected cognitive domains from male and female mice of three strains. We envision that these new platforms will enhance sharing of protocols, data availability and transparency, allowing meta-analysis and reuse of mouse cognitive data to increase the replicability/reproducibility of datasets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavio H Beraldo
- Robarts Research Institute, The University of Western Ontario, Ontario, Canada.,Graduate Program in Neuroscience, The University of Western Ontario, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The University of Western Ontario, Ontario, Canada
| | - Daniel Palmer
- Robarts Research Institute, The University of Western Ontario, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - Sara Memar
- Robarts Research Institute, The University of Western Ontario, Ontario, Canada
| | - David I Wasserman
- Robarts Research Institute, The University of Western Ontario, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - Wai-Jane V Lee
- Robarts Research Institute, The University of Western Ontario, Ontario, Canada.,Graduate Program in Neuroscience, The University of Western Ontario, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shuai Liang
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Samantha D Creighton
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - Benjamin Kolisnyk
- Robarts Research Institute, The University of Western Ontario, Ontario, Canada.,Graduate Program in Neuroscience, The University of Western Ontario, Ontario, Canada
| | - Matthew F Cowan
- Robarts Research Institute, The University of Western Ontario, Ontario, Canada
| | - Justin Mels
- Robarts Research Institute, The University of Western Ontario, Ontario, Canada.,Graduate Program in Neuroscience, The University of Western Ontario, Ontario, Canada
| | - Talal S Masood
- Robarts Research Institute, The University of Western Ontario, Ontario, Canada.,Graduate Program in Neuroscience, The University of Western Ontario, Ontario, Canada
| | - Chris Fodor
- Robarts Research Institute, The University of Western Ontario, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mohammed A Al-Onaizi
- Robarts Research Institute, The University of Western Ontario, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The University of Western Ontario, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robert Bartha
- Robarts Research Institute, The University of Western Ontario, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
| | - Tom Gee
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Lisa M Saksida
- Robarts Research Institute, The University of Western Ontario, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The University of Western Ontario, Ontario, Canada.,Brain and Mind Institute, The University of Western Ontario, Ontario, Canada
| | - Timothy J Bussey
- Robarts Research Institute, The University of Western Ontario, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The University of Western Ontario, Ontario, Canada.,Brain and Mind Institute, The University of Western Ontario, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stephen S Strother
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Hospital, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Vania F Prado
- Robarts Research Institute, The University of Western Ontario, Ontario, Canada.,Graduate Program in Neuroscience, The University of Western Ontario, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The University of Western Ontario, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The University of Western Ontario, Ontario, Canada
| | - Boyer D Winters
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - Marco Am Prado
- Robarts Research Institute, The University of Western Ontario, Ontario, Canada.,Graduate Program in Neuroscience, The University of Western Ontario, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The University of Western Ontario, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The University of Western Ontario, Ontario, Canada
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20
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Edwards CG, Walk AM, Cannavale CN, Flemming IR, Thompson SV, Reeser GR, Holscher HD, Khan NA. Dietary choline is related to neural efficiency during a selective attention task among middle-aged adults with overweight and obesity. Nutr Neurosci 2019; 24:269-278. [PMID: 31156061 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2019.1623456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Objectives: Obesity is associated with poorer brain health and cognitive function. However, it is not clear whether specific dietary factors may provide neuroprotective effects among individuals with overweight and obesity. The aim of this study was to examine the impact of choline intake on neurophysiological markers of attentional control among young and middle-aged adults with overweight or obesity.Methods: 146 adults with BMI ≥25 kg/m2 (34.0 ± 5.9 years, 57 males) participated in the study. Behavioral performance (accuracy and reaction time) and neuroelectric indices (event-related brain potentials [ERPs]) of attentional inhibition were assessed during a Flanker task. Specifically, the amplitude and latency of the P3 waveform in a central-parietal region of interest (ROI) were used to index attentional resource allocation and information processing speed, respectively. Choline intake and overall diet quality (Healthy Eating Index [HEI-2015]) were assessed using 7-day diet records. Intelligence Quotient was assessed using the Kaufman-Brief Intelligence Test. Regression analyses were conducted to examine the relationship between habitual dietary choline intake and cognitive outcomes following adjustment of demographic factors, IQ, HEI-2015, and BMI.Results: Choline intake was selectively associated with a lower peak amplitude of the P300 waveform during incongruent trials (β = -0.25, p = <0.01). No significant relationships were observed for accuracy or reaction time.Discussion: Higher choline intake is associated with more efficient neural processing among adults with overweight and obesity. Intervention are necessary to determine whether choline consumption provides neuroprotective effects for executive function among individuals with elevated weight status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlyn G Edwards
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Anne M Walk
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | | | - Isabel R Flemming
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Sharon V Thompson
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Ginger R Reeser
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Hannah D Holscher
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA.,Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA.,Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Naiman A Khan
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA.,Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA.,Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
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21
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Janickova H, Kljakic O, Rosborough K, Raulic S, Matovic S, Gros R, Saksida LM, Bussey TJ, Inoue W, Prado VF, Prado MAM. Selective decrease of cholinergic signaling from pedunculopontine and laterodorsal tegmental nuclei has little impact on cognition but markedly increases susceptibility to stress. FASEB J 2019; 33:7018-7036. [PMID: 30857416 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201802108r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPT) and laterodorsal tegmental nucleus (LDT) are heterogeneous brainstem structures that contain cholinergic, glutamatergic, and GABAergic neurons. PPT/LDT neurons are suggested to modulate both cognitive and noncognitive functions, yet the extent to which acetylcholine (ACh) signaling from the PPT/LDT is necessary for normal behavior remains uncertain. We addressed this issue by using a mouse model in which PPT/LDT cholinergic signaling is highly decreased by selective deletion of the vesicular ACh transporter (VAChT) gene. This approach interferes exclusively with ACh signaling, leaving signaling by other neurotransmitters from PPT/LDT cholinergic neurons intact and sparing other cells. VAChT mutants were examined on different PPT/LDT-associated cognitive domains. Interestingly, VAChT mutants showed no attentional deficits and only minor cognitive flexibility impairments while presenting large deficiencies in both spatial and cued Morris water maze (MWM) tasks. Conversely, working spatial memory determined with the Y-maze and spatial memory measured with the Barnes maze were not affected, suggesting that deficits in MWM were unrelated to spatial memory abnormalities. Supporting this interpretation, VAChT mutants exhibited alterations in anxiety-like behavior and increased corticosterone levels after exposure to the MWM, suggesting altered stress response. Thus, PPT/LDT VAChT-mutant mice present little cognitive impairment per se, yet they exhibit increased susceptibility to stress, which may lead to performance deficits in more stressful conditions.-Janickova, H., Kljakic, O., Rosborough, K., Raulic, S., Matovic, S., Gros, R., Saksida, L. M., Bussey, T. J., Inoue, W., Prado, V. F., Prado, M. A. M. Selective decrease of cholinergic signaling from pedunculopontine and laterodorsal tegmental nuclei has little impact on cognition but markedly increases susceptibility to stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Janickova
- Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ornela Kljakic
- Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kaie Rosborough
- Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sanda Raulic
- Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sara Matovic
- Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada; and
| | - Robert Gros
- Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada; and
| | - Lisa M Saksida
- Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada; and.,Brain and Mind Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Timothy J Bussey
- Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada; and.,Brain and Mind Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Wataru Inoue
- Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada; and
| | - Vania F Prado
- Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada; and.,Brain and Mind Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marco A M Prado
- Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada; and.,Brain and Mind Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
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22
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Let's call the whole thing off: evaluating gender and sex differences in executive function. Neuropsychopharmacology 2019; 44:86-96. [PMID: 30143781 PMCID: PMC6235899 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-018-0179-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The executive functions allow for purposeful, deliberate, and intentional interactions with the world-attention and focus, impulse control, decision making, and working memory. These measures have been correlated with academic outcomes and quality of life, and are impacted by deleterious environmental events throughout the life span, including gestational and early life insults. This review will address the topic of sex differences in executive function including a discussion of differences arising in response to developmental programming. Work on gender differences in human studies and sex differences in animal research will be reviewed. Overall, we find little support for significant gender or sex differences in executive function. An important variable that factors into the interpretation of potential sex differences include differing developmental trajectories. We conclude by discussing future directions for the field and a brief discussion of biological mechanisms.
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23
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Kolisnyk B, Al-Onaizi M, Soreq L, Barbash S, Bekenstein U, Haberman N, Hanin G, Kish MT, Souza da Silva J, Fahnestock M, Ule J, Soreq H, Prado VF, Prado MAM. Cholinergic Surveillance over Hippocampal RNA Metabolism and Alzheimer's-Like Pathology. Cereb Cortex 2018; 27:3553-3567. [PMID: 27312991 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhw177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The relationship between long-term cholinergic dysfunction and risk of developing dementia is poorly understood. Here we used mice with deletion of the vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT) in the forebrain to model cholinergic abnormalities observed in dementia. Whole-genome RNA sequencing of hippocampal samples revealed that cholinergic failure causes changes in RNA metabolism. Remarkably, key transcripts related to Alzheimer's disease are affected. BACE1, for instance, shows abnormal splicing caused by decreased expression of the splicing regulator hnRNPA2/B1. Resulting BACE1 overexpression leads to increased APP processing and accumulation of soluble Aβ1-42. This is accompanied by age-related increases in GSK3 activation, tau hyperphosphorylation, caspase-3 activation, decreased synaptic markers, increased neuronal death, and deteriorating cognition. Pharmacological inhibition of GSK3 hyperactivation reversed deficits in synaptic markers and tau hyperphosphorylation induced by cholinergic dysfunction, indicating a key role for GSK3 in some of these pathological changes. Interestingly, in human brains there was a high correlation between decreased levels of VAChT and hnRNPA2/B1 levels with increased tau hyperphosphorylation. These results suggest that changes in RNA processing caused by cholinergic loss can facilitate Alzheimer's-like pathology in mice, providing a mechanism by which decreased cholinergic tone may increase risk of dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohammed Al-Onaizi
- Robarts Research Institute.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A5K8
| | - Lilach Soreq
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Shahar Barbash
- The Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Science and The Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Edmond J Safra Campus, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Uriya Bekenstein
- The Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Science and The Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Edmond J Safra Campus, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Nejc Haberman
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Geula Hanin
- The Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Science and The Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Edmond J Safra Campus, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Maxine T Kish
- Robarts Research Institute.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology
| | | | - Margaret Fahnestock
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, CanadaL8S 4K1
| | - Jernej Ule
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Hermona Soreq
- The Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Science and The Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Edmond J Safra Campus, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Vania F Prado
- Robarts Research Institute.,Graduate Program in Neuroscience.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A5K8
| | - Marco A M Prado
- Robarts Research Institute.,Graduate Program in Neuroscience.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A5K8
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24
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Al-Onaizi MA, Parfitt GM, Kolisnyk B, Law CSH, Guzman MS, Barros DM, Leung LS, Prado MAM, Prado VF. Regulation of Cognitive Processing by Hippocampal Cholinergic Tone. Cereb Cortex 2018; 27:1615-1628. [PMID: 26803167 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhv349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholinergic dysfunction has been associated with cognitive abnormalities in a variety of neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric diseases. Here we tested how information processing is regulated by cholinergic tone in genetically modified mice targeting the vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT), a protein required for acetylcholine release. We measured long-term potentiation of Schaffer collateral-CA1 synapses in vivo and assessed information processing by using a mouse touchscreen version of paired associates learning task (PAL). Acquisition of information in the mouse PAL task correlated to levels of hippocampal VAChT, suggesting a critical role for cholinergic tone. Accordingly, synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus in vivo was disturbed, but not completely abolished, by decreased hippocampal cholinergic signaling. Disrupted forebrain cholinergic signaling also affected working memory, a result reproduced by selectively decreasing VAChT in the hippocampus. In contrast, spatial memory was relatively preserved, whereas reversal spatial memory was sensitive to decreased hippocampal cholinergic signaling. This work provides a refined roadmap of how synaptically secreted acetylcholine influences distinct behaviors and suggests that distinct forms of cognitive processing may be regulated in different ways by cholinergic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gustavo M Parfitt
- Robarts Research Institute.,Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas, Fisiologia Animal Comparada, Laboratório de Neurociências (FURG), Brazil
| | | | - Clayton S H Law
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, CanadaN6A5K8
| | - Monica S Guzman
- Robarts Research Institute.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A5K8
| | - Daniela Martí Barros
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas, Fisiologia Animal Comparada, Laboratório de Neurociências (FURG), Brazil
| | - L Stan Leung
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, CanadaN6A5K8
| | - Marco A M Prado
- Robarts Research Institute.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology.,Graduate Program in Neuroscience and.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A5K8
| | - Vania F Prado
- Robarts Research Institute.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology.,Graduate Program in Neuroscience and.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A5K8
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25
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Baker AL, O'Toole RJ, Gulledge AT. Preferential cholinergic excitation of corticopontine neurons. J Physiol 2018; 596:1659-1679. [PMID: 29330867 DOI: 10.1113/jp275194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Phasic activation of M1 muscarinic receptors generates transient inhibition followed by longer lasting excitation in neocortical pyramidal neurons. Corticopontine neurons in the mouse prefrontal cortex exhibit weaker cholinergic inhibition, but more robust and longer lasting excitation, than neighbouring callosal projection neurons. Optogenetic release of endogenous ACh in response to single flashes of light (5 ms) preferentially enhances the excitability of corticopontine neurons for many tens of seconds. Cholinergic excitation of corticopontine neurons involves at least three ionic mechanisms: suppression of KV 7 currents, activation of the calcium-dependent non-specific cation conductance underlying afterdepolarizations, and activation of what appears to be a calcium-sensitive but calcium-permeable non-specific cation conductance. Preferential cholinergic excitation of prefrontal corticopontine neurons may facilitate top-down attentional processes and behaviours. ABSTRACT Pyramidal neurons in layer 5 of the neocortex comprise two broad classes of projection neurons: corticofugal neurons, including corticopontine (CPn) neurons, and intratelencephalic neurons, including commissural/callosal (COM) neurons. These non-overlapping neuron subpopulations represent discrete cortical output channels contributing to perception, decision making and behaviour. CPn and COM neurons have distinct morphological and physiological characteristics, and divergent responses to modulatory transmitters such as serotonin and acetylcholine (ACh). To better understand how ACh regulates cortical output, in slices of mouse prefrontal cortex (PFC) we compared the responsivity of CPn and COM neurons to transient exposure to exogenous or endogenous ACh. In both neuron subtypes, exogenous ACh generated qualitatively similar biphasic responses in which brief hyperpolarization was followed by longer lasting enhancement of excitability. However, cholinergic inhibition was more pronounced in COM neurons, while excitatory responses were larger and longer lasting in CPn neurons. Similarly, optically triggered release of endogenous ACh from cholinergic terminals preferentially and persistently (for ∼40 s) enhanced the excitability of CPn neurons, but had little impact on COM neurons. Cholinergic excitation of CPn neurons involved at least three distinct ionic mechanisms: suppression of KV 7 channels (the 'M-current'), activation of the calcium-dependent non-specific cation conductance underlying afterdepolarizations, and activation of what appears to be a calcium-sensitive but calcium-permeable non-specific cation conductance. Our findings demonstrate projection-specific selectivity in cholinergic signalling in the PFC, and suggest that transient release of ACh during behaviour will preferentially promote corticofugal output.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arielle L Baker
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
| | - Ryan J O'Toole
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
| | - Allan T Gulledge
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
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26
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Romberg C, Bartko S, Wess J, Saksida LM, Bussey TJ. Impaired object-location learning and recognition memory but enhanced sustained attention in M2 muscarinic receptor-deficient mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2018; 235:3495-3508. [PMID: 30327842 PMCID: PMC6267149 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-018-5065-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors are known to play key roles in mediating cognitive processes, and impaired muscarinic cholinergic neurotransmission is associated with normal ageing processes and Alzheimer's disease. However, the specific contributions of the individual muscarinic receptor subtypes (M1-M5) to cognition are presently not well understood. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to investigate the contribution of M2-type muscarinic receptor signalling to sustained attention, executive control and learning and memory. METHODS M2 receptor-deficient (M2-/-) mice were tested on a touchscreen-operated task battery testing visual discrimination, behavioural flexibility, object-location associative learning, attention and response control. Spontaneous recognition memory for real-world objects was also assessed. RESULTS We found that M2-/- mice showed an enhancement of attentional performance, but significant deficits on some tests of learning and memory. Executive control and visual discrimination were unaffected by M2-depletion. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that M2 activation has heterogeneous effects across cognitive domains, and provide insights into how acetylcholine may support multiple specific cognitive processes through functionally distinct cholinergic receptor subtypes. They also suggest that therapeutics involving M2 receptor-active compounds should be assessed across a broad range of cognitive domains, as they may enhance some cognitive functions, but impair others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carola Romberg
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EB, UK. .,Wellcome Trust and MRC Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EB, UK. .,Department of Psychology, Research Unit Biological Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany.
| | - Susan Bartko
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EB UK
| | - Jürgen Wess
- Molecular Signaling Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Lisa M. Saksida
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EB UK ,Wellcome Trust and MRC Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EB UK ,Department of Psychology, Research Unit Biological Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany ,Brain and Mind Institute, Western University, London, ON Canada
| | - Timothy J. Bussey
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EB UK ,Wellcome Trust and MRC Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EB UK ,Brain and Mind Institute, Western University, London, ON Canada ,Molecular Medicine Research Laboratories, Robarts Research Institute & Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, ON Canada
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27
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Alzheimer's brains show inter-related changes in RNA and lipid metabolism. Neurobiol Dis 2017; 106:1-13. [PMID: 28630030 PMCID: PMC5560656 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2017.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) involves changes in both lipid and RNA metabolism, but it remained unknown if these differences associate with AD's cognition and/or post-mortem neuropathology indices. Here, we report RNA-sequencing evidence of inter-related associations between lipid processing, cognition level, and AD neuropathology. In two unrelated cohorts, we identified pathway-enriched facilitation of lipid processing and alternative splicing genes, including the neuronal-enriched NOVA1 and hnRNPA1. Specifically, this association emerged in temporal lobe tissue samples from donors where postmortem evidence demonstrated AD neuropathology, but who presented normal cognition proximate to death. The observed changes further associated with modified ATP synthesis and mitochondrial transcripts, indicating metabolic relevance; accordingly, mass-spectrometry-derived lipidomic profiles distinguished between individuals with and without cognitive impairment prior to death. In spite of the limited group sizes, tissues from persons with both cognitive impairment and AD pathology showed elevation in several drug-targeted genes of other brain, vascular and autoimmune disorders, accompanied by pathology-related increases in distinct lipid processing transcripts, and in the RNA metabolism genes hnRNPH2, TARDBP, CLP1 and EWSR1. To further detect 3'-polyadenylation variants, we employed multiple cDNA primer pairs. This identified variants that showed limited differences in scope and length between the tested cohorts, yet enabled superior clustering of demented and non-demented AD brains versus controls compared to total mRNA expression values. Our findings indicate inter-related cognition-associated differences in AD's lipid processing, alternative splicing and 3'-polyadenylation, calling for pursuing the underlying psychological and therapeutics implications.
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28
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Haam J, Yakel JL. Cholinergic modulation of the hippocampal region and memory function. J Neurochem 2017; 142 Suppl 2:111-121. [PMID: 28791706 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Revised: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Acetylcholine (ACh) plays an important role in memory function and has been implicated in aging-related dementia, in which the impairment of hippocampus-dependent learning strongly manifests. Cholinergic neurons densely innervate the hippocampus, mediating the formation of episodic as well as semantic memory. Here, we will review recent findings on acetylcholine's modulation of memory function, with a particular focus on hippocampus-dependent learning, and the circuits involved. In addition, we will discuss the complexity of ACh actions in memory function to better understand the physiological role of ACh in memory. This is an article for the special issue XVth International Symposium on Cholinergic Mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juhee Haam
- Neurobiology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Jerrel L Yakel
- Neurobiology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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29
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Cholinergic Regulation of hnRNPA2/B1 Translation by M1 Muscarinic Receptors. J Neurosci 2017; 36:6287-96. [PMID: 27277805 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4614-15.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Cholinergic vulnerability, characterized by loss of acetylcholine (ACh), is one of the hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Previous work has suggested that decreased ACh activity in AD may contribute to pathological changes through global alterations in alternative splicing. This occurs, at least partially, via the regulation of the expression of a critical protein family in RNA processing, heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein (hnRNP) A/B proteins. These proteins regulate several steps of RNA metabolism, including alternative splicing, RNA trafficking, miRNA export, and gene expression, providing multilevel surveillance in RNA functions. To investigate the mechanism by which cholinergic tone regulates hnRNPA2/B1 expression, we used a combination of genetic mouse models and in vivo and in vitro techniques. Decreasing cholinergic tone reduced levels of hnRNPA2/B1, whereas increasing cholinergic signaling in vivo increased expression of hnRNPA2/B1. This effect was not due to decreased hnRNPA2/B1 mRNA expression, increased aggregation, or degradation of the protein, but rather to decreased mRNA translation by nonsense-mediated decay regulation of translation. Cell culture and knock-out mice experiments demonstrated that M1 muscarinic signaling is critical for cholinergic control of hnRNPA2/B1 protein levels. Our experiments suggest an intricate regulation of hnRNPA2/B1 levels by cholinergic activity that interferes with alternative splicing in targeted neurons mimicking deficits found in AD. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT In Alzheimer's disease, degeneration of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons is an early event. These neurons communicate with target cells and regulate their long-term activity by poorly understood mechanisms. Recently, the splicing factor hnRNPA2/B, which is decreased in Alzheimer's disease, was implicated as a potential mediator of long-term cholinergic regulation. Here, we demonstrate a mechanism by which cholinergic signaling controls the translation of hnRNPA2/B1 mRNA by activation of M1 muscarinic type receptors. Loss of cholinergic activity can have profound effects in target cells by modulating hnRNPA2/B1 levels.
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The Lesion Analysis of Cholinergic Neurons in 5XFAD Mouse Model in the Three-Dimensional Level of Whole Brain. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:4115-4125. [PMID: 28597200 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0621-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Cholinergic system is very important for many higher brain functions, including learning and memory. Cholinergic neurons, especially those in the basal forebrain, are specifically susceptible in some neurodegenerative diseases, such as in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Here, we studied the cholinergic system lesion effects of five familial AD mutations in 5XFAD mice, a transgenic mouse model of AD. Although the cholinergic system has been studied in this mouse model, the cholinergic deficits in AD mice have never been systematically mapped in a whole-brain three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction. Using the 3D reconstruction technology combined with immunohistochemistry (3D-IHC) and design-based stereology, we comprehensively compared the differences of the cholinergic neurons and fibers between the 5XFAD mice and C57BL/6 control mice at different age. Here, we found that the lesion of cholinergic fibers occurred earlier than the cholinergic neuron loss in 5XFAD mice. The cholinergic fiber lesions in the AD mice started sequentially in amygdala, cortex, hippocampus, and then basal forebrain. However, the basal forebrain was the first brain region observed with cholinergic neuron loss at the age of 9 months in 5XFAD mice, whereas such phenomenon first occurred at the age of 15 months in C57BL/6 control mice. Moreover, using 3D reconstruction to compare the lesion of cholinergic system of aged 5XFAD and C57BL/6 control mice, it is intuitive to notice the pathologic regions and severity of lesion. Therefore, the 3D-IHC provides detailed overview of the cholinergic neurons in the whole mouse brain, which will contribute to the study of the developing and pathologic mouse brain.
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Lackie RE, Maciejewski A, Ostapchenko VG, Marques-Lopes J, Choy WY, Duennwald ML, Prado VF, Prado MAM. The Hsp70/Hsp90 Chaperone Machinery in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Front Neurosci 2017; 11:254. [PMID: 28559789 PMCID: PMC5433227 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The accumulation of misfolded proteins in the human brain is one of the critical features of many neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). Assembles of beta-amyloid (Aβ) peptide—either soluble (oligomers) or insoluble (plaques) and of tau protein, which form neurofibrillary tangles, are the major hallmarks of AD. Chaperones and co-chaperones regulate protein folding and client maturation, but they also target misfolded or aggregated proteins for refolding or for degradation, mostly by the proteasome. They form an important line of defense against misfolded proteins and are part of the cellular quality control system. The heat shock protein (Hsp) family, particularly Hsp70 and Hsp90, plays a major part in this process and it is well-known to regulate protein misfolding in a variety of diseases, including tau levels and toxicity in AD. However, the role of Hsp90 in regulating protein misfolding is not yet fully understood. For example, knockdown of Hsp90 and its co-chaperones in a Caenorhabditis elegans model of Aβ misfolding leads to increased toxicity. On the other hand, the use of Hsp90 inhibitors in AD mouse models reduces Aβ toxicity, and normalizes synaptic function. Stress-inducible phosphoprotein 1 (STI1), an intracellular co-chaperone, mediates the transfer of clients from Hsp70 to Hsp90. Importantly, STI1 has been shown to regulate aggregation of amyloid-like proteins in yeast. In addition to its intracellular function, STI1 can be secreted by diverse cell types, including astrocytes and microglia and function as a neurotrophic ligand by triggering signaling via the cellular prion protein (PrPC). Extracellular STI1 can prevent Aβ toxic signaling by (i) interfering with Aβ binding to PrPC and (ii) triggering pro-survival signaling cascades. Interestingly, decreased levels of STI1 in C. elegans can also increase toxicity in an amyloid model. In this review, we will discuss the role of intracellular and extracellular STI1 and the Hsp70/Hsp90 chaperone network in mechanisms underlying protein misfolding in neurodegenerative diseases, with particular focus on AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E Lackie
- Molecular Medicine, Robarts Research Institute, University of Western OntarioLondon, ON, Canada.,Program in Neuroscience, University of Western OntarioLondon, ON, Canada
| | - Andrzej Maciejewski
- Molecular Medicine, Robarts Research Institute, University of Western OntarioLondon, ON, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Western OntarioLondon, ON, Canada
| | - Valeriy G Ostapchenko
- Molecular Medicine, Robarts Research Institute, University of Western OntarioLondon, ON, Canada
| | - Jose Marques-Lopes
- Molecular Medicine, Robarts Research Institute, University of Western OntarioLondon, ON, Canada
| | - Wing-Yiu Choy
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Western OntarioLondon, ON, Canada
| | - Martin L Duennwald
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western OntarioLondon, ON, Canada
| | - Vania F Prado
- Molecular Medicine, Robarts Research Institute, University of Western OntarioLondon, ON, Canada.,Program in Neuroscience, University of Western OntarioLondon, ON, Canada.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western OntarioLondon, ON, Canada.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western OntarioLondon, ON, Canada
| | - Marco A M Prado
- Molecular Medicine, Robarts Research Institute, University of Western OntarioLondon, ON, Canada.,Program in Neuroscience, University of Western OntarioLondon, ON, Canada.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western OntarioLondon, ON, Canada.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western OntarioLondon, ON, Canada
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Kljakic O, Janickova H, Prado VF, Prado MAM. Cholinergic/glutamatergic co-transmission in striatal cholinergic interneurons: new mechanisms regulating striatal computation. J Neurochem 2017; 142 Suppl 2:90-102. [PMID: 28421605 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Revised: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
It is well established that neurons secrete neuropeptides and ATP with classical neurotransmitters; however, certain neuronal populations are also capable of releasing two classical neurotransmitters by a process named co-transmission. Although there has been progress in our understanding of the molecular mechanism underlying co-transmission, the individual regulation of neurotransmitter secretion and the functional significance of this neuronal 'bilingualism' is still unknown. Striatal cholinergic interneurons (CINs) have been shown to secrete glutamate (Glu) in addition to acetylcholine (ACh) and are recognized for their role in the regulation of striatal circuits and behavior. Our review highlights the recent research into identifying mechanisms that regulate the secretion and function of Glu and ACh released by CINs and the roles these neurons play in regulating dopamine secretion and striatal activity. In particular, we focus on how the transporters for ACh (VAChT) and Glu (VGLUT3) influence the storage of neurotransmitters in CINs. We further discuss how these individual neurotransmitters regulate striatal computation and distinct aspects of behavior that are regulated by the striatum. We suggest that understanding the distinct and complementary functional roles of these two neurotransmitters may prove beneficial in the development of therapies for Parkinson's disease and addiction. Overall, understanding how Glu and ACh secreted by CINs impacts striatal activity may provide insight into how different populations of 'bilingual' neurons are able to develop sophisticated regulation of their targets by interacting with multiple receptors but also by regulating each other's vesicular storage. This is an article for the special issue XVth International Symposium on Cholinergic Mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ornela Kljakic
- Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Helena Janickova
- Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Vania F Prado
- Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marco A M Prado
- Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
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Crittenden JR, Lacey CJ, Weng FJ, Garrison CE, Gibson DJ, Lin Y, Graybiel AM. Striatal Cholinergic Interneurons Modulate Spike-Timing in Striosomes and Matrix by an Amphetamine-Sensitive Mechanism. Front Neuroanat 2017; 11:20. [PMID: 28377698 PMCID: PMC5359318 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2017.00020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The striatum is key for action-selection and the motivation to move. Dopamine and acetylcholine release sites are enriched in the striatum and are cross-regulated, possibly to achieve optimal behavior. Drugs of abuse, which promote abnormally high dopamine release, disrupt normal action-selection and drive restricted, repetitive behaviors (stereotypies). Stereotypies occur in a variety of disorders including obsessive-compulsive disorder, autism, schizophrenia and Huntington's disease, as well as in addictive states. The severity of drug-induced stereotypy is correlated with induction of c-Fos expression in striosomes, a striatal compartment that is related to the limbic system and that directly projects to dopamine-producing neurons of the substantia nigra. These characteristics of striosomes contrast with the properties of the extra-striosomal matrix, which has strong sensorimotor and associative circuit inputs and outputs. Disruption of acetylcholine signaling in the striatum blocks the striosome-predominant c-Fos expression pattern induced by drugs of abuse and alters drug-induced stereotypy. The activity of striatal cholinergic interneurons is associated with behaviors related to sensory cues, and cortical inputs to striosomes can bias action-selection in the face of conflicting cues. The neurons and neuropil of striosomes and matrix neurons have observably separate distributions, both at the input level in the striatum and at the output level in the substantia nigra. Notably, cholinergic axons readily cross compartment borders, providing a potential route for local cross-compartment communication to maintain a balance between striosomal and matrix activity. We show here, by slice electrophysiology in transgenic mice, that repetitive evoked firing patterns in striosomal and matrix striatal projection neurons (SPNs) are interrupted by optogenetic activation of cholinergic interneurons either by the addition or the deletion of spikes. We demonstrate that this cholinergic modulation of projection neurons is blocked in brain slices taken from mice exposed to amphetamine and engaged in amphetamine-induced stereotypy, and lacking responsiveness to salient cues. Our findings support a model whereby activity in striosomes is normally under strong regulation by cholinergic interneurons, favoring behavioral flexibility, but that in animals with drug-induced stereotypy, this cholinergic signaling breaks down, resulting in differential modulation of striosomal activity and an inability to bias action-selection according to relevant sensory cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill R Crittenden
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Carolyn J Lacey
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Feng-Ju Weng
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Catherine E Garrison
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Daniel J Gibson
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Yingxi Lin
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ann M Graybiel
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, MA, USA
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Cholinergic circuits in cognitive flexibility. Neuroscience 2017; 345:130-141. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Aran A, Segel R, Kaneshige K, Gulsuner S, Renbaum P, Oliphant S, Meirson T, Weinberg-Shukron A, Hershkovitz Y, Zeligson S, Lee MK, Samson AO, Parsons SM, King MC, Levy-Lahad E, Walsh T. Vesicular acetylcholine transporter defect underlies devastating congenital myasthenia syndrome. Neurology 2017; 88:1021-1028. [PMID: 28188302 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000003720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify the genetic basis of a recessive congenital neurologic syndrome characterized by severe hypotonia, arthrogryposis, and respiratory failure. METHODS Identification of the responsible gene by exome sequencing and assessment of the effect of the mutation on protein stability in transfected rat neuronal-like PC12A123.7 cells. RESULTS Two brothers from a nonconsanguineous Yemeni Jewish family manifested at birth with severe hypotonia and arthrogryposis. The older brother died of respiratory failure at 5 days of age. The proband, now 4.5 years old, has been mechanically ventilated since birth with virtually no milestones achievement. Whole exome sequencing revealed homozygosity of SLC18A3 c.1078G>C, p.Gly360Arg in the affected brothers but not in other family members. SLC18A3 p.Gly360Arg is not reported in world populations but is present at a carrier frequency of 1:30 in healthy Yemeni Jews. SLC18A3 encodes the vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT), which loads newly synthesized acetylcholine from the neuronal cytoplasm into synaptic vesicles. Mice that are VAChT-null have been shown to die at birth of respiratory failure. In human VAChT, residue 360 is located in a conserved region and substitution of arginine for glycine is predicted to disrupt proper protein folding and membrane embedding. Stable transfection of wild-type and mutant human VAChT into neuronal-like PC12A123.7 cells revealed similar mRNA levels, but undetectable levels of the mutant protein, suggesting post-translational degradation of mutant VAChT. CONCLUSION Loss of function of VAChT underlies severe arthrogryposis and respiratory failure. While most congenital myasthenic syndromes are caused by defects in postsynaptic proteins, VAChT deficiency is a presynaptic myasthenic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adi Aran
- From the Neuropediatric Unit (A.A.) and Medical Genetics (R.S., P.R., A.W.-S., S.Z., E.L.-L.), Shaare Zedek Medical Center; Hebrew University-Hadassah School of Medicine (A.A., R.S., A.W.-S., E.L.-L.), Jerusalem, Israel; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry (K.K., S.O., S.M.P.), University of California, Santa Barbara; Faculty of Medicine (T.M., Y.H., A.O.S.), Bar Ilan University, Safed, Israel; and Departments of Medicine and Genome Sciences (S.G., M.K.L., M.-C.K., T.W.), University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Reeval Segel
- From the Neuropediatric Unit (A.A.) and Medical Genetics (R.S., P.R., A.W.-S., S.Z., E.L.-L.), Shaare Zedek Medical Center; Hebrew University-Hadassah School of Medicine (A.A., R.S., A.W.-S., E.L.-L.), Jerusalem, Israel; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry (K.K., S.O., S.M.P.), University of California, Santa Barbara; Faculty of Medicine (T.M., Y.H., A.O.S.), Bar Ilan University, Safed, Israel; and Departments of Medicine and Genome Sciences (S.G., M.K.L., M.-C.K., T.W.), University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Kota Kaneshige
- From the Neuropediatric Unit (A.A.) and Medical Genetics (R.S., P.R., A.W.-S., S.Z., E.L.-L.), Shaare Zedek Medical Center; Hebrew University-Hadassah School of Medicine (A.A., R.S., A.W.-S., E.L.-L.), Jerusalem, Israel; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry (K.K., S.O., S.M.P.), University of California, Santa Barbara; Faculty of Medicine (T.M., Y.H., A.O.S.), Bar Ilan University, Safed, Israel; and Departments of Medicine and Genome Sciences (S.G., M.K.L., M.-C.K., T.W.), University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Suleyman Gulsuner
- From the Neuropediatric Unit (A.A.) and Medical Genetics (R.S., P.R., A.W.-S., S.Z., E.L.-L.), Shaare Zedek Medical Center; Hebrew University-Hadassah School of Medicine (A.A., R.S., A.W.-S., E.L.-L.), Jerusalem, Israel; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry (K.K., S.O., S.M.P.), University of California, Santa Barbara; Faculty of Medicine (T.M., Y.H., A.O.S.), Bar Ilan University, Safed, Israel; and Departments of Medicine and Genome Sciences (S.G., M.K.L., M.-C.K., T.W.), University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Paul Renbaum
- From the Neuropediatric Unit (A.A.) and Medical Genetics (R.S., P.R., A.W.-S., S.Z., E.L.-L.), Shaare Zedek Medical Center; Hebrew University-Hadassah School of Medicine (A.A., R.S., A.W.-S., E.L.-L.), Jerusalem, Israel; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry (K.K., S.O., S.M.P.), University of California, Santa Barbara; Faculty of Medicine (T.M., Y.H., A.O.S.), Bar Ilan University, Safed, Israel; and Departments of Medicine and Genome Sciences (S.G., M.K.L., M.-C.K., T.W.), University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Scott Oliphant
- From the Neuropediatric Unit (A.A.) and Medical Genetics (R.S., P.R., A.W.-S., S.Z., E.L.-L.), Shaare Zedek Medical Center; Hebrew University-Hadassah School of Medicine (A.A., R.S., A.W.-S., E.L.-L.), Jerusalem, Israel; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry (K.K., S.O., S.M.P.), University of California, Santa Barbara; Faculty of Medicine (T.M., Y.H., A.O.S.), Bar Ilan University, Safed, Israel; and Departments of Medicine and Genome Sciences (S.G., M.K.L., M.-C.K., T.W.), University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Tomer Meirson
- From the Neuropediatric Unit (A.A.) and Medical Genetics (R.S., P.R., A.W.-S., S.Z., E.L.-L.), Shaare Zedek Medical Center; Hebrew University-Hadassah School of Medicine (A.A., R.S., A.W.-S., E.L.-L.), Jerusalem, Israel; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry (K.K., S.O., S.M.P.), University of California, Santa Barbara; Faculty of Medicine (T.M., Y.H., A.O.S.), Bar Ilan University, Safed, Israel; and Departments of Medicine and Genome Sciences (S.G., M.K.L., M.-C.K., T.W.), University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Ariella Weinberg-Shukron
- From the Neuropediatric Unit (A.A.) and Medical Genetics (R.S., P.R., A.W.-S., S.Z., E.L.-L.), Shaare Zedek Medical Center; Hebrew University-Hadassah School of Medicine (A.A., R.S., A.W.-S., E.L.-L.), Jerusalem, Israel; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry (K.K., S.O., S.M.P.), University of California, Santa Barbara; Faculty of Medicine (T.M., Y.H., A.O.S.), Bar Ilan University, Safed, Israel; and Departments of Medicine and Genome Sciences (S.G., M.K.L., M.-C.K., T.W.), University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Yair Hershkovitz
- From the Neuropediatric Unit (A.A.) and Medical Genetics (R.S., P.R., A.W.-S., S.Z., E.L.-L.), Shaare Zedek Medical Center; Hebrew University-Hadassah School of Medicine (A.A., R.S., A.W.-S., E.L.-L.), Jerusalem, Israel; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry (K.K., S.O., S.M.P.), University of California, Santa Barbara; Faculty of Medicine (T.M., Y.H., A.O.S.), Bar Ilan University, Safed, Israel; and Departments of Medicine and Genome Sciences (S.G., M.K.L., M.-C.K., T.W.), University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Sharon Zeligson
- From the Neuropediatric Unit (A.A.) and Medical Genetics (R.S., P.R., A.W.-S., S.Z., E.L.-L.), Shaare Zedek Medical Center; Hebrew University-Hadassah School of Medicine (A.A., R.S., A.W.-S., E.L.-L.), Jerusalem, Israel; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry (K.K., S.O., S.M.P.), University of California, Santa Barbara; Faculty of Medicine (T.M., Y.H., A.O.S.), Bar Ilan University, Safed, Israel; and Departments of Medicine and Genome Sciences (S.G., M.K.L., M.-C.K., T.W.), University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Ming K Lee
- From the Neuropediatric Unit (A.A.) and Medical Genetics (R.S., P.R., A.W.-S., S.Z., E.L.-L.), Shaare Zedek Medical Center; Hebrew University-Hadassah School of Medicine (A.A., R.S., A.W.-S., E.L.-L.), Jerusalem, Israel; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry (K.K., S.O., S.M.P.), University of California, Santa Barbara; Faculty of Medicine (T.M., Y.H., A.O.S.), Bar Ilan University, Safed, Israel; and Departments of Medicine and Genome Sciences (S.G., M.K.L., M.-C.K., T.W.), University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Abraham O Samson
- From the Neuropediatric Unit (A.A.) and Medical Genetics (R.S., P.R., A.W.-S., S.Z., E.L.-L.), Shaare Zedek Medical Center; Hebrew University-Hadassah School of Medicine (A.A., R.S., A.W.-S., E.L.-L.), Jerusalem, Israel; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry (K.K., S.O., S.M.P.), University of California, Santa Barbara; Faculty of Medicine (T.M., Y.H., A.O.S.), Bar Ilan University, Safed, Israel; and Departments of Medicine and Genome Sciences (S.G., M.K.L., M.-C.K., T.W.), University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Stanley M Parsons
- From the Neuropediatric Unit (A.A.) and Medical Genetics (R.S., P.R., A.W.-S., S.Z., E.L.-L.), Shaare Zedek Medical Center; Hebrew University-Hadassah School of Medicine (A.A., R.S., A.W.-S., E.L.-L.), Jerusalem, Israel; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry (K.K., S.O., S.M.P.), University of California, Santa Barbara; Faculty of Medicine (T.M., Y.H., A.O.S.), Bar Ilan University, Safed, Israel; and Departments of Medicine and Genome Sciences (S.G., M.K.L., M.-C.K., T.W.), University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Mary-Claire King
- From the Neuropediatric Unit (A.A.) and Medical Genetics (R.S., P.R., A.W.-S., S.Z., E.L.-L.), Shaare Zedek Medical Center; Hebrew University-Hadassah School of Medicine (A.A., R.S., A.W.-S., E.L.-L.), Jerusalem, Israel; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry (K.K., S.O., S.M.P.), University of California, Santa Barbara; Faculty of Medicine (T.M., Y.H., A.O.S.), Bar Ilan University, Safed, Israel; and Departments of Medicine and Genome Sciences (S.G., M.K.L., M.-C.K., T.W.), University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Ephrat Levy-Lahad
- From the Neuropediatric Unit (A.A.) and Medical Genetics (R.S., P.R., A.W.-S., S.Z., E.L.-L.), Shaare Zedek Medical Center; Hebrew University-Hadassah School of Medicine (A.A., R.S., A.W.-S., E.L.-L.), Jerusalem, Israel; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry (K.K., S.O., S.M.P.), University of California, Santa Barbara; Faculty of Medicine (T.M., Y.H., A.O.S.), Bar Ilan University, Safed, Israel; and Departments of Medicine and Genome Sciences (S.G., M.K.L., M.-C.K., T.W.), University of Washington, Seattle.
| | - Tom Walsh
- From the Neuropediatric Unit (A.A.) and Medical Genetics (R.S., P.R., A.W.-S., S.Z., E.L.-L.), Shaare Zedek Medical Center; Hebrew University-Hadassah School of Medicine (A.A., R.S., A.W.-S., E.L.-L.), Jerusalem, Israel; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry (K.K., S.O., S.M.P.), University of California, Santa Barbara; Faculty of Medicine (T.M., Y.H., A.O.S.), Bar Ilan University, Safed, Israel; and Departments of Medicine and Genome Sciences (S.G., M.K.L., M.-C.K., T.W.), University of Washington, Seattle
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Janickova H, Rosborough K, Al-Onaizi M, Kljakic O, Guzman MS, Gros R, Prado MAM, Prado VF. Deletion of the vesicular acetylcholine transporter from pedunculopontine/laterodorsal tegmental neurons modifies gait. J Neurochem 2017; 140:787-798. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2016] [Revised: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Helena Janickova
- Robarts Research Institute; Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry; University of Western Ontario; London Ontario Canada
| | - Kaie Rosborough
- Robarts Research Institute; Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry; University of Western Ontario; London Ontario Canada
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology; Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry; University of Western Ontario; London Ontario Canada
| | - Mohammed Al-Onaizi
- Robarts Research Institute; Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry; University of Western Ontario; London Ontario Canada
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology; Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry; University of Western Ontario; London Ontario Canada
| | - Ornela Kljakic
- Robarts Research Institute; Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry; University of Western Ontario; London Ontario Canada
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology; Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry; University of Western Ontario; London Ontario Canada
| | - Monica S. Guzman
- Robarts Research Institute; Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry; University of Western Ontario; London Ontario Canada
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology; Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry; University of Western Ontario; London Ontario Canada
| | - Robert Gros
- Robarts Research Institute; Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry; University of Western Ontario; London Ontario Canada
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology; Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry; University of Western Ontario; London Ontario Canada
| | - Marco A. M. Prado
- Robarts Research Institute; Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry; University of Western Ontario; London Ontario Canada
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology; Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry; University of Western Ontario; London Ontario Canada
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology; Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry; University of Western Ontario; London Ontario Canada
| | - Vania F. Prado
- Robarts Research Institute; Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry; University of Western Ontario; London Ontario Canada
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology; Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry; University of Western Ontario; London Ontario Canada
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology; Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry; University of Western Ontario; London Ontario Canada
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Zamroziewicz MK, Zwilling CE, Barbey AK. Inferior Prefrontal Cortex Mediates the Relationship between Phosphatidylcholine and Executive Functions in Healthy, Older Adults. Front Aging Neurosci 2016; 8:226. [PMID: 27733825 PMCID: PMC5040143 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2016.00226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: This study examines the neural mechanisms that mediate the relationship between phosphatidylcholine and executive functions in cognitively intact older adults. We hypothesized that higher plasma levels of phosphatidylcholine are associated with better performance on a particular component of the executive functions, namely cognitive flexibility, and that this relationship is mediated by gray matter structure of regions within the prefrontal cortex (PFC) that have been implicated in cognitive flexibility. Methods: We examined 72 cognitively intact adults between the ages of 65 and 75 in an observational, cross-sectional study to investigate the relationship between blood biomarkers of phosphatidylcholine, tests of cognitive flexibility (measured by the Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System Trail Making Test), and gray matter structure of regions within the PFC. A three-step mediation analysis was implemented using multivariate linear regressions and we controlled for age, sex, education, income, depression status, and body mass index. Results: The mediation analysis revealed that gray matter thickness of one region within the PFC, the left inferior PFC (Brodmann's Area 45), mediates the relationship between phosphatidylcholine blood biomarkers and cognitive flexibility. Conclusion: These results suggest that particular nutrients may slow or prevent age-related cognitive decline by influencing specific structures within the brain. This report demonstrates a novel structural mediation between plasma phosphatidylcholine levels and cognitive flexibility. Future work should examine the potential mechanisms underlying this mediation, including phosphatidylcholine-dependent cell membrane integrity of the inferior PFC and phosphatidylcholine-dependent cholinergic projections to the inferior PFC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta K. Zamroziewicz
- Decision Neuroscience Laboratory, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, UrbanaIL, USA
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, UrbanaIL, USA
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, UrbanaIL, USA
| | - Chris E. Zwilling
- Decision Neuroscience Laboratory, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, UrbanaIL, USA
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, UrbanaIL, USA
| | - Aron K. Barbey
- Decision Neuroscience Laboratory, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, UrbanaIL, USA
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, UrbanaIL, USA
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, UrbanaIL, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, UrbanaIL, USA
- Department of Speech and Hearing Science, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, UrbanaIL, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, UrbanaIL, USA
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, UrbanaIL, USA
- Carle Neuroscience Institute, Carle Foundation Hospital, UrbanaIL, USA
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38
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Abstract
Research during the last decade has significantly advanced our understanding of the molecular mechanisms at the interface between the nervous system and the immune system. Insight into bidirectional neuro-immune communication has characterized the nervous system as an important partner of the immune system in the regulation of inflammation. Neuronal pathways, including the vagus nerve-based inflammatory reflex, are physiological regulators of immune function and inflammation. In parallel, neuronal function is altered in conditions characterized by immune dysregulation and inflammation. Here, we review these regulatory mechanisms and describe the neural circuitry modulating immunity. Understanding these mechanisms reveals possibilities to use targeted neuromodulation as a therapeutic approach for inflammatory and autoimmune disorders. These findings and current clinical exploration of neuromodulation in the treatment of inflammatory diseases define the emerging field of Bioelectronic Medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin A Pavlov
- Center for Biomedical Science, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, 350 Community Dr, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA.
| | - Kevin J Tracey
- Center for Biomedical Science, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, 350 Community Dr, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA.
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39
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Krueger JN, Moore SJ, Parent R, McKinney BC, Lee A, Murphy GG. A novel mouse model of the aged brain: Over-expression of the L-type voltage-gated calcium channel Ca V1.3. Behav Brain Res 2016; 322:241-249. [PMID: 27368417 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.06.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The aged population is growing rapidly, which has sparked tremendous interest in elucidating mechanisms of aging in both the body and the brain. Animal models have become an indispensable tool in biomedical science, but because of the cost and extended timeframe associated with aging animals to appropriate time points, studies that rely on using aged animals are often not feasible. Somewhat surprisingly, there are relatively few animal models that have been specifically engineered to mimic physiological changes known to occur during "normal" aging. Developing transgenic animal models that faithfully mimic key aspects of aging would likely be of great utility in studying both age-related deficits in the absence of overt pathology as well as an adjunct for transgenic models of diseases where aging is a primary risk factor. In particular, there are several alterations in the aged brain that are amenable to being modeled genetically. We have focused on one key aspect that has been repeatedly demonstrated in aged animals - an increase in the L-type voltage-gated calcium channel CaV1.3. Here we present a novel transgenic mouse line in which expression of CaV1.3 is increased by approximately 50% in the forebrain of young mice. These mice do not display any overt physical or non-cognitive deficits, exhibiting normal exploratory behavior, motor function, and affective-like responses, suggesting that these mice can be successfully deployed to assess the impact of an "aged brain" in a variety of conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie N Krueger
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Shannon J Moore
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States.
| | - Rachel Parent
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Brandon C McKinney
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Amy Lee
- Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States
| | - Geoffrey G Murphy
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States; Department of Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States.
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40
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Jha MK, Lee IK, Suk K. Metabolic reprogramming by the pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase-lactic acid axis: Linking metabolism and diverse neuropathophysiologies. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 68:1-19. [PMID: 27179453 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Emerging evidence indicates that there is a complex interplay between metabolism and chronic disorders in the nervous system. In particular, the pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) kinase (PDK)-lactic acid axis is a critical link that connects metabolic reprogramming and the pathophysiology of neurological disorders. PDKs, via regulation of PDH complex activity, orchestrate the conversion of pyruvate either aerobically to acetyl-CoA, or anaerobically to lactate. The kinases are also involved in neurometabolic dysregulation under pathological conditions. Lactate, an energy substrate for neurons, is also a recently acknowledged signaling molecule involved in neuronal plasticity, neuron-glia interactions, neuroimmune communication, and nociception. More recently, the PDK-lactic acid axis has been recognized to modulate neuronal and glial phenotypes and activities, contributing to the pathophysiologies of diverse neurological disorders. This review covers the recent advances that implicate the PDK-lactic acid axis as a novel linker of metabolism and diverse neuropathophysiologies. We finally explore the possibilities of employing the PDK-lactic acid axis and its downstream mediators as putative future therapeutic strategies aimed at prevention or treatment of neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mithilesh Kumar Jha
- Department of Pharmacology, Brain Science and Engineering Institute, BK21 PLUS KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology, Division of Neuromuscular Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - In-Kyu Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoungho Suk
- Department of Pharmacology, Brain Science and Engineering Institute, BK21 PLUS KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea.
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41
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Hvoslef-Eide M, Mar AC, Nilsson SRO, Alsiö J, Heath CJ, Saksida LM, Robbins TW, Bussey TJ. The NEWMEDS rodent touchscreen test battery for cognition relevant to schizophrenia. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2015. [PMID: 26202612 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-015-4007-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The NEWMEDS initiative (Novel Methods leading to New Medications in Depression and Schizophrenia, http://www.newmeds-europe.com ) is a large industrial-academic collaborative project aimed at developing new methods for drug discovery for schizophrenia. As part of this project, Work package 2 (WP02) has developed and validated a comprehensive battery of novel touchscreen tasks for rats and mice for assessing cognitive domains relevant to schizophrenia. OBJECTIVES This article provides a review of the touchscreen battery of tasks for rats and mice for assessing cognitive domains relevant to schizophrenia and highlights validation data presented in several primary articles in this issue and elsewhere. METHODS The battery consists of the five-choice serial reaction time task and a novel rodent continuous performance task for measuring attention, a three-stimulus visual reversal and the serial visual reversal task for measuring cognitive flexibility, novel non-matching to sample-based tasks for measuring spatial working memory and paired-associates learning for measuring long-term memory. RESULTS The rodent (i.e. both rats and mice) touchscreen operant chamber and battery has high translational value across species due to its emphasis on construct as well as face validity. In addition, it offers cognitive profiling of models of diseases with cognitive symptoms (not limited to schizophrenia) through a battery approach, whereby multiple cognitive constructs can be measured using the same apparatus, enabling comparisons of performance across tasks. CONCLUSION This battery of tests constitutes an extensive tool package for both model characterisation and pre-clinical drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hvoslef-Eide
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EB, UK. .,MRC and Wellcome Trust Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EB, UK.
| | - A C Mar
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EB, UK.,MRC and Wellcome Trust Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EB, UK.,Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - S R O Nilsson
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EB, UK.,MRC and Wellcome Trust Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EB, UK
| | - J Alsiö
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EB, UK.,MRC and Wellcome Trust Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EB, UK.,Department of Neuroscience, Unit of Functional Neurobiology, University of Uppsala, 75124, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - C J Heath
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EB, UK.,MRC and Wellcome Trust Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EB, UK
| | - L M Saksida
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EB, UK.,MRC and Wellcome Trust Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EB, UK
| | - T W Robbins
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EB, UK.,MRC and Wellcome Trust Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EB, UK
| | - T J Bussey
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EB, UK.,MRC and Wellcome Trust Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EB, UK
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42
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Kolisnyk B, Al-Onaizi MA, Prado VF, Prado MAM. α7 nicotinic ACh receptor-deficient mice exhibit sustained attention impairments that are reversed by β2 nicotinic ACh receptor activation. Br J Pharmacol 2015. [PMID: 26222090 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Disruptions of executive function, including attentional deficits, are a hallmark of a number of diseases. ACh in the prefrontal cortex regulates attentive behaviour; however, the role of α7 nicotinic ACh receptor (α7nAChR) in attention is contentious. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH In order to probe attention, we trained both wild-type and α7nAChR knockout mice on a touch screen-based five-choice serial reaction time task (5-CSRT). Following training procedures, we then tested sustained attention using a probe trial experiment. To further differentiate the role of specific nicotinic receptors in attention, we then tested the effects of both α7nAChR and β2nAChR agonists on the performance of both wild-type and knockout mice on the 5-CSRT task. KEY RESULTS At low doses, α7nAChR agonists improved attentional performance of wild-type mice, while high doses had deleterious effects on attention. α7nAChR knockout mice displayed deficits in sustained attention that were not ameliorated by α7nAChR agonists. However, these deficits were completely reversed by the administration of a β2nAChR agonist. Furthermore, administration of a β2nAChR agonist in α7nAChR knockout mice elicited similar biochemical response in the prefrontal cortex as the administration of α7nAChR agonists in wild-type mice. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Our experiments reveal an intricate relationship between distinct nicotinic receptors to regulate attentional performance and provide the basis for targeting β2nAChRs pharmacologically to decrease attentional deficits due to a dysfunction in α7nAChRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Kolisnyk
- Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.,Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Mohammed A Al-Onaizi
- Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Vania F Prado
- Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.,Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Marco A M Prado
- Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.,Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
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43
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Muir RT, Lam B, Honjo K, Harry RD, McNeely AA, Gao FQ, Ramirez J, Scott CJM, Ganda A, Zhao J, Zhou XJ, Graham SJ, Rangwala N, Gibson E, Lobaugh NJ, Kiss A, Stuss DT, Nyenhuis DL, Lee BC, Kang Y, Black SE. Trail Making Test Elucidates Neural Substrates of Specific Poststroke Executive Dysfunctions. Stroke 2015; 46:2755-61. [PMID: 26382176 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.115.009936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Poststroke cognitive impairment is typified by prominent deficits in processing speed and executive function. However, the underlying neuroanatomical substrates of executive deficits are not well understood, and further elucidation is needed. There may be utility in fractionating executive functions to delineate neural substrates. METHODS One test amenable to fine delineation is the Trail Making Test (TMT), which emphasizes processing speed (TMT-A) and set shifting (TMT-B-A difference, proportion, quotient scores, and TMT-B set-shifting errors). The TMT was administered to 2 overt ischemic stroke cohorts from a multinational study: (1) a chronic stroke cohort (N=61) and (2) an acute-subacute stroke cohort (N=45). Volumetric quantification of ischemic stroke and white matter hyperintensities was done on magnetic resonance imaging, along with ratings of involvement of cholinergic projections, using the previously published cholinergic hyperintensities projections scale. Damage to the superior longitudinal fasciculus, which colocalizes with some cholinergic projections, was also documented. RESULTS Multiple linear regression analyses were completed. Although larger infarcts (β=0.37, P<0.0001) were associated with slower processing speed, cholinergic hyperintensities projections scale severity (β=0.39, P<0.0001) was associated with all metrics of set shifting. Left superior longitudinal fasciculus damage, however, was only associated with the difference score (β=0.17, P=0.03). These findings were replicated in both cohorts. Patients with ≥2 TMT-B set-shifting errors also had greater cholinergic hyperintensities projections scale severity. CONCLUSIONS In this multinational stroke cohort study, damage to lateral cholinergic pathways and the superior longitudinal fasciculus emerged as significant neuroanatomical correlates for executive deficits in set shifting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan T Muir
- From the L.C. Campbell Cognitive Neurology Research Unit, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (R.T.M., B.L., K.H., R.D.H., A.A.M., F.-Q.G., J.R., C.J.M.S., A.G., J.Z., S.E.B.), Heart and Stroke Foundation Centre for Stroke Recovery, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (R.T.M., B.L., K.H., R.D.H., A.A.M., F.-Q.G., J.R., C.J.M.S., A.G., J.Z., E.G., S.E.B.), Hurvitz Brain Sciences Research Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute (R.T.M., B.L., K.H., R.D.H., A.A.M., F.-Q.G., J.R., C.J.M.S., A.G., J.Z., S.J.G., E.G., D.T.S., S.E.B.), Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology (R.T.M., B.L., K.H., R.D.H., A.A.M., F.Q.G., J.R., C.J.M.S., A.G., J.Z., E.G., N.J.L , D.T.S., S.E.B.), Department of Medical Biophysics (S.J.G.), Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest (D.T.S., S.E.B.), and Department of Research Design and Biostatistics, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (A.K.), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Departments of Radiology, Neurosurgery, and Bioengineering (X.J.Z.), and Department of Clinical Neuropsychology (N.R., D.L.N.), College of Medicine at Chicago, University of Illinois; Hauenstein Neuroscience Center, Saint Mary's Health Care, Grand Rapids, MI (N.R., D.L.N.); Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada (N.J.L.); Department of Neurology, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang, South Korea (B.-C.L., Y.K.); Department of Psychology, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea (Y.K.); and Heart and Stroke Foundation Canadian Partnership for Stroke Recovery (K.H., S.E.B.)
| | - Benjamin Lam
- From the L.C. Campbell Cognitive Neurology Research Unit, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (R.T.M., B.L., K.H., R.D.H., A.A.M., F.-Q.G., J.R., C.J.M.S., A.G., J.Z., S.E.B.), Heart and Stroke Foundation Centre for Stroke Recovery, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (R.T.M., B.L., K.H., R.D.H., A.A.M., F.-Q.G., J.R., C.J.M.S., A.G., J.Z., E.G., S.E.B.), Hurvitz Brain Sciences Research Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute (R.T.M., B.L., K.H., R.D.H., A.A.M., F.-Q.G., J.R., C.J.M.S., A.G., J.Z., S.J.G., E.G., D.T.S., S.E.B.), Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology (R.T.M., B.L., K.H., R.D.H., A.A.M., F.Q.G., J.R., C.J.M.S., A.G., J.Z., E.G., N.J.L , D.T.S., S.E.B.), Department of Medical Biophysics (S.J.G.), Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest (D.T.S., S.E.B.), and Department of Research Design and Biostatistics, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (A.K.), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Departments of Radiology, Neurosurgery, and Bioengineering (X.J.Z.), and Department of Clinical Neuropsychology (N.R., D.L.N.), College of Medicine at Chicago, University of Illinois; Hauenstein Neuroscience Center, Saint Mary's Health Care, Grand Rapids, MI (N.R., D.L.N.); Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada (N.J.L.); Department of Neurology, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang, South Korea (B.-C.L., Y.K.); Department of Psychology, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea (Y.K.); and Heart and Stroke Foundation Canadian Partnership for Stroke Recovery (K.H., S.E.B.)
| | - Kie Honjo
- From the L.C. Campbell Cognitive Neurology Research Unit, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (R.T.M., B.L., K.H., R.D.H., A.A.M., F.-Q.G., J.R., C.J.M.S., A.G., J.Z., S.E.B.), Heart and Stroke Foundation Centre for Stroke Recovery, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (R.T.M., B.L., K.H., R.D.H., A.A.M., F.-Q.G., J.R., C.J.M.S., A.G., J.Z., E.G., S.E.B.), Hurvitz Brain Sciences Research Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute (R.T.M., B.L., K.H., R.D.H., A.A.M., F.-Q.G., J.R., C.J.M.S., A.G., J.Z., S.J.G., E.G., D.T.S., S.E.B.), Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology (R.T.M., B.L., K.H., R.D.H., A.A.M., F.Q.G., J.R., C.J.M.S., A.G., J.Z., E.G., N.J.L , D.T.S., S.E.B.), Department of Medical Biophysics (S.J.G.), Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest (D.T.S., S.E.B.), and Department of Research Design and Biostatistics, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (A.K.), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Departments of Radiology, Neurosurgery, and Bioengineering (X.J.Z.), and Department of Clinical Neuropsychology (N.R., D.L.N.), College of Medicine at Chicago, University of Illinois; Hauenstein Neuroscience Center, Saint Mary's Health Care, Grand Rapids, MI (N.R., D.L.N.); Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada (N.J.L.); Department of Neurology, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang, South Korea (B.-C.L., Y.K.); Department of Psychology, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea (Y.K.); and Heart and Stroke Foundation Canadian Partnership for Stroke Recovery (K.H., S.E.B.)
| | - Robin D Harry
- From the L.C. Campbell Cognitive Neurology Research Unit, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (R.T.M., B.L., K.H., R.D.H., A.A.M., F.-Q.G., J.R., C.J.M.S., A.G., J.Z., S.E.B.), Heart and Stroke Foundation Centre for Stroke Recovery, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (R.T.M., B.L., K.H., R.D.H., A.A.M., F.-Q.G., J.R., C.J.M.S., A.G., J.Z., E.G., S.E.B.), Hurvitz Brain Sciences Research Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute (R.T.M., B.L., K.H., R.D.H., A.A.M., F.-Q.G., J.R., C.J.M.S., A.G., J.Z., S.J.G., E.G., D.T.S., S.E.B.), Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology (R.T.M., B.L., K.H., R.D.H., A.A.M., F.Q.G., J.R., C.J.M.S., A.G., J.Z., E.G., N.J.L , D.T.S., S.E.B.), Department of Medical Biophysics (S.J.G.), Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest (D.T.S., S.E.B.), and Department of Research Design and Biostatistics, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (A.K.), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Departments of Radiology, Neurosurgery, and Bioengineering (X.J.Z.), and Department of Clinical Neuropsychology (N.R., D.L.N.), College of Medicine at Chicago, University of Illinois; Hauenstein Neuroscience Center, Saint Mary's Health Care, Grand Rapids, MI (N.R., D.L.N.); Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada (N.J.L.); Department of Neurology, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang, South Korea (B.-C.L., Y.K.); Department of Psychology, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea (Y.K.); and Heart and Stroke Foundation Canadian Partnership for Stroke Recovery (K.H., S.E.B.)
| | - Alicia A McNeely
- From the L.C. Campbell Cognitive Neurology Research Unit, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (R.T.M., B.L., K.H., R.D.H., A.A.M., F.-Q.G., J.R., C.J.M.S., A.G., J.Z., S.E.B.), Heart and Stroke Foundation Centre for Stroke Recovery, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (R.T.M., B.L., K.H., R.D.H., A.A.M., F.-Q.G., J.R., C.J.M.S., A.G., J.Z., E.G., S.E.B.), Hurvitz Brain Sciences Research Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute (R.T.M., B.L., K.H., R.D.H., A.A.M., F.-Q.G., J.R., C.J.M.S., A.G., J.Z., S.J.G., E.G., D.T.S., S.E.B.), Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology (R.T.M., B.L., K.H., R.D.H., A.A.M., F.Q.G., J.R., C.J.M.S., A.G., J.Z., E.G., N.J.L , D.T.S., S.E.B.), Department of Medical Biophysics (S.J.G.), Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest (D.T.S., S.E.B.), and Department of Research Design and Biostatistics, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (A.K.), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Departments of Radiology, Neurosurgery, and Bioengineering (X.J.Z.), and Department of Clinical Neuropsychology (N.R., D.L.N.), College of Medicine at Chicago, University of Illinois; Hauenstein Neuroscience Center, Saint Mary's Health Care, Grand Rapids, MI (N.R., D.L.N.); Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada (N.J.L.); Department of Neurology, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang, South Korea (B.-C.L., Y.K.); Department of Psychology, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea (Y.K.); and Heart and Stroke Foundation Canadian Partnership for Stroke Recovery (K.H., S.E.B.)
| | - Fu-Qiang Gao
- From the L.C. Campbell Cognitive Neurology Research Unit, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (R.T.M., B.L., K.H., R.D.H., A.A.M., F.-Q.G., J.R., C.J.M.S., A.G., J.Z., S.E.B.), Heart and Stroke Foundation Centre for Stroke Recovery, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (R.T.M., B.L., K.H., R.D.H., A.A.M., F.-Q.G., J.R., C.J.M.S., A.G., J.Z., E.G., S.E.B.), Hurvitz Brain Sciences Research Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute (R.T.M., B.L., K.H., R.D.H., A.A.M., F.-Q.G., J.R., C.J.M.S., A.G., J.Z., S.J.G., E.G., D.T.S., S.E.B.), Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology (R.T.M., B.L., K.H., R.D.H., A.A.M., F.Q.G., J.R., C.J.M.S., A.G., J.Z., E.G., N.J.L , D.T.S., S.E.B.), Department of Medical Biophysics (S.J.G.), Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest (D.T.S., S.E.B.), and Department of Research Design and Biostatistics, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (A.K.), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Departments of Radiology, Neurosurgery, and Bioengineering (X.J.Z.), and Department of Clinical Neuropsychology (N.R., D.L.N.), College of Medicine at Chicago, University of Illinois; Hauenstein Neuroscience Center, Saint Mary's Health Care, Grand Rapids, MI (N.R., D.L.N.); Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada (N.J.L.); Department of Neurology, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang, South Korea (B.-C.L., Y.K.); Department of Psychology, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea (Y.K.); and Heart and Stroke Foundation Canadian Partnership for Stroke Recovery (K.H., S.E.B.)
| | - Joel Ramirez
- From the L.C. Campbell Cognitive Neurology Research Unit, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (R.T.M., B.L., K.H., R.D.H., A.A.M., F.-Q.G., J.R., C.J.M.S., A.G., J.Z., S.E.B.), Heart and Stroke Foundation Centre for Stroke Recovery, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (R.T.M., B.L., K.H., R.D.H., A.A.M., F.-Q.G., J.R., C.J.M.S., A.G., J.Z., E.G., S.E.B.), Hurvitz Brain Sciences Research Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute (R.T.M., B.L., K.H., R.D.H., A.A.M., F.-Q.G., J.R., C.J.M.S., A.G., J.Z., S.J.G., E.G., D.T.S., S.E.B.), Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology (R.T.M., B.L., K.H., R.D.H., A.A.M., F.Q.G., J.R., C.J.M.S., A.G., J.Z., E.G., N.J.L , D.T.S., S.E.B.), Department of Medical Biophysics (S.J.G.), Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest (D.T.S., S.E.B.), and Department of Research Design and Biostatistics, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (A.K.), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Departments of Radiology, Neurosurgery, and Bioengineering (X.J.Z.), and Department of Clinical Neuropsychology (N.R., D.L.N.), College of Medicine at Chicago, University of Illinois; Hauenstein Neuroscience Center, Saint Mary's Health Care, Grand Rapids, MI (N.R., D.L.N.); Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada (N.J.L.); Department of Neurology, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang, South Korea (B.-C.L., Y.K.); Department of Psychology, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea (Y.K.); and Heart and Stroke Foundation Canadian Partnership for Stroke Recovery (K.H., S.E.B.)
| | - Christopher J M Scott
- From the L.C. Campbell Cognitive Neurology Research Unit, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (R.T.M., B.L., K.H., R.D.H., A.A.M., F.-Q.G., J.R., C.J.M.S., A.G., J.Z., S.E.B.), Heart and Stroke Foundation Centre for Stroke Recovery, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (R.T.M., B.L., K.H., R.D.H., A.A.M., F.-Q.G., J.R., C.J.M.S., A.G., J.Z., E.G., S.E.B.), Hurvitz Brain Sciences Research Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute (R.T.M., B.L., K.H., R.D.H., A.A.M., F.-Q.G., J.R., C.J.M.S., A.G., J.Z., S.J.G., E.G., D.T.S., S.E.B.), Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology (R.T.M., B.L., K.H., R.D.H., A.A.M., F.Q.G., J.R., C.J.M.S., A.G., J.Z., E.G., N.J.L , D.T.S., S.E.B.), Department of Medical Biophysics (S.J.G.), Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest (D.T.S., S.E.B.), and Department of Research Design and Biostatistics, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (A.K.), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Departments of Radiology, Neurosurgery, and Bioengineering (X.J.Z.), and Department of Clinical Neuropsychology (N.R., D.L.N.), College of Medicine at Chicago, University of Illinois; Hauenstein Neuroscience Center, Saint Mary's Health Care, Grand Rapids, MI (N.R., D.L.N.); Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada (N.J.L.); Department of Neurology, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang, South Korea (B.-C.L., Y.K.); Department of Psychology, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea (Y.K.); and Heart and Stroke Foundation Canadian Partnership for Stroke Recovery (K.H., S.E.B.)
| | - Anoop Ganda
- From the L.C. Campbell Cognitive Neurology Research Unit, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (R.T.M., B.L., K.H., R.D.H., A.A.M., F.-Q.G., J.R., C.J.M.S., A.G., J.Z., S.E.B.), Heart and Stroke Foundation Centre for Stroke Recovery, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (R.T.M., B.L., K.H., R.D.H., A.A.M., F.-Q.G., J.R., C.J.M.S., A.G., J.Z., E.G., S.E.B.), Hurvitz Brain Sciences Research Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute (R.T.M., B.L., K.H., R.D.H., A.A.M., F.-Q.G., J.R., C.J.M.S., A.G., J.Z., S.J.G., E.G., D.T.S., S.E.B.), Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology (R.T.M., B.L., K.H., R.D.H., A.A.M., F.Q.G., J.R., C.J.M.S., A.G., J.Z., E.G., N.J.L , D.T.S., S.E.B.), Department of Medical Biophysics (S.J.G.), Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest (D.T.S., S.E.B.), and Department of Research Design and Biostatistics, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (A.K.), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Departments of Radiology, Neurosurgery, and Bioengineering (X.J.Z.), and Department of Clinical Neuropsychology (N.R., D.L.N.), College of Medicine at Chicago, University of Illinois; Hauenstein Neuroscience Center, Saint Mary's Health Care, Grand Rapids, MI (N.R., D.L.N.); Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada (N.J.L.); Department of Neurology, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang, South Korea (B.-C.L., Y.K.); Department of Psychology, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea (Y.K.); and Heart and Stroke Foundation Canadian Partnership for Stroke Recovery (K.H., S.E.B.)
| | - Jiali Zhao
- From the L.C. Campbell Cognitive Neurology Research Unit, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (R.T.M., B.L., K.H., R.D.H., A.A.M., F.-Q.G., J.R., C.J.M.S., A.G., J.Z., S.E.B.), Heart and Stroke Foundation Centre for Stroke Recovery, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (R.T.M., B.L., K.H., R.D.H., A.A.M., F.-Q.G., J.R., C.J.M.S., A.G., J.Z., E.G., S.E.B.), Hurvitz Brain Sciences Research Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute (R.T.M., B.L., K.H., R.D.H., A.A.M., F.-Q.G., J.R., C.J.M.S., A.G., J.Z., S.J.G., E.G., D.T.S., S.E.B.), Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology (R.T.M., B.L., K.H., R.D.H., A.A.M., F.Q.G., J.R., C.J.M.S., A.G., J.Z., E.G., N.J.L , D.T.S., S.E.B.), Department of Medical Biophysics (S.J.G.), Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest (D.T.S., S.E.B.), and Department of Research Design and Biostatistics, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (A.K.), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Departments of Radiology, Neurosurgery, and Bioengineering (X.J.Z.), and Department of Clinical Neuropsychology (N.R., D.L.N.), College of Medicine at Chicago, University of Illinois; Hauenstein Neuroscience Center, Saint Mary's Health Care, Grand Rapids, MI (N.R., D.L.N.); Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada (N.J.L.); Department of Neurology, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang, South Korea (B.-C.L., Y.K.); Department of Psychology, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea (Y.K.); and Heart and Stroke Foundation Canadian Partnership for Stroke Recovery (K.H., S.E.B.)
| | - X Joe Zhou
- From the L.C. Campbell Cognitive Neurology Research Unit, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (R.T.M., B.L., K.H., R.D.H., A.A.M., F.-Q.G., J.R., C.J.M.S., A.G., J.Z., S.E.B.), Heart and Stroke Foundation Centre for Stroke Recovery, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (R.T.M., B.L., K.H., R.D.H., A.A.M., F.-Q.G., J.R., C.J.M.S., A.G., J.Z., E.G., S.E.B.), Hurvitz Brain Sciences Research Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute (R.T.M., B.L., K.H., R.D.H., A.A.M., F.-Q.G., J.R., C.J.M.S., A.G., J.Z., S.J.G., E.G., D.T.S., S.E.B.), Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology (R.T.M., B.L., K.H., R.D.H., A.A.M., F.Q.G., J.R., C.J.M.S., A.G., J.Z., E.G., N.J.L , D.T.S., S.E.B.), Department of Medical Biophysics (S.J.G.), Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest (D.T.S., S.E.B.), and Department of Research Design and Biostatistics, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (A.K.), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Departments of Radiology, Neurosurgery, and Bioengineering (X.J.Z.), and Department of Clinical Neuropsychology (N.R., D.L.N.), College of Medicine at Chicago, University of Illinois; Hauenstein Neuroscience Center, Saint Mary's Health Care, Grand Rapids, MI (N.R., D.L.N.); Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada (N.J.L.); Department of Neurology, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang, South Korea (B.-C.L., Y.K.); Department of Psychology, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea (Y.K.); and Heart and Stroke Foundation Canadian Partnership for Stroke Recovery (K.H., S.E.B.)
| | - Simon J Graham
- From the L.C. Campbell Cognitive Neurology Research Unit, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (R.T.M., B.L., K.H., R.D.H., A.A.M., F.-Q.G., J.R., C.J.M.S., A.G., J.Z., S.E.B.), Heart and Stroke Foundation Centre for Stroke Recovery, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (R.T.M., B.L., K.H., R.D.H., A.A.M., F.-Q.G., J.R., C.J.M.S., A.G., J.Z., E.G., S.E.B.), Hurvitz Brain Sciences Research Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute (R.T.M., B.L., K.H., R.D.H., A.A.M., F.-Q.G., J.R., C.J.M.S., A.G., J.Z., S.J.G., E.G., D.T.S., S.E.B.), Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology (R.T.M., B.L., K.H., R.D.H., A.A.M., F.Q.G., J.R., C.J.M.S., A.G., J.Z., E.G., N.J.L , D.T.S., S.E.B.), Department of Medical Biophysics (S.J.G.), Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest (D.T.S., S.E.B.), and Department of Research Design and Biostatistics, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (A.K.), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Departments of Radiology, Neurosurgery, and Bioengineering (X.J.Z.), and Department of Clinical Neuropsychology (N.R., D.L.N.), College of Medicine at Chicago, University of Illinois; Hauenstein Neuroscience Center, Saint Mary's Health Care, Grand Rapids, MI (N.R., D.L.N.); Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada (N.J.L.); Department of Neurology, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang, South Korea (B.-C.L., Y.K.); Department of Psychology, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea (Y.K.); and Heart and Stroke Foundation Canadian Partnership for Stroke Recovery (K.H., S.E.B.)
| | - Novena Rangwala
- From the L.C. Campbell Cognitive Neurology Research Unit, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (R.T.M., B.L., K.H., R.D.H., A.A.M., F.-Q.G., J.R., C.J.M.S., A.G., J.Z., S.E.B.), Heart and Stroke Foundation Centre for Stroke Recovery, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (R.T.M., B.L., K.H., R.D.H., A.A.M., F.-Q.G., J.R., C.J.M.S., A.G., J.Z., E.G., S.E.B.), Hurvitz Brain Sciences Research Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute (R.T.M., B.L., K.H., R.D.H., A.A.M., F.-Q.G., J.R., C.J.M.S., A.G., J.Z., S.J.G., E.G., D.T.S., S.E.B.), Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology (R.T.M., B.L., K.H., R.D.H., A.A.M., F.Q.G., J.R., C.J.M.S., A.G., J.Z., E.G., N.J.L , D.T.S., S.E.B.), Department of Medical Biophysics (S.J.G.), Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest (D.T.S., S.E.B.), and Department of Research Design and Biostatistics, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (A.K.), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Departments of Radiology, Neurosurgery, and Bioengineering (X.J.Z.), and Department of Clinical Neuropsychology (N.R., D.L.N.), College of Medicine at Chicago, University of Illinois; Hauenstein Neuroscience Center, Saint Mary's Health Care, Grand Rapids, MI (N.R., D.L.N.); Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada (N.J.L.); Department of Neurology, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang, South Korea (B.-C.L., Y.K.); Department of Psychology, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea (Y.K.); and Heart and Stroke Foundation Canadian Partnership for Stroke Recovery (K.H., S.E.B.)
| | - Erin Gibson
- From the L.C. Campbell Cognitive Neurology Research Unit, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (R.T.M., B.L., K.H., R.D.H., A.A.M., F.-Q.G., J.R., C.J.M.S., A.G., J.Z., S.E.B.), Heart and Stroke Foundation Centre for Stroke Recovery, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (R.T.M., B.L., K.H., R.D.H., A.A.M., F.-Q.G., J.R., C.J.M.S., A.G., J.Z., E.G., S.E.B.), Hurvitz Brain Sciences Research Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute (R.T.M., B.L., K.H., R.D.H., A.A.M., F.-Q.G., J.R., C.J.M.S., A.G., J.Z., S.J.G., E.G., D.T.S., S.E.B.), Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology (R.T.M., B.L., K.H., R.D.H., A.A.M., F.Q.G., J.R., C.J.M.S., A.G., J.Z., E.G., N.J.L , D.T.S., S.E.B.), Department of Medical Biophysics (S.J.G.), Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest (D.T.S., S.E.B.), and Department of Research Design and Biostatistics, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (A.K.), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Departments of Radiology, Neurosurgery, and Bioengineering (X.J.Z.), and Department of Clinical Neuropsychology (N.R., D.L.N.), College of Medicine at Chicago, University of Illinois; Hauenstein Neuroscience Center, Saint Mary's Health Care, Grand Rapids, MI (N.R., D.L.N.); Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada (N.J.L.); Department of Neurology, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang, South Korea (B.-C.L., Y.K.); Department of Psychology, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea (Y.K.); and Heart and Stroke Foundation Canadian Partnership for Stroke Recovery (K.H., S.E.B.)
| | - Nancy J Lobaugh
- From the L.C. Campbell Cognitive Neurology Research Unit, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (R.T.M., B.L., K.H., R.D.H., A.A.M., F.-Q.G., J.R., C.J.M.S., A.G., J.Z., S.E.B.), Heart and Stroke Foundation Centre for Stroke Recovery, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (R.T.M., B.L., K.H., R.D.H., A.A.M., F.-Q.G., J.R., C.J.M.S., A.G., J.Z., E.G., S.E.B.), Hurvitz Brain Sciences Research Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute (R.T.M., B.L., K.H., R.D.H., A.A.M., F.-Q.G., J.R., C.J.M.S., A.G., J.Z., S.J.G., E.G., D.T.S., S.E.B.), Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology (R.T.M., B.L., K.H., R.D.H., A.A.M., F.Q.G., J.R., C.J.M.S., A.G., J.Z., E.G., N.J.L , D.T.S., S.E.B.), Department of Medical Biophysics (S.J.G.), Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest (D.T.S., S.E.B.), and Department of Research Design and Biostatistics, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (A.K.), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Departments of Radiology, Neurosurgery, and Bioengineering (X.J.Z.), and Department of Clinical Neuropsychology (N.R., D.L.N.), College of Medicine at Chicago, University of Illinois; Hauenstein Neuroscience Center, Saint Mary's Health Care, Grand Rapids, MI (N.R., D.L.N.); Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada (N.J.L.); Department of Neurology, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang, South Korea (B.-C.L., Y.K.); Department of Psychology, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea (Y.K.); and Heart and Stroke Foundation Canadian Partnership for Stroke Recovery (K.H., S.E.B.)
| | - Alex Kiss
- From the L.C. Campbell Cognitive Neurology Research Unit, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (R.T.M., B.L., K.H., R.D.H., A.A.M., F.-Q.G., J.R., C.J.M.S., A.G., J.Z., S.E.B.), Heart and Stroke Foundation Centre for Stroke Recovery, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (R.T.M., B.L., K.H., R.D.H., A.A.M., F.-Q.G., J.R., C.J.M.S., A.G., J.Z., E.G., S.E.B.), Hurvitz Brain Sciences Research Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute (R.T.M., B.L., K.H., R.D.H., A.A.M., F.-Q.G., J.R., C.J.M.S., A.G., J.Z., S.J.G., E.G., D.T.S., S.E.B.), Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology (R.T.M., B.L., K.H., R.D.H., A.A.M., F.Q.G., J.R., C.J.M.S., A.G., J.Z., E.G., N.J.L , D.T.S., S.E.B.), Department of Medical Biophysics (S.J.G.), Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest (D.T.S., S.E.B.), and Department of Research Design and Biostatistics, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (A.K.), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Departments of Radiology, Neurosurgery, and Bioengineering (X.J.Z.), and Department of Clinical Neuropsychology (N.R., D.L.N.), College of Medicine at Chicago, University of Illinois; Hauenstein Neuroscience Center, Saint Mary's Health Care, Grand Rapids, MI (N.R., D.L.N.); Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada (N.J.L.); Department of Neurology, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang, South Korea (B.-C.L., Y.K.); Department of Psychology, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea (Y.K.); and Heart and Stroke Foundation Canadian Partnership for Stroke Recovery (K.H., S.E.B.)
| | - Donald T Stuss
- From the L.C. Campbell Cognitive Neurology Research Unit, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (R.T.M., B.L., K.H., R.D.H., A.A.M., F.-Q.G., J.R., C.J.M.S., A.G., J.Z., S.E.B.), Heart and Stroke Foundation Centre for Stroke Recovery, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (R.T.M., B.L., K.H., R.D.H., A.A.M., F.-Q.G., J.R., C.J.M.S., A.G., J.Z., E.G., S.E.B.), Hurvitz Brain Sciences Research Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute (R.T.M., B.L., K.H., R.D.H., A.A.M., F.-Q.G., J.R., C.J.M.S., A.G., J.Z., S.J.G., E.G., D.T.S., S.E.B.), Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology (R.T.M., B.L., K.H., R.D.H., A.A.M., F.Q.G., J.R., C.J.M.S., A.G., J.Z., E.G., N.J.L , D.T.S., S.E.B.), Department of Medical Biophysics (S.J.G.), Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest (D.T.S., S.E.B.), and Department of Research Design and Biostatistics, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (A.K.), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Departments of Radiology, Neurosurgery, and Bioengineering (X.J.Z.), and Department of Clinical Neuropsychology (N.R., D.L.N.), College of Medicine at Chicago, University of Illinois; Hauenstein Neuroscience Center, Saint Mary's Health Care, Grand Rapids, MI (N.R., D.L.N.); Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada (N.J.L.); Department of Neurology, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang, South Korea (B.-C.L., Y.K.); Department of Psychology, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea (Y.K.); and Heart and Stroke Foundation Canadian Partnership for Stroke Recovery (K.H., S.E.B.)
| | - David L Nyenhuis
- From the L.C. Campbell Cognitive Neurology Research Unit, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (R.T.M., B.L., K.H., R.D.H., A.A.M., F.-Q.G., J.R., C.J.M.S., A.G., J.Z., S.E.B.), Heart and Stroke Foundation Centre for Stroke Recovery, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (R.T.M., B.L., K.H., R.D.H., A.A.M., F.-Q.G., J.R., C.J.M.S., A.G., J.Z., E.G., S.E.B.), Hurvitz Brain Sciences Research Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute (R.T.M., B.L., K.H., R.D.H., A.A.M., F.-Q.G., J.R., C.J.M.S., A.G., J.Z., S.J.G., E.G., D.T.S., S.E.B.), Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology (R.T.M., B.L., K.H., R.D.H., A.A.M., F.Q.G., J.R., C.J.M.S., A.G., J.Z., E.G., N.J.L , D.T.S., S.E.B.), Department of Medical Biophysics (S.J.G.), Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest (D.T.S., S.E.B.), and Department of Research Design and Biostatistics, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (A.K.), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Departments of Radiology, Neurosurgery, and Bioengineering (X.J.Z.), and Department of Clinical Neuropsychology (N.R., D.L.N.), College of Medicine at Chicago, University of Illinois; Hauenstein Neuroscience Center, Saint Mary's Health Care, Grand Rapids, MI (N.R., D.L.N.); Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada (N.J.L.); Department of Neurology, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang, South Korea (B.-C.L., Y.K.); Department of Psychology, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea (Y.K.); and Heart and Stroke Foundation Canadian Partnership for Stroke Recovery (K.H., S.E.B.)
| | - Byung-Chul Lee
- From the L.C. Campbell Cognitive Neurology Research Unit, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (R.T.M., B.L., K.H., R.D.H., A.A.M., F.-Q.G., J.R., C.J.M.S., A.G., J.Z., S.E.B.), Heart and Stroke Foundation Centre for Stroke Recovery, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (R.T.M., B.L., K.H., R.D.H., A.A.M., F.-Q.G., J.R., C.J.M.S., A.G., J.Z., E.G., S.E.B.), Hurvitz Brain Sciences Research Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute (R.T.M., B.L., K.H., R.D.H., A.A.M., F.-Q.G., J.R., C.J.M.S., A.G., J.Z., S.J.G., E.G., D.T.S., S.E.B.), Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology (R.T.M., B.L., K.H., R.D.H., A.A.M., F.Q.G., J.R., C.J.M.S., A.G., J.Z., E.G., N.J.L , D.T.S., S.E.B.), Department of Medical Biophysics (S.J.G.), Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest (D.T.S., S.E.B.), and Department of Research Design and Biostatistics, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (A.K.), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Departments of Radiology, Neurosurgery, and Bioengineering (X.J.Z.), and Department of Clinical Neuropsychology (N.R., D.L.N.), College of Medicine at Chicago, University of Illinois; Hauenstein Neuroscience Center, Saint Mary's Health Care, Grand Rapids, MI (N.R., D.L.N.); Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada (N.J.L.); Department of Neurology, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang, South Korea (B.-C.L., Y.K.); Department of Psychology, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea (Y.K.); and Heart and Stroke Foundation Canadian Partnership for Stroke Recovery (K.H., S.E.B.)
| | - Yeonwook Kang
- From the L.C. Campbell Cognitive Neurology Research Unit, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (R.T.M., B.L., K.H., R.D.H., A.A.M., F.-Q.G., J.R., C.J.M.S., A.G., J.Z., S.E.B.), Heart and Stroke Foundation Centre for Stroke Recovery, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (R.T.M., B.L., K.H., R.D.H., A.A.M., F.-Q.G., J.R., C.J.M.S., A.G., J.Z., E.G., S.E.B.), Hurvitz Brain Sciences Research Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute (R.T.M., B.L., K.H., R.D.H., A.A.M., F.-Q.G., J.R., C.J.M.S., A.G., J.Z., S.J.G., E.G., D.T.S., S.E.B.), Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology (R.T.M., B.L., K.H., R.D.H., A.A.M., F.Q.G., J.R., C.J.M.S., A.G., J.Z., E.G., N.J.L , D.T.S., S.E.B.), Department of Medical Biophysics (S.J.G.), Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest (D.T.S., S.E.B.), and Department of Research Design and Biostatistics, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (A.K.), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Departments of Radiology, Neurosurgery, and Bioengineering (X.J.Z.), and Department of Clinical Neuropsychology (N.R., D.L.N.), College of Medicine at Chicago, University of Illinois; Hauenstein Neuroscience Center, Saint Mary's Health Care, Grand Rapids, MI (N.R., D.L.N.); Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada (N.J.L.); Department of Neurology, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang, South Korea (B.-C.L., Y.K.); Department of Psychology, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea (Y.K.); and Heart and Stroke Foundation Canadian Partnership for Stroke Recovery (K.H., S.E.B.)
| | - Sandra E Black
- From the L.C. Campbell Cognitive Neurology Research Unit, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (R.T.M., B.L., K.H., R.D.H., A.A.M., F.-Q.G., J.R., C.J.M.S., A.G., J.Z., S.E.B.), Heart and Stroke Foundation Centre for Stroke Recovery, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (R.T.M., B.L., K.H., R.D.H., A.A.M., F.-Q.G., J.R., C.J.M.S., A.G., J.Z., E.G., S.E.B.), Hurvitz Brain Sciences Research Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute (R.T.M., B.L., K.H., R.D.H., A.A.M., F.-Q.G., J.R., C.J.M.S., A.G., J.Z., S.J.G., E.G., D.T.S., S.E.B.), Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology (R.T.M., B.L., K.H., R.D.H., A.A.M., F.Q.G., J.R., C.J.M.S., A.G., J.Z., E.G., N.J.L , D.T.S., S.E.B.), Department of Medical Biophysics (S.J.G.), Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest (D.T.S., S.E.B.), and Department of Research Design and Biostatistics, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (A.K.), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Departments of Radiology, Neurosurgery, and Bioengineering (X.J.Z.), and Department of Clinical Neuropsychology (N.R., D.L.N.), College of Medicine at Chicago, University of Illinois; Hauenstein Neuroscience Center, Saint Mary's Health Care, Grand Rapids, MI (N.R., D.L.N.); Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada (N.J.L.); Department of Neurology, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang, South Korea (B.-C.L., Y.K.); Department of Psychology, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea (Y.K.); and Heart and Stroke Foundation Canadian Partnership for Stroke Recovery (K.H., S.E.B.).
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Bedore J, Martyn AC, Li AKC, Dolinar EA, McDonald IS, Coupland SG, Prado VF, Prado MA, Hill KA. Whole-Retina Reduced Electrophysiological Activity in Mice Bearing Retina-Specific Deletion of Vesicular Acetylcholine Transporter. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0133989. [PMID: 26226617 PMCID: PMC4520552 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite rigorous characterization of the role of acetylcholine in retinal development, long-term effects of its absence as a neurotransmitter are unknown. One of the unanswered questions is how acetylcholine contributes to the functional capacity of mature retinal circuits. The current study investigates the effects of disrupting cholinergic signalling in mice, through deletion of vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT) in the developing retina, pigmented epithelium, optic nerve and optic stalk, on electrophysiology and structure of the mature retina. METHODS & RESULTS A combination of electroretinography, optical coherence tomography imaging and histological evaluation assessed retinal integrity in mice bearing retina- targeted (embryonic day 12.5) deletion of VAChT (VAChTSix3-Cre-flox/flox) and littermate controls at 5 and 12 months of age. VAChTSix3-Cre-flox/flox mice did not show any gross changes in nuclear layer cellularity or synaptic layer thickness. However, VAChTSix3-Cre-flox/flox mice showed reduced electrophysiological response of the retina to light stimulus under scotopic conditions at 5 and 12 months of age, including reduced a-wave, b-wave, and oscillatory potential (OP) amplitudes and decreased OP peak power and total energy. Reduced a-wave amplitude was proportional to the reduction in b-wave amplitude and not associated with altered a-wave 10%-90% rise time or inner and outer segment thicknesses. SIGNIFICANCE This study used a novel genetic model in the first examination of function and structure of the mature mouse retina with disruption of cholinergic signalling. Reduced amplitude across the electroretinogram wave form does not suggest dysfunction in specific retinal cell types and could reflect underlying changes in the retinal and/or extraretinal microenvironment. Our findings suggest that release of acetylcholine by VAChT is essential for the normal electrophysiological response of the mature mouse retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake Bedore
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B7
| | - Amanda C Martyn
- Molecular Medicine, Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B7
| | - Anson K C Li
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B7
| | - Eric A Dolinar
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B7
| | - Ian S McDonald
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B7
| | - Stuart G Coupland
- Ophthalmology, Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa Eye Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1H 8L6
| | - Vania F Prado
- Molecular Medicine, Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B7
| | - Marco A Prado
- Molecular Medicine, Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B7
| | - Kathleen A Hill
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B7
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Checks and balances on cholinergic signaling in brain and body function. Trends Neurosci 2015; 38:448-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2015.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Revised: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Minter MR, Main BS, Brody KM, Zhang M, Taylor JM, Crack PJ. Soluble amyloid triggers a myeloid differentiation factor 88 and interferon regulatory factor 7 dependent neuronal type-1 interferon response in vitro. J Neuroinflammation 2015; 12:71. [PMID: 25879763 PMCID: PMC4407532 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-015-0263-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuro-inflammation has long been implicated as a contributor to the progression of Alzheimer's disease in both humans and animal models. Type-1 interferons (IFNs) are pleiotropic cytokines critical in mediating the innate immune pro-inflammatory response. The production of type-1 IFNs following pathogen detection is, in part, through the activation of the toll-like receptors (TLRs) and subsequent signalling through myeloid differentiation factor-88 (Myd88) and interferon regulatory factors (IRFs). We have previously identified that neuronal type-1 IFN signalling, through the type-1 interferon alpha receptor-1 (IFNAR1), is detrimental in models of AD. Using an in vitro approach, this study investigated the TLR network as a potential production pathway for neuronal type-1 IFNs in response to Aβ. METHODS Wildtype and Myd88(-/-) primary cultured cortical and hippocampal neurons were treated with 2.5 μM Aβ1-42 for 24 to 72 h or 1 to 10 μM Aβ1-42 for 72 h. Human BE(2)M17 neuroblastoma cells stably expressing an IRF7 small hairpin RNA (shRNA) or negative control shRNA construct were subjected to 7.5 μM Aβ1-42/Aβ42-1 for 24 to 96 h, 2.5 to 15 μM Aβ1-42 for 96 h or 100 ng/ml LPS for 0.5 to 24 h. Q-PCR was used to analyse IFNα, IFNβ, IL-1β, IL-6 and TNFα mRNA transcript levels. Phosphorylation of STAT-3 was detected by Western blot analysis, and cell viability was assessed by MTS assay. RESULTS Reduced IFNα, IFNβ, IL-1β, IL-6 and TNFα expression was detected in Aβ1-42-treated Myd88(-/-) neurons compared to wildtype cells. This correlated with reduced phosphorylation of STAT-3, a downstream type-1 IFN signalling mediator. Significantly, Myd88(-/-) neuronal cultures were protected against Aβ1-42-induced neurotoxicity compared to wildtype as determined by MTS assay. Knockdown of IRF7 in M17 cells was sufficient in blocking IFNα, IFNβ and p-STAT-3 induction to both Aβ1-42 and the TLR4 agonist LPS. M17 IRF7 KD cells were also protected against Aβ1-42-induced cytotoxicity. CONCLUSIONS This study confirms that the neuronal type-1 IFN response to soluble amyloid is mediated primarily through TLRs. This production is dependent upon Myd88 and IRF7 signalling. This study suggests that targeting this pathway to modulate neuronal type-1 IFN levels may be beneficial in controlling Aβ-induced neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myles Robert Minter
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, 8th floor, Medical building, Grattan St, Parkville, Melbourne, 3010, VIC, Australia.
| | - Bevan Scott Main
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, 8th floor, Medical building, Grattan St, Parkville, Melbourne, 3010, VIC, Australia.
| | - Kate Maree Brody
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, 8th floor, Medical building, Grattan St, Parkville, Melbourne, 3010, VIC, Australia.
| | - Moses Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, 8th floor, Medical building, Grattan St, Parkville, Melbourne, 3010, VIC, Australia.
| | - Juliet Marie Taylor
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, 8th floor, Medical building, Grattan St, Parkville, Melbourne, 3010, VIC, Australia.
| | - Peter John Crack
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, 8th floor, Medical building, Grattan St, Parkville, Melbourne, 3010, VIC, Australia.
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Wouterlood FG, Bloem B, Mansvelder HD, Luchicchi A, Deisseroth K. A fourth generation of neuroanatomical tracing techniques: exploiting the offspring of genetic engineering. J Neurosci Methods 2014; 235:331-48. [PMID: 25107853 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2014.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Revised: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The first three generations of neuroanatomical tract-tracing methods include, respectively, techniques exploiting degeneration, retrograde cellular transport and anterograde cellular transport. This paper reviews the most recent development in third-generation tracing, i.e., neurochemical fingerprinting based on BDA tracing, and continues with an emerging tracing technique called here 'selective fluorescent protein expression' that in our view belongs to an entirely new 'fourth-generation' class. Tracing techniques in this class lean on gene expression technology designed to 'label' projections exclusively originating from neurons expressing a very specific molecular phenotype. Genetically engineered mice that express cre-recombinase in a neurochemically specific neuronal population receive into a brain locus of interest an injection of an adeno-associated virus (AAV) carrying a double-floxed promoter-eYFP DNA sequence. After transfection this sequence is expressed only in neurons metabolizing recombinase protein. These particular neurons promptly start manufacturing the fluorescent protein which then accumulates and labels to full detail all the neuronal processes, including fibers and terminal arborizations. All other neurons remain optically 'dark'. The AAV is not replicated by the neurons, prohibiting intracerebral spread of 'infection'. The essence is that the fiber projections of discrete subpopulations of neurochemically specific neurons can be traced in full detail. One condition is that the transgenic mouse strain is recombinase-perfect. We illustrate selective fluorescent protein expression in parvalbumin-cre (PV-cre) mice and choline acetyltransferase-cre (ChAT-cre) mice. In addition we compare this novel tracing technique with observations in brains of native PV mice and ChAT-GFP mice. We include a note on tracing techniques using viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Floris G Wouterlood
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Vrije University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Bernard Bloem
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (CNCR), Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Huibert D Mansvelder
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (CNCR), Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Antonio Luchicchi
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (CNCR), Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Karl Deisseroth
- Bioengineering Department, James E. Clark Center, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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Britten RA, Davis LK, Jewell JS, Miller VD, Hadley MM, Sanford LD, Machida M, Lonart G. Exposure to mission relevant doses of 1 GeV/Nucleon (56)Fe particles leads to impairment of attentional set-shifting performance in socially mature rats. Radiat Res 2014; 182:292-8. [PMID: 25029107 DOI: 10.1667/rr3766.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Previous ground-based experiments have shown that cranial irradiation with mission relevant (20 cGy) doses of 1 GeV/nucleon (56)Fe particles leads to a significant impairment in Attentional Set Shifting (ATSET) performance, a measure of executive function, in juvenile Wistar rats. However, the use of head only radiation exposure and the biological age of the rats used in that study may not be pertinent to determine the likelihood that ATSET will be impaired in Astronauts on deep space flights. In this study we have determined the impact that whole-body exposure to 10, 15 and 20 cGy of 1 GeV/nucleon (56)Fe particles had on the ability (at three months post exposure) of socially mature (retired breeder) Wistar rats to conduct the attentional set-shifting paradigm. The current study has established that whole-body exposures to 15 and 20 (but not 10) cGy of 1 GeV/nucleon (56)Fe particles results in the impairment of ATSET in both juvenile and socially mature rats. However, the exact nature of the impaired ATSET performance varied depending upon the age of the rats, whether whole-body versus cranial irradiation was used and the dose of 1 GeV/u (56)Fe received. Exposure of juvenile rats to 20 cGy of 1 GeV/nucleon (56)Fe particles led to a decreased ability to perform intra-dimensional shifting (IDS) irrespective of whether the rats received head only or whole-body exposures. Juvenile rats that received whole-body exposure also had a reduced ability to habituate to the assay and to complete intra-dimensional shifting reversal (IDR), whereas juvenile rats that received head only exposure had a reduced ability to complete compound discrimination reversal (CDR). Socially mature rats that received whole-body exposures to 10 cGy of 1 GeV/nucleon (56)Fe particles exhibited no obvious decline in set-shifting performance; however those exposed to 15 and 20 cGy had a reduced ability to perform simple discrimination (SD) and compound discrimination (CD). Exposure to 20 cGy of 1 GeV/nucleon (56)Fe particles also led to a decreased performance in IDR and to ∼25% of rats failing to habituate to the task. Most of these rats started to dig for the food reward but rapidly (within 15 s) gave up digging, suggesting that they had developed appropriate procedural memories about food retrieval, but had an inability to maintain attention on the task. Our preliminary data suggests that whole-body exposure to 20 cGy of 1 GeV/nucleon (56)Fe particles reduced the cholinergic (but not the GABAergic) readily releasable pool (RRP) in nerve terminals of the basal forebrain from socially-mature rats. This perturbation of the cholinergic RRP could directly lead to the loss of CDR and IDR performance, and indirectly [through the metabolic changes in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC)] to the loss of SD and CD performance. These findings provide the first evidence that attentional set-shifting performance in socially mature rats is impaired after whole-body exposure to mission relevant doses (15 and 20 cGy) of 1 GeV/nucleon (56)Fe particles, and importantly that a dose reduction down to 10 cGy prevents that impairment. The ability to conduct Discrimination tasks (SD and CD) and reversal learning (CDR) is reduced after exposure to 15 and 20 cGy of 1 GeV/nucleon (56)Fe particles, but at 20 cGy there is an additional decrement, ∼ 25% of rats are unable to maintain attention to task. These behavioral decrements are associated with a reduction in the cholinergic RRP within basal forebrain, which has been shown to play a major role in regulating the activity of the PFC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Britten
- a Department of Radiation Oncology; Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia 23507
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Crittenden JR, Lacey CJ, Lee T, Bowden HA, Graybiel AM. Severe drug-induced repetitive behaviors and striatal overexpression of VAChT in ChAT-ChR2-EYFP BAC transgenic mice. Front Neural Circuits 2014; 8:57. [PMID: 24904300 PMCID: PMC4036131 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2014.00057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In drug users, drug-related cues alone can induce dopamine release in the dorsal striatum. Instructive cues activate inputs to the striatum from both dopaminergic and cholinergic neurons, which are thought to work together to support motor learning and motivated behaviors. Imbalances in these neuromodulatory influences can impair normal action selection and might thus contribute to pathologically repetitive and compulsive behaviors such as drug addiction. Dopamine and acetylcholine can have either antagonistic or synergistic effects on behavior, depending on the state of the animal and the receptor signaling systems at play. Semi-synchronized activation of cholinergic interneurons in the dorsal striatum drives dopamine release via presynaptic nicotinic acetylcholine receptors located on dopamine terminals. Nicotinic receptor blockade is known to diminish abnormal repetitive behaviors (stereotypies) induced by psychomotor stimulants. By contrast, blockade of postsynaptic acetylcholine muscarinic receptors in the dorsomedial striatum exacerbates drug-induced stereotypy, exemplifying how different acetylcholine receptors can also have opposing effects. Although acetylcholine release is known to be altered in animal models of drug addiction, predicting whether these changes will augment or diminish drug-induced behaviors thus remains a challenge. Here, we measured amphetamine-induced stereotypy in BAC transgenic mice that have been shown to overexpress the vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT) with consequent increased acetylcholine release. We found that drug-induced stereotypies, consisting of confined sniffing and licking behaviors, were greatly increased in the transgenic mice relative to sibling controls, as was striatal VAChT protein. These findings suggest that VAChT-mediated increases in acetylcholine could be critical in exacerbating drug-induced stereotypic behaviors and promoting exaggerated behavioral fixity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill R Crittenden
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences and McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Carolyn J Lacey
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences and McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Tyrone Lee
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences and McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Hilary A Bowden
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences and McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ann M Graybiel
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences and McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, MA, USA
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