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Maharjan S, Tsai AP, Lin PB, Ingraham C, Jewett MR, Landreth GE, Oblak AL, Wang N. Age-dependent microstructure alterations in 5xFAD mice by high-resolution diffusion tensor imaging. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:964654. [PMID: 36061588 PMCID: PMC9428354 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.964654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To evaluate the age-dependent microstructure changes in 5xFAD mice using high-resolution diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). Methods The 5xFAD mice at 4, 7.5, and 12 months and the wild-type controls at 4 months were scanned at 9.4T using a 3D echo-planar imaging (EPI) pulse sequence with the isotropic spatial resolution of 100 μm. The b-value was 3000 s/mm2 for all the diffusion MRI scans. The samples were also acquired with a gradient echo pulse sequence at 50 μm isotropic resolution. The microstructure changes were quantified with DTI metrics, including fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD). The conventional histology was performed to validate with MRI findings. Results The FA values (p = 0.028) showed significant differences in the cortex between wild-type (WT) and 5xFAD mice at 4 months, while hippocampus, anterior commissure, corpus callosum, and fornix showed no significant differences for either FA and MD. FA values of 5xFAD mice gradually decreased in cortex (0.140 ± 0.007 at 4 months, 0.132 ± 0.008 at 7.5 months, 0.126 ± 0.013 at 12 months) and fornix (0.140 ± 0.007 at 4 months, 0.132 ± 0.008 at 7.5 months, 0.126 ± 0.013 at 12 months) with aging. Both FA (p = 0.029) and MD (p = 0.037) demonstrated significant differences in corpus callosum between 4 and 12 months age old. FA and MD were not significantly different in the hippocampus or anterior commissure. The age-dependent microstructure alterations were better captured by FA when compared to MD. Conclusion FA showed higher sensitivity to monitor amyloid deposition in 5xFAD mice. DTI may be utilized as a sensitive biomarker to monitor beta-amyloid progression for preclinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surendra Maharjan
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Andy P. Tsai
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Peter B. Lin
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Cynthia Ingraham
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Megan R. Jewett
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Gary E. Landreth
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, United States
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Adrian L. Oblak
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, United States
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Nian Wang
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, United States
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, United States
- *Correspondence: Nian Wang,
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2
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Ni R, Chen Z, Deán-Ben XL, Voigt FF, Kirschenbaum D, Shi G, Villois A, Zhou Q, Crimi A, Arosio P, Nitsch RM, Nilsson KPR, Aguzzi A, Helmchen F, Klohs J, Razansky D. Multiscale optical and optoacoustic imaging of amyloid-β deposits in mice. Nat Biomed Eng 2022; 6:1031-1044. [PMID: 35835994 DOI: 10.1038/s41551-022-00906-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Deposits of amyloid-β (Aβ) in the brains of rodents can be analysed by invasive intravital microscopy on a submillimetre scale, or via whole-brain images from modalities lacking the resolution or molecular specificity to accurately characterize Aβ pathologies. Here we show that large-field multifocal illumination fluorescence microscopy and panoramic volumetric multispectral optoacoustic tomography can be combined to longitudinally assess Aβ deposits in transgenic mouse models of Alzheimer's disease. We used fluorescent Aβ-targeted probes (the luminescent conjugated oligothiophene HS-169 and the oxazine-derivative AOI987) to transcranially detect Aβ deposits in the cortex of APP/PS1 and arcAβ mice with single-plaque resolution (8 μm) and across the whole brain (including the hippocampus and the thalamus, which are inaccessible by conventional intravital microscopy) at sub-150 μm resolutions. Two-photon microscopy, light-sheet microscopy and immunohistochemistry of brain-tissue sections confirmed the specificity and regional distributions of the deposits. High-resolution multiscale optical and optoacoustic imaging of Aβ deposits across the entire brain in rodents thus facilitates the in vivo study of Aβ accumulation by brain region and by animal age and strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqing Ni
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Zurich Neuroscience Center (ZNZ), University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Zhenyue Chen
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Xosé Luís Deán-Ben
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Fabian F Voigt
- Zurich Neuroscience Center (ZNZ), University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Gloria Shi
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alessia Villois
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Quanyu Zhou
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alessandro Crimi
- Institute of Neuropathology, Universitätsspital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Paolo Arosio
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Roger M Nitsch
- Zurich Neuroscience Center (ZNZ), University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - K Peter R Nilsson
- Division of Chemistry, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Adriano Aguzzi
- Zurich Neuroscience Center (ZNZ), University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Institute of Neuropathology, Universitätsspital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Fritjof Helmchen
- Zurich Neuroscience Center (ZNZ), University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jan Klohs
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. .,Zurich Neuroscience Center (ZNZ), University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Daniel Razansky
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. .,Zurich Neuroscience Center (ZNZ), University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. .,Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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3
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Mahaman YAR, Embaye KS, Huang F, Li L, Zhu F, Wang JZ, Liu R, Feng J, Wang X. Biomarkers used in Alzheimer's disease diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. Ageing Res Rev 2022; 74:101544. [PMID: 34933129 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), being the number one in terms of dementia burden, is an insidious age-related neurodegenerative disease and is presently considered a global public health threat. Its main histological hallmarks are the Aβ senile plaques and the P-tau neurofibrillary tangles, while clinically it is marked by a progressive cognitive decline that reflects the underlying synaptic loss and neurodegeneration. Many of the drug therapies targeting the two pathological hallmarks namely Aβ and P-tau have been proven futile. This is probably attributed to the initiation of therapy at a stage where cognitive alterations are already obvious. In other words, the underlying neuropathological changes are at a stage where these drugs lack any therapeutic value in reversing the damage. Therefore, there is an urgent need to start treatment in the very early stage where these changes can be reversed, and hence, early diagnosis is of primordial importance. To this aim, the use of robust and informative biomarkers that could provide accurate diagnosis preferably at an earlier phase of the disease is of the essence. To date, several biomarkers have been established that, to a different extent, allow researchers and clinicians to evaluate, diagnose, and more specially exclude other related pathologies. In this study, we extensively reviewed data on the currently explored biomarkers in terms of AD pathology-specific and non-specific biomarkers and highlighted the recent developments in the diagnostic and theragnostic domains. In the end, we have presented a separate elaboration on aspects of future perspectives and concluding remarks.
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4
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Zhou AL, Sharda N, Sarma VV, Ahlschwede KM, Curran GL, Tang X, Poduslo JF, Kalari KR, Lowe VJ, Kandimalla KK. Age-Dependent Changes in the Plasma and Brain Pharmacokinetics of Amyloid-β Peptides and Insulin. J Alzheimers Dis 2022; 85:1031-1044. [PMID: 34924382 PMCID: PMC10846947 DOI: 10.3233/jad-215128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Age is the most common risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD), a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the hallmarks of toxic amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques and hyperphosphorylated tau tangles. Moreover, sub-physiological brain insulin levels have emerged as a pathological manifestation of AD. OBJECTIVE Identify age-related changes in the plasma disposition and blood-brain barrier (BBB) trafficking of Aβ peptides and insulin in mice. METHODS Upon systemic injection of 125I-Aβ40, 125I-Aβ42, or 125I-insulin, the plasma pharmacokinetics and brain influx were assessed in wild-type (WT) or AD transgenic (APP/PS1) mice at various ages. Additionally, publicly available single-cell RNA-Seq data [GSE129788] was employed to investigate pathways regulating BBB transport in WT mice at different ages. RESULTS The brain influx of 125I-Aβ40, estimated as the permeability-surface area product, decreased with age, accompanied by an increase in plasma AUC. In contrast, the brain influx of 125I-Aβ42 increased with age, accompanied by a decrease in plasma AUC. The age-dependent changes observed in WT mice were accelerated in APP/PS1 mice. As seen with 125I-Aβ40, the brain influx of 125I-insulin decreased with age in WT mice, accompanied by an increase in plasma AUC. This finding was further supported by dynamic single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT/CT) imaging studies. RAGE and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways at the BBB, which are implicated in Aβ and insulin transcytosis, respectively, were upregulated with age in WT mice, indicating BBB insulin resistance. CONCLUSION Aging differentially affects the plasma pharmacokinetics and brain influx of Aβ isoforms and insulin in a manner that could potentially augment AD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew L. Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Brain Barriers Research Center, University of Minnesota, College of Pharmacy, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Nidhi Sharda
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Brain Barriers Research Center, University of Minnesota, College of Pharmacy, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Vidur V. Sarma
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Brain Barriers Research Center, University of Minnesota, College of Pharmacy, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Kristen M. Ahlschwede
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, College of Pharmacy, North Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Geoffry L. Curran
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Xiaojia Tang
- Department of Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Joseph F. Poduslo
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Krishna R. Kalari
- Department of Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Val J. Lowe
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Karunya K. Kandimalla
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Brain Barriers Research Center, University of Minnesota, College of Pharmacy, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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5
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Ni R. Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Animal Models of Alzheimer's Disease Amyloidosis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:12768. [PMID: 34884573 PMCID: PMC8657987 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyloid-beta (Aβ) plays an important role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Aberrant Aβ accumulation induces neuroinflammation, cerebrovascular alterations, and synaptic deficits, leading to cognitive impairment. Animal models recapitulating the Aβ pathology, such as transgenic, knock-in mouse and rat models, have facilitated the understanding of disease mechanisms and the development of therapeutics targeting Aβ. There is a rapid advance in high-field MRI in small animals. Versatile high-field magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) sequences, such as diffusion tensor imaging, arterial spin labeling, resting-state functional MRI, anatomical MRI, and MR spectroscopy, as well as contrast agents, have been developed for preclinical imaging in animal models. These tools have enabled high-resolution in vivo structural, functional, and molecular readouts with a whole-brain field of view. MRI has been used to visualize non-invasively the Aβ deposits, synaptic deficits, regional brain atrophy, impairment in white matter integrity, functional connectivity, and cerebrovascular and glymphatic system in animal models of Alzheimer's disease amyloidosis. Many of the readouts are translational toward clinical MRI applications in patients with Alzheimer's disease. In this review, we summarize the recent advances in MRI for visualizing the pathophysiology in amyloidosis animal models. We discuss the outstanding challenges in brain imaging using MRI in small animals and propose future outlook in visualizing Aβ-related alterations in the brains of animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqing Ni
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zurich & University of Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland;
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zurich, 8952 Zurich, Switzerland
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6
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Cogswell PM, Wiste HJ, Senjem ML, Gunter JL, Weigand SD, Schwarz CG, Arani A, Therneau TM, Lowe VJ, Knopman DS, Botha H, Graff-Radford J, Jones DT, Kantarci K, Vemuri P, Boeve BF, Mielke MM, Petersen RC, Jack CR. Associations of quantitative susceptibility mapping with Alzheimer's disease clinical and imaging markers. Neuroimage 2020; 224:117433. [PMID: 33035667 PMCID: PMC7860631 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Altered iron metabolism has been hypothesized to be associated with Alzheimer’s disease pathology, and prior work has shown associations between iron load and beta amyloid plaques. Quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) is a recently popularized MR technique to infer local tissue susceptibility secondary to the presence of iron as well as other minerals. Greater QSM values imply greater iron concentration in tissue. QSM has been used to study relationships between cerebral iron load and established markers of Alzheimer’s disease, however relationships remain unclear. In this work we study QSM signal characteristics and associations between susceptibility measured on QSM and established clinical and imaging markers of Alzheimer’s disease. The study included 421 participants (234 male, median age 70 years, range 34–97 years) from the Mayo Clinic Study of Aging and Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center; 296 (70%) had a diagnosis of cognitively unimpaired, 69 (16%) mild cognitive impairment, and 56 (13%) amnestic dementia. All participants had multi-echo gradient recalled echo imaging, PiB amyloid PET, and Tauvid tau PET. Variance components analysis showed that variation in cortical susceptibility across participants was low. Linear regression models were fit to assess associations with regional susceptibility. Expected increases in susceptibility were found with older age and cognitive impairment in the deep and inferior gray nuclei (pallidum, putamen, substantia nigra, subthalamic nucleus) (betas: 0.0017 to 0.0053 ppm for a 10 year increase in age, p = 0.03 to < 0.001; betas: 0.0021 to 0.0058 ppm for a 5 point decrease in Short Test of Mental Status, p = 0.003 to p < 0.001). Effect sizes in cortical regions were smaller, and the age associations were generally negative. Higher susceptibility was significantly associated with higher amyloid PET SUVR in the pallidum and putamen (betas: 0.0029 and 0.0012 ppm for a 20% increase in amyloid PET, p = 0.05 and 0.02, respectively), higher tau PET in the basal ganglia with the largest effect size in the pallidum (0.0082 ppm for a 20% increase in tau PET, p < 0.001), and with lower cortical gray matter volume in the medial temporal lobe (0.0006 ppm for a 20% decrease in volume, p = 0.03). Overall, these findings suggest that susceptibility in the deep and inferior gray nuclei, particularly the pallidum and putamen, may be a marker of cognitive decline, amyloid deposition, and off-target binding of the tau ligand. Although iron has been demonstrated in amyloid plaques and in association with neurodegeneration, it is of insufficient quantity to be reliably detected in the cortex using this implementation of QSM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petrice M Cogswell
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
| | - Heather J Wiste
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Matthew L Senjem
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Department of Information Technology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Jeffrey L Gunter
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Department of Information Technology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Stephen D Weigand
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | | | - Arvin Arani
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Terry M Therneau
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Val J Lowe
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - David S Knopman
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Hugo Botha
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | | | - David T Jones
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Kejal Kantarci
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Prashanthi Vemuri
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Bradley F Boeve
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Michelle M Mielke
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Ronald C Petersen
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Clifford R Jack
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Gong NJ, Dibb R, Bulk M, van der Weerd L, Liu C. Imaging beta amyloid aggregation and iron accumulation in Alzheimer's disease using quantitative susceptibility mapping MRI. Neuroimage 2019; 191:176-185. [PMID: 30739060 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Beta amyloid is a protein fragment snipped from the amyloid precursor protein (APP). Aggregation of these peptides into amyloid plaques is one of the hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease. MR imaging of beta amyloid plaques has been attempted using various techniques, notably with T2* contrast. The non-invasive detectability of beta amyloid plaques in MR images has so far been largely attributed to focal iron deposition accompanying the plaques. It is believed that the T2* shortening effects of paramagnetic iron are the primary source of contrast between plaques and surrounding tissue. Amyloid plaque itself has been reported to induce no magnetic susceptibility effect. We hypothesized that aggregations of beta amyloid would increase electron density and induce notable changes in local susceptibility value, large enough to generate contrast relative to surrounding normal tissues that can be visualized by quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) MR imaging. To test this hypothesis, we first demonstrated in a phantom that beta amyloid is diamagnetic and can generate strong contrast on susceptibility maps. We then conducted experiments on a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease that is known to mimic the formation of human beta amyloid but without neurofibrillary tangles or neuronal death. Over a period of 18 months, we showed that QSM can be used to longitudinally monitor beta amyloid accumulation and accompanied iron deposition in vivo. Individual beta amyloid plaque can also be visualized ex vivo in high resolution susceptibility maps. Moreover, the measured negative susceptibility map and positive susceptibility map could provide histology-like image contrast for identifying deposition of beta amyloid plaques and iron. Finally, we demonstrated that the diamagnetic susceptibility of beta amyloid can also be observed in brain specimens of AD patients. The ability to assess beta amyloid aggregation non-invasively with QSM MR imaging may aid the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan-Jie Gong
- Shanghai Research Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Shanghai, China.
| | - Russell Dibb
- Center for In Vivo Microscopy, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Marjolein Bulk
- Department of Radiology & Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands
| | - Louise van der Weerd
- Department of Radiology & Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands
| | - Chunlei Liu
- Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA; Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
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8
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Microstructural imaging of human neocortex in vivo. Neuroimage 2018; 182:184-206. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.02.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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9
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Belaidi AA, Gunn AP, Wong BX, Ayton S, Appukuttan AT, Roberts BR, Duce JA, Bush AI. Marked Age-Related Changes in Brain Iron Homeostasis in Amyloid Protein Precursor Knockout Mice. Neurotherapeutics 2018; 15:1055-1062. [PMID: 30112699 PMCID: PMC6277293 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-018-0656-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteolytic cleavage of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) into the Aβ peptide has been an extensively researched mechanism for Alzheimer's disease, but the normal function of the protein is less understood. APP functions to regulate neuronal iron content by stabilizing the surface presentation of ferroportin-the only iron exporter channel of cells. The present study aims to quantify the contribution of APP to brain and peripheral iron by examining the lifetime impact on brain and liver iron levels in APP knockout mice. Consistent with previous reports, we found that wild-type mice exhibited an age-dependent increase in iron and ferritin in the brain, while no age-dependent changes were observed in the liver. APP ablation resulted in an exaggeration of age-dependent iron accumulation in the brain and liver in mice that was assessed at 8, 12, 18, and 22 months of age. Brain ferroportin levels were decreased in APP knockout mice, consistent with a mechanistic role for APP in stabilizing this iron export protein in the brain. Iron elevation in the brain and liver of APP knockout mice correlated with decreased transferrin receptor 1 and increased ferritin protein levels. However, no age-dependent increase in brain ferritin iron saturation was observed in APP-KO mice despite similar protein expression levels potentially explaining the vulnerability of APP-KO mice to parkinsonism and traumatic brain sequelae. Our results support a crucial role of APP in regulating brain and peripheral iron, and show that APP may act to oppose brain iron elevation during aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdel A Belaidi
- Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, 3052, Victoria, Australia
| | - Adam P Gunn
- Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, 3052, Victoria, Australia
| | - Bruce X Wong
- Alzheimer's Research UK Cambridge Drug Discovery Institute, University of Cambridge, Island Research Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge, UK
| | - Scott Ayton
- Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, 3052, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ambili T Appukuttan
- Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, 3052, Victoria, Australia
| | - Blaine R Roberts
- Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, 3052, Victoria, Australia
| | - James A Duce
- Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, 3052, Victoria, Australia
- Alzheimer's Research UK Cambridge Drug Discovery Institute, University of Cambridge, Island Research Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ashley I Bush
- Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, 3052, Victoria, Australia.
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10
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Magnetic Nanoparticles Applications for Amyloidosis Study and Detection: A Review. NANOMATERIALS 2018; 8:nano8090740. [PMID: 30231587 PMCID: PMC6164038 DOI: 10.3390/nano8090740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) have great potential in biomedical and clinical applications because of their many unique properties. This contribution provides an overview of the MNPs mainly used in the field of amyloid diseases. The first part discusses their use in understanding the amyloid mechanisms of fibrillation, with emphasis on their ability to control aggregation of amyloidogenic proteins. The second part deals with the functionalization by various moieties of numerous MNPs’ surfaces (molecules, peptides, antibody fragments, or whole antibodies of MNPs) for the detection and the quantification of amyloid aggregates. The last part of this review focuses on the use of MNPs for magnetic-resonance-based amyloid imaging in biomedical fields, with particular attention to the application of gadolinium-based paramagnetic nanoparticles (AGuIX), which have been recently developed. Biocompatible AGuIX nanoparticles show favorable characteristics for in vivo use, such as nanometric and straightforward functionalization. Their properties have enabled their application in MRI. Here, we report that AGuIX nanoparticles grafted with the Pittsburgh compound B can actively target amyloid aggregates in the brain, beyond the blood–brain barrier, and remain the first step in observing amyloid plaques in a mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease.
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11
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van Duijn S, Bulk M, van Duinen SG, Nabuurs RJA, van Buchem MA, van der Weerd L, Natté R. Cortical Iron Reflects Severity of Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 60:1533-1545. [PMID: 29081415 PMCID: PMC5676973 DOI: 10.3233/jad-161143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Abnormal iron distribution in the isocortex is increasingly recognized as an in vivo marker for Alzheimer’s disease (AD). However, the contribution of iron accumulation to the AD pathology is still poorly understood. In this study, we investigated: 1) frontal cortical iron distribution in AD and normal aging and 2) the relation between iron distribution and degree of AD pathology. We used formalin fixed paraffin embedded frontal cortex from 10 AD patients, 10 elder, 10 middle aged, and 10 young controls and visualized iron with a modified Perl’s histochemical procedure. AD and elderly subjects were not different with respect to age and sex distribution. Iron distribution in the frontal cortex was not affected by normal aging but was clearly different between AD and controls. AD showed accumulation of iron in plaques, activated microglia, and, in the most severe cases, in the mid-cortical layers along myelinated fibers. The degree of altered iron accumulations was correlated to the amount of amyloid-β plaques and tau pathology in the same block, as well as to Braak stage (p < 0.001). AD and normal aging show different iron and myelin distribution in frontal cortex. These changes appear to occur after the development of the AD pathological hallmarks. These findings may help the interpretation of high resolution in vivo MRI and suggest the potential of using changes in iron-based MRI contrast to indirectly determine the degree of AD pathology in the frontal cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara van Duijn
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marjolein Bulk
- Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Percuros BV, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sjoerd G van Duinen
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Rob J A Nabuurs
- Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Mark A van Buchem
- Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Louise van der Weerd
- Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Remco Natté
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
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12
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Fernández T, Martínez-Serrano A, Cussó L, Desco M, Ramos-Gómez M. Functionalization and Characterization of Magnetic Nanoparticles for the Detection of Ferritin Accumulation in Alzheimer's Disease. ACS Chem Neurosci 2018; 9:912-924. [PMID: 29298040 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.7b00260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Early diagnosis in Alzheimer's disease (AD), prior to the appearance of marked clinical symptoms, is critical to prevent irreversible neuronal damage and neural malfunction that lead to dementia and death. Therefore, there is an urgent need to generate new contrast agents which reveal by a noninvasive method the presence of some of the pathological signs of AD. In the present study, we demonstrate for the first time a new nanoconjugate composed of magnetic nanoparticles bound to an antiferritin antibody, which has been developed based on the existence of iron deposits and high levels of the ferritin protein present in areas with a high accumulation of amyloid plaques (particularly the subiculum in the hippocampal area) in the brain of a transgenic mouse model with five familial AD mutations. Both in vitro and after intravenous injection, functionalized magnetic nanoparticles were able to recognize and bind specifically to the ferritin protein accumulated in the subiculum area of the AD transgenic mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Fernández
- Centre for Biomedical Technology (CTB), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28223 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Martínez-Serrano
- Department of Molecular Biology
and Centre for Molecular Biology “Severo Ochoa” (CBMSO),
Universidad Autónoma de Madrid and Consejo Superior de Investigaciones
Científicas, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Lorena Cussó
- Departamento de Ingeniería Biomédica e Ingeniería Aeroespacial, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, 28911 Leganés, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, 28007 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación
Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Desco
- Departamento de Ingeniería Biomédica e Ingeniería Aeroespacial, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, 28911 Leganés, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, 28007 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación
Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Milagros Ramos-Gómez
- Centre for Biomedical Technology (CTB), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28223 Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Bioingeniería,
Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
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13
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Unraveling the Burden of Iron in Neurodegeneration: Intersections with Amyloid Beta Peptide Pathology. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2018; 2018:2850341. [PMID: 29581821 PMCID: PMC5831758 DOI: 10.1155/2018/2850341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Iron overload is a hallmark of many neurodegenerative processes such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Huntington's diseases. Unbound iron accumulated as a consequence of brain aging is highly reactive with water and oxygen and produces reactive oxygen species (ROS) or free radicals. ROS are toxic compounds able to damage cell membranes, DNA, and mitochondria. Which are the mechanisms involved in neuronal iron homeostasis and in neuronal response to iron-induced oxidative stress constitutes a cutting-edge topic in metalloneurobiology. Increasing our knowledge about the underlying mechanisms that operate in iron accumulation and their consequences would shed light on the comprehension of the molecular events that participate in the pathophysiology of the abovementioned neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, current evidences about iron accumulation in the brain, the signaling mechanisms triggered by metal overload, as well as the interaction between amyloid β (Aβ) and iron, will be summarized.
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14
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Nasr SH, Kouyoumdjian H, Mallett C, Ramadan S, Zhu DC, Shapiro EM, Huang X. Detection of β-Amyloid by Sialic Acid Coated Bovine Serum Albumin Magnetic Nanoparticles in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2018; 14:10.1002/smll.201701828. [PMID: 29134771 PMCID: PMC5773361 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201701828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The accumulation and formation of β-amyloid (Aβ) plaques in the brain are distinctive pathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Designing nanoparticle (NP) contrast agents capable of binding with Aβ highly selectively can potentially facilitate early detection of AD. However, a significant obstacle is the blood brain barrier (BBB), which can preclude the entrance of NPs into the brain for Aβ binding. In this work, bovine serum albumin (BSA) coated NPs are decorated with sialic acid (NP-BSAx -Sia) to overcome the challenges in Aβ imaging in vivo. The NP-BSAx -Sia is biocompatible with high magnetic relaxivities, suggesting that they are suitable contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The NP-BSAx -Sia binds with Aβ in a sialic acid dependent manner with high selectivities toward Aβ deposited on brains and cross the BBB in an in vitro model. The abilities of these NPs to detect Aβ in vivo in human AD transgenic mice by MRI are evaluated without the need to coinject mannitol to increase BBB permeability. T2 *-weighted MRI shows that Aβ plaques in mouse brains can be detected as aided by NP-BSAx -Sia, which is confirmed by histological analysis. Thus, NP-BSAx -Sia is a promising new tool for noninvasive in vivo detection of Aβ plaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyedmehdi Hossaini Nasr
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, 578 S. Shaw Lane, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Hovig Kouyoumdjian
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, 578 S. Shaw Lane, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Department of Chemistry, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Chemistry Building 350, Toronto, ON, M3J 1P3 T, Canada
| | - Christiane Mallett
- Department of Radiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Sherif Ramadan
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, 578 S. Shaw Lane, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Benha University, Benha, Qaliobiya, 13518, Egypt
| | - David C Zhu
- Department of Radiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Erik M Shapiro
- Department of Radiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Xuefei Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, 578 S. Shaw Lane, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
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15
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O'Callaghan J, Holmes H, Powell N, Wells JA, Ismail O, Harrison IF, Siow B, Johnson R, Ahmed Z, Fisher A, Meftah S, O'Neill MJ, Murray TK, Collins EC, Shmueli K, Lythgoe MF. Tissue magnetic susceptibility mapping as a marker of tau pathology in Alzheimer's disease. Neuroimage 2017; 159:334-345. [PMID: 28797738 PMCID: PMC5678288 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is connected to a number of other neurodegenerative conditions, known collectively as 'tauopathies', by the presence of aggregated tau protein in the brain. Neuroinflammation and oxidative stress in AD are associated with tau pathology and both the breakdown of axonal sheaths in white matter tracts and excess iron accumulation grey matter brain regions. Despite the identification of myelin and iron concentration as major sources of contrast in quantitative susceptibility maps of the brain, the sensitivity of this technique to tau pathology has yet to be explored. In this study, we perform Quantitative Susceptibility Mapping (QSM) and T2* mapping in the rTg4510, a mouse model of tauopathy, both in vivo and ex vivo. Significant correlations were observed between histological measures of myelin content and both mean regional magnetic susceptibility and T2* values. These results suggest that magnetic susceptibility is sensitive to tissue myelin concentrations across different regions of the brain. Differences in magnetic susceptibility were detected in the corpus callosum, striatum, hippocampus and thalamus of the rTg4510 mice relative to wild type controls. The concentration of neurofibrillary tangles was found to be low to intermediate in these brain regions indicating that QSM may be a useful biomarker for early stage detection of tau pathology in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- J O'Callaghan
- UCL Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, Division of Medicine, UCL, UK.
| | - H Holmes
- UCL Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, Division of Medicine, UCL, UK
| | - N Powell
- UCL Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, Division of Medicine, UCL, UK
| | - J A Wells
- UCL Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, Division of Medicine, UCL, UK
| | - O Ismail
- UCL Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, Division of Medicine, UCL, UK
| | - I F Harrison
- UCL Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, Division of Medicine, UCL, UK
| | - B Siow
- UCL Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, Division of Medicine, UCL, UK
| | - R Johnson
- Eli Lilly and Company, 355 E Merrill Street, Dock 48, Indianapolis, IN, 46225, USA
| | - Z Ahmed
- Eli Lilly & Co. Ltd, Erl Wood Manor, Windlesham, Surrey, GU20 6PH, UK
| | - A Fisher
- Eli Lilly & Co. Ltd, Erl Wood Manor, Windlesham, Surrey, GU20 6PH, UK
| | - S Meftah
- Eli Lilly & Co. Ltd, Erl Wood Manor, Windlesham, Surrey, GU20 6PH, UK
| | - M J O'Neill
- Eli Lilly & Co. Ltd, Erl Wood Manor, Windlesham, Surrey, GU20 6PH, UK
| | - T K Murray
- Eli Lilly & Co. Ltd, Erl Wood Manor, Windlesham, Surrey, GU20 6PH, UK
| | - E C Collins
- Eli Lilly and Company, 355 E Merrill Street, Dock 48, Indianapolis, IN, 46225, USA
| | - K Shmueli
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, UCL, UK
| | - M F Lythgoe
- UCL Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, Division of Medicine, UCL, UK
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16
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Contrast-enhanced MR microscopy of amyloid plaques in five mouse models of amyloidosis and in human Alzheimer's disease brains. Sci Rep 2017; 7:4955. [PMID: 28694463 PMCID: PMC5504006 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05285-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Gadolinium (Gd)-stained MRI is based on Gd contrast agent (CA) administration into the brain parenchyma. The strong signal increase induced by Gd CA can be converted into resolution enhancement to record microscopic MR images. Moreover, inhomogeneous distribution of the Gd CA in the brain improves the contrast between different tissues and provides new contrasts in MR images. Gd-stained MRI detects amyloid plaques, one of the microscopic lesions of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), in APPSL/PS1M146L mice or in primates. Numerous transgenic mice with various plaque typologies have been developed to mimic cerebral amyloidosis and comparison of plaque detection between animal models and humans with new imaging methods is a recurrent concern. Here, we investigated detection of amyloid plaques by Gd-stained MRI in five mouse models of amyloidosis (APPSL/PS1M146L, APP/PS1dE9, APP23, APPSwDI, and 3xTg) presenting with compact, diffuse and intracellular plaques as well as in post mortem human-AD brains. The brains were then evaluated by histology to investigate the impact of size, compactness, and iron load of amyloid plaques on their detection by MRI. We show that Gd-stained MRI allows detection of compact amyloid plaques as small as 25 µm, independently of their iron load, in mice as well as in human-AD brains.
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17
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Vandesquille M, Li T, Po C, Ganneau C, Lenormand P, Dudeffant C, Czech C, Grueninger F, Duyckaerts C, Delatour B, Dhenain M, Lafaye P, Bay S. Chemically-defined camelid antibody bioconjugate for the magnetic resonance imaging of Alzheimer's disease. MAbs 2017; 9:1016-1027. [PMID: 28657418 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2017.1342914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Today, molecular imaging of neurodegenerative diseases is mainly based on small molecule probes. Alternatively, antibodies are versatile tools that may be developed as new imaging agents. Indeed, they can be readily obtained to specifically target any antigen of interest and their scaffold can be functionalized. One of the critical issues involved in translating antibody-based probes to the clinic is the design and synthesis of perfectly-defined conjugates. Camelid single-domain antibody-fragments (VHHs) are very small and stable antibodies that are able to diffuse in tissues and potentially cross the blood brain barrier (BBB). Here, we selected a VHH (R3VQ) specifically targeting one of the main lesions of Alzheimer's disease (AD), namely the amyloid-beta (Aß) deposits. It was used as a scaffold for the design of imaging probes for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and labeled with the contrastophore gadolinium using either a random or site-specific approach. In contrast to the random strategy, the site-specific conjugation to a single reduced cysteine in the C-terminal part of the R3VQ generates a well-defined bioconjugate in a high yield process. This new imaging probe is able to cross the BBB and label Aß deposits after intravenous injection. Also, it displays improved r1 and r2 relaxivities, up to 30 times higher than a widely used clinical contrast agent, and it allows MRI detection of amyloid deposits in post mortem brain tissue of a mouse model of AD. The ability to produce chemically-defined VHH conjugates that cross the BBB opens the way for future development of tailored imaging probes targeting intracerebral antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Vandesquille
- a Institut Pasteur, Unité de Chimie des Biomolécules, Département Biologie Structurale et Chimie , Paris , France.,b CNRS UMR 3523, 75724 , France.,d French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission , Institute of Biomedical Imaging, Molecular Imaging Research Center , Fontenay-aux-Roses , France
| | - Tengfei Li
- c Institut Pasteur, CITECH, Plateforme d'Ingénierie des Anticorps , 75724 , Paris , France.,e Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ. Paris 06 UMR S 1127, and Inserm, U 1127, and CNRS UMR 7225, and ICM, 75013, Paris , France.,f Université Paris Diderot-Paris 7, Paris , France
| | - Chrystelle Po
- a Institut Pasteur, Unité de Chimie des Biomolécules, Département Biologie Structurale et Chimie , Paris , France.,b CNRS UMR 3523, 75724 , France.,d French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission , Institute of Biomedical Imaging, Molecular Imaging Research Center , Fontenay-aux-Roses , France
| | - Christelle Ganneau
- a Institut Pasteur, Unité de Chimie des Biomolécules, Département Biologie Structurale et Chimie , Paris , France.,b CNRS UMR 3523, 75724 , France
| | - Pascal Lenormand
- c Institut Pasteur, CITECH, Plateforme d'Ingénierie des Anticorps , 75724 , Paris , France
| | - Clémence Dudeffant
- e Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ. Paris 06 UMR S 1127, and Inserm, U 1127, and CNRS UMR 7225, and ICM, 75013, Paris , France
| | - Christian Czech
- g F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG, Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, NORD DTA, Roche Innovation Center Basel , Basel , Switzerland
| | - Fiona Grueninger
- g F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG, Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, NORD DTA, Roche Innovation Center Basel , Basel , Switzerland
| | - Charles Duyckaerts
- e Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ. Paris 06 UMR S 1127, and Inserm, U 1127, and CNRS UMR 7225, and ICM, 75013, Paris , France
| | - Benoît Delatour
- e Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ. Paris 06 UMR S 1127, and Inserm, U 1127, and CNRS UMR 7225, and ICM, 75013, Paris , France
| | - Marc Dhenain
- d French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission , Institute of Biomedical Imaging, Molecular Imaging Research Center , Fontenay-aux-Roses , France
| | - Pierre Lafaye
- c Institut Pasteur, CITECH, Plateforme d'Ingénierie des Anticorps , 75724 , Paris , France
| | - Sylvie Bay
- a Institut Pasteur, Unité de Chimie des Biomolécules, Département Biologie Structurale et Chimie , Paris , France.,b CNRS UMR 3523, 75724 , France
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18
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Tafoya MA, Madi S, Sillerud LO. Superparamagnetic nanoparticle-enhanced MRI of Alzheimer's disease plaques and activated microglia in 3X transgenic mouse brains: Contrast optimization. J Magn Reson Imaging 2016; 46:574-588. [PMID: 27875002 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.25563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To optimize magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of antibody-conjugated superparamagnetic nanoparticles for detecting amyloid-β plaques and activated microglia in a 3X transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ten 3X Tg mice were fed either chow or chow containing 100 ppm resveratrol. Four brains, selected from animals injected with either anti-amyloid targeted superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles, or anti-Iba-1-conjugated FePt-nanoparticles, were excised, fixed with formalin, and placed in Fomblin for ex vivo MRI (11.7T) using multislice-multiecho, multiple gradient echo, rapid acquisition with relaxation enhancement, and susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI). Aβ plaques and areas of neuroinflammation appeared as hypointense regions whose number, location, and Z-score were measured as a function of sequence type and echo time. RESULTS The MR contrast was due to the shortening of the transverse relaxation time of the plaque-adjacent tissue water. A theoretical analysis of this effect showed that the echo time was the primary determinant of plaque contrast and was used to optimize Z-scores. The Z-scores of the detected lesions varied from 21 to 34 as the echo times varied from 4 to 25 msec, with SWI providing the highest Z-score and number of detected lesions. Computation of the entire plaque and activated microglial distributions in 3D showed that resveratrol treatment led to a reduction of ∼24-fold of Aβ plaque density and ∼4-fold in microglial activation. CONCLUSION Optimized MRI of antibody-conjugated superparamagnetic nanoparticles served to reveal the 3D distributions of both Aβ plaques and activated microglia and to measure the effects of drug treatments in this 3X Tg model. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 1 Technical Efficacy: Stage 2 J. MAGN. RESON. IMAGING 2017;46:574-588.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa A Tafoya
- UNM BRaIN Center, Department of Neurology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | | | - Laurel O Sillerud
- UNM BRaIN Center, Department of Neurology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
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19
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Can MRI T 1 be used to detect early changes in 5xFAD Alzheimer's mouse brain? MAGNETIC RESONANCE MATERIALS IN PHYSICS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2016; 30:153-163. [PMID: 27785640 PMCID: PMC5364252 DOI: 10.1007/s10334-016-0593-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Revised: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In the present study, we have tested whether MRI T1 relaxation time is a sensitive marker to detect early stages of amyloidosis and gliosis in the young 5xFAD transgenic mouse, a well-established animal model for Alzheimer's disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS 5xFAD and wild-type mice were imaged in a 4.7 T Varian horizontal bore MRI system to generate T1 quantitative maps using the spin-echo multi-slice sequence. Following immunostaining for glial fibrillary acidic protein, Iba-1, and amyloid-β, T1 and area fraction of staining were quantified in the posterior parietal and primary somatosensory cortex and corpus callosum. RESULTS In comparison with age-matched wild-type mice, we observed first signs of amyloidosis in 2.5-month-old 5xFAD mice, and development of gliosis in 5-month-old 5xFAD mice. In contrast, MRI T1 relaxation times of young, i.e., 2.5- and 5-month-old, 5xFAD mice were not significantly different to those of age-matched wild-type controls. Furthermore, although disease progression was detectable by increased amyloid-β load in the brain of 5-month-old 5xFAD mice compared with 2.5-month-old 5xFAD mice, MRI T1 relaxation time did not change. CONCLUSIONS In summary, our data suggest that MRI T1 relaxation time is neither a sensitive measure of disease onset nor progression at early stages in the 5xFAD mouse transgenic mouse model.
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20
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Sands SA, Leung-Toung R, Wang Y, Connelly J, LeVine SM. Enhanced Histochemical Detection of Iron in Paraffin Sections of Mouse Central Nervous System Tissue: Application in the APP/PS1 Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease. ASN Neuro 2016; 8:1759091416670978. [PMID: 27683879 PMCID: PMC5043597 DOI: 10.1177/1759091416670978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Revised: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Histochemical methods of detecting iron in the rodent brain result mainly in the labeling of oligodendrocytes, but as all cells utilize iron, this observation suggests that much of the iron in the central nervous system goes undetected. Paraffin embedding of tissue is a standard procedure that is used to prepare sections for microscopic analysis. In the present study, we questioned whether we could modify the iron histochemical procedure to enable a greater detection of iron in paraffin sections. Indeed, various modifications led to the widespread labeling of iron in mouse brain tissue (for instance, labeling of neurons and neuropil). Sites of focal concentrations, such as cytoplasmic punctate or nucleolar staining, were also observed. The modified procedures were applied to paraffin sections of a mouse model (APP/PS1) of Alzheimer's disease. Iron was revealed in the plaque core and rim. The plaque rim had a fibrillary or granular appearance, and it frequently contained iron-labeled cells. Further analysis indicated that the iron was tightly associated with the core of the plaque, but less so with the rim. In conclusion, modifications to the histochemical staining revealed new insights into the deposition of iron in the central nervous system. In theory, the approach should be transferrable to organs besides the brain and to other species, and the underlying principles should be incorporable into a variety of staining methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A Sands
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, KS, USA
| | | | | | | | - Steven M LeVine
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, KS, USA
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21
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Kincses ZT, Király A, Veréb D, Vécsei L. Structural Magnetic Resonance Imaging Markers of Alzheimer's Disease and Its Retranslation to Rodent Models. J Alzheimers Dis 2016; 47:277-90. [PMID: 26401552 DOI: 10.3233/jad-143195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The importance of imaging biomarkers has been acknowledged in the diagnosis and in the follow-up of Alzheimer's disease (AD), one of the major causes of dementia. Next to the molecular biomarkers and PET imaging investigations, structural MRI approaches provide important information about the disease progression and about the pathomechanism. Furthermore,a growing body of literature retranslates these imaging biomarkers to various rodent models of the disease. The goal of this review is to provide an overview of the macro- and microstructural imaging biomarkers of AD, concentrating on atrophy measures and diffusion MRI alterations. A survey is also given of the imaging approaches used in rodent models of dementias that can promote drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsigmond Tamas Kincses
- Department of Neurology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.,International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - András Király
- Department of Neurology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Dániel Veréb
- Department of Neurology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - László Vécsei
- Department of Neurology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.,MTA-SZTE Neuroscience Research Group, Szeged, Hungary
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22
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Santin MD, Vandenberghe ME, Herard AS, Pradier L, Cohen C, Debeir T, Delzescaux T, Rooney T, Dhenain M. In Vivo Detection of Amyloid Plaques by Gadolinium-Stained MRI Can Be Used to Demonstrate the Efficacy of an Anti-amyloid Immunotherapy. Front Aging Neurosci 2016; 8:55. [PMID: 27047372 PMCID: PMC4802995 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2016.00055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular deposition of β amyloid plaques is an early event associated to Alzheimer’s disease. Here, we have used in vivo gadolinium-stained high resolution (29∗29∗117 μm3) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to follow-up in a longitudinal way individual amyloid plaques in APP/PS1 mice and evaluate the efficacy of a new immunotherapy (SAR255952) directed against protofibrillar and fibrillary forms of Aβ. APP/PS1 mice were treated for 5 months between the age of 3.5 and 8.5 months. SAR255952 reduced amyloid load in 8.5-months-old animals, but not in 5.5-months animals compared to mice treated with a control antibody (DM4). Histological evaluation confirmed the reduction of amyloid load and revealed a lower density of amyloid plaques in 8.5-months SAR255952-treated animals. The longitudinal follow-up of individual amyloid plaques by MRI revealed that plaques that were visible at 5.5 months were still visible at 8.5 months in both SAR255952 and DM4-treated mice. This suggests that the amyloid load reduction induced by SAR255952 is related to a slowing down in the formation of new plaques rather than to the clearance of already formed plaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu D Santin
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, UMR 9199, Neurodegenerative Diseases LaboratoryFontenay-aux-Roses, France; Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Direction de la Recherche Fondamentale, Institut d'Imagerie Biomédicale, MIRCenFontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Michel E Vandenberghe
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, UMR 9199, Neurodegenerative Diseases LaboratoryFontenay-aux-Roses, France; Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Direction de la Recherche Fondamentale, Institut d'Imagerie Biomédicale, MIRCenFontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Anne-Sophie Herard
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, UMR 9199, Neurodegenerative Diseases LaboratoryFontenay-aux-Roses, France; Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Direction de la Recherche Fondamentale, Institut d'Imagerie Biomédicale, MIRCenFontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Laurent Pradier
- Sanofi, Neurodegeneration and Pain Unit Chilly-Mazarin, France
| | - Caroline Cohen
- Sanofi, Neurodegeneration and Pain Unit Chilly-Mazarin, France
| | | | - Thierry Delzescaux
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, UMR 9199, Neurodegenerative Diseases LaboratoryFontenay-aux-Roses, France; Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Direction de la Recherche Fondamentale, Institut d'Imagerie Biomédicale, MIRCenFontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Thomas Rooney
- Sanofi, Neurodegeneration and Pain Unit Chilly-Mazarin, France
| | - Marc Dhenain
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, UMR 9199, Neurodegenerative Diseases LaboratoryFontenay-aux-Roses, France; Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Direction de la Recherche Fondamentale, Institut d'Imagerie Biomédicale, MIRCenFontenay-aux-Roses, France
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23
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Quantitative multimodal multiparametric imaging in Alzheimer's disease. Brain Inform 2016; 3:29-37. [PMID: 27747597 PMCID: PMC4883163 DOI: 10.1007/s40708-015-0028-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder, causing changes in memory, thinking, and other dysfunction of brain functions. More and more people are suffering from the disease. Early neuroimaging techniques of AD are needed to develop. This review provides a preliminary summary of the various neuroimaging techniques that have been explored for in vivo imaging of AD. Recent advances in magnetic resonance (MR) techniques, such as functional MR imaging (fMRI) and diffusion MRI, give opportunities to display not only anatomy and atrophy of the medial temporal lobe, but also at microstructural alterations or perfusion disturbance within the AD lesions. Positron emission tomography (PET) imaging has become the subject of intense research for the diagnosis and facilitation of drug development of AD in both animal models and human trials due to its non-invasive and translational characteristic. Fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) PET and amyloid PET are applied in clinics and research departments. Amyloid beta (Aβ) imaging using PET has been recognized as one of the most important methods for the early diagnosis of AD, and numerous candidate compounds have been tested for Aβ imaging. Besides in vivo imaging method, a lot of ex vivo modalities are being used in the AD researches. Multiphoton laser scanning microscopy, neuroimaging of metals, and several metal bioimaging methods are also mentioned here. More and more multimodality and multiparametric neuroimaging techniques should improve our understanding of brain function and open new insights into the pathophysiology of AD. We expect exciting results will emerge from new neuroimaging applications that will provide scientific and medical benefits.
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24
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Li L, Wang XY, Gao FB, Wang L, Xia R, Li ZX, Xing W, Tang BS, Zeng Y, Zhou GF, Zhou HY, Liao WH. Magnetic resonance T2 relaxation time at 7 Tesla associated with amyloid β pathology and age in a double-transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease. Neurosci Lett 2016; 610:92-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2015.10.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Revised: 07/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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25
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Augustinack JC, van der Kouwe AJW. Postmortem imaging and neuropathologic correlations. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2016; 136:1321-39. [PMID: 27430472 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-53486-6.00069-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Postmortem imaging refers to scanning autopsy specimens using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or optical imaging. This chapter summarizes postmortem imaging and its usefulness in brain mapping. Standard in vivo MRI has limited resolution due to time constraints and does not deliver cortical boundaries (e.g., Brodmann areas). Postmortem imaging offers a means to obtain ultra-high-resolution images with appropriate contrast for delineating cortical regions. Postmortem imaging provides the ability to validate MRI properties against histologic stained sections. This approach has enabled probabilistic mapping that is based on ex vivo MRI contrast, validated to histology, and subsequently mapped on to an in vivo model. This chapter emphasizes structural imaging, which can be validated with histologic assessment. Postmortem imaging has been applied to neuropathologic studies as well. This chapter includes many ex vivo studies, but focuses on studies of the medial temporal lobe, often involved in neurologic disease. New research using optical imaging is also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean C Augustinack
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA.
| | - André J W van der Kouwe
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
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26
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Matharu B, Spencer N, Howe F, Austen B. Gadolinium-complexed Aβ-binding contrast agents for MRI diagnosis of Alzheimer's Disease. Neuropeptides 2015; 53:63-70. [PMID: 26234669 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2015.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Revised: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
MRI contrast agents, containing peptide sequences that bind β-amyloid and gadolinium ions ligated to DOTA have been synthesized for evaluation in early diagnosis of Alzheimer's Disease in transgenic mice models. A number of brain penetration modifications were incorporated and sufficient amounts of contrast agent in the brain were achieved only by addition of a cationic cell penetration sequence along with the use of microparticle assisted ultrasound activation. In the T1 mode of a MRI scan, the peptide (R2) illuminated areas of brain rich in amyloid plaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balpreet Matharu
- Dept of Basic Medical Sciences, St George's University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 ORE, United Kingdom
| | - Nick Spencer
- Dept of Basic Medical Sciences, St George's University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 ORE, United Kingdom
| | - Franklyn Howe
- Dept of Cardiovascular Science, St George's University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 ORE, United Kingdom
| | - Brian Austen
- Dept of Basic Medical Sciences, St George's University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 ORE, United Kingdom.
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27
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Lin L, Fu Z, Xu X, Wu S. Mouse brain magnetic resonance microscopy: Applications in Alzheimer disease. Microsc Res Tech 2015; 78:416-24. [PMID: 25810274 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.22489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Over the past two decades, various Alzheimer's disease (AD) trangenetic mice models harboring genes with mutation known to cause familial AD have been created. Today, high-resolution magnetic resonance microscopy (MRM) technology is being widely used in the study of AD mouse models. It has greatly facilitated and advanced our knowledge of AD. In this review, most of the attention is paid to fundamental of MRM, the construction of standard mouse MRM brain template and atlas, the detection of amyloid plaques, following up on brain atrophy and the future applications of MRM in transgenic AD mice. It is believed that future testing of potential drugs in mouse models with MRM will greatly improve the predictability of drug effect in preclinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Lin
- Biomedical Engineering Department, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
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28
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Curcumin-conjugated magnetic nanoparticles for detecting amyloid plaques in Alzheimer's disease mice using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Biomaterials 2015; 44:155-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Revised: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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29
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Ward RJ, Zucca FA, Duyn JH, Crichton RR, Zecca L. The role of iron in brain ageing and neurodegenerative disorders. Lancet Neurol 2014; 13:1045-60. [PMID: 25231526 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(14)70117-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1109] [Impact Index Per Article: 110.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARY In the CNS, iron in several proteins is involved in many important processes such as oxygen transportation, oxidative phosphorylation, myelin production, and the synthesis and metabolism of neurotransmitters. Abnormal iron homoeostasis can induce cellular damage through hydroxyl radical production, which can cause the oxidation and modification of lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, and DNA. During ageing, different iron complexes accumulate in brain regions associated with motor and cognitive impairment. In various neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease, changes in iron homoeostasis result in altered cellular iron distribution and accumulation. MRI can often identify these changes, thus providing a potential diagnostic biomarker of neurodegenerative diseases. An important avenue to reduce iron accumulation is the use of iron chelators that are able to cross the blood-brain barrier, penetrate cells, and reduce excessive iron accumulation, thereby affording neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta J Ward
- Centre for Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration, Department of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Imperial College London, London, UK; Faculte de Science, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Fabio A Zucca
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council of Italy, Segrate, Milan, Italy
| | - Jeff H Duyn
- Advanced MRI Section, Laboratory of Functional and Molecular Imaging, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Robert R Crichton
- Faculte de Science, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Luigi Zecca
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council of Italy, Segrate, Milan, Italy.
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30
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Adlard PA, Tran BA, Finkelstein DI, Desmond PM, Johnston LA, Bush AI, Egan GF. A review of β-amyloid neuroimaging in Alzheimer's disease. Front Neurosci 2014; 8:327. [PMID: 25400539 PMCID: PMC4215612 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2014.00327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia worldwide. As advancing age is the greatest risk factor for developing AD, the number of those afflicted is expected to increase markedly with the aging of the world's population. The inability to definitively diagnose AD until autopsy remains an impediment to establishing effective targeted treatments. Neuroimaging has enabled in vivo visualization of pathological changes in the brain associated with the disease, providing a greater understanding of its pathophysiological development and progression. However, neuroimaging biomarkers do not yet offer clear advantages over current clinical diagnostic criteria for them to be accepted into routine clinical use. Nonetheless, current insights from neuroimaging combined with the elucidation of biochemical and molecular processes in AD are informing the ongoing development of new imaging techniques and their application. Much of this research has been greatly assisted by the availability of transgenic mouse models of AD. In this review we summarize the main efforts of neuroimaging in AD in humans and in mouse models, with a specific focus on β-amyloid, and discuss the potential of new applications and novel approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A. Adlard
- Division of Mental Health, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of MelbourneParkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Bob A. Tran
- Department of Radiology, University of MelbourneParkville, VIC, Australia
| | - David I. Finkelstein
- Division of Mental Health, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of MelbourneParkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Patricia M. Desmond
- Department of Radiology, University of MelbourneParkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Radiology, The Royal Melbourne HospitalParkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Leigh A. Johnston
- Division of Mental Health, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of MelbourneParkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of MelbourneParkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Ashley I. Bush
- Division of Mental Health, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of MelbourneParkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Gary F. Egan
- Monash Biomedical Imaging, Monash UniversityClayton, VIC, Australia
- School of Psychology and Psychiatry, Monash UniversityClayton, VIC, Australia
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31
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Ward RJ, Zucca FA, Duyn JH, Crichton RR, Zecca L. The role of iron in brain ageing and neurodegenerative disorders. Lancet Neurol 2014. [PMID: 25231526 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(14)70117-6.(] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
In the CNS, iron in several proteins is involved in many important processes such as oxygen transportation, oxidative phosphorylation, myelin production, and the synthesis and metabolism of neurotransmitters. Abnormal iron homoeostasis can induce cellular damage through hydroxyl radical production, which can cause the oxidation and modification of lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, and DNA. During ageing, different iron complexes accumulate in brain regions associated with motor and cognitive impairment. In various neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease, changes in iron homoeostasis result in altered cellular iron distribution and accumulation. MRI can often identify these changes, thus providing a potential diagnostic biomarker of neurodegenerative diseases. An important avenue to reduce iron accumulation is the use of iron chelators that are able to cross the blood-brain barrier, penetrate cells, and reduce excessive iron accumulation, thereby affording neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta J Ward
- Centre for Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration, Department of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Imperial College London, London, UK; Faculte de Science, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Fabio A Zucca
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council of Italy, Segrate, Milan, Italy
| | - Jeff H Duyn
- Advanced MRI Section, Laboratory of Functional and Molecular Imaging, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Robert R Crichton
- Faculte de Science, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Luigi Zecca
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council of Italy, Segrate, Milan, Italy.
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32
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Abstract
A plethora of magnetic resonance (MR) techniques developed in the last two decades provide unique and noninvasive measurement capabilities for studies of basic brain function and brain diseases in humans. Animal model experiments have been an indispensible part of this development. MR imaging and spectroscopy measurements have been employed in animal models, either by themselves or in combination with complementary and often invasive techniques, to enlighten us about the information content of such MR methods and/or verify observations made in the human brain. They have also been employed, with or independently of human efforts, to examine mechanisms underlying pathological developments in the brain, exploiting the wealth of animal models available for such studies. In this endeavor, the desire to push for ever-higher spatial and/or spectral resolution, better signal-to-noise ratio, and unique image contrast has inevitably led to the introduction of increasingly higher magnetic fields. As a result, today, animal model studies are starting to be conducted at magnetic fields ranging from ~ 11 to 17 Tesla, significantly enhancing the armamentarium of tools available for the probing brain function and brain pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gülin Öz
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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33
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Wong BX, Duce JA. The iron regulatory capability of the major protein participants in prevalent neurodegenerative disorders. Front Pharmacol 2014; 5:81. [PMID: 24795635 PMCID: PMC4001010 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2014.00081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
As with most bioavailable transition metals, iron is essential for many metabolic processes required by the cell but when left unregulated is implicated as a potent source of reactive oxygen species. It is uncertain whether the brain’s evident vulnerability to reactive species-induced oxidative stress is caused by a reduced capability in cellular response or an increased metabolic activity. Either way, dys-regulated iron levels appear to be involved in oxidative stress provoked neurodegeneration. As in peripheral iron management, cells within the central nervous system tightly regulate iron homeostasis via responsive expression of select proteins required for iron flux, transport and storage. Recently proteins directly implicated in the most prevalent neurodegenerative diseases, such as amyloid-β precursor protein, tau, α-synuclein, prion protein and huntingtin, have been connected to neuronal iron homeostatic control. This suggests that disrupted expression, processing, or location of these proteins may result in a failure of their cellular iron homeostatic roles and augment the common underlying susceptibility to neuronal oxidative damage that is triggered in neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce X Wong
- Oxidation Biology Unit, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - James A Duce
- Oxidation Biology Unit, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne Parkville, VIC, Australia ; School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds Leeds, UK
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34
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Agyare EK, Jaruszewski KM, Curran GL, Rosenberg JT, Grant SC, Lowe VJ, Ramakrishnan S, Paravastu AK, Poduslo JF, Kandimalla KK. Engineering theranostic nanovehicles capable of targeting cerebrovascular amyloid deposits. J Control Release 2014; 185:121-9. [PMID: 24735640 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Revised: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) is characterized by the deposition of amyloid beta (Aβ) proteins within the walls of the cerebral vasculature with subsequent aggressive vascular inflammation leading to recurrent hemorrhagic strokes. The objective of the study was to develop theranostic nanovehicles (TNVs) capable of a) targeting cerebrovascular amyloid; b) providing magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast for the early detection of CAA; and c) treating cerebrovascular inflammation resulting from CAA. The TNVs comprised of a polymeric nanocore made from Magnevist (MRI contrast agent) conjugated chitosan. The nanocore was also loaded with cyclophosphamide (CYC), an immunosuppressant shown to reduce the cerebrovascular inflammation in CAA. Putrescine modified F(ab')2 fragment of anti-amyloid antibody, IgG4.1 (pF(ab')24.1) was conjugated to the surface of the nanocore to target cerebrovascular amyloid. The average size of the control chitosan nanoparticles (conjugated with albumin and are devoid of Magnevist, CYC, and pF(ab')24.1) was 164±1.2 nm and that of the TNVs was 239±4.1 nm. The zeta potential values of the CCNs and TNVs were 21.6±1.7 mV and 11.9±0.5 mV, respectively. The leakage of Magnevist from the TNVs was a modest 0.2% over 4 days, and the CYC release from the TNVs followed Higuchi's model that describes sustained drug release from polymeric matrices. The studies conducted in polarized human microvascular endothelial cell monolayers (hCMEC/D3) in vitro as well as in mice in vivo have demonstrated the ability of TNVs to target cerebrovascular amyloid. In addition, the TNVs provided contrast for imaging cerebrovascular amyloid using MRI and single photon emission computed tomography. Moreover, the TNVs were shown to reduce pro-inflammatory cytokine production by the Aβ challenged blood brain barrier (BBB) endothelium more effectively than the cyclophosphamide alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward K Agyare
- Division of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, 1520 S. MLK BLVD, Tallahassee 32307, USA
| | - Kristen M Jaruszewski
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Brain Barriers Research Center, University of Minnesota, 308 Harvard St. SE, Room 9-149A WDH, Minneapolis 55455, USA; Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Departments of Neurology, Neuroscience, and Biochemistry/Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 1st Street SW, Rochester 55905, USA
| | - Geoffry L Curran
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Departments of Neurology, Neuroscience, and Biochemistry/Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 1st Street SW, Rochester 55905, USA
| | - Jens T Rosenberg
- The Florida State University and National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, 1800 East Paul Dirac Drive, Tallahassee 32310, USA
| | - Samuel C Grant
- The Florida State University and National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, 1800 East Paul Dirac Drive, Tallahassee 32310, USA; Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Florida A&M University-Florida State University College of Engineering, 2525 Pottsdamer Street, Tallahassee 32310, USA
| | - Val J Lowe
- Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st Street SW, Rochester 55905, USA
| | - Subramanian Ramakrishnan
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Florida A&M University-Florida State University College of Engineering, 2525 Pottsdamer Street, Tallahassee 32310, USA
| | - Anant K Paravastu
- The Florida State University and National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, 1800 East Paul Dirac Drive, Tallahassee 32310, USA; Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Florida A&M University-Florida State University College of Engineering, 2525 Pottsdamer Street, Tallahassee 32310, USA
| | - Joseph F Poduslo
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Departments of Neurology, Neuroscience, and Biochemistry/Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 1st Street SW, Rochester 55905, USA
| | - Karunya K Kandimalla
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Brain Barriers Research Center, University of Minnesota, 308 Harvard St. SE, Room 9-149A WDH, Minneapolis 55455, USA; Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Departments of Neurology, Neuroscience, and Biochemistry/Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 1st Street SW, Rochester 55905, USA.
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35
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Abstract
This review discusses current imaging devices in the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease, their neurobiological correlates and future perspectives in the development of these techniques. The challenge of diagnostic devices is to achieve high accuracy in early, preferably preclinical disease stages at the individual patient level. This is of utmost importance for the development of disease-modifying strategies and monitoring their efficacy. In order to achieve this goal, larger validation trials with prospective designs in unselected and mixed patient populations are needed. A combination of imaging methods of different modalities, both structural and functional, will probably provide optimal diagnostic sensitivity in early cases and specificity towards other dementia syndromes, as well as give in vivo insight into the distribution of disease pathology and residual brain capacity for coping with cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vesna Jelic
- Division of Clinical Geriatrics, NVS Department, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Hudddinge, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden.
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36
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Solberg NO, Chamberlin R, Vigil JR, Deck LM, Heidrich JE, Brown DC, Brady CI, Vander Jagt TA, Garwood M, Bisoffi M, Severns V, Vander Jagt DL, Sillerud LO. Optical and SPION-enhanced MR imaging shows that trans-stilbene inhibitors of NF-κB concomitantly lower Alzheimer's disease plaque formation and microglial activation in AβPP/PS-1 transgenic mouse brain. J Alzheimers Dis 2014; 40:191-212. [PMID: 24413613 PMCID: PMC4407807 DOI: 10.3233/jad-131031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is associated with a microglia-dependent neuroinflammatory response against plaques containing the fibrous protein amyloid-β (Aβ). Activation of microglia, which closely associate with Aβ plaques, engenders the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and the internalization of Aβ fibrils. Since the pro-inflammatory transcription factor NF-κB is one of the major regulators of Aβ-induced inflammation, we treated transgenic amyloid-β protein protein/presenilin-1 (AβPP/PS1) mice for one year with a low dose (0.01% by weight in the diet) of either of two trans-stilbene NF-κB inhibitors, resveratrol or a synthetic analog LD55. The 3D distribution of Aβ plaques was measured ex vivo in intact brains at 60 μm resolution by quantitative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) using blood-brain barrier-permeable, anti-AβPP-conjugated superparamagentic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs). The MRI measurements were confirmed by optical microscopy of thioflavin-stained brain tissue sections and indicated that supplementation with either of the two trans-stilbenes lowered Aβ plaque density in the cortex, caudoputamen, and hippocampus by 1.4 to 2-fold. The optical measurements also included the hippocampus and indicated that resveratrol and LD55 reduced average Aβ plaque density by 2.3-fold and 3.1-fold, respectively. Ex vivo measurements of the regional distribution of microglial activation by Iba-1 immunofluorescence of brain tissue sections showed that resveratrol and LD55 reduced average microglial activation by 4.2- fold and 3.5-fold, respectively. Since LD55 lacked hydroxyl groups but both resveratrol and LD55 concomitantly reduced both Aβ plaque burden and neuroinflammation to a similar extent, it appears that the antioxidant potential of resveratrol is not an important factor in plaque reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan O. Solberg
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Ryan Chamberlin
- The Center for Magnetic Resonance Research and Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Jenette R. Vigil
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Lorraine M. Deck
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | | | - David C. Brown
- Departments of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Christina I. Brady
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | | | - Michael Garwood
- The Center for Magnetic Resonance Research and Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Marco Bisoffi
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Virginia Severns
- Departments of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - David L. Vander Jagt
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, USA
- Quatros LLC, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Laurel O. Sillerud
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, USA
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37
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Barnham KJ, Bush AI. Biological metals and metal-targeting compounds in major neurodegenerative diseases. Chem Soc Rev 2014; 43:6727-49. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cs00138a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 347] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Metals are functionally essential, but redistribute in neurodegenerative disease where they induce protein aggregates, catalyze radical formation, and lose bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J. Barnham
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health
- The University of Melbourne
- Parkville, Australia
- Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute
- The University of Melbourne
| | - Ashley I. Bush
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health
- The University of Melbourne
- Parkville, Australia
- Department of Pathology
- The University of Melbourne
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38
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Sillerud LO, Solberg NO, Chamberlain R, Orlando RA, Heidrich JE, Brown DC, Brady CI, Vander Jagt TA, Garwood M, Vander Jagt DL. SPION-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging of Alzheimer's disease plaques in AβPP/PS-1 transgenic mouse brain. J Alzheimers Dis 2013; 34:349-65. [PMID: 23229079 DOI: 10.3233/jad-121171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In our program to develop non-invasive magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) methods for the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD), we have synthesized antibody-conjugated, superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) for use as an in vivo agent for MRI detection of amyloid-β plaques in AD. Here we report studies in AβPP/PS1 transgenic mice, which demonstrate the ability of novel anti-AβPP conjugated SPIONs to penetrate the blood-brain barrier to act as a contrast agent for MR imaging of plaques. The conspicuity of the plaques increased from an average Z-score of 5.1 ± 0.5 to 8.3 ± 0.2 when the plaque contrast to noise ratio was compared in control AD mice with AD mice treated with SPIONs. The number of MRI-visible plaques per brain increased from 347 ± 45 in the control AD mice, to 668 ± 86 in the SPION treated mice. These results indicated that our SPION enhanced amyloid-β detection method delivers an efficacious, non-invasive MRI detection method in transgenic mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurel O Sillerud
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.
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39
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Gitter BD, Horn JW, Brown JM, Territo PR, Winkle W, Yoder KK, Hutchins GD, Sterchi DL. Histological Validation of Dopamine Transporter PET Images in the Rat 6-OHDA Lesion Model of Parkinson's Disease. J Histotechnol 2013. [DOI: 10.1179/his.2007.30.2.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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40
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Sabbagh JJ, Kinney JW, Cummings JL. Alzheimer's disease biomarkers in animal models: closing the translational gap. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASE 2013; 2:108-120. [PMID: 23844335 PMCID: PMC3703123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The rising prevalence of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is rapidly becoming one of the largest health and economic challenges in the world. There is a growing need for the development and implementation of reliable biomarkers for AD that can be used to assist in diagnosis, inform disease progression, and monitor therapeutic efficacy. Preclinical models permit the evaluation of candidate biomarkers and assessment of pipeline agents before clinical trials are initiated and provide a translational opportunity to advance biomarker discovery. Fast and inexpensive data can be obtained from examination of peripheral markers, though they currently lack the sensitivity and consistency of imaging techniques such as MRI or PET. Plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers in animal models can assist in development and implementation of similar approaches in clinical populations. These biomarkers may also be invaluable in decisions to advance a treatment to human testing. Longitudinal studies in AD models can determine initial presentation and progression of biomarkers that may also be used to evaluate disease-modifying efficacy of drugs. The refinement of biomarker approaches in preclinical systems will not only aid in drug development, but may facilitate diagnosis and disease monitoring in AD patients.
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41
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Magnetic resonance imaging of amyloid plaques using hollow manganese oxide nanoparticles conjugated with antibody aβ1-40 in a transgenic mouse model. Neuroreport 2013; 24:16-21. [PMID: 23168564 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0b013e32835ba850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we have shown the feasibility of hollow manganese oxide nanoparticles (HMON) conjugated with an antibody of Aβ1-40 peptide (abAβ40) (HMON-abAβ40) for MRI of amyloid plaques in APP/PS1 transgenic mice. MR brain images in APP/PS1 transgenic mice and their nontransgenic littermates were acquired using a 7.0 T MRI system before, and 24 and 72 h after an injection of HMON-abAβ40. After the injection of HMON-abAβ40, we found hyperenhanced spots in the frontal cortex area on T1-weighted MR images for transgenic mice, which corresponded qualitatively to amyloid plaques detected by thioflavin-S staining. For quantitative analysis, percent MR signal changes in six brain regions (olfactory cortex, frontal cortex, cerebral cortex, thalamus, hippocampus, and cerebellar cortex) were compared between transgenic and wild-type mice. We found significant increases in the percent MR signal changes in the olfactory cortex, frontal cortex, cerebral cortex, and hippocampus, but there were no significant differences in the thalamus and cerebellar cortex for transgenic mice compared with wild-type mice. This unique strategy allowed us to detect brain regions subjected to amyloid plaque deposition in Alzheimer's disease transgenic mouse models and has a potential to be developed for human applications, which has a current utility in preclinical research, particularly in monitoring therapeutic response for drug development in Alzheimer's disease.
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Santin MD, Debeir T, Bridal SL, Rooney T, Dhenain M. Fast in vivo imaging of amyloid plaques using μ-MRI Gd-staining combined with ultrasound-induced blood-brain barrier opening. Neuroimage 2013; 79:288-94. [PMID: 23660031 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.04.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Revised: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyloid plaques are one of the major microscopic lesions that characterize Alzheimer's disease. Current approaches to detect amyloid plaques by using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents require invasive procedures to penetrate the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and to deliver the contrast agent into the vicinity of amyloid plaques. Here we have developed a new protocol (US-Gd-staining) that enables the detection of amyloid plaques in the brain of an APP/PS1 transgenic mouse model of amyloidosis after intra-venous injection of a non-targeted, clinically approved MRI contrast agent (Gd-DOTA, Dotarem®) by transiently opening the BBB with unfocused ultrasound (1 MHz) and clinically approved microbubbles (Sonovue®, Bracco). This US-Gd-staining protocol can detect amyloid plaques with a short imaging time (32 min) and high in-plane resolution (29 μm). The sensitivity and resolution obtained is at least equal to that provided by MRI protocols using intra-cerebro-ventricular injection of contrast agents, a reference method used to penetrate the BBB. To our knowledge this is the first study to demonstrate the ability of MR imaging to detect amyloid plaques by using a peripheral intra-venous injection of a clinically approved NMR contrast agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu D Santin
- URA 2210 CEA/CNRS Laboratoire des maladies neurodégénératives - 18 route du Panorama-BP6 - 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses Cedex, France.
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43
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Sanganahalli BG, Herman P, Behar KL, Blumenfeld H, Rothman DL, Hyder F. Functional MRI and neural responses in a rat model of Alzheimer's disease. Neuroimage 2013; 79:404-11. [PMID: 23648961 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.04.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Revised: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 04/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on the hypothesis that brain plaques and tangles can affect cortical function in Alzheimer's disease (AD), we investigated functional responses in an AD rat model (called the Samaritan Alzheimer's rat achieved by ventricular infusion of amyloid peptide) and age-matched healthy control. High-field functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and extracellular neural activity measurements were applied to characterize sensory-evoked responses. Electrical stimulation of the forepaw led to BOLD and neural responses in the contralateral somatosensory cortex and thalamus. In AD brain we noted much smaller BOLD activation patterns in the somatosensory cortex (i.e., about 50% less activated voxels compared to normal brain). While magnitudes of BOLD and neural responses in the cerebral cortex were markedly attenuated in AD rats compared to normal rats (by about 50%), the dynamic coupling between the BOLD and neural responses in the cerebral cortex, as assessed by transfer function analysis, remained unaltered between the groups. However thalamic BOLD and neural responses were unaltered in AD brain compared to controls. Thus cortical responses in the AD model were indeed diminished compared to controls, but the thalamic responses in the AD and control rats were quite similar. Therefore these results suggest that Alzheimer's disease may affect cortical function more than subcortical function, which may have implications for interpreting altered human brain functional responses in fMRI studies of Alzheimer's disease.
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44
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Alzheimer's disease biomarkers: correspondence between human studies and animal models. Neurobiol Dis 2013; 56:116-30. [PMID: 23631871 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2013.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Revised: 04/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) represents an escalating global threat as life expectancy and disease prevalence continue to increase. There is a considerable need for earlier diagnoses to improve clinical outcomes. Fluid biomarkers measured from cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood, or imaging biomarkers have considerable potential to assist in the diagnosis and management of AD. An additional important utility of biomarkers is in novel therapeutic development and clinical trials to assess efficacy and side effects of therapeutic interventions. Because many biomarkers are initially examined in animal models, the extent to which markers translate from animals to humans is an important issue. The current review highlights many existing and pipeline biomarker approaches, focusing on the degree of correspondence between AD patients and animal models. The review also highlights the need for greater translational correspondence between human and animal biomarkers.
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Spencer NG, Bridges LR, Elderfield K, Amir K, Austen B, Howe FA. Quantitative evaluation of MRI and histological characteristics of the 5xFAD Alzheimer mouse brain. Neuroimage 2013; 76:108-15. [PMID: 23507393 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.02.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2012] [Revised: 02/22/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Assessment of β-amyloid (Aβ) plaque load in Alzheimer's disease by MRI would provide an important biomarker to monitor disease progression or treatment response. Alterations in tissue structure caused by the presence of Aβ may cause localised changes that can be detected by quantitative T₁ and T₂ relaxation time measurements averaged over larger areas of tissue than that of individual plaques. We constructed depth profiles of the T₁ and T₂ relaxation times of the cerebral cortex with subjacent white matter and hippocampus in six 5xFAD transgenic and six control mice at 11 months of age. We registered these profiles with corresponding profiles of three immunohistochemical markers: β-amyloid; neuron-specific nuclear protein (NeuN), a marker of neuronal cell load; and myelin basic protein (MBP), a marker of myelin load. We found lower T₁ in the 5xFAD transgenic mice compared to wild type control mice at all depths, with maximum sensitivity for detection at specific layers. T₁ negatively correlated with Aβ staining intensity in the 5xFAD mice which had no changes in NeuN and MBP staining compared to wild type mice. We postulate that these relaxation time changes are due to the presence of β-amyloid in the transgenic mice. It may be clinically feasible to develop a similar layered analysis protocol as a biomarker for Alzheimer's disease in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- N G Spencer
- Basic Medical Sciences, St. George's University, London, SW17 0RE, UK.
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Wadghiri YZ, Li J, Wang J, Hoang DM, Sun Y, Xu H, Tsui W, Li Y, Boutajangout A, Wang A, de Leon M, Wisniewski T. Detection of amyloid plaques targeted by bifunctional USPIO in Alzheimer's disease transgenic mice using magnetic resonance microimaging. PLoS One 2013; 8:e57097. [PMID: 23468919 PMCID: PMC3584149 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2012] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloid plaques are a key pathological hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The detection of amyloid plaques in the brain is important for the diagnosis of AD, as well as for following potential amyloid targeting therapeutic interventions. Our group has developed several contrast agents to detect amyloid plaques in vivo using magnetic resonance microimaging (µMRI) in AD transgenic mice, where we used mannitol to enhance blood brain barrier (BBB) permeability. In the present study, we used bifunctional ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide (USPIO) nanoparticles, chemically coupled with Aβ1-42 peptide to image amyloid plaque deposition in the mouse brain. We coupled the nanoparticles to polyethylene glycol (PEG) in order to improve BBB permeability. These USPIO-PEG-Aβ1-42 nanoparticles were injected intravenously in AD model transgenic mice followed by initial in vivo and subsequent ex vivo μMRI. A 3D gradient multi-echo sequence was used for imaging with a 100 µm isotropic resolution. The amyloid plaques detected by T2*-weighted μMRI were confirmed with matched histological sections. The region of interest-based quantitative measurement of T2* values obtained from the in vivo μMRI showed contrast injected AD Tg mice had significantly reduced T2* values compared to wild-type mice. In addition, the ex vivo scans were examined with voxel-based analysis (VBA) using statistical parametric mapping (SPM) for comparison of USPIO-PEG-Aβ1-42 injected AD transgenic and USPIO alone injected AD transgenic mice. The regional differences seen by VBA in the USPIO-PEG-Aβ1-42 injected AD transgenic correlated with the amyloid plaque distribution histologically. Our results indicate that USPIO-PEG-Aβ1-42 can be used for amyloid plaque detection in vivo by intravenous injection without the need to co-inject an agent which increases permeability of the BBB. This technique could aid the development of novel amyloid targeting drugs by allowing therapeutic effects to be followed longitudinally in model AD mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youssef Zaim Wadghiri
- Department of Radiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail: (TW); (YZW)
| | - Jialin Li
- Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | | | - Dung Minh Hoang
- Department of Radiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Yanjie Sun
- Department of Neurology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Hong Xu
- Ocean NanoTech, LLC, Springdale, Arkansas, United States of America
| | - Wai Tsui
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Yongsheng Li
- Department of Neurology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Allal Boutajangout
- Department of Neurology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Andrew Wang
- Ocean NanoTech, LLC, Springdale, Arkansas, United States of America
| | - Mony de Leon
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, New York, United States of America
| | - Thomas Wisniewski
- Department of Neurology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail: (TW); (YZW)
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47
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Wang H, Wang M, Wang B, Li M, Chen H, Yu X, Yang K, Chai Z, Zhao Y, Feng W. Immunogold labeling and X-ray fluorescence microscopy reveal enrichment ratios of Cu and Zn, metabolism of APP and amyloid-β plaque formation in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Metallomics 2012; 4:1113-8. [PMID: 22992540 DOI: 10.1039/c2mt20056b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism that triggers amyloid-β (Aβ) fibrillation and aggregation is still elusive. Evidence suggests that the extensional interactions of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) and Aβ with transition biometals, copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn), may be key occurrences in the processes of Aβ aggregation and toxicity. By using an immunogold labeling technique combined with synchrotron radiation X-ray fluorescence microprobe (SR-μXRF) scanning analysis, the profiles of APP, Aβ42 and Cu, Zn in the brain of APP transgenic mouse with the development of the disease were characterized. This investigation provides visual, kinetic and spatial evidence of the correlation of APP and Aβ-metals in AD brain sections. The visual evidence demonstrates the association of metals Cu and Zn with Aβ42 during plaque formation, which helps implicate the role of metal ion homeostasis in human AD pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huajian Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19B Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China
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48
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Gadolinium-staining reveals amyloid plaques in the brain of Alzheimer's transgenic mice. Neurobiol Aging 2012; 33:1533-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2011.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2010] [Revised: 03/03/2011] [Accepted: 03/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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49
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Deci S, Lemieux SK, Smith-Bell CA, Sparks DL, Schreurs BG. Cholesterol increases ventricular volume in a rabbit model of Alzheimer's disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2012; 29:283-92. [PMID: 22232012 DOI: 10.3233/jad-2011-111415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
One of the hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease is a significant increase in ventricular volume. To date we and others have shown that a cholesterol-fed rabbit model of Alzheimer's disease displays as many as fourteen different pathological markers of Alzheimer's disease including amyloid-β accumulation, thioflavin-S staining, blood brain barrier breach, microglia activation, cerebrovasculature changes, and alterations in learning and memory. Using structural magnetic resonance imaging at 3T, we now report that cholesterol-fed rabbits also show a significant increase in ventricular volume following 10 weeks on a diet of 2% cholesterol. The increase in volume is attributable in large part to increases in the size of the third ventricle. These changes are accompanied by significant increases in the number of amyloid-β immuno-positive cells in the cortex and hippocampus. Increases in the number of amyloid-β neurons in the cortex also occurred with the addition of 0.24 ppm copper to the drinking water. Together with a list of other pathological markers, the current results add further validity to the value of the cholesterol-fed rabbit as a non-transgenic animal model of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Deci
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology and the Blanchette Rockefeller Neurosciences Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA.
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50
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Pinzer B, Cacquevel M, Modregger P, McDonald S, Bensadoun J, Thuering T, Aebischer P, Stampanoni M. Imaging brain amyloid deposition using grating-based differential phase contrast tomography. Neuroimage 2012; 61:1336-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2011] [Revised: 01/31/2012] [Accepted: 03/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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