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Zhou AL, Sharda N, Sarma VV, Ahlschwede KM, Curran GL, Tang X, Poduslo JF, Kalari KR, Lowe VJ, Kandimalla KK. Age-Dependent Changes in the Plasma and Brain Pharmacokinetics of Amyloid-β Peptides and Insulin. J Alzheimers Dis 2022; 85:1031-1044. [PMID: 34924382 PMCID: PMC10846947 DOI: 10.3233/jad-215128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Age is the most common risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD), a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the hallmarks of toxic amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques and hyperphosphorylated tau tangles. Moreover, sub-physiological brain insulin levels have emerged as a pathological manifestation of AD. OBJECTIVE Identify age-related changes in the plasma disposition and blood-brain barrier (BBB) trafficking of Aβ peptides and insulin in mice. METHODS Upon systemic injection of 125I-Aβ40, 125I-Aβ42, or 125I-insulin, the plasma pharmacokinetics and brain influx were assessed in wild-type (WT) or AD transgenic (APP/PS1) mice at various ages. Additionally, publicly available single-cell RNA-Seq data [GSE129788] was employed to investigate pathways regulating BBB transport in WT mice at different ages. RESULTS The brain influx of 125I-Aβ40, estimated as the permeability-surface area product, decreased with age, accompanied by an increase in plasma AUC. In contrast, the brain influx of 125I-Aβ42 increased with age, accompanied by a decrease in plasma AUC. The age-dependent changes observed in WT mice were accelerated in APP/PS1 mice. As seen with 125I-Aβ40, the brain influx of 125I-insulin decreased with age in WT mice, accompanied by an increase in plasma AUC. This finding was further supported by dynamic single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT/CT) imaging studies. RAGE and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways at the BBB, which are implicated in Aβ and insulin transcytosis, respectively, were upregulated with age in WT mice, indicating BBB insulin resistance. CONCLUSION Aging differentially affects the plasma pharmacokinetics and brain influx of Aβ isoforms and insulin in a manner that could potentially augment AD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew L. Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Brain Barriers Research Center, University of Minnesota, College of Pharmacy, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Nidhi Sharda
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Brain Barriers Research Center, University of Minnesota, College of Pharmacy, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Vidur V. Sarma
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Brain Barriers Research Center, University of Minnesota, College of Pharmacy, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Kristen M. Ahlschwede
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, College of Pharmacy, North Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Geoffry L. Curran
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Xiaojia Tang
- Department of Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Joseph F. Poduslo
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Krishna R. Kalari
- Department of Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Val J. Lowe
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Karunya K. Kandimalla
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Brain Barriers Research Center, University of Minnesota, College of Pharmacy, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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Zhou AL, Swaminathan SK, Curran GL, Poduslo JF, Lowe VJ, Li L, Kandimalla KK. Apolipoprotein A-I Crosses the Blood-Brain Barrier through Clathrin-Independent and Cholesterol-Mediated Endocytosis. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2019; 369:481-488. [PMID: 30971477 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.118.254201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies suggest that apolipoprotein A-I (ApoA-I), the major protein constituent of high-density lipoprotein particles, plays a critical role in preserving cerebrovascular integrity and reducing Alzheimer's risk. ApoA-I present in brain is thought to be primarily derived from the peripheral circulation. Although plasma-to-brain delivery of ApoA-I is claimed to be handled by the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB), a contribution by the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which serves as a major portal for protein delivery to brain, cannot be ruled out. In this study, we assessed the permeability-surface area product (PS) of radioiodinated ApoA-I (125I-ApoA-I) in various brain regions of wild-type rats after an intravenous bolus injection. The PS value at the cortex, caudate putamen, hippocampus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum was found to be 0.39, 0.28, 0.28, 0.36, 0.69, and 0.76 (ml/g per second × 10-6), respectively. Solutes delivered into brain via the BCSFB are expected to show greater accumulation in the thalamus due to its periventricular location. The modest permeability for 125I-ApoA-I into the thalamus relative to other regions suggests that BCSFB transport accounts for only a portion of total brain uptake and thus BBB transport cannot be ruled out. In addition, we show that Alexa Flour 647-labeled ApoA-I (AF647-ApoA-I) undergoes clathrin-independent and cholesterol-mediated endocytosis in transformed human cerebral microvascular endothelial cells (hCMEC/D3). Further, Z-series confocal images of the hCMEC/D3 monolayers and Western blot detection of intact ApoA-I on the abluminal side demonstrated AF647-ApoA-I transcytosis across the endothelium. These findings implicate the BBB as a significant portal for ApoA-I delivery into brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew L Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Brain Barriers Research Center (A.L.Z., S.K.S., K.K.K.) and Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology (L.L.), College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota; and Department of Radiology (G.L.C., V.J.L.) and Department of Neurology (G.L.C., J.F.P.), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Suresh K Swaminathan
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Brain Barriers Research Center (A.L.Z., S.K.S., K.K.K.) and Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology (L.L.), College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota; and Department of Radiology (G.L.C., V.J.L.) and Department of Neurology (G.L.C., J.F.P.), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Geoffry L Curran
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Brain Barriers Research Center (A.L.Z., S.K.S., K.K.K.) and Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology (L.L.), College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota; and Department of Radiology (G.L.C., V.J.L.) and Department of Neurology (G.L.C., J.F.P.), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Joseph F Poduslo
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Brain Barriers Research Center (A.L.Z., S.K.S., K.K.K.) and Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology (L.L.), College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota; and Department of Radiology (G.L.C., V.J.L.) and Department of Neurology (G.L.C., J.F.P.), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Val J Lowe
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Brain Barriers Research Center (A.L.Z., S.K.S., K.K.K.) and Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology (L.L.), College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota; and Department of Radiology (G.L.C., V.J.L.) and Department of Neurology (G.L.C., J.F.P.), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Ling Li
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Brain Barriers Research Center (A.L.Z., S.K.S., K.K.K.) and Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology (L.L.), College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota; and Department of Radiology (G.L.C., V.J.L.) and Department of Neurology (G.L.C., J.F.P.), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Karunya K Kandimalla
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Brain Barriers Research Center (A.L.Z., S.K.S., K.K.K.) and Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology (L.L.), College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota; and Department of Radiology (G.L.C., V.J.L.) and Department of Neurology (G.L.C., J.F.P.), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
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Ahlschwede KM, Curran GL, Rosenberg JT, Grant SC, Sarkar G, Jenkins RB, Ramakrishnan S, Poduslo JF, Kandimalla KK. Cationic carrier peptide enhances cerebrovascular targeting of nanoparticles in Alzheimer's disease brain. Nanomedicine 2018; 16:258-266. [PMID: 30300748 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2018.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 09/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Accumulation of amyloid beta (Aβ) peptides in the cerebral vasculature, referred to as cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA), is widely observed in Alzheimer's disease (AD) brain and was shown to accelerate cognitive decline. There is no effective method for detecting cerebrovascular amyloid (CVA) and treat CAA. The targeted nanoparticles developed in this study effectively migrated from the blood flow to the vascular endothelium as determined by using quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D) technology. We also improved the stability, and blood-brain barrier (BBB) transcytosis of targeted nanoparticles by coating them with a cationic BBB penetrating peptide (K16ApoE). The K16ApoE-Targeted nanoparticles demonstrated specific targeting of vasculotropic DutchAβ40 peptide accumulated in the cerebral vasculature. Moreover, K16ApoE-Targeted nanoparticles demonstrated significantly greater uptake into brain and provided specific MRI contrast to detect brain amyloid plaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen M Ahlschwede
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Brain Barriers Research Center, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA; Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Departments of Neurology, Neuroscience and Biochemistry/Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Geoffry L Curran
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Departments of Neurology, Neuroscience and Biochemistry/Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Jens T Rosenberg
- The National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA; Department of Chemical & Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Samuel C Grant
- The National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA; Department of Chemical & Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Gobinda Sarkar
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Robert B Jenkins
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Subramanian Ramakrishnan
- The National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA; Department of Chemical & Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Joseph F Poduslo
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Departments of Neurology, Neuroscience and Biochemistry/Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Karunya K Kandimalla
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Brain Barriers Research Center, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA; Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Departments of Neurology, Neuroscience and Biochemistry/Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA.
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Swaminathan SK, Ahlschwede KM, Sarma V, Curran GL, Omtri RS, Decklever T, Lowe VJ, Poduslo JF, Kandimalla KK. Insulin differentially affects the distribution kinetics of amyloid beta 40 and 42 in plasma and brain. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2018; 38:904-918. [PMID: 28569090 PMCID: PMC5987944 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x17709709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Impaired brain clearance of amyloid-beta peptides (Aβ) 40 and 42 across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is believed to be one of the pathways responsible for Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis. Hyperinsulinemia prevalent in type II diabetes was shown to damage cerebral vasculature and increase Aβ accumulation in AD brain. However, there is no clarity on how aberrations in peripheral insulin levels affect Aβ accumulation in the brain. This study describes, for the first time, an intricate relation between plasma insulin and Aβ transport at the BBB. Upon peripheral insulin administration in wild-type mice: the plasma clearance of Aβ40 increased, but Aβ42 clearance reduced; the plasma-to-brain influx of Aβ40 increased, and that of Aβ42 reduced; and the clearance of intracerebrally injected Aβ40 decreased, whereas Aβ42 clearance increased. In hCMEC/D3 monolayers (in vitro BBB model) exposed to insulin, the luminal uptake and luminal-to-abluminal permeability of Aβ40 increased and that of Aβ42 reduced; the abluminal-to-luminal permeability of Aβ40 decreased, whereas Aβ42 permeability increased. Moreover, Aβ cellular trafficking machinery was altered. In summary, Aβ40 and Aβ42 demonstrated distinct distribution kinetics in plasma and brain compartments, and insulin differentially modulated their distribution. Cerebrovascular disease and metabolic disorders may disrupt this intricate homeostasis and aggravate AD pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh Kumar Swaminathan
- 1 Department of Pharmaceutics and Brain Barriers Research Center, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.,2 Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Kristen M Ahlschwede
- 1 Department of Pharmaceutics and Brain Barriers Research Center, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.,3 Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Vidur Sarma
- 1 Department of Pharmaceutics and Brain Barriers Research Center, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.,2 Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Geoffry L Curran
- 2 Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA.,3 Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Rajesh S Omtri
- 1 Department of Pharmaceutics and Brain Barriers Research Center, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Teresa Decklever
- 2 Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Val J Lowe
- 2 Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Joseph F Poduslo
- 3 Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Karunya K Kandimalla
- 1 Department of Pharmaceutics and Brain Barriers Research Center, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.,3 Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
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Zhang L, Trushin S, Christensen TA, Tripathi U, Hong C, Geroux RE, Howell KG, Poduslo JF, Trushina E. Differential effect of amyloid beta peptides on mitochondrial axonal trafficking depends on their state of aggregation and binding to the plasma membrane. Neurobiol Dis 2018; 114:1-16. [PMID: 29477640 PMCID: PMC5926207 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2018.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of mitochondrial axonal trafficking by amyloid beta (Aβ) peptides has been implicated in early pathophysiology of Alzheimer's Disease (AD). Yet, it remains unclear whether the loss of motility inevitably induces the loss of mitochondrial function, and whether restoration of axonal trafficking represents a valid therapeutic target. Moreover, while some investigations identify Aβ oligomers as the culprit of trafficking inhibition, others propose that fibrils play the detrimental role. We have examined the effect of a panel of Aβ peptides with different mutations found in familial AD on mitochondrial motility in primary cortical mouse neurons. Peptides with higher propensity to aggregate inhibit mitochondrial trafficking to a greater extent with fibrils inducing the strongest inhibition. Binding of Aβ peptides to the plasma membrane was sufficient to induce trafficking inhibition where peptides with reduced plasma membrane binding and internalization had lesser effect on mitochondrial motility. We also found that Aβ peptide with Icelandic mutation A673T affects axonal trafficking of mitochondria but has very low rates of plasma membrane binding and internalization in neurons, which could explain its relatively low toxicity. Inhibition of mitochondrial dynamics caused by Aβ peptides or fibrils did not instantly affect mitochondrial bioenergetic and function. Our results support a mechanism where inhibition of axonal trafficking is initiated at the plasma membrane by soluble low molecular weight Aβ species and is exacerbated by fibrils. Since trafficking inhibition does not coincide with the loss of mitochondrial function, restoration of axonal transport could be beneficial at early stages of AD progression. However, strategies designed to block Aβ aggregation or fibril formation alone without ensuring the efficient clearance of soluble Aβ may not be sufficient to alleviate the trafficking phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
| | - Sergey Trushin
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
| | - Trace A Christensen
- Microscopy and Cell Analysis Core Facility, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
| | - Utkarsh Tripathi
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
| | - Courtney Hong
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Rachel E Geroux
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
| | - Kyle G Howell
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Microscopy and Cell Analysis Core Facility, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
| | - Joseph F Poduslo
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
| | - Eugenia Trushina
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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Poduslo JF, Howell KG. Unique molecular signatures of Alzheimer's disease amyloid β peptide mutations and deletion during aggregate/oligomer/fibril formation. J Neurosci Res 2014; 93:410-23. [PMID: 25377128 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Revised: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The formation of amyloid β (Aβ) peptide aggregates, oligomers, and fibrils is a dynamic process; however, the kinetics of their formation is not well understood. This study compares the time course of aggregate/fibril formation by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analyses with that of oligomer/fibril formation by Western blot analysis under native and denaturing conditions. Efforts to deaggregate/defibrillate these peptides by using hexafluoroisopropanol, ammonium hydroxide, or dimethylsulfoxide did not change the nondenaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) footprints or drive the peptides to a monomeric species. Regardless of the pretreatment protocol, TEM analyses reveal that all Aβ peptides (Aβ40, Aβ42, Aβ39E22Δ [Osaka], Aβ40E22G [Arctic], Aβ40E22Q [Dutch], and Aβ40A2T [Icelandic]) immediately formed nonfibrillar, amorphous aggregates when first placed into solution with the Osaka mutation, quickly forming early-stage fibrils. The extent of fibril formation for other Aβ peptides is time dependent, with the Arctic mutation forming fibrils at 1 hr, the Dutch and Icelandic at 4 hr, Aβ42 at 8 hr, and Aβ40 at 24 hr. In contrast, nondenaturing PAGE revealed unique footprints for the different Aβ species. The rapidity of aggregate formation and the rapid transition to fibrils, particularly for the Osaka deletion, suggest an important role for aggregates/fibrils of Aβ in the development of neuronal degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph F Poduslo
- Departments of Neurology, Neuroscience, and Biochemistry/Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
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Agyare EK, Jaruszewski KM, Curran GL, Rosenberg JT, Grant SC, Lowe VJ, Ramakrishnan S, Paravastu AK, Poduslo JF, Kandimalla KK. Engineering theranostic nanovehicles capable of targeting cerebrovascular amyloid deposits. J Control Release 2014; 185:121-9. [PMID: 24735640 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Revised: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) is characterized by the deposition of amyloid beta (Aβ) proteins within the walls of the cerebral vasculature with subsequent aggressive vascular inflammation leading to recurrent hemorrhagic strokes. The objective of the study was to develop theranostic nanovehicles (TNVs) capable of a) targeting cerebrovascular amyloid; b) providing magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast for the early detection of CAA; and c) treating cerebrovascular inflammation resulting from CAA. The TNVs comprised of a polymeric nanocore made from Magnevist (MRI contrast agent) conjugated chitosan. The nanocore was also loaded with cyclophosphamide (CYC), an immunosuppressant shown to reduce the cerebrovascular inflammation in CAA. Putrescine modified F(ab')2 fragment of anti-amyloid antibody, IgG4.1 (pF(ab')24.1) was conjugated to the surface of the nanocore to target cerebrovascular amyloid. The average size of the control chitosan nanoparticles (conjugated with albumin and are devoid of Magnevist, CYC, and pF(ab')24.1) was 164±1.2 nm and that of the TNVs was 239±4.1 nm. The zeta potential values of the CCNs and TNVs were 21.6±1.7 mV and 11.9±0.5 mV, respectively. The leakage of Magnevist from the TNVs was a modest 0.2% over 4 days, and the CYC release from the TNVs followed Higuchi's model that describes sustained drug release from polymeric matrices. The studies conducted in polarized human microvascular endothelial cell monolayers (hCMEC/D3) in vitro as well as in mice in vivo have demonstrated the ability of TNVs to target cerebrovascular amyloid. In addition, the TNVs provided contrast for imaging cerebrovascular amyloid using MRI and single photon emission computed tomography. Moreover, the TNVs were shown to reduce pro-inflammatory cytokine production by the Aβ challenged blood brain barrier (BBB) endothelium more effectively than the cyclophosphamide alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward K Agyare
- Division of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, 1520 S. MLK BLVD, Tallahassee 32307, USA
| | - Kristen M Jaruszewski
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Brain Barriers Research Center, University of Minnesota, 308 Harvard St. SE, Room 9-149A WDH, Minneapolis 55455, USA; Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Departments of Neurology, Neuroscience, and Biochemistry/Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 1st Street SW, Rochester 55905, USA
| | - Geoffry L Curran
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Departments of Neurology, Neuroscience, and Biochemistry/Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 1st Street SW, Rochester 55905, USA
| | - Jens T Rosenberg
- The Florida State University and National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, 1800 East Paul Dirac Drive, Tallahassee 32310, USA
| | - Samuel C Grant
- The Florida State University and National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, 1800 East Paul Dirac Drive, Tallahassee 32310, USA; Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Florida A&M University-Florida State University College of Engineering, 2525 Pottsdamer Street, Tallahassee 32310, USA
| | - Val J Lowe
- Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st Street SW, Rochester 55905, USA
| | - Subramanian Ramakrishnan
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Florida A&M University-Florida State University College of Engineering, 2525 Pottsdamer Street, Tallahassee 32310, USA
| | - Anant K Paravastu
- The Florida State University and National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, 1800 East Paul Dirac Drive, Tallahassee 32310, USA; Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Florida A&M University-Florida State University College of Engineering, 2525 Pottsdamer Street, Tallahassee 32310, USA
| | - Joseph F Poduslo
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Departments of Neurology, Neuroscience, and Biochemistry/Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 1st Street SW, Rochester 55905, USA
| | - Karunya K Kandimalla
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Brain Barriers Research Center, University of Minnesota, 308 Harvard St. SE, Room 9-149A WDH, Minneapolis 55455, USA; Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Departments of Neurology, Neuroscience, and Biochemistry/Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 1st Street SW, Rochester 55905, USA.
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Jaruszewski KM, Curran GL, Swaminathan SK, Rosenberg JT, Grant SC, Ramakrishnan S, Lowe VJ, Poduslo JF, Kandimalla KK. Multimodal nanoprobes to target cerebrovascular amyloid in Alzheimer's disease brain. Biomaterials 2013; 35:1967-76. [PMID: 24331706 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.10.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 10/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) results from the accumulation of Aβ proteins primarily within the media and adventitia of small arteries and capillaries of the cortex and leptomeninges. CAA affects a majority of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients and is associated with a rapid decline in cognitive reserve. Unfortunately, there is no pre-mortem diagnosis available for CAA. Furthermore, treatment options are few and relatively ineffective. To combat this issue, we have designed nanovehicles (nanoparticles-IgG4.1) capable of targeting cerebrovascular amyloid (CVA) and serving as early diagnostic and therapeutic agents. These nanovehicles were loaded with Gadolinium (Gd) based (Magnevist(®)) magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents or single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) agents, such as (125)I. In addition, the nanovehicles carry either anti-inflammatory and anti-amyloidogenic agents such as curcumin or immunosuppressants such as dexamethasone, which were previously shown to reduce cerebrovascular inflammation. Owing to the anti-amyloid antibody (IgG4.1) grafted on the surface, the nanovehicles are capable of specifically targeting CVA deposits. The nanovehicles effectively marginate from the blood flow to the vascular wall as determined by using quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D) technology. They demonstrate excellent distribution to the brain vasculature and target CVA, thus providing MRI and SPECT contrast specific to the CVA in the brain. In addition, they also display the potential to carry therapeutic agents to reduce cerebrovascular inflammation associated with CAA, which is believed to trigger hemorrhage in CAA patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen M Jaruszewski
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Brain Barriers Research Center, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Neuroscience and Biochemistry/Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA
| | - Geoffry L Curran
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Neuroscience and Biochemistry/Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Suresh K Swaminathan
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Brain Barriers Research Center, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Jens T Rosenberg
- The Florida State University and National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Tallassee, FL 32310, USA
| | - Samuel C Grant
- The Florida State University and National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Tallassee, FL 32310, USA; Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Florida A&M University-Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32310, USA
| | - Subramanian Ramakrishnan
- The Florida State University and National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Tallassee, FL 32310, USA; Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Florida A&M University-Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32310, USA
| | - Val J Lowe
- Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Joseph F Poduslo
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Neuroscience and Biochemistry/Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Karunya K Kandimalla
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Brain Barriers Research Center, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Neuroscience and Biochemistry/Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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9
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Marjańska M, Weigand SD, Preboske G, Wengenack TM, Chamberlain R, Curran GL, Poduslo JF, Garwood M, Kobayashi D, Lin JC, Jack CR. Treatment effects in a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease: a magnetic resonance spectroscopy study after passive immunization. Neuroscience 2013; 259:94-100. [PMID: 24316473 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.11.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Revised: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Despite the enormous public health impact of Alzheimer's disease (AD), no disease-modifying treatment has yet been proven to be efficacious in humans. A rate-limiting step in the discovery of potential therapies for humans is the absence of efficient non-invasive methods of evaluating drugs in animal models of disease. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) provides a non-invasive way to evaluate the animals at baseline, at the end of treatment, and serially to better understand treatment effects. In this study, MRS was assessed as potential outcome measure for detecting disease modification in a transgenic mouse model of AD. Passive immunization with two different antibodies, which have been previously shown to reduce plaque accumulation in transgenic AD mice, was used as intervention. Treatment effects were detected by MRS, and the most striking finding was attenuation of myo-inositol (mIns) increases in APP-PS1 mice with both treatments. Additionally, a dose-dependent effect was observed with one of the treatments for mIns. MRS appears to be a valid in vivo measure of anti-Aβ therapeutic efficacy in pre-clinical studies. Because it is noninvasive, and can detect treatment effects, use of MRS-based endpoints could substantially accelerate drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Marjańska
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research and Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| | - S D Weigand
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA
| | - G Preboske
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55902, USA
| | - T M Wengenack
- Departments of Neurology, Neuroscience, and Biochemistry/Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55902, USA
| | - R Chamberlain
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research and Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - G L Curran
- Departments of Neurology, Neuroscience, and Biochemistry/Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55902, USA
| | - J F Poduslo
- Departments of Neurology, Neuroscience, and Biochemistry/Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55902, USA
| | - M Garwood
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research and Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - D Kobayashi
- Rinat, Pfizer Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - J C Lin
- Rinat, Pfizer Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - C R Jack
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55902, USA
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10
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Agyare EK, Leonard SR, Curran GL, Yu CC, Lowe VJ, Paravastu AK, Poduslo JF, Kandimalla KK. Traffic jam at the blood-brain barrier promotes greater accumulation of Alzheimer's disease amyloid-β proteins in the cerebral vasculature. Mol Pharm 2013; 10:1557-65. [PMID: 23249146 DOI: 10.1021/mp300352c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid-β (Aβ) deposition in the brain vasculature results in cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA), which occurs in about 80% of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients. While Aβ42 predominates parenchymal amyloid plaques in AD brain, Aβ40 is prevalent in the cerebrovascular amyloid. Dutch mutation of Aβ40 (E22Q) promotes aggressive cerebrovascular accumulation and leads to severe CAA in the mutation carriers; knowledge of how DutchAβ40 drives this process more efficiently than Aβ40 could reveal various pathophysiological events that promote CAA. In this study we have demonstrated that DutchAβ40 shows preferential accumulation in the blood-brain-barrier (BBB) endothelial cells due to its inefficient blood-to-brain transcytosis. Consequently, DutchAβ40 establishes a permeation barrier in the BBB endothelium, prevents its own clearance from the brain, and promotes the formation of amyloid deposits in the cerebral microvessels. The BBB endothelial accumulation of native Aβ40 is not robust enough to exercise such a significant impact on its brain clearance. Hence, the cerebrovascular accumulation of Aβ40 is slow and may require other copathologies to precipitate into CAA. In conclusion, the magnitude of Aβ accumulation in the BBB endothelial cells is a critical factor that promotes CAA; hence, clearing vascular endothelium of Aβ proteins may halt or even reverse CAA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward K Agyare
- Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States
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11
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Omtri RS, Davidson MW, Arumugam B, Poduslo JF, Kandimalla KK. Differences in the cellular uptake and intracellular itineraries of amyloid beta proteins 40 and 42: ramifications for the Alzheimer's drug discovery. Mol Pharm 2012; 9:1887-97. [PMID: 22574751 DOI: 10.1021/mp200530q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Mounting evidence suggests that the pathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD), neurofibrillary tangles and parenchymal amyloid plaques, are downstream reflections of neurodegeneration caused by the intraneuronal accumulation of amyloid-β proteins (Aβ), particularly Aβ42 and Aβ40. While the neurotoxicity of more amyloidogenic but less abundant Aβ42 is well documented, the effect of Aβ40 on neurons has been understudied. The Aβ40 expression in the presymptomatic AD brain is ten times greater than that of Aβ42. However, the Aβ40:42 ratio decreases with AD progression and coincides with increased amyloid plaque deposition in the brain. Hence, it is thought that Aβ40 protects neurons from the deleterious effects of Aβ42. The pathophysiological pathways involved in the neuronal uptake of Aβ40 or Aβ42 have not been clearly elucidated. Lack of such critical information obscures therapeutic targets and thwarts rational drug development strategies aimed at preventing neurodegeneration in AD. The current study has shown that fluorescein labeled Aβ42 (F-Aβ42) is internalized by neurons via dynamin dependent endocytosis and is sensitive to membrane cholesterol, whereas the neuronal uptake of F-Aβ40 is energy independent and nonendocytotic. Following their uptake, both F-Aβ40 and F-Aβ42 did not accumulate in early/recycling endosomes; F-Aβ42 but not F-Aβ40 accumulated in late endosomes and in the vesicles harboring caveolin-1. Furthermore, F-Aβ42 demonstrated robust accumulation in the lysosomes and damaged their integrity, whereas F-Aβ40 showed only a sparse lysosomal accumulation. Such regulated trafficking along distinct pathways suggests that Aβ40 and Aβ42 exercise differential effects on neurons. These differences must be carefully considered in the design of a pharmacological agent intended to block the neurodegeneration triggered by Aβ proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh S Omtri
- Division of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tallahassee, Florida, United States
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12
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Poduslo JF, Howell KG, Olson NC, Ramirez-Alvarado M, Kandimalla KK. Alzheimer’s Disease Amyloid β-Protein Mutations and Deletions That Define Neuronal Binding/Internalization as Early Stage Nonfibrillar/Fibrillar Aggregates and Late Stage Fibrils. Biochemistry 2012; 51:3993-4003. [DOI: 10.1021/bi300275g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph F. Poduslo
- Departments of Neurology, Neuroscience,
and Biochemistry/Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, United States
| | - Kyle G. Howell
- Departments of Neurology, Neuroscience,
and Biochemistry/Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, United States
| | - Nicole C. Olson
- Departments of Neurology, Neuroscience,
and Biochemistry/Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, United States
| | - Marina Ramirez-Alvarado
- Departments of Neurology, Neuroscience,
and Biochemistry/Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, United States
| | - Karunya K. Kandimalla
- Departments of Neurology, Neuroscience,
and Biochemistry/Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, United States
- Department of Pharmaceutics,
College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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13
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Trushina E, Nemutlu E, Zhang S, Christensen T, Camp J, Mesa J, Siddiqui A, Tamura Y, Sesaki H, Wengenack TM, Dzeja PP, Poduslo JF. Defects in mitochondrial dynamics and metabolomic signatures of evolving energetic stress in mouse models of familial Alzheimer's disease. PLoS One 2012; 7:e32737. [PMID: 22393443 PMCID: PMC3290628 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2011] [Accepted: 01/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The identification of early mechanisms underlying Alzheimer's Disease (AD) and associated biomarkers could advance development of new therapies and improve monitoring and predicting of AD progression. Mitochondrial dysfunction has been suggested to underlie AD pathophysiology, however, no comprehensive study exists that evaluates the effect of different familial AD (FAD) mutations on mitochondrial function, dynamics, and brain energetics. METHODS AND FINDINGS We characterized early mitochondrial dysfunction and metabolomic signatures of energetic stress in three commonly used transgenic mouse models of FAD. Assessment of mitochondrial motility, distribution, dynamics, morphology, and metabolomic profiling revealed the specific effect of each FAD mutation on the development of mitochondrial stress and dysfunction. Inhibition of mitochondrial trafficking was characteristic for embryonic neurons from mice expressing mutant human presenilin 1, PS1(M146L) and the double mutation of human amyloid precursor protein APP(Tg2576) and PS1(M146L) contributing to the increased susceptibility of neurons to excitotoxic cell death. Significant changes in mitochondrial morphology were detected in APP and APP/PS1 mice. All three FAD models demonstrated a loss of the integrity of synaptic mitochondria and energy production. Metabolomic profiling revealed mutation-specific changes in the levels of metabolites reflecting altered energy metabolism and mitochondrial dysfunction in brains of FAD mice. Metabolic biomarkers adequately reflected gender differences similar to that reported for AD patients and correlated well with the biomarkers currently used for diagnosis in humans. CONCLUSIONS Mutation-specific alterations in mitochondrial dynamics, morphology and function in FAD mice occurred prior to the onset of memory and neurological phenotype and before the formation of amyloid deposits. Metabolomic signatures of mitochondrial stress and altered energy metabolism indicated alterations in nucleotide, Krebs cycle, energy transfer, carbohydrate, neurotransmitter, and amino acid metabolic pathways. Mitochondrial dysfunction, therefore, is an underlying event in AD progression, and FAD mouse models provide valuable tools to study early molecular mechanisms implicated in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia Trushina
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America.
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14
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Murphy MC, Curran GL, Glaser KJ, Rossman PJ, Huston J, Poduslo JF, Jack CR, Felmlee JP, Ehman RL. Magnetic resonance elastography of the brain in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease: initial results. Magn Reson Imaging 2012; 30:535-9. [PMID: 22326238 DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2011.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2011] [Revised: 09/15/2011] [Accepted: 12/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The increasing prevalence of Alzheimer's disease (AD) has provided motivation for developing novel methods for assessing the disease and the effects of potential treatments. Magnetic resonance elastography (MRE) is an MRI-based method for quantitatively imaging the shear tissue stiffness in vivo. The objective of this research was to determine whether this new imaging biomarker has potential for characterizing neurodegenerative disease. Methods were developed and tested for applying MRE to evaluate the mouse brain, using a conventional large bore 3.0T MRI system. The technique was then applied to study APP-PS1 mice, a well-characterized model of AD. Five APP-PS1 mice and 8 age-matched wild-type mice were imaged immediately following sacrifice. Brain shear stiffness measurements in APP-PS1 mice averaged 22.5% lower than those for wild-type mice (P = .0031). The results indicate that mouse brain MRE is feasible at 3.0T, and brain shear stiffness has merit for further investigation as a potential new biomarker for Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew C Murphy
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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15
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Sarkar G, Curran GL, Mahlum E, Decklever T, Wengenack TM, Blahnik A, Hoesley B, Lowe VJ, Poduslo JF, Jenkins RB. A carrier for non-covalent delivery of functional beta-galactosidase and antibodies against amyloid plaques and IgM to the brain. PLoS One 2011; 6:e28881. [PMID: 22216132 PMCID: PMC3244419 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2011] [Accepted: 11/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Therapeutic intervention of numerous brain-associated disorders currently remains unrealized due to serious limitations imposed by the blood-brain-barrier (BBB). The BBB generally allows transport of small molecules, typically <600 daltons with high octanol/water partition coefficients, but denies passage to most larger molecules. However, some receptors present on the BBB allow passage of cognate proteins to the brain. Utilizing such receptor-ligand systems, several investigators have developed methods for delivering proteins to the brain, a critical requirement of which involves covalent linking of the target protein to a carrier entity. Such covalent modifications involve extensive preparative and post-preparative chemistry that poses daunting limitations in the context of delivery to any organ. Here, we report creation of a 36-amino acid peptide transporter, which can transport a protein to the brain after routine intravenous injection of the transporter-protein mixture. No covalent linkage of the protein with the transporter is necessary. Approach A peptide transporter comprising sixteen lysine residues and 20 amino acids corresponding to the LDLR-binding domain of apolipoprotein E (ApoE) was synthesized. Transport of beta-galactosidase, IgG, IgM, and antibodies against amyloid plques to the brain upon iv injection of the protein-transporter mixture was evaluated through staining for enzyme activity or micro single photon emission tomography (micro-SPECT) or immunostaining. Effect of the transporter on the integrity of the BBB was also investigated. Principal Findings The transporter enabled delivery to the mouse brain of functional beta-galactosidase, human IgG and IgM, and two antibodies that labeled brain-associated amyloid beta plaques in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Significance The results suggest the transporter is able to transport most or all proteins to the brain without the need for chemically linking the transporter to a protein. Thus, the approach offers an avenue for rapid clinical evaluation of numerous candidate drugs against neurological diseases including cancer. (299 words).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gobinda Sarkar
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- Department of Orthopedics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- * E-mail: (GS); (RJ)
| | - Geoffry L. Curran
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Eric Mahlum
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Teresa Decklever
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Thomas M. Wengenack
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Anthony Blahnik
- Tissue and Cell Molecular Analysis Laboratory, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Bridget Hoesley
- Tissue and Cell Molecular Analysis Laboratory, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Val J. Lowe
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Joseph F. Poduslo
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Robert B. Jenkins
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- * E-mail: (GS); (RJ)
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16
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Jaruszewski KM, Ramakrishnan S, Poduslo JF, Kandimalla KK. Chitosan enhances the stability and targeting of immuno-nanovehicles to cerebro-vascular deposits of Alzheimer's disease amyloid protein. Nanomedicine 2011; 8:250-60. [PMID: 21704598 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2011.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2010] [Revised: 04/30/2011] [Accepted: 06/04/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Alzheimer's disease amyloid β (Aβ) proteins accumulate in the cerebral vasculature and cause cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA). The objective of this study was to resolve critical formulation issues in developing nanoparticles (NPs) capable of permeating the blood brain barrier (BBB) and targeting cerebrovascular Aβ proteins. To achieve this objective we designed immuno-nanovehicles, which are chitosan-coated poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) NPs conjugated with a novel anti-Aβ antibody. Measurements made according to Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek (DLVO) theory indicated that the immuno-nanovehicles have a much lower propensity to aggregate than the control nanovehicles. Immuno-nanovehicles showed enhanced uptake at the BBB and better targeting of the Aβ proteins deposited in the CAA model in vitro in comparison with the control nanovehicles. In addition, chitosan enhanced aqueous dispersibility and increased the stability of immuno-nanovehicles during lyophilization, thus transforming them into ideal vehicles for delivering therapeutic and diagnostic agents to the cerebral vasculature ridden with vascular amyloid. FROM THE CLINICAL EDITOR In this study, the authors report the development of chitosan-coated PLGA nanoparticles conjugated with anti-amyloid antibody to be used as immuno-nanovehicles to image cerebral amyloid angiopathy deposits in vivo. This method enables delivering therapeutic and diagnostic agents to the cerebral vasculature ridden with vascular amyloid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen M Jaruszewski
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A & M University, Tallahassee, Florida 32307, USA
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17
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Chamberlain R, Wengenack TM, Poduslo JF, Garwood M, Jack CR. Magnetic resonance imaging of amyloid plaques in transgenic mouse models of Alzheimer's disease. Curr Med Imaging 2011; 7:3-7. [PMID: 21499442 DOI: 10.2174/157340511794653522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A major objective in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease is amyloid plaque reduction. Transgenic mouse models of Alzheimer's disease provide a controlled and consistent environment for studying amyloid plaque deposition in Alzheimer's disease. Magnetic resonance imaging is an attractive tool for longitudinal studies because it offers non-invasive monitoring of amyloid plaques. Recent studies have demonstrated the ability of magnetic resonance imaging to detect individual plaques in living mice. This review discusses the mouse models, MR pulse sequences, and parameters that have been used to image plaques and how they can be optimized for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Chamberlain
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research and Department of Radiology University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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18
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Wengenack TM, Reyes DA, Curran GL, Borowski BJ, Lin J, Preboske GM, Holasek SS, Gilles EJ, Chamberlain R, Marjanska M, Jack CR, Garwood M, Poduslo JF. Regional differences in MRI detection of amyloid plaques in AD transgenic mouse brain. Neuroimage 2010; 54:113-22. [PMID: 20728546 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2010] [Revised: 07/09/2010] [Accepted: 08/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Our laboratory and others have reported the ability to detect individual Alzheimer's disease (AD) amyloid plaques in transgenic mouse brain in vivo by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Since amyloid plaques contain iron, most MRI studies attempting to detect plaques in AD transgenic mouse brain have employed techniques that exploit the paramagnetic effect of iron and have had mixed results. In the present study, using five-way anatomic spatial coregistration of MR images with three different histological techniques, properties of amyloid plaques in AD transgenic mouse brain were revealed that may explain their variable visibility in gradient- and spin-echo MR images. The results demonstrate differences in the visibility of plaques in the cortex and hippocampus, compared to plaques in the thalamus, by the different MRI sequences. All plaques were equally detectable by T(2)SE, while only thalamic plaques were reliably detectable by T(2)*GE pulse sequences. Histology revealed that cortical/hippocampal plaques have low levels of iron while thalamic plaques have very high levels. However, the paramagnetic effect of iron does not appear to be the sole factor leading to the rapid decay of transverse magnetization (short T(2)) in cortical/hippocampal plaques. Accordingly, MRI methods that rely less on iron magnetic susceptibility effect may be more successful for eventual human AD plaque MR imaging, particularly since human AD plaques more closely resemble the cortical and hippocampal plaques of AD transgenic mice than thalamic plaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Wengenack
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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19
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Poduslo JF, Ramakrishnan M, Wengenack TM, Kandimalla KK, Howell KG. P3‐287: Surface plasmon resonance binding kinetics of Alzheimer's disease amyloid β peptide capturing‐ and plaque binding‐monoclonal antibodies. Alzheimers Dement 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2010.05.1787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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20
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Poduslo JF, Gilles EJ, Ramakrishnan M, Howell KG, Wengenack TM, Curran GL, Kandimalla KK. HH domain of Alzheimer's disease Abeta provides structural basis for neuronal binding in PC12 and mouse cortical/hippocampal neurons. PLoS One 2010; 5:e8813. [PMID: 20098681 PMCID: PMC2809098 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0008813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2009] [Accepted: 12/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A key question in understanding AD is whether extracellular Aβ deposition of parenchymal amyloid plaques or intraneuronal Aβ accumulation initiates the AD process. Amyloid precursor protein (APP) is endocytosed from the cell surface into endosomes where it is cleaved to produce soluble Aβ which is then released into the brain interstitial fluid. Intraneuronal Aβ accumulation is hypothesized to predominate from the neuronal uptake of this soluble extracellular Aβ rather than from ER/Golgi processing of APP. We demonstrate that substitution of the two adjacent histidine residues of Aβ40 results in a significant decrease in its binding with PC12 cells and mouse cortical/hippocampal neurons. These substitutions also result in a dramatic enhancement of both thioflavin-T positive fibril formation and binding to preformed Aβ fibrils while maintaining its plaque-binding ability in AD transgenic mice. Hence, alteration of the histidine domain of Aβ prevented neuronal binding and drove Aβ to enhanced fibril formation and subsequent amyloid plaque deposition - a potential mechanism for removing toxic species of Aβ. Substitution or even masking of these Aβ histidine residues might provide a new therapeutic direction for minimizing neuronal uptake and subsequent neuronal degeneration and maximizing targeting to amyloid plaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph F Poduslo
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America.
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21
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Ramakrishnan M, Kandimalla KK, Wengenack TM, Howell KG, Poduslo JF. Surface plasmon resonance binding kinetics of Alzheimer's disease amyloid beta peptide-capturing and plaque-binding monoclonal antibodies. Biochemistry 2009; 48:10405-15. [PMID: 19775170 DOI: 10.1021/bi900523q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Several different monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have been actively developed in the field of Alzheimer's disease (AD) for basic science and clinical applications; however, the binding kinetics of many of the mAbs with the beta-amyloid peptides (Abeta) are poorly understood. A panel of mAbs with different Abeta recognition sites, including our plaque-binding antibody (IgG4.1), a peptide-capturing antibody (11A50), and two classical mAbs (6E10 and 4G8) used for immunohistochemistry, were chosen for characterization of their kinetics of binding to monomeric and fibrillar forms of Abeta40 using surface plasmon resonance and their amyloid plaque binding ability in AD mouse brain sections using immunohistochemistry. The plaque-binding antibody (IgG4.1) with epitope specificity of Abeta(2-10) showed a weaker affinity (512 nM) for monomeric Abeta40 but a higher affinity (1.5 nM) for Abeta40 fibrils and labeled dense core plaques better than 6E10 as determined by immunohistochemistry. The peptide-capturing antibody (11A50) showed preferential affinity (32.5 nM) for monomeric Abeta40 but did not bind to Abeta40 fibrils, whereas antibodies 6E10 and 4G8 had moderate affinity for monomeric Abeta40 (22.3 and 30.1 nM, respectively). 4G8, which labels diffuse plaques better than 6E10, had a higher association rate constant than 6E10 but showed similar association and dissociation kinetics compared to those of 11A50. Enzymatic digestion of IgG4.1 to the F(ab')(2)4.1 fragments or their polyamine-modified derivatives that enhance blood-brain barrier permeability did not affect the kinetic properties of the antigen binding site. These differences in kinetic binding to monomeric and fibrillar Abeta among various antibodies could be utilized to distinguish mAbs that might be useful for immunotherapy or amyloid plaque imaging versus those that could be utilized for bioanalytical techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muthu Ramakrishnan
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
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22
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Chamberlain R, Reyes D, Curran GL, Marjanska M, Wengenack TM, Poduslo JF, Garwood M, Jack CR. Comparison of amyloid plaque contrast generated by T2-weighted, T2*-weighted, and susceptibility-weighted imaging methods in transgenic mouse models of Alzheimer's disease. Magn Reson Med 2009; 61:1158-64. [PMID: 19253386 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.21951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
One of the hallmark pathologies of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is amyloid plaque deposition. Plaques appear hypointense on T(2)-weighted and T(2)*-weighted MR images probably due to the presence of endogenous iron, but no quantitative comparison of various imaging techniques has been reported. We estimated the T(1), T(2), T(2)*, and proton density values of cortical plaques and normal cortical tissue and analyzed the plaque contrast generated by a collection of T(2)-weighted, T(2)*-weighted, and susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI) methods in ex vivo transgenic mouse specimens. The proton density and T(1) values were similar for both cortical plaques and normal cortical tissue. The T(2) and T(2)* values were similar in cortical plaques, which indicates that the iron content of cortical plaques may not be as large as previously thought. Ex vivo plaque contrast was increased compared to a previously reported spin-echo sequence by summing multiple echoes and by performing SWI; however, gradient echo and SWI were found to be impractical for in vivo imaging due to susceptibility interface-related signal loss in the cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Chamberlain
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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Worthy PN, Olenych SG, Fulzele S, Davidson MW, Poduslo JF, Kandimalla KK. How Neurons Internalize Alzheimer's Disease Amyloid β Protein. FASEB J 2009. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.23.1_supplement.lb258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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24
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Kandimalla KK, Scott OG, Fulzele S, Davidson MW, Poduslo JF. Mechanism of neuronal versus endothelial cell uptake of Alzheimer's disease amyloid beta protein. PLoS One 2009; 4:e4627. [PMID: 19247480 PMCID: PMC2645672 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0004627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2008] [Accepted: 01/01/2009] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by significant neurodegeneration in the cortex and hippocampus; intraneuronal tangles of hyperphosphorylated tau protein; and accumulation of β-amyloid (Aβ) proteins 40 and 42 in the brain parenchyma as well as in the cerebral vasculature. The current understanding that AD is initiated by the neuronal accumulation of Aβ proteins due to their inefficient clearance at the blood-brain-barrier (BBB), places the neurovascular unit at the epicenter of AD pathophysiology. The objective of this study is to investigate cellular mechanisms mediating the internalization of Aβ proteins in the principle constituents of the neurovascular unit, neurons and BBB endothelial cells. Laser confocal micrographs of wild type (WT) mouse brain slices treated with fluorescein labeled Aβ40 (F-Aβ40) demonstrated selective accumulation of the protein in a subpopulation of cortical and hippocampal neurons via nonsaturable, energy independent, and nonendocytotic pathways. This groundbreaking finding, which challenges the conventional belief that Aβ proteins are internalized by neurons via receptor mediated endocytosis, was verified in differentiated PC12 cells and rat primary hippocampal (RPH) neurons through laser confocal microscopy and flow cytometry studies. Microscopy studies have demonstrated that a significant proportion of F-Aβ40 or F-Aβ42 internalized by differentiated PC12 cells or RPH neurons is located outside of the endosomal or lysosomal compartments, which may accumulate without degradation. In contrast, BBME cells exhibit energy dependent uptake of F-Aβ40, and accumulate the protein in acidic cell organelle, indicative of endocytotic uptake. Such a phenomenal difference in the internalization of Aβ40 between neurons and BBB endothelial cells may provide essential clues to understanding how various cells can differentially regulate Aβ proteins and help explain the vulnerability of cortical and hippocampal neurons to Aβ toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karunya K Kandimalla
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States of America.
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25
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Chamberlain RM, Reyes D, Curran GL, Marjanska M, Wengenack TM, Poduslo JF, Garwood M, Jack CR. P1‐228: Comparison of amyloid plaque contrast generated by
T
2
‐, T
2
*
, and susceptibility‐weighted magnetic resonance imaging methods in transgenic mice. Alzheimers Dement 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2008.05.817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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26
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Chamberlain R, Reyes D, Curran GL, Marjanska M, Wengenack TM, Poduslo JF, Garwood M, Jack CR. IC‐P1‐008: Comparison of amyloid plaque contrast generated by
T
2
‐,
T
2
*, and susceptibility‐weighted magnetic resonance imaging methods in transgenic mice. Alzheimers Dement 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2008.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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27
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Yao JK, Wengenack TM, Curran GL, Poduslo JF. Reduced Membrane Lipids in the Cortex of Alzheimer’s Disease Transgenic Mice. Neurochem Res 2008; 34:102-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-008-9673-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2007] [Accepted: 03/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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28
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Kandimalla KK, Wengenack TM, Curran GL, Gilles EJ, Poduslo JF. Pharmacokinetics and Amyloid Plaque Targeting Ability of a Novel Peptide-Based Magnetic Resonance Contrast Agent in Wild-Type and Alzheimer's Disease Transgenic Mice. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2007; 322:541-9. [PMID: 17505020 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.107.119883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel magnetic resonance (MR) imaging contrast agent based on a derivative of human amyloid beta (Abeta) peptide, Gd[N-4ab/Q-4ab]Abeta 30, was previously shown to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and bind to amyloid plaques in Alzheimer's disease (AD) transgenic mouse (APP/PS1) brain. We now report extensive plasma and brain pharmacokinetics of this contrast agent in wild-type (WT) and in APP/PS1 mice along with a quantitative summary of various physiological factors that govern its efficacy. Upon i.v. bolus administration, (125)I-Gd[N-4ab/Q-4ab]Abeta 30 was rapidly eliminated from the plasma following a three-exponential disposition, which is saturable at higher concentrations. Nevertheless, the contrast agent exhibited rapid and nonsaturable absorption at the BBB. The brain pharmacokinetic profile of (125)I-Gd[N-4ab/Q-4ab]Abeta 30 showed a rapid absorption phase followed by a slower elimination phase. No significant differences were observed in the plasma or brain kinetics of WT and APP/PS1 animals. Emulsion autoradiography studies conducted on WT and APP/PS1 mouse brain after an i.v. bolus administration of (125)I-Gd[N-4ab/Q-4ab]Abeta 30 in vivo confirmed the brain pharmacokinetic data and also demonstrated the preferential localization of the contrast agent on the plaques for an extended period of time. These attributes of the contrast agent are extremely useful in providing an excellent signal/noise ratio during longer MR scans, which may be essential for obtaining a high resolution image. In conclusion, this study documents the successful plaque targeting of Gd[N-4ab/Q-4ab]Abeta 30 and provides crucial pharmacokinetic information to determine the dose, mode of administration, and scan times for future in vivo MR imaging of amyloid plaques in AD transgenic mice.
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29
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Poduslo JF, Ramakrishnan M, Holasek SS, Ramirez-Alvarado M, Kandimalla KK, Gilles EJ, Curran GL, Wengenack TM. In vivo targeting of antibody fragments to the nervous system for Alzheimer’s disease immunotherapy and molecular imaging of amyloid plaques. J Neurochem 2007; 102:420-33. [PMID: 17596213 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2007.04591.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Targeting therapeutic or diagnostic proteins to the nervous system is limited by the presence of the blood-brain barrier. We report that a F(ab')(2) fragment of a monoclonal antibody against fibrillar human Abeta42 that is polyamine (p)-modified has increased permeability at the blood-brain barrier, comparable binding to the antigen, and comparable in vitro binding to amyloid plaques in Alzheimer's disease (AD) transgenic mouse brain sections. Intravenous injection of the pF(ab')(2)4.1 in the AD transgenic mouse demonstrated efficient targeting to amyloid plaques throughout the brain, whereas the unmodified fragment did not. Removal of the Fc portion of this antibody derivative will minimize the inflammatory response and cerebral hemorrhaging associated with passive immunization and provide increased therapeutic potential for treating AD. Coupling contrast agents/radioisotopes might facilitate the molecular imaging of amyloid plaques with magnetic resonance imaging/positron emission tomography. The efficient delivery of immunoglobulin G fragments may also have important applications to other neurodegenerative disorders or for the generalized targeting of nervous system antigens.
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MESH Headings
- Alzheimer Disease/immunology
- Alzheimer Disease/physiopathology
- Alzheimer Disease/therapy
- Amyloid beta-Peptides/antagonists & inhibitors
- Amyloid beta-Peptides/immunology
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/metabolism
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Binding, Competitive/immunology
- Blood-Brain Barrier/drug effects
- Blood-Brain Barrier/immunology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin Fragments/immunology
- Immunoglobulin Fragments/metabolism
- Immunoglobulin Fragments/therapeutic use
- Immunoglobulin G/immunology
- Immunoglobulin G/metabolism
- Immunoglobulin G/therapeutic use
- Immunotherapy/methods
- Immunotherapy/trends
- Injections, Intravenous
- Isoelectric Focusing
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Peptide Fragments/antagonists & inhibitors
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Peptide Hydrolases/chemistry
- Plaque, Amyloid/drug effects
- Plaque, Amyloid/immunology
- Protein Binding/immunology
- Protein Transport/immunology
- Radioligand Assay
- Receptors, Immunologic/drug effects
- Receptors, Immunologic/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph F Poduslo
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA.
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30
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Jack CR, Marjanska M, Wengenack TM, Reyes DA, Curran GL, Lin J, Preboske GM, Poduslo JF, Garwood M. Magnetic resonance imaging of Alzheimer's pathology in the brains of living transgenic mice: a new tool in Alzheimer's disease research. Neuroscientist 2007; 13:38-48. [PMID: 17229974 DOI: 10.1177/1073858406295610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia in the elderly. Cardinal pathologic features of AD are amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, and most in the field believe that the initiating events ultimately leading to clinical AD center on disordered metabolism of amyloid beta protein. Mouse models of AD have been created by inserting one or more human mutations associated with disordered amyloid metabolism and that cause early onset familial AD into the mouse genome. Human-like amyloid plaque formation increases dramatically with age in these transgenic mice. Amyloid reduction in humans is a major therapeutic objective, and AD transgenic mice allow controlled study of this biology. Recent work has shown that amyloid plaques as small as 35 microm can be detected using in vivo magnetic resonance microimaging (MRMI) at high magnetic field (9.4 T). In addition, age-dependent changes in metabolite concentration analogous to those that have been identified in human AD patients can be detected in these transgenic mice using single-voxel (1)H magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((1)H MRS) at high magnetic field. These MR-based techniques provide a new set of tools to the scientific community engaged in studying the biology of AD in transgenic models of the disease. For example, an obvious application is evaluating therapeutic modification of disease progression. Toward the end of this review, the authors include results from a pilot study demonstrating feasibility of using MRMI to detect therapeutic modification of plaque progression in AD transgenic mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clifford R Jack
- Mayo Clinic, Department of Radiology, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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31
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Marjanska M, Curran GL, Wengenack TM, Bliss RL, Henry PG, Poduslo JF, Jack CR, Ugurbil K, Garwood M. IC–P–098: Alterations in the neurochemical profiles of aged transgenic mouse models of Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2006.05.2302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Clifford R. Jack
- University of Minneapolis Mayo Clinic College of MedicineRochesterMNUSA
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32
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Marjanska M, Curran GL, Wengenack TM, Bliss RL, Henry PG, Poduslo JF, Jack CR, Ugurbil K, Garwood M. P2–279: Alterations in the neurochemical profiles of aged transgenic mouse models of Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2006.05.1118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Pierre-Gilles Henry
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of MinnesotaMinneapolisMNUSA
| | | | | | - Kamil Ugurbil
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of MinnesotaMinneapolisMNUSA
| | - Michael Garwood
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of MinnesotaMinneapolisMNUSA
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33
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Hartman TK, Wengenack TM, Poduslo JF, van Deursen JM. Mutant mice with small amounts of BubR1 display accelerated age-related gliosis. Neurobiol Aging 2006; 28:921-7. [PMID: 16781018 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2006.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2005] [Revised: 04/03/2006] [Accepted: 05/03/2006] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Aging is an intricate biological process thought to involve multiple molecular pathways. The spindle assembly checkpoint protein BubR1 has recently been implicated in aging since mutant mice that have small amounts of this protein (BubR1(H/H) mice) develop several early aging-associated phenotypes. The phenotype within the brain of BubR1(H/H) mice has not yet been established. Here we show that BubR1(H/H) mice exhibit features of age-related cerebral degeneration. We found that glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), a marker of reactive astrogliosis, was expressed at increased levels in the cortex and thalamus of BubR1(H/H) mice as early as 1 month of age. Furthermore, CD11b, a marker of microgliosis, was markedly elevated in the cortex and hippocampus of BubR1(H/H) mice at 5 months of age. Levels of both GFAP and CD11b further increased with age. Our results demonstrate that BubR1 acts to prevent cerebral gliosis of both astrocytes and microglial cells, and suggest a role for BubR1 in the aging process of the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler K Hartman
- Department of Pediatric/Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, United States
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34
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Kandimalla KK, Curran GL, Holasek SS, Gilles EJ, Wengenack TM, Ramirez-Alvarado M, Poduslo JF. Physiological and biophysical factors that influence Alzheimer's disease amyloid plaque targeting of native and putrescine modified human amyloid beta40. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2006; 318:17-25. [PMID: 16565169 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.105.095711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloid beta40 (Abeta40) and its derivatives are being developed as probes for the ante-mortem diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. Putrescine-Abeta40 (PUT-Abeta40) showed better plaque targeting than the native Abeta40, which was not solely explained by the differences in their blood-brain-barrier (BBB) permeabilities. The objective of this study was to elucidate the physiological and biophysical factors influencing the differential targeting of Abeta40 and PUT-Abeta40. Despite better plaque-targeting ability 125I-PUT-Abeta40 was more rapidly cleared from the systemic circulation than amyloid beta40 labeled with 125I (125I-Abeta40) after i.v. administration in mice. The BBB permeability of both compounds was inhibited by circulating peripheral Abeta40 levels. 125I-Abeta40 but not 125I-PUT-Abeta40 was actively taken up by the mouse brain slices in vitro. Only fluorescein-Abeta40, not fluorescein-PUT-Abeta40, was localized in the brain parenchymal cells in vitro. The metabolism of 125I-Abeta40 in the brain slices was twice as great as 125I-PUT-Abeta40. 125I-Abeta40 efflux from the brain slices was saturable and found to be 5 times greater than that of 125I-PUT-Abeta40. Thioflavin-T fibrillogenesis assay demonstrated that PUT-Abeta40 has a greater propensity to form insoluble fibrils compared with Abeta40, most likely due to the ability of PUT-Abeta40 to form beta sheet structure more readily than Abeta40. These results demonstrate that the inadequate plaque targeting of Abeta40 is due to cellular uptake, metabolism, and efflux from the brain parenchyma. Despite better plaque targeting of PUTAbeta40, its propensity to form fibrils may render it less suitable for human use and thus allow increased focus on the development of novel derivatives of Abeta with improved characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karunya K Kandimalla
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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35
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Jack CR, Wengenack TM, Reyes DA, Garwood M, Curran GL, Borowski BJ, Lin J, Preboske GM, Holasek SS, Adriany G, Poduslo JF. In vivo magnetic resonance microimaging of individual amyloid plaques in Alzheimer's transgenic mice. J Neurosci 2006; 25:10041-8. [PMID: 16251453 PMCID: PMC2744887 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2588-05.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to detect individual Alzheimer's amyloid plaques in vivo by magnetic resonance microimaging (MRI) should improve diagnosis and also accelerate discovery of effective therapeutic agents for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Here, we perform in vivo and ex vivo MRI on double transgenic AD mice as well as wild-type mice at varying ages and correlate these with thioflavin-S and iron staining histology. Quantitative counts of individual plaques on MRI increase with age and correlate with histologically determined plaque burden. Plaques 20 microm in diameter can be detected in AD mice as young as 3 months of age with ex vivo MRI. Plaques 35 microm in diameter can be detected by 9 months of age with in vivo MRI. In vivo MRI of individual Alzheimer's amyloid plaques provides a noninvasive estimate of plaque burden in transgenic AD mice that might be useful in assessing the efficacy of amyloid reduction therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clifford R Jack
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA.
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36
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Marjanska M, Curran GL, Wengenack TM, Henry PG, Bliss RL, Poduslo JF, Jack CR, Ugurbil K, Garwood M. Monitoring disease progression in transgenic mouse models of Alzheimer's disease with proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:11906-10. [PMID: 16091461 PMCID: PMC1188012 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0505513102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently no definitive biomarker of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is available, and this impedes both clinical diagnosis in humans and drug discovery in transgenic animal models. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((1)H MRS) provides a noninvasive way to investigate in vivo neurochemical abnormalities. Each observable metabolite can potentially provide information about unique in vivo pathological processes at the molecular or cellular level. In this study, the age-dependent 1H MRS profile of transgenic AD mice was compared to that of wild-type mice. Twenty-seven APP-PS1 mice (which coexpress mutated human presenilin 1 and amyloid-beta precursor protein) and 30 wild-type mice age 66-904 days were examined, some repeatedly. A reduction in the levels of N-acetylaspartate and glutamate, compared with total creatine levels, was found in APP-PS1 mice with advancing age. The most striking finding was a dramatic increase in the concentration of myo-inositol with age in APP-PS1 mice, which was not observed in wild-type mice. The age-dependent neurochemical changes observed in APP-PS1 mice agree with results obtained from in vivo human MRS studies. Among the different transgenic mouse models of AD that have been studied with 1H MRS, APP-PS1 mice seem to best match the neurochemical profile exhibited in human AD. 1H MRS could serve as a sensitive in vivo surrogate indicator of therapeutic efficacy in trials of agents designed to reduce neurotoxicity due to microglial activation. Because of its noninvasive and repeatable nature, MRS in transgenic models of AD could substantially accelerate drug discovery for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata Marjanska
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research and Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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37
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Marjanska M, Curran GL, Wengenack TM, Poduslo JF, Jack CR, Garwood M, Ugurbil K. [P‐002]: Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in Alzheimer's mouse model. Alzheimers Dement 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2005.06.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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38
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Holasek SS, Wengenack TM, Kandimalla KK, Montano C, Gregor DM, Curran GL, Poduslo JF. Activation of the stress-activated MAP kinase, p38, but not JNK in cortical motor neurons during early presymptomatic stages of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in transgenic mice. Brain Res 2005; 1045:185-98. [PMID: 15910777 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2005.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2004] [Revised: 03/15/2005] [Accepted: 03/16/2005] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder, characterized by the degeneration of upper and lower motor neurons (MNs). Central nervous system features include a loss of Betz cells and other pyramidal cells from sensorimotor cortex. The intrinsic mechanism underlying this selective motor neuron loss has not been identified. A recent in vitro study has provided evidence of a novel programmed cell death (PCD) pathway that is unique to spinal cord MNs and is exacerbated by superoxide dismutase (SOD) mutations. This PCD pathway is triggered through the Fas receptor and involves the apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1), the p38 MAP kinase, and the neuronal form of nitric oxide synthase (nNOS). Previously, we found significant increases in the numbers of ventral horn MNs immunopositive for these enzymes in the spinal cords of mutant SOD transgenic (G93A) mice as early as 60 days of age, suggesting that this pathway may be active in vivo. Since the upper MNs of ALS patients and G93A mice are also known to degenerate, the purpose of the present study was to investigate the possible activation of this PCD pathway in the MNs of the sensorimotor cortex of G93A transgenic mice. Compared to non-transgenic littermates, the G93A mice showed significant increases in the numbers of MNs immunopositive for the active (phosphorylated) forms of ASK1, p38, MKK3/6 (the known activator of p38), and also active caspase-3, as early as 60 days of age. Another stress-activated protein kinase, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), commonly activated in other neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, showed no increases in G93A mice at any age. These results suggest that, not only has a PCD pathway been activated in the cortical MNs, but one that may be unique to ALS. Moreover, these findings suggest that earlier diagnosis and therapeutic intervention may be possible for successful treatment of ALS. Consequently, these enzymes may provide the biochemical markers to enable earlier diagnosis of ALS and molecular targets for the development of new therapeutic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvina S Holasek
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Departments of Neurology, Neuroscience and Biochemistry/Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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39
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Jack CR, Garwood M, Wengenack TM, Borowski B, Curran GL, Lin J, Adriany G, Gröhn OHJ, Grimm R, Poduslo JF. In vivo visualization of Alzheimer's amyloid plaques by magnetic resonance imaging in transgenic mice without a contrast agent. Magn Reson Med 2005; 52:1263-71. [PMID: 15562496 PMCID: PMC2744889 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.20266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
One of the cardinal pathologic features of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the formation of senile, or amyloid, plaques. Transgenic mice have been developed that express one or more of the genes responsible for familial AD in humans. Doubly transgenic mice develop "human-like" plaques, providing a mechanism to study amyloid plaque biology in a controlled manner. Imaging of labeled plaques has been accomplished with other modalities, but only MRI has sufficient spatial and contrast resolution to visualize individual plaques noninvasively. Methods to optimize visualization of plaques in vivo in transgenic mice at 9.4 T using a spin echo sequence based on adiabatic pulses are described. Preliminary results indicate that a spin echo acquisition more accurately reflects plaque size, while a T2* weighted gradient echo sequence reflects plaque iron content, not plaque size. In vivo MRI-ex vivo MRI-in vitro histologic correlations are provided. Histologically verified plaques as small as 50 microm in diameter were visualized in living animals. To our knowledge this work represents the first demonstration of noninvasive in vivo visualization of individual AD plaques without the use of a contrast agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clifford R Jack
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA.
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40
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Kandimalla KK, Curran GL, Holasek SS, Gilles EJ, Wengenack TM, Poduslo JF. Pharmacokinetic Analysis of the Blood-Brain Barrier Transport of 125I-Amyloid β Protein 40 in Wild-Type and Alzheimer's Disease Transgenic Mice (APP,PS1) and Its Implications for Amyloid Plaque Formation. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2005; 313:1370-8. [PMID: 15743932 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.104.081901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloid plaques are formed in the extracellular space of Alzheimer's disease (AD) brain due to the accumulation of amyloid beta (Abeta) proteins such as Abeta40. The relationship between Abeta40 pharmacokinetics and its accumulation within and clearance from the brain in both wild-type (WT) and AD transgenic mice (APP,PS1) was studied to understand the mechanism of amyloid plaque formation and the potential use of Abeta40 as a probe to target and detect amyloid plaques. In both WT and APP,PS1 mice, the (125)I-Abeta40 tracer exhibited biexponential disposition in plasma with very short first and second phase half-lives. The (125)I-Abeta40 was significantly metabolized in the liver kidney > spleen. Coadministration of exogenous Abeta40 inhibited the plasma clearance and the uptake of (125)I-Abeta40 at the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in WT animals but did not affect its elimination from the brain. The (125)I-Abeta40 was shown to be metabolized within and effluxed from the brain parenchyma. The rate of efflux from APP,PS1 brain slices was substantially lower compared with WT brain slices. Since the Abeta40 receptor at the BBB can be easily saturated, the blood-to-brain transport of Abeta40 is less likely to be a primary contributor to the amyloid plaque formation in APP,PS1 mice. The decreased elimination of Abeta40 from the brain is most likely responsible for the amyloid plaque formation in the brain of APP,PS1 mice. Furthermore, inadequate targeting of Abeta40 to amyloid plaques, despite its high BBB permeability, is due to the saturability of Abeta40 transporter at the BBB and its metabolism and efflux from the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karunya K Kandimalla
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Neurobiology, Neuroscience, and Biohemistry/Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, MN 55905, USA
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Wengenack TM, Holasek SS, Montano CM, Gregor D, Curran GL, Poduslo JF. Activation of programmed cell death markers in ventral horn motor neurons during early presymptomatic stages of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in a transgenic mouse model. Brain Res 2005; 1027:73-86. [PMID: 15494159 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2004.08.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/19/2004] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The identification of the pathogenic mechanism of selective motor neuron (MN) death in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) may lead to the development of new therapies to halt or slow the disease course. A novel, MN-specific, Fas-mediated programmed cell death (PCD) pathway has been reported in MNs which involves the activation of p38 MAP kinase (phospho-p38) and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS). PCD was found to be exacerbated in MNs expressing ALS-linked superoxide dismutase (SOD) mutations. Because this MN-specific pathway was investigated in vitro, we performed an in vivo study to evaluate its potential involvement in MN loss in the lumbar region of spinal cord of mutant SOD transgenic (G93A) mice. Compared to nontransgenic littermates, we found significant increases in the numbers of immunopositive ventral horn MNs of G93A mice as young as 60 days of age for several constituents of this putative PCD pathway, including phospho-p38, nNOS, phospho-ASK1 MAP kinase kinase, and active caspase-3. This study provides in vivo evidence of an MN-specific PCD pathway that may be a pathogenic mechanism of ALS and may be activated very early in the disease process, well before clinical symptoms are evident (200 days). These findings suggest that early diagnosis and therapeutic intervention may be critical for the successful treatment of the disease. These enzymes may provide new markers for earlier diagnosis of ALS and new molecular targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Wengenack
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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Poduslo JF, Curran GL, Peterson JA, McCormick DJ, Fauq AH, Khan MA, Wengenack TM. Design and chemical synthesis of a magnetic resonance contrast agent with enhanced in vitro binding, high blood-brain barrier permeability, and in vivo targeting to Alzheimer's disease amyloid plaques. Biochemistry 2004; 43:6064-75. [PMID: 15147190 PMCID: PMC2575428 DOI: 10.1021/bi0359574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Molecular imaging is an important new direction in medical diagnosis; however, its success is dependent upon molecular probes that demonstrate selective tissue targeting. We report the design and chemical synthesis of a derivative of human amyloid-beta (Abeta) peptide that is capable of selectively targeting individual amyloid plaques in the brain of Alzheimer's disease transgenic mice after being intravenously injected. This derivative is based on the sequence of the first 30 amino acid residues of Abeta with asparagyl/glutamyl-4-aminobutane residues (N-4ab/Q-4ab) substituted at unique Asp and Glu positions and with Gd-DTPA-aminohexanoic acid covalently attached at the N-terminal Asp. The Gd[N-4ab/Q-4ab]Abeta30 peptide was homogeneous as shown by high-resolution analytical techniques with a mass of +/-4385 Da determined by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. This diamine- and gadolinium-substituted derivative of Abeta is shown to have enhanced in vitro binding to Alzheimer's disease (AD) amyloid plaques and increased in vivo permeability at the blood-brain barrier because of the unique Asp/Glu substitutions. In addition, specific in vivo targeting to AD amyloid plaques is demonstrated throughout the brain of an APP, PS1 transgenic mouse after intravenous injection. Because of the magnetic resonance (MR) imaging contrast enhancement provided by gadolinium, this derivative should enable the in vivo MR imaging of individual amyloid plaques in the brains of AD animals or patients to allow for early diagnosis and also provide a direct measure of the efficacy of anti-amyloid therapies currently being developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph F Poduslo
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
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Poduslo JF, Curran G, Peterson J, McCormick D, Fauq A, Khan M, Wengenack T. O3-03-01 Design and chemical synthesis of a magnetic resonance contrast agent for imaging Alzheimer's disease amyloid plaques. Neurobiol Aging 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/s0197-4580(04)80191-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Poduslo JF, Wengenack TM, Curran GL, Wisniewski T, Sigurdsson EM, Macura SI, Borowski BJ, Jack CR. Molecular targeting of Alzheimer's amyloid plaques for contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging. Neurobiol Dis 2002; 11:315-29. [PMID: 12505424 DOI: 10.1006/nbdi.2002.0550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Smart molecular probes for both diagnostic and therapeutic purposes are expected to provide significant advances in clinical medicine and biomedical research. We describe such a probe that targets beta-amyloid plaques of Alzheimer's disease and is detectable by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) because of contrast imparted by gadolinium labeling. Three properties essential for contrast enhancement of beta-amyloid plaques on MRI exist in this smart molecular probe, putrescine-gadolinium-amyloid-beta peptide: (1) transport across the blood-brain barrier following intravenous injection conferred by the polyamine moiety, (2) binding to plaques with molecular specificity by putrescine-amyloid-beta, and (3) magnetic resonance imaging contrast by gadolinium. MRI was performed on ex vivo tissue specimens at 7 T at a spatial resolution approximating plaque size (62.5 microm(3)), in order to prove the concept that the probe, when administered intravenously, can selectively enhance plaques. The plaque-to-background tissue contrast-to-noise ratio, which was precisely correlated with histologically stained plaques, was enhanced more than nine-fold in regions of cortex and hippocampus following intravenous administration of this probe in AD transgenic mice. Continuing engineering efforts to improve spatial resolution are underway in MRI, which may enable in vivo imaging at the resolution of individual plaques with this or similar contrast probes. This could enable early diagnosis and also provide a direct measure of the efficacy of anti-amyloid therapies currently being developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph F Poduslo
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
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Abstract
Much research is now focused on a potential vaccine for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Current studies involve administering the amyloid beta peptide (Abeta) in Freund's complete adjuvant, which cannot be used in humans. Our studies show that the immune complex of Abeta is taken up by a receptor-mediated process at the blood-brain barrier (BBB). The success of immunization for AD, therefore, may be critically dependent on circulating Abeta levels which are lower in AD patients compared to AD transgenic mice. Moreover, we have found that modifying the antibody with polyamine increases its BBB permeability and may provide a better approach to passive immunization for Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Poduslo
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Poduslo JF, Curran GL, Wengenack TM, Malester B, Duff K. Permeability of proteins at the blood-brain barrier in the normal adult mouse and double transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2001; 8:555-67. [PMID: 11493021 DOI: 10.1006/nbdi.2001.0402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The permeability of albumin, insulin, and human A beta 1--40 at the blood-brain barrier (BBB) was determined in the normal adult mouse (B6/SJL) and in the double transgenic Alzheimer mouse (APP, PS1) by using an I.V. bolus injection technique to quantify the permeability coefficient-surface area (PS) product for each protein after correction for the residual plasma volume (V(p)) occupied by the protein in the blood vessels of different brain regions using a second aliquot of the same protein radiolabeled with a different isotope of iodine ((125)I vs (131)I) as a vascular space marker. This technology for quantifying BBB permeability of proteins was adapted from the rat to the mouse and involved catheterizing the femoral artery and vein of the mouse instead of the brachial artery and vein as for the rat. Because of the smaller blood volume in the mouse, serial sampling (20 microl) of blood from the femoral artery of the mouse was performed and directly TCA precipitated to generate a whole blood washout curve for the intact protein. When similar blood sampling techniques were used in the rat, the PS values for albumin and insulin at the BBB were similar in these two species. In the double transgenic mouse, the V(p) values for albumin were significantly increased 1.4- to 1.6-fold in five of six brain regions compared to the normal adult mouse, which indicated increased adherence of albumin to vessel walls. As a result, the PS values were significantly decreased, from 1.4- to 3.2-fold, which likely reflected decreased transport of albumin by passive diffusion. In contrast, insulin, which is taken up into the brain by a receptor-mediated transport mechanism at the BBB, showed no significant difference in the V(p) values but a significant increase in the PS values in four of six brain regions. This suggests a compensatory mechanism in the Alzheimer's transgenic brain whereby there is an increased permeability to insulin at the BBB. Surprisingly, there was no significant difference in the V(p) or PS values for human A beta 1--40 at the BBB in the double transgenic Alzheimer mouse at 24, 32, or 52 weeks of age, when there is both significant A beta levels in the plasma and amyloid burden in the brains of these animals. These data suggest that there is not an alteration in permeability to human A beta 1--40 at the BBB with increasing amyloid burden in the double transgenic Alzheimer mouse. Although these observations suggest structural alterations at the BBB, they do not support the concept of extensive BBB damage with substantial increases in BBB permeability in Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Poduslo
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Neurlogy, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota, 55905, USA.
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Wengenack TM, Whelan S, Curran GL, Duff KE, Poduslo JF. Quantitative histological analysis of amyloid deposition in Alzheimer's double transgenic mouse brain. Neuroscience 2001; 101:939-44. [PMID: 11113343 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-4522(00)00388-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The development of transgenic mice has created new opportunities for the generation of animal models of human neurodegenerative diseases where previously there was no animal counterpart. The first successful transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease expressed increased levels of mutant human amyloid precursor protein, exhibiting neuritic-type amyloid deposits and behavioral deficits at six to nine months of age. More recently, it was shown that transgenic mice expressing both mutant human amyloid precursor protein and presenilin 1 exhibit neuritic-type amyloid deposits and behavioral deficits in as little as 12 weeks. This accelerated Alzheimer phenotype greatly reduces the time necessary to conduct preclinical drug trials, as well as animal housing costs. The purpose of this study was to quantify the deposition of amyloid in five regions of the cortex and two regions of the hippocampus of transgenic mice expressing amyloid precursor protein (K670N, M671L) and presenilin 1 (M146L) mutations at various ages, using quantitative methods of confocal laser scanning microscopy and image analysis. Amyloid burden, expressed as the percentage area occupied by thioflavin S-positive amyloid deposits, increased an average of 179-fold from 12 to 54 weeks of age (0.02+/-0.01% to 3.57+/-0.29%, mean+/-S.E.M., respectively) in five regions of the cortex and two of the hippocampus. This was a function of increases in both deposit number and size. This transgenic mouse provides an ideal animal model for evaluating the efficacy of potential therapeutic agents aimed at reducing amyloid deposition, such as inhibitors of amyloid fibril formation or secretase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Wengenack
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Departments of Neurology and Biochemistry/Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Poduslo JF, Whelan SL, Curran GL, Wengenack TM. Therapeutic benefit of polyamine-modified catalase as a scavenger of hydrogen peroxide and nitric oxide in familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis transgenics. Ann Neurol 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/1531-8249(200012)48:6<943::aid-ana18>3.0.co;2-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Poduslo JF, Whelan SL, Curran GL, Wengenack TM. Therapeutic benefit of polyamine-modified catalase as a scavenger of hydrogen peroxide and nitric oxide in familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis transgenics. Ann Neurol 2000; 48:943-7. [PMID: 11117554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Continuous subcutaneous administration of polyamine-modified catalase that has increased permeability at the blood-brain barrier showed both a highly significant delay in onset and an increase in survival in a transgenic mouse model of familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis having a point mutation in the gene encoding copper/zinc superoxide dismutase. These results suggest that hydrogen peroxide-mediated oxidative stress with subsequent free radical damage involving nitric oxide and possibly hydroxyl radicals in motor neurons may be the culprit in familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Poduslo
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Abstract
The only definitive diagnosis for Alzheimer disease (AD) at present is postmortem observation of neuritic plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in brain sections. Radiolabeled amyloid-beta peptide (Abeta), which has been shown to label neuritic plaques in vitro, therefore could provide a diagnostic tool if it also labels neuritic plaques in vivo following intravenous injection. In this study, we show that the permeability of Abeta at the blood-brain barrier can be increased by at least twofold through covalent modification with the naturally occurring polyamine, putrescine. We also show that, following intravenous injection, radiolabeled, putrescine-modified Abeta labels amyloid deposits in vivo in a transgenic mouse model of AD, as well as in vitro in human AD brain sections. This technology, when applied to humans, may be used to detect plaques in vivo, allowing early diagnosis of the disease and therapeutic intervention before cognitive decline occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Wengenack
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Departments of Neurology Biochemistry/Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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