1
|
Zeeb M, Pasin C, Cavassini M, Bieler-Aeschlimann M, Frischknecht P, Kusejko K, Fellay J, Blanquart F, Metzner KJ, Neumann K, Jörimann L, Tschumi J, Bernasconi E, Huber M, Kovari H, Leuzinger K, Notter J, Perreau M, Rauch A, Ramette A, Stöckle M, Yerly S, Günthard HF, Kouyos RD. Self-reported neurocognitive complaints in the Swiss HIV Cohort Study: a viral genome-wide association study. Brain Commun 2024; 6:fcae188. [PMID: 38961872 PMCID: PMC11220509 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcae188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024] Open
Abstract
People with HIV may report neurocognitive complaints, with or without associated neurocognitive impairment, varying between individuals and populations. While the HIV genome could play a major role, large systematic viral genome-wide screens to date are lacking. The Swiss HIV Cohort Study biannually enquires neurocognitive complaints. We quantified broad-sense heritability estimates using partial 'pol' sequences from the Swiss HIV Cohort Study resistance database and performed a viral near full-length genome-wide association study for the longitudinal area under the curve of neurocognitive complaints. We performed all analysis (i) restricted to HIV Subtype B and (ii) including all HIV subtypes. From 8547 people with HIV with neurocognitive complaints, we obtained 6966 partial 'pol' sequences and 2334 near full-length HIV sequences. Broad-sense heritability estimates for presence of memory loss complaints ranged between 1% and 17% (Subtype B restricted 1-22%) and increased with the stringency of the phylogenetic distance thresholds. The genome-wide association study revealed one amino acid (Env L641E), after adjusting for multiple testing, positively associated with memory loss complaints (P = 4.3 * 10-6). Other identified mutations, while insignificant after adjusting for multiple testing, were reported in other smaller studies (Tat T64N, Env *291S). We present the first HIV genome-wide association study analysis of neurocognitive complaints and report a first estimate for the heritability of neurocognitive complaints through HIV. Moreover, we could identify one mutation significantly associated with the presence of memory loss complaints. Our findings indicate that neurocognitive complaints are polygenetic and highlight advantages of a whole genome approach for pathogenicity determination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marius Zeeb
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Chloé Pasin
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Cavassini
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mélanie Bieler-Aeschlimann
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Paul Frischknecht
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Katharina Kusejko
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jacques Fellay
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - François Blanquart
- Centre interdisciplinaire de recherche en biologie, Collége de France, 75231 Paris, France
| | - Karin J Metzner
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kathrin Neumann
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lisa Jörimann
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jasmin Tschumi
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Enos Bernasconi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, 6500 Lugano, Switzerland
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Geneva and University of Southern Switzerland, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Michael Huber
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Helen Kovari
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Klinik im Park, 8027 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Karoline Leuzinger
- Division Infection Diagnostics, Department Biomedicine, University of Basel, 4001 Basel Switzerland
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Julia Notter
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, 9007 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Matthieu Perreau
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Andri Rauch
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Alban Ramette
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Multidisciplinary Center for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Marcel Stöckle
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sabine Yerly
- Laboratory of Virology and Division of Infectious Diseases, Geneva University Hospital, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Huldrych F Günthard
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Roger D Kouyos
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
McKay M, Gorai S, Paidi RK, Mondal S, Pahan K. Identification of Cinnamein, a Component of Balsam of Tolu/Peru, as a New Ligand of PPARα for Plaque Reduction and Memory Protection in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis Rep 2024; 8:903-922. [PMID: 38910936 PMCID: PMC11191634 DOI: 10.3233/adr-230179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Despite intense investigations, no effective treatment is yet available to reduce plaques and protect memory and learning in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common neurodegenerative disorder. Therefore, it is important to identify a non-toxic, but effective, treatment option for AD. Objective Cinnamein, a nontoxic compound, is naturally available in Balsam of Peru and Tolu Balsam. We examined whether cinnamein treatment could decrease plaques and improve cognitive functions in 5XFAD mouse model of AD. Methods We employed in silico analysis, time-resolved fluorescence energy transfer assay, thermal shift assay, primary neuron isolation, western blot, immunostaining, immunohistochemistry, Barnes maze, T maze, and open field behavior. Results Oral administration of cinnamein led to significant reduction in amyloid-β plaque deposits in the brain and protection of spatial learning and memory in 5XFAD mice. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα), a nuclear hormone receptor, is involved in plaque lowering and increase in hippocampal plasticity. While investigating underlying mechanisms, we found that cinnamein served as a ligand of PPARα. Accordingly, oral cinnamein upregulated the level of PPARα, but not PPARβ, in the hippocampus, and remained unable to decrease plaques from the hippocampus and improve memory and learning in 5XFAD mice lacking PPARα. While A disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 10 (ADAM10) is one of the drivers of nonamyloidogenic pathway, transcription factor EB (TFEB) is considered as the master regulator of autophagy. Cinnamein treatment was found to upregulate both ADAM10 and TFEB in the brain of 5XFAD mice via PPARα. Conclusions Our results suggest that this balsam component may have therapeutic importance in AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mary McKay
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, USA
| | - Sukhamoy Gorai
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, USA
| | - Ramesh K. Paidi
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, USA
- Division of Research and Development, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, USA
| | - Susanta Mondal
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, USA
- Division of Research and Development, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, USA
| | - Kalipada Pahan
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, USA
- Division of Research and Development, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Mousavi H, Rimaz M, Zeynizadeh B. Practical Three-Component Regioselective Synthesis of Drug-Like 3-Aryl(or heteroaryl)-5,6-dihydrobenzo[ h]cinnolines as Potential Non-Covalent Multi-Targeting Inhibitors To Combat Neurodegenerative Diseases. ACS Chem Neurosci 2024; 15:1828-1881. [PMID: 38647433 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.4c00055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) are one of the prominent health challenges facing contemporary society, and many efforts have been made to overcome and (or) control it. In this research paper, we described a practical one-pot two-step three-component reaction between 3,4-dihydronaphthalen-1(2H)-one (1), aryl(or heteroaryl)glyoxal monohydrates (2a-h), and hydrazine monohydrate (NH2NH2•H2O) for the regioselective preparation of some 3-aryl(or heteroaryl)-5,6-dihydrobenzo[h]cinnoline derivatives (3a-h). After synthesis and characterization of the mentioned cinnolines (3a-h), the in silico multi-targeting inhibitory properties of these heterocyclic scaffolds have been investigated upon various Homo sapiens-type enzymes, including hMAO-A, hMAO-B, hAChE, hBChE, hBACE-1, hBACE-2, hNQO-1, hNQO-2, hnNOS, hiNOS, hPARP-1, hPARP-2, hLRRK-2(G2019S), hGSK-3β, hp38α MAPK, hJNK-3, hOGA, hNMDA receptor, hnSMase-2, hIDO-1, hCOMT, hLIMK-1, hLIMK-2, hRIPK-1, hUCH-L1, hPARK-7, and hDHODH, which have confirmed their functions and roles in the neurodegenerative diseases (NDs), based on molecular docking studies, and the obtained results were compared with a wide range of approved drugs and well-known (with IC50, EC50, etc.) compounds. In addition, in silico ADMET prediction analysis was performed to examine the prospective drug properties of the synthesized heterocyclic compounds (3a-h). The obtained results from the molecular docking studies and ADMET-related data demonstrated that these series of 3-aryl(or heteroaryl)-5,6-dihydrobenzo[h]cinnolines (3a-h), especially hit ones, can really be turned into the potent core of new drugs for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases (NDs), and/or due to the having some reactionable locations, they are able to have further organic reactions (such as cross-coupling reactions), and expansion of these compounds (for example, with using other types of aryl(or heteroaryl)glyoxal monohydrates) makes a new avenue for designing novel and efficient drugs for this purpose.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Mousavi
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Urmia University, Urmia 5756151818, Iran
| | - Mehdi Rimaz
- Department of Chemistry, Payame Noor University, P.O. Box 19395-3697, Tehran 19395-3697, Iran
| | - Behzad Zeynizadeh
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Urmia University, Urmia 5756151818, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Deng H, Li Y, Li J, Shen W, Chen Q, Weng S, He J, Xu X. Neomycin inhibits Megalocytivirus infection in fish by antagonizing the increase of intracellular reduced glutathione. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 127:148-154. [PMID: 35714896 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus (ISKNV) is the type species of the Megalocytivirus genus that infects a number of marine and freshwater fishes, causing huge economic losses in aquaculture. The ISKNV infection leads to increase of reducing power in cells. As the antibiotic neomycin can promote the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in animal cells, in the current study, the potential therapeutic effect of neomycin on ISKNV infection was explored. We showed that neomycin could decrease the reducing power in cultured MFF-1 cells and inhibit ISKNV infection by antagonizing the shift of the cellular redox balance toward reduction. In vivo experiments further demonstrated that neomycin treatment significantly suppresses ISKNV infection in mandarin fish. Expression of the major capsid protein (MCP) and the proportion of infected cells in tissues were down-regulated after neomycin treatment. Furthermore, neomycin showed complex effects on expression of a set of antiviral related genes of the host. Taking together, the current study suggested that the viral-induced redox imbalance in the infected cells could be used as a target for suppressing ISKNV infection. Neomycin can be potentially utilized for therapeutic treatment of Megalocytivirus diseases by antagonizing intracellular redox changes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hengwei Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Provice Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Yeyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Jinling Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Wenjie Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Qiankang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Shaoping Weng
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Provice Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Jianguo He
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Provice Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Xiaopeng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Provice Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Siddiqui A, He C, Lee G, Figueroa A, Slaughter A, Robinson-Papp J. Neuropathogenesis of HIV and emerging therapeutic targets. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2022; 26:603-615. [PMID: 35815686 PMCID: PMC9887458 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2022.2100253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION HIV infection causes a wide range of neurological complications, many of which are among the most common complications of chronic HIV infection in the era of combined antiretroviral therapy. These neurological conditions arise due to complex interactions between HIV viral proteins and neuronal and glial cells that lead to the activation of various inflammatory and neurotoxic pathways across the nervous system. AREAS COVERED This review summarizes the current literature on the pathogenesis and clinical manifestations of neurological injuries associated with HIV in the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nervous system. Molecular pathways relevant for possible therapeutic targets or advancements are emphasized. Gaps in knowledge and current challenges in therapeutic design are also discussed. EXPERT OPINION Several challenges exist in the development of therapeutic targets for HIV-associated cognitive impairments. However, recent developments in drug delivery systems and treatment strategies are encouraging. Treatments for HIV-associated pain and peripheral sensory neuropathies currently consist of symptomatic management, but a greater understanding of their pathogenesis can lead to the development of targeted molecular therapies and disease-modifying therapies. HIV-associated autonomic dysfunction may affect the course of systemic disease via disrupted neuro-immune interactions; however, more research is needed to facilitate our understanding of how these processes present clinically.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alina Siddiqui
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 5 East 98th Street, New York City, NY, 10029 USA
| | - Celestine He
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 5 East 98th Street, New York City, NY, 10029 USA
| | - Gina Lee
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 5 East 98th Street, New York City, NY, 10029 USA
| | - Alex Figueroa
- University of Texas at Southwestern Medical School, Dallas, TX, 75390 USA
| | - Alexander Slaughter
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 5 East 98th Street, New York City, NY, 10029 USA
| | - Jessica Robinson-Papp
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 5 East 98th Street, New York City, NY, 10029 USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Donadoni M, Huang W, Yarandi SS, Burdo TH, Chang SL, Sariyer IK. Modulation of OPRM1 Alternative Splicing by Morphine and HIV-1 Nef. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2022; 17:277-288. [PMID: 34420144 PMCID: PMC8859008 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-021-10009-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Clinically used opioids, such as morphine, activate the mu opioid receptor (MOR) encoded by Opioid Receptor Mu 1 (OPRM1) gene. Examination of the opioid receptor genes showed that the human OPRM1 pre-mRNA undergoes extensive alternative splicing events and capable of expressing 21 isoforms. However, characterization of OPRM1 signaling is generalized, and only one isoform (MOR-1) has been extensively studied. Compounding this issue is the increasing significance of intravenous drug abuse in HIV neuropathogenesis. Here, we investigated the molecular impact of morphine and HIV-1 on regulation of OPRM1 pre-mRNA splicing in in vitro and in vivo models. Our results suggested that morphine treatment specifically induces the alternative splicing of MOR-1X isoform among the other isoforms analyzed in neuronal cells. Interestingly, alternative splicing and expression of MOR-1X isoform was also induced in postmortem brain tissues obtained from people with HIV (PWH). Additionally, treatment of control rats with morphine induced alternative splicing of MOR-1X in the brain regions involved in the reward pathways. More interestingly, HIV-1 transgenic (HIV-1Tg) rats, showed an additive induction of MOR-1X isoform with the exposure to morphine. To further assess the possible role of HIV secretory proteins in alternative splicing of OPRM1 gene, we analyzed the impact of HIV-1 Tat, gp120 and Nef proteins on alternative splicing of MOR-1X isoform. While the Tat and gp120 had no visible effects, treatment of neurons with Nef induced MOR-1X alternative splicing that was comparable to treatment with morphine. Altogether, our results suggest that HIV-1 may alter MOR isoform expression with Nef protein by amplifying the rate of MOR-1X alternative splicing induced by morphine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martina Donadoni
- Department of Neuroscience and Center for Neurovirology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Wenfei Huang
- Institute of NeuroImmune Pharmacology and Department of Biological Sciences, Seton Hall University, South Orange, NJ, USA
| | - Shadan S Yarandi
- Department of Neuroscience and Center for Neurovirology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Tricia H Burdo
- Department of Neuroscience and Center for Neurovirology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Sulie L Chang
- Institute of NeuroImmune Pharmacology and Department of Biological Sciences, Seton Hall University, South Orange, NJ, USA.
| | - Ilker K Sariyer
- Department of Neuroscience and Center for Neurovirology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zheng Y, Reiner B, Liu J, Xu L, Xiong H. Methamphetamine augments HIV-1 gp120 inhibition of synaptic transmission and plasticity in rat hippocampal slices: Implications for methamphetamine exacerbation of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders. Neurobiol Dis 2022; 168:105712. [PMID: 35337950 PMCID: PMC9150446 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Methamphetamine (Meth) abuse and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection are two major public health problems worldwide. Being frequently comorbid with HIV-1 infection, Meth abuse exacerbates neurocognitive impairment in HIV-1-infected individuals even in the era of combined antiretroviral therapy. While a large body of research have studied the individual effects of Meth and HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein 120 (gp120) in the brain, far less has focused on their synergistic influence. Moreover, it is well-documented that the hippocampus is the primary site of spatial learning and long-term memory formation. Dysregulation of activity-dependent synaptic transmission and plasticity in the hippocampus is believed to impair neurocognitive function. To uncover the underlying mechanisms for increased incidence and severity of HIV-1-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) in HIV-1-infected patients with Meth abuse, we investigated acute individual and combined effects of Meth (20 μM) and gp120 (200 pM) on synaptic transmission and plasticity in the CA1 region of young adult male rat hippocampus, a brain region known to be vulnerable to HIV-1 infection. Our results showed that acute localized application of Meth and gp120 each alone onto the CA1 region reduced short-term dynamics of input-output responses and frequency facilitation, and attenuated long-term potentiation (LTP) induced by either high frequency stimulation or theta burst stimulation. A synergistic augmentation on activity-dependent synaptic plasticity was observed when Meth and gp120 were applied in combination. Paired-pulse facilitation results exhibited an altered facilitation ratio, suggesting a presynaptic site of action. Further studies revealed an involvement of microglia NLRP3 inflammasome activation in Meth augmentation of gp120-mediated attenuation of LTP. Taken together, our results demonstrated Meth augmented gp120 attenuation of LTP in the hippocampus. Since LTP is the accepted experimental analog of learning at the synaptic level, such augmentation may underlie Meth exacerbation of HAND observed clinically.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ya Zheng
- The Neurophysiology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5880, USA
| | - Benjamin Reiner
- The Neurophysiology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5880, USA
| | - Jianuo Liu
- The Neurophysiology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5880, USA
| | - Linda Xu
- The Neurophysiology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5880, USA
| | - Huangui Xiong
- The Neurophysiology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5880, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Sonti S, Tyagi K, Pande A, Daniel R, Sharma AL, Tyagi M. Crossroads of Drug Abuse and HIV Infection: Neurotoxicity and CNS Reservoir. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10020202. [PMID: 35214661 PMCID: PMC8875185 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10020202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug abuse is a common comorbidity in people infected with HIV. HIV-infected individuals who abuse drugs are a key population who frequently experience suboptimal outcomes along the HIV continuum of care. A modest proportion of HIV-infected individuals develop HIV-associated neurocognitive issues, the severity of which further increases with drug abuse. Moreover, the tendency of the virus to go into latency in certain cellular reservoirs again complicates the elimination of HIV and HIV-associated illnesses. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) successfully decreased the overall viral load in infected people, yet it does not effectively eliminate the virus from all latent reservoirs. Although ART increased the life expectancy of infected individuals, it showed inconsistent improvement in CNS functioning, thus decreasing the quality of life. Research efforts have been dedicated to identifying common mechanisms through which HIV and drug abuse lead to neurotoxicity and CNS dysfunction. Therefore, in order to develop an effective treatment regimen to treat neurocognitive and related symptoms in HIV-infected patients, it is crucial to understand the involved mechanisms of neurotoxicity. Eventually, those mechanisms could lead the way to design and develop novel therapeutic strategies addressing both CNS HIV reservoir and illicit drug use by HIV patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shilpa Sonti
- Center for Translational Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, 1020 Locust Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA; (S.S.); (A.L.S.)
| | - Kratika Tyagi
- Department of Biotechnology, Banasthali Vidyapith, Vanasthali, Jaipur 304022, Rajasthan, India;
| | - Amit Pande
- Cell Culture Laboratory, ICAR-Directorate of Coldwater Fisheries Research, Bhimtal, Nainital 263136, Uttarakhand, India;
| | - Rene Daniel
- Farber Hospitalist Service, Department of Neurological Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA;
| | - Adhikarimayum Lakhikumar Sharma
- Center for Translational Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, 1020 Locust Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA; (S.S.); (A.L.S.)
| | - Mudit Tyagi
- Center for Translational Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, 1020 Locust Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA; (S.S.); (A.L.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-215-503-5157 or +1-703-909-9420
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
HIV-Associated Neurotoxicity: The Interplay of Host and Viral Proteins. Mediators Inflamm 2021; 2021:1267041. [PMID: 34483726 PMCID: PMC8410439 DOI: 10.1155/2021/1267041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 can incite activation of chemokine receptors, inflammatory mediators, and glutamate receptor-mediated excitotoxicity. The mechanisms associated with such immune activation can disrupt neuronal and glial functions. HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND) is being observed since the beginning of the AIDS epidemic due to a change in the functional integrity of cells from the central nervous system (CNS). Even with the presence of antiretroviral therapy, there is a decline in the functioning of the brain especially movement skills, noticeable swings in mood, and routine performance activities. Under the umbrella of HAND, various symptomatic and asymptomatic conditions are categorized and are on a rise despite the use of newer antiretroviral agents. Due to the use of long-lasting antiretroviral agents, this deadly disease is becoming a manageable chronic condition with the occurrence of asymptomatic neurocognitive impairment (ANI), symptomatic mild neurocognitive disorder, or HIV-associated dementia. In-depth research in the pathogenesis of HIV has focused on various mechanisms involved in neuronal dysfunction and associated toxicities ultimately showcasing the involvement of various pathways. Increasing evidence-based studies have emphasized a need to focus and explore the specific pathways in inflammation-associated neurodegenerative disorders. In the current review, we have highlighted the association of various HIV proteins and neuronal cells with their involvement in various pathways responsible for the development of neurotoxicity.
Collapse
|
10
|
Ceramide and Related Molecules in Viral Infections. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115676. [PMID: 34073578 PMCID: PMC8197834 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Ceramide is a lipid messenger at the heart of sphingolipid metabolism. In concert with its metabolizing enzymes, particularly sphingomyelinases, it has key roles in regulating the physical properties of biological membranes, including the formation of membrane microdomains. Thus, ceramide and its related molecules have been attributed significant roles in nearly all steps of the viral life cycle: they may serve directly as receptors or co-receptors for viral entry, form microdomains that cluster entry receptors and/or enable them to adopt the required conformation or regulate their cell surface expression. Sphingolipids can regulate all forms of viral uptake, often through sphingomyelinase activation, and mediate endosomal escape and intracellular trafficking. Ceramide can be key for the formation of viral replication sites. Sphingomyelinases often mediate the release of new virions from infected cells. Moreover, sphingolipids can contribute to viral-induced apoptosis and morbidity in viral diseases, as well as virus immune evasion. Alpha-galactosylceramide, in particular, also plays a significant role in immune modulation in response to viral infections. This review will discuss the roles of ceramide and its related molecules in the different steps of the viral life cycle. We will also discuss how novel strategies could exploit these for therapeutic benefit.
Collapse
|
11
|
Yuan NY, Kaul M. Beneficial and Adverse Effects of cART Affect Neurocognitive Function in HIV-1 Infection: Balancing Viral Suppression against Neuronal Stress and Injury. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2021; 16:90-112. [PMID: 31385157 PMCID: PMC7233291 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-019-09868-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) persist despite the successful introduction of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). While insufficient concentration of certain antiretrovirals (ARV) may lead to incomplete viral suppression in the brain, many ARVs are found to cause neuropsychiatric adverse effects, indicating their penetration into the central nervous system (CNS). Several lines of evidence suggest shared critical roles of oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum stress, compromised neuronal energy homeostasis, and autophagy in the promotion of neuronal dysfunction associated with both HIV-1 infection and long-term cART or ARV use. As the lifespans of HIV patients are increased, unique challenges have surfaced. Longer lives convey prolonged exposure of the CNS to viral toxins, neurotoxic ARVs, polypharmacy with prescribed or illicit drug use, and age-related diseases. All of these factors can contribute to increased risks for the development of neuropsychiatric conditions and cognitive impairment, which can significantly impact patient well-being, cART adherence, and overall health outcome. Strategies to increase the penetration of cART into the brain to lower viral toxicity may detrimentally increase ARV neurotoxicity and neuropsychiatric adverse effects. As clinicians attempt to control peripheral viremia in an aging population of HIV-infected patients, they must navigate an increasingly complex myriad of comorbidities, pharmacogenetics, drug-drug interactions, and psychiatric and cognitive dysfunction. Here we review in comparison to the neuropathological effects of HIV-1 the available information on neuropsychiatric adverse effects and neurotoxicity of clinically used ARV and cART. It appears altogether that future cART aiming at controlling HIV-1 in the CNS and preventing HAND will require an intricate balancing act of suppressing viral replication while minimizing neurotoxicity, impairment of neurocognition, and neuropsychiatric adverse effects. Graphical abstract Schematic summary of the effects exerted on the brain and neurocognitive function by HIV-1 infection, comorbidities, psychostimulatory, illicit drugs, therapeutic drugs, such as antiretrovirals, the resulting polypharmacy and aging, as well as the potential interactions of all these factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nina Y Yuan
- School of Medicine, Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California Riverside, 900 University Ave, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Marcus Kaul
- School of Medicine, Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California Riverside, 900 University Ave, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA.
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Arsenault EJ, McGill CM, Barth BM. Sphingolipids as Regulators of Neuro-Inflammation and NADPH Oxidase 2. Neuromolecular Med 2021; 23:25-46. [PMID: 33547562 PMCID: PMC9020407 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-021-08646-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Neuro-inflammation accompanies numerous neurological disorders and conditions where it can be associated with a progressive neurodegenerative pathology. In a similar manner, alterations in sphingolipid metabolism often accompany or are causative features in degenerative neurological conditions. These include dementias, motor disorders, autoimmune conditions, inherited metabolic disorders, viral infection, traumatic brain and spinal cord injury, psychiatric conditions, and more. Sphingolipids are major regulators of cellular fate and function in addition to being important structural components of membranes. Their metabolism and signaling pathways can also be regulated by inflammatory mediators. Therefore, as certain sphingolipids exert distinct and opposing cellular roles, alterations in their metabolism can have major consequences. Recently, regulation of bioactive sphingolipids by neuro-inflammatory mediators has been shown to activate a neuronal NADPH oxidase 2 (NOX2) that can provoke damaging oxidation. Therefore, the sphingolipid-regulated neuronal NOX2 serves as a mechanistic link between neuro-inflammation and neurodegeneration. Moreover, therapeutics directed at sphingolipid metabolism or the sphingolipid-regulated NOX2 have the potential to alleviate neurodegeneration arising out of neuro-inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emma J Arsenault
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, 03824, USA
| | - Colin M McGill
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alaska Anchorage, Anchorage, AK, 99508, USA
| | - Brian M Barth
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, 03824, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Rizzo MD, Henriquez JE, Blevins LK, Bach A, Crawford RB, Kaminski NE. Targeting Cannabinoid Receptor 2 on Peripheral Leukocytes to Attenuate Inflammatory Mechanisms Implicated in HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorder. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2020; 15:780-793. [PMID: 32409991 PMCID: PMC7666101 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-020-09918-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
HIV infection affects an estimated 38 million people. Approximately 50% of HIV patients exhibit neurocognitive dysfunction termed HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorder (HAND). HAND is a consequence of chronic low-level neuroinflammation due to HIV entry into the brain. Initially, monocytes become activated in circulation and traffic to the brain. Monocytes, when activated, become susceptible to infection by HIV and can then carry the virus across the blood brain barrier. Once in the brain, activated monocytes secrete chemokines, which recruit virus-specific CD8+ T cells into the brain to further promote neuroinflammation. HAND is closely linked to systemic inflammation driven, in part, by HIV but is also due to persistent translocation of microorganisms across the GI tract. Persistent anti-viral responses in the GI tract compromise microbial barrier integrity. Indeed, HIV patients can exhibit remarkably high levels of activated (CD16+) monocytes in circulation. Recent studies, including our own, show that HIV patients using medical marijuana exhibit lower levels of circulating CD16+ monocytes than non-cannabis using HIV patients. Cannabis is a known immune modulator, including anti-inflammatory properties, mediated, in part, by ∆9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), as well as less characterized minor cannabinoids, such as cannabidiol (CBD), terpenes and presumably other cannabis constituents. The immune modulating activity of THC is largely mediated through cannabinoid receptors (CB) 1 and 2, with CB1 also responsible for the psychotropic properties of cannabis. Here we discuss the anti-inflammatory properties of cannabinoids in the context of HIV and propose CB2 as a putative therapeutic target for the treatment of neuroinflammation. Graphical Abstract HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder is a systemic inflammatory disease leading to activation of plasmacytoid dendritic cells, monocytes and T cells. Monocyte and CD8 T cell migration across the BBB and interaction with astrocytes promotes neurotoxic inflammatory mediators release. CB2 ligands are proposed as therapeutics capable of suppressing systemic and localized inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Rizzo
- Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Cell & Molecular Biology Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Joseph E Henriquez
- Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Lance K Blevins
- Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Anthony Bach
- Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Center for Research on Ingredient Safety, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Robert B Crawford
- Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Norbert E Kaminski
- Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
- Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
- Center for Research on Ingredient Safety, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Šála M, Hollinger KR, Thomas AG, Dash RP, Tallon C, Veeravalli V, Lovell L, Kögler M, Hřebabecký H, Procházková E, Nešuta O, Donoghue A, Lam J, Rais R, Rojas C, Slusher BS, Nencka R. Novel Human Neutral Sphingomyelinase 2 Inhibitors as Potential Therapeutics for Alzheimer's Disease. J Med Chem 2020; 63:6028-6056. [PMID: 32298582 PMCID: PMC8025741 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Neutral sphingomyelinase 2 (nSMase2) catalyzes the cleavage of sphingomyelin to phosphorylcholine and ceramide, an essential step in the formation and release of exosomes from cells that is critical for intracellular communication. Chronic increase of brain nSMase2 activity and related exosome release have been implicated in various pathological processes, including the progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD), making nSMase2 a viable therapeutic target. Recently, we identified phenyl (R)-(1-(3-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-2,6-dimethylimidazo[1,2-b]pyridazin-8-yl)pyrrolidin-3-yl)carbamate 1 (PDDC), the first nSMase2 inhibitor that possesses both favorable pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters, including substantial oral bioavailability, brain penetration, and significant inhibition of exosome release from the brain in vivo. Herein we demonstrate the efficacy of 1 (PDDC) in a mouse model of AD and detail extensive structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies with 70 analogues, unveiling several that exert similar or higher activity against nSMase2 with favorable pharmacokinetic properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michal Šála
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Martin Kögler
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Hubert Hřebabecký
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Eliška Procházková
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Nešuta
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Radim Nencka
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Smith LK, Kuhn TB, Chen J, Bamburg JR. HIV Associated Neurodegenerative Disorders: A New Perspective on the Role of Lipid Rafts in Gp120-Mediated Neurotoxicity. Curr HIV Res 2019; 16:258-269. [PMID: 30280668 PMCID: PMC6398609 DOI: 10.2174/1570162x16666181003144740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The implementation of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) as the primary means of treatment for HIV infection has achieved a dramatic decline in deaths attributed to AIDS and the reduced incidence of severe forms of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) in infected individuals. Despite these advances, milder forms of HAND persist and prevalence of these forms of neurocognitive impairment are rising with the aging population of HIV infected individuals. HIV enters the CNS early in the pathophysiology establishing persistent infection in resident macrophages and glial cells. These infected cells, in turn, secrete neurotoxic viral proteins, inflammatory cytokines, and small metabolites thought to contribute to neurodegenerative processes. The viral envelope protein gp120 has been identified as a potent neurotoxin affecting neurodegeneration via indirect and direct mechanisms involving interactions with chemokine co-receptors CCR5 and CXCR4. This short review focuses on gp120 neurotropism and associated mechanisms of neurotoxicity linked to chemokine receptors CCR5 and CXCR4 with a new perspective on plasma membrane lipid rafts as an active participant in gp120-mediated neurodegeneration underlying HIV induced CNS pathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa K Smith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, United States
| | - Thomas B Kuhn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, United States
| | - Jack Chen
- Department of Biology and Wildlife, Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, United States
| | - James R Bamburg
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Denton AR, Samaranayake SA, Kirchner KN, Roscoe RF, Berger SN, Harrod SB, Mactutus CF, Hashemi P, Booze RM. Selective monoaminergic and histaminergic circuit dysregulation following long-term HIV-1 protein exposure. J Neurovirol 2019; 25:540-550. [PMID: 31102184 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-019-00754-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 04/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Between 30 and 60% of HIV-seropositive individuals develop symptoms of clinical depression and/or apathy. Dopamine and serotonin are associated with motivational alterations; however, histamine is less well studied. In the present study, we used fast-scan cyclic voltammetry in HIV-1 transgenic (Tg) rats to simultaneously analyze the kinetics of nucleus accumbens dopamine (DA), prefrontal cortical serotonin (5-HT), and hypothalamic histamine (HA). For voltammetry, subjects were 15 HIV-1 Tg (7 male, 8 female) and 20 F344/N (11 male, 9 female) adult rats. Both serotonergic and dopaminergic release and reuptake kinetics were decreased in HIV-1 Tg animals relative to controls. In contrast, rates of histamine release and reuptake increased in HIV-1 Tg rats. Additionally, we used immunohistochemical (IHC) methods to identify histaminergic neurons in the tuberomammillary nucleus (TMN) of the hypothalamus. For IHC, subjects were 9 HIV-1 Tg (5 male, 4 female) and 9 F344/N (5 male, 4 female) adult rats. Although the total number of TMN histaminergic cells did not differ between HIV-1 Tg rats and F344/N controls, a significant sex effect was found, with females having an increased number of histaminergic neurons, relative to males. Collectively, these findings illustrate neurochemical alterations that potentially underlie or exacerbate the pathogenesis of clinical depression and/or apathy in HIV-1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam R Denton
- Behavioral Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | | | - Kristin N Kirchner
- Behavioral Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Robert F Roscoe
- Behavioral Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Shane N Berger
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Steven B Harrod
- Behavioral Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Charles F Mactutus
- Behavioral Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Parastoo Hashemi
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Rosemarie M Booze
- Behavioral Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) remain a common end-organ manifestation of viral infection. Subclinical and mild symptoms lead to neurocognitive and behavioral abnormalities. These are associated, in part, with viral penetrance and persistence in the central nervous system. Infections of peripheral blood monocytes, macrophages, and microglia are the primary drivers of neuroinflammation and neuronal impairments. While current antiretroviral therapy (ART) has reduced the incidence of HIV-associated dementia, milder forms of HAND continue. Depression, comorbid conditions such as infectious liver disease, drugs of abuse, antiretroviral drugs themselves, age-related neurodegenerative diseases, gastrointestinal maladies, and concurrent social and economic issues can make accurate diagnosis of HAND challenging. Increased life expectancy as a result of ART clearly creates this variety of comorbid conditions that often blur the link between the virus and disease. With the discovery of novel biomarkers, neuropsychologic testing, and imaging techniques to better diagnose HAND, the emergence of brain-penetrant ART, adjunctive therapies, longer life expectancy, and better understanding of disease pathogenesis, disease elimination is perhaps a realistic possibility. This review focuses on HIV-associated disease pathobiology with an eye towards changing trends in the face of widespread availability of ART.
Collapse
|
18
|
Ogishi M, Yotsuyanagi H. Prediction of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND) from three genetic features of envelope gp120 glycoprotein. Retrovirology 2018; 15:12. [PMID: 29374475 PMCID: PMC5787250 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-018-0401-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND) remains an important and yet potentially underdiagnosed manifestation despite the fact that the modern combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) has achieved effective viral suppression and greatly reduced the incidence of life-threatening events. Although HIV neurotoxicity is thought to play a central role, the potential of viral genetic signature as diagnostic and/or prognostic biomarker has yet to be fully explored. RESULTS Using a manually curated sequence metadataset (80 specimens, 2349 sequences), we demonstrated that only three genetic features are sufficient to predict HAND status regardless of sampling tissues; the accuracy reached 100 and 94% in the hold-out testing subdataset and the entire dataset, respectively. The three genetic features stratified HAND into four distinct clusters. Extrapolating the classification to the 1619 specimens registered in the Los Alamos HIV Sequence Database, the global HAND prevalence was estimated to be 46%, with significant regional variations (30-71%). The R package HANDPrediction was implemented to ensure public availability of key codes. CONCLUSIONS Our analysis revealed three amino acid positions in gp120 glycoprotein, providing the basis of the development of novel cART regimens specifically optimized for HAND-associated quasispecies. Moreover, the classifier can readily be translated into a diagnostic biomarker, warranting prospective validation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masato Ogishi
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Applied Immunology, Research Hospital, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yotsuyanagi
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Applied Immunology, Research Hospital, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Sanchez AB, Kaul M. Neuronal Stress and Injury Caused by HIV-1, cART and Drug Abuse: Converging Contributions to HAND. Brain Sci 2017; 7:brainsci7030025. [PMID: 28241493 PMCID: PMC5366824 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci7030025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Revised: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple mechanisms appear to contribute to neuronal stress and injury underlying HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND), which occur despite the successful introduction of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). Evidence is accumulating that components of cART can itself be neurotoxic upon long-term exposure. In addition, abuse of psychostimulants, such as methamphetamine (METH), seems to compromise antiretroviral therapy and aggravate HAND. However, the combined effect of virus and recreational and therapeutic drugs on the brain is still incompletely understood. However, several lines of evidence suggest a shared critical role of oxidative stress, compromised neuronal energy homeostasis and autophagy in promotion and prevention of neuronal dysfunction associated with HIV-1 infection, cART and psychostimulant use. In this review, we present a synopsis of recent work related to neuronal stress and injury induced by HIV infection, antiretrovirals (ARVs) and the highly addictive psychostimulant METH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana B Sanchez
- Immunity and Pathogenesis Program, Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - Marcus Kaul
- Immunity and Pathogenesis Program, Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Mamik MK, Hui E, Branton WG, McKenzie BA, Chisholm J, Cohen EA, Power C. HIV-1 Viral Protein R Activates NLRP3 Inflammasome in Microglia: implications for HIV-1 Associated Neuroinflammation. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2016; 12:233-248. [PMID: 27726055 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-016-9708-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Human Immunodeficiency virus (HIV) enters the brain soon after seroconversion and induces chronic neuroinflammation by infecting and activating brain macrophages. Inflammasomes are cytosolic protein complexes that mediate caspase-1 activation and ensuing cleavage and release of IL-1β and -18 by macrophages. Our group recently showed that HIV-1 infection of human microglia induced inflammasome activation in NLRP3-dependent manner. The HIV-1 viral protein R (Vpr) is an accessory protein that is released from HIV-infected cells, although its effects on neuroinflammation are undefined. Infection of human microglia with Vpr-deficient HIV-1 resulted in reduced caspase-1 activation and IL-1β production, compared to cells infected with a Vpr-encoding HIV-1 virus. Vpr was detected at low nanomolar concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid from HIV-infected patients and in supernatants from HIV-infected primary human microglia. Exposure of human macrophages to Vpr caused caspase-1 cleavage and IL-1β release with reduced cell viability, which was dependent on NLRP3 expression. Increased NLRP3, caspase-1, and IL-1β expression was evident in HIV-1 Vpr transgenic mice compared to wild-type littermates, following systemic immune stimulation. Treatment with the caspase-1 inhibitor, VX-765, suppressed NLRP3 expression with reduced IL-1β expression and associated neuroinflammation. Neurobehavioral deficits showed improvement in Vpr transgenic animals treated with VX-765. Thus, Vpr-induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation, which contributed to neuroinflammation and was abrogated by caspase-1 inhibition. This study provides a new therapeutic perspective for HIV-associated neuropsychiatric disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manmeet K Mamik
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, T6G 2S2, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Elizabeth Hui
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, T6G 2S2, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - William G Branton
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, T6G 2S2, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Brienne A McKenzie
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, T6G 2S2, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Jesse Chisholm
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, T6G 2S2, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Eric A Cohen
- Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal (IRCM) and Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Christopher Power
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, T6G 2S2, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Saylor D, Dickens AM, Sacktor N, Haughey N, Slusher B, Pletnikov M, Mankowski JL, Brown A, Volsky DJ, McArthur JC. HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder--pathogenesis and prospects for treatment. Nat Rev Neurol 2016; 12:234-48. [PMID: 26965674 DOI: 10.1038/nrneurol.2016.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 558] [Impact Index Per Article: 69.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In the past two decades, several advancements have improved the care of HIV-infected individuals. Most importantly, the development and deployment of combination antiretroviral therapy (CART) has resulted in a dramatic decline in the rate of deaths from AIDS, so that people living with HIV today have nearly normal life expectancies if treated with CART. The term HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND) has been used to describe the spectrum of neurocognitive dysfunction associated with HIV infection. HIV can enter the CNS during early stages of infection, and persistent CNS HIV infection and inflammation probably contribute to the development of HAND. The brain can subsequently serve as a sanctuary for ongoing HIV replication, even when systemic viral suppression has been achieved. HAND can remain in patients treated with CART, and its effects on survival, quality of life and everyday functioning make it an important unresolved issue. In this Review, we describe the epidemiology of HAND, the evolving concepts of its neuropathogenesis, novel insights from animal models, and new approaches to treatment. We also discuss how inflammation is sustained in chronic HIV infection. Moreover, we suggest that adjunctive therapies--treatments targeting CNS inflammation and other metabolic processes, including glutamate homeostasis, lipid and energy metabolism--are needed to reverse or improve HAND-related neurological dysfunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deanna Saylor
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Meyer 6113, 600 N Wolfe St, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA
| | - Alex M Dickens
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Meyer 6113, 600 N Wolfe St, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA
| | - Ned Sacktor
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Meyer 6113, 600 N Wolfe St, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA
| | - Norman Haughey
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Meyer 6113, 600 N Wolfe St, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA
| | - Barbara Slusher
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Meyer 6113, 600 N Wolfe St, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA
| | - Mikhail Pletnikov
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Meyer 6113, 600 N Wolfe St, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA
| | - Joseph L Mankowski
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Meyer 6113, 600 N Wolfe St, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA
| | - Amanda Brown
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Meyer 6113, 600 N Wolfe St, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA
| | - David J Volsky
- The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1468 Madison Avenue, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | - Justin C McArthur
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Meyer 6113, 600 N Wolfe St, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Villeneuve LM, Purnell PR, Stauch KL, Callen SE, Buch SJ, Fox HS. HIV-1 transgenic rats display mitochondrial abnormalities consistent with abnormal energy generation and distribution. J Neurovirol 2016; 22:564-574. [PMID: 26843384 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-016-0424-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Revised: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
With the advent of the combination antiretroviral therapy era (cART), the development of AIDS has been largely limited in the USA. Unfortunately, despite the development of efficacious treatments, HIV-1-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) can still develop, and as many HIV-1 positive individuals age, the prevalence of HAND is likely to rise because HAND manifests in the brain with very low levels of virus. However, the mechanism producing this viral disorder is still debated. Interestingly, HIV-1 infection exposes neurons to proteins including Tat, Nef, and Vpr which can drastically alter mitochondrial properties. Mitochondrial dysfunction has been posited to be a cornerstone of the development of numerous neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, we investigated mitochondria in an animal model of HAND. Using an HIV-1 transgenic rat model expressing seven of the nine HIV-1 viral proteins, mitochondrial functional and proteomic analysis were performed on a subset of mitochondria that are particularly sensitive to cellular changes, the neuronal synaptic mitochondria. Quantitative mass spectroscopic studies followed by statistical analysis revealed extensive proteome alteration in this model paralleling mitochondrial abnormalities identified in HIV-1 animal models and HIV-1-infected humans. Novel mitochondrial protein changes were discovered in the electron transport chain (ETC), the glycolytic pathways, mitochondrial trafficking proteins, and proteins involved in various energy pathways, and these findings correlated well with the function of the mitochondria as assessed by a mitochondrial coupling and flux assay. By targeting these proteins and proteins upstream in the same pathway, we may be able to limit the development of HAND.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lance M Villeneuve
- Departments of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985800 Nebraska Medical Center-DRC1 3008, Omaha, NE, 68198-5800, USA
| | - Phillip R Purnell
- Departments of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985800 Nebraska Medical Center-DRC1 3008, Omaha, NE, 68198-5800, USA
| | - Kelly L Stauch
- Departments of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985800 Nebraska Medical Center-DRC1 3008, Omaha, NE, 68198-5800, USA
| | - Shannon E Callen
- Departments of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985800 Nebraska Medical Center-DRC1 3008, Omaha, NE, 68198-5800, USA
| | - Shilpa J Buch
- Departments of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985800 Nebraska Medical Center-DRC1 3008, Omaha, NE, 68198-5800, USA
| | - Howard S Fox
- Departments of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985800 Nebraska Medical Center-DRC1 3008, Omaha, NE, 68198-5800, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Expression of CHRFAM7A and CHRNA7 in neuronal cells and postmortem brain of HIV-infected patients: considerations for HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder. J Neurovirol 2015; 22:327-35. [PMID: 26567012 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-015-0401-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Revised: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Despite the recent advances in antiretroviral therapy, human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) remains a global health threat. HIV-1 affects the central nervous system by releasing viral proteins that trigger neuronal death and neuroinflammation, and promotes alterations known as HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). This disorder is not fully understood, and no specific treatments are available. Recently, we demonstrated that the HIV-1 envelope protein gp120IIIB induces a functional upregulation of the α7-nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7) in neuronal cells. Furthermore, this upregulation promotes cell death that can be abrogated with receptor antagonists, suggesting that α7 may play an important role in the development of HAND. The partial duplication of the gene coding for the α7, known as CHRFAM7A, negatively regulates α7 expression but its role in HIV infection has not been studied. Hence, we studied both CHRNA7 and CHRFAM7A regulation patterns in various gp120IIIB in vitro conditions. In addition, we measured CHRNA7 and CHRFAM7A expression levels in postmortem brain samples from patients suffering from different stages of HAND. Our results demonstrate the induction of CHRNA7 expression accompanied by a significant downregulation of CHRFAM7A in neuronal cells when exposed to pathophysiological concentrations of gp120IIIB. Our results suggest a dysregulation of CHRFAM7A and CHRNA7 expressions in the basal ganglia from postmortem brain samples of HIV+ subjects and expand the current knowledge about the consequences of HIV infection in the brain.
Collapse
|
24
|
Pandhare J, Dash S, Jones B, Villalta F, Dash C. A Novel Role of Proline Oxidase in HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein-induced Neuronal Autophagy. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:25439-51. [PMID: 26330555 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.652776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Proline oxidase (POX) catalytically converts proline to pyrroline-5-carboxylate. This catabolic conversion generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) that triggers cellular signaling cascades including autophagy and apoptosis. This study for the first time demonstrates a role of POX in HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (gp120)-induced neuronal autophagy. HIV-1 gp120 is a neurotoxic factor and is involved in HIV-1-associated neurological disorders. However, the mechanism of gp120-mediated neurotoxicity remains unclear. Using SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells as a model, this study demonstrates that gp120 treatment induced POX expression and catalytic activity. Concurrently, gp120 also increased intracellular ROS levels. However, increased ROS had a minimal effect on neuronal apoptosis. Further investigation indicated that the immediate cellular response to increased ROS paralleled with induction of autophagy markers, beclin-1 and LC3-II. These data lead to the hypothesis that neuronal autophagy is activated as a cellular protective response to the toxic effects of gp120. A direct and functional role of POX in gp120-mediated neuronal autophagy was examined by inhibition and overexpression studies. Inhibition of POX activity by a competitive inhibitor "dehydroproline" decreased ROS levels concomitant with reduced neuronal autophagy. Conversely, overexpression of POX in neuronal cells increased ROS levels and activated ROS-dependent autophagy. Mechanistic studies suggest that gp120 induces POX by targeting p53. Luciferase reporter assays confirm that p53 drives POX transcription. Furthermore, data demonstrate that gp120 induces p53 via binding to the CXCR4 co-receptor. Collectively, these results demonstrate a novel role of POX as a stress response metabolic regulator in HIV-1 gp120-associated neuronal autophagy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jui Pandhare
- From the Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research, School of Graduate Studies and Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and
| | - Sabyasachi Dash
- From the Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research, School of Graduate Studies and Research
| | - Bobby Jones
- From the Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research, School of Graduate Studies and Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and
| | - Fernando Villalta
- From the Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research, School of Graduate Studies and Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and
| | - Chandravanu Dash
- From the Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research, School of Graduate Studies and Research, Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee 37208
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Ong WY, Herr DR, Farooqui T, Ling EA, Farooqui AA. Role of sphingomyelinases in neurological disorders. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2015; 19:1725-42. [DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2015.1071794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
26
|
Roy A, Jana M, Kundu M, Corbett GT, Rangaswamy SB, Mishra RK, Luan CH, Gonzalez FJ, Pahan K. HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors Bind to PPARα to Upregulate Neurotrophin Expression in the Brain and Improve Memory in Mice. Cell Metab 2015; 22:253-65. [PMID: 26118928 PMCID: PMC4526399 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2015.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Revised: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/23/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Neurotrophins are important for neuronal health and function. Here, statins, inhibitors of HMG-CoA reductase and cholesterol lowering drugs, were found to stimulate expression of neurotrophins in brain cells independent of the mevalonate pathway. Time-resolved fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) analyses, computer-derived simulation, site-directed mutagenesis, thermal shift assay, and de novo binding followed by electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) demonstrates that statins serve as ligands of PPARα and that Leu331 and Tyr 334 residues of PPARα are important for statin binding. Upon binding, statins upregulate neurotrophins via PPARα-mediated transcriptional activation of cAMP-response element binding protein (CREB). Accordingly, simvastatin increases CREB and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the hippocampus of Ppara null mice receiving full-length lentiviral PPARα, but not L331M/Y334D statin-binding domain-mutated lentiviral PPARα. This study identifies statins as ligands of PPARα, describes neurotrophic function of statins via the PPARα-CREB pathway, and analyzes the importance of PPARα in the therapeutic success of simvastatin in an animal model of Alzheimer's disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Avik Roy
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Malabendu Jana
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Madhuchhanda Kundu
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Grant T Corbett
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Suresh B Rangaswamy
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Rama K Mishra
- Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Chi-Hao Luan
- Weinberg College of Arts and Sciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Frank J Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kalipada Pahan
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; Division of Research and Development, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 820 South Darnen Avenue, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Hong S, Banks WA. Role of the immune system in HIV-associated neuroinflammation and neurocognitive implications. Brain Behav Immun 2015; 45:1-12. [PMID: 25449672 PMCID: PMC4342286 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2014.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2014] [Revised: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals living with HIV who are optimally treated with combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) can now lead an extended life. In spite of this remarkable survival benefit from viral suppression achieved by cART in peripheral blood, the rate of mild to moderate cognitive impairment remains high. A cognitive decline that includes impairments in attention, learning and executive function is accompanied by increased rates of mood disorders that together adversely impact the daily life of those with chronic HIV infection. The evidence is clear that cells in the brain are infected with HIV that has crossed the blood-brain barrier both as cell-free virus and within infected monocytes and T cells. Viral proteins that circulate in blood can induce brain endothelial cells to release cytokines, invoking another source of neuroinflammation. The difficulty of efficient delivery of cART to the central nervous system (CNS) contributes to elevated viral load in the CNS, resulting in a persistent HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). The pathogenesis of HAND is multifaceted, and mounting evidence indicates that immune cells play a major role. HIV-infected monocytes and T cells not only infect brain resident cells upon migration into the CNS but also produce proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF and IL-1ß, which in turn, further activate microglia and astrocytes. These activated brain resident cells, along with perivascular macrophages, are the main contributors to neuroinflammation in HIV infection and release neurotoxic factors such as excitatory amino acids and inflammatory mediators, resulting in neuronal dysfunction and death. Cytokines, which are elevated in the blood of patients with HIV infection, may also contribute to brain inflammation by entering the brain from the blood. Host factors such as aging and co-morbid conditions such as cytomegalovirus co-infection and vascular pathology are important factors that affect the HIV-host immune interactions in HAND pathogenesis. By these diverse mechanisms, HIV-1 induces a neuroinflammatory response that is likely to be a major contributor to the cognitive and behavior changes seen in HIV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suzi Hong
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, United States.
| | - William A. Banks
- Geriatric Research Clinical and Education Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System and Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Abstract
Antiretroviral therapy extends the lifespan of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients, but many survivors develop premature impairments in cognition. These residual cognitive impairments may involve aberrant deposition of amyloid β-peptides (Aβ). By unknown mechanisms, Aβ accumulates in the lysosomal and autophagic compartments of neurons in the HIV-infected brain. Here we identify the molecular events evoked by the HIV coat protein gp120 that facilitate the intraneuronal accumulation of Aβ. We created a triple transgenic gp120/APP/PS1 mouse that recapitulates intraneuronal deposition of Aβ in a manner reminiscent of the HIV-infected brain. In cultured neurons, we found that the HIV coat protein gp120 increased the transcriptional expression of BACE1 through repression of PPARγ, and increased APP expression by promoting interaction of the translation-activating RBP heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein C with APP mRNA. APP and BACE1 were colocalized into stabilized membrane microdomains, where the β-cleavage of APP and Aβ formation were enhanced. Aβ-peptides became localized to lysosomes that were engorged with sphingomyelin and calcium. Stimulating calcium efflux from lysosomes with a TRPM1 agonist promoted calcium efflux, luminal acidification, and cleared both sphingomyelin and Aβ from lysosomes. These findings suggest that therapeutics targeted to reduce lysosomal pH in neurodegenerative conditions may protect neurons by facilitating the clearance of accumulated sphingolipids and Aβ-peptides.
Collapse
|
29
|
Haughey NJ, Zhu X, Bandaru VVR. A biological perspective of CSF lipids as surrogate markers for cognitive status in HIV. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2013; 8:1136-46. [PMID: 24203462 PMCID: PMC3909934 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-013-9506-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 10/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The development and application of biomarkers to neurodegenerative diseases has become increasingly important in clinical practice and therapeutic trials. While substantial progress has been made at the basic science level in understanding the pathophysiology of HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders (HAND), there are significant limitations in our current ability to predict the onset or trajectory of disease, and to accurately determine the effects of therapeutic interventions. Thus, the development of objective biomarkers is critical to further our understanding and treatment of HAND. In recent years, biomarker discovery efforts have largely been driven forward through the implementation of multiple "omics" approaches that include (but are not restricted to): Lipidomics, proteomics, metabolomics, genomics, transcriptomics, and advances in brain imaging approaches such as functional connectomics. In this paper we summarize our progress to date on lipidomic approaches to biomarker discovery, discuss how these data have influenced basic research on the neuropathology of HAND, and implications for the development of therapeutics that target metabolic pathways involved in lipid handling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Norman J Haughey
- Department of Neurology, Division of Neuroimmunology and Neurological Infections, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Pathology 517, 600 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA,
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Roy A, Jana M, Corbett GT, Ramaswamy S, Kordower JH, Gonzalez FJ, Pahan K. Regulation of cyclic AMP response element binding and hippocampal plasticity-related genes by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α. Cell Rep 2013; 4:724-37. [PMID: 23972989 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2013.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Revised: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) is a transcription factor that regulates genes involved in fatty acid catabolism. Here, we provide evidence that PPARα is constitutively expressed in nuclei of hippocampal neurons and, surprisingly, controls calcium influx and the expression of various plasticity-related genes via direct transcriptional regulation of cyclic AMP response element binding (CREB). Accordingly, Pparα-null, but not Pparβ-null, mice are deficient in CREB and memory-associated proteins and have decreased spatial learning and memory. Small hairpin RNA knockdown of PPARα in the hippocampus suppressed CREB and NR2A, rendering wild-type animals markedly poor in consolidating spatial memory, whereas introduction of PPARα to the hippocampus of Pparα-null mice increased hippocampal CREB and NR2A and improved spatial learning and memory. Through detailed analyses of CREB and NR2A activity, as well as spatial learning and memory in bone marrow chimeric animals lacking PPARα in the CNS, we uncover a mechanism for transcriptional control of Creb and associated plasticity genes by PPARα.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Avik Roy
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Lymphocytes with cytotoxic activity induce rapid microtubule axonal destabilization independently and before signs of neuronal death. ASN Neuro 2013; 5:e00105. [PMID: 23289514 PMCID: PMC3565378 DOI: 10.1042/an20120087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
MS (multiple sclerosis) is the most prevalent autoimmune disease of the CNS (central nervous system) historically characterized as an inflammatory and demyelinating disease. More recently, extensive neuronal pathology has lead to its classification as a neurodegenerative disease as well. While the immune system initiates the autoimmune response it remains unclear how it orchestrates neuronal damage. In our previous studies, using in vitro cultured embryonic neurons, we demonstrated that MBP (myelin basic protein)-specific encephalitogenic CD4 T-cells induce early neuronal damage. In an extension of those studies, here we show that polarized CD4 Th1 and Th17 cells as wells as CD8 T-cells and NK (natural killer) cells induce microtubule destabilization within neurites in a contact-independent manner. Owing to the cytotoxic potential of these immune cells, we isolated the luminal components of lytic granules and determined that they were sufficient to drive microtubule destabilization. Since lytic granules contain cytolytic proteins, we determined that the induction of microtubule destabilization occurred prior to signs of apoptosis. Furthermore, we determined that microtubule destabilization was largely restricted to axons, sparing dendrites. This study demonstrated that lymphocytes with cytolytic activity have the capacity to directly drive MAD (microtubule axonal destabilization) in a bystander manner that is independent of neuronal death.
Collapse
|
32
|
Mielke MM, Haughey NJ. Could plasma sphingolipids be diagnostic or prognostic biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 7:525-536. [PMID: 23606909 DOI: 10.2217/clp.12.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the etiopathological processes of Alzheimer's disease (AD) in the preclinical and early clinical stages will be important in developing new therapeutic targets and biomarkers. There is growing consensus that nonamyloid targets will be necessary to reverse or slow AD progression. Lipidomic, metabolomic and targeted approaches have identified pathways and products of sphingolipid metabolism that are altered early in the course of AD and contribute to the neuropathological alterations associated with AD, including amyloid-β production, tau formation and neurodegeneration. In this article, we briefly review the current literature on the role of sphingolipids in the underlying pathophysiology of AD, and then discuss the current state of translating these findings to clinical populations and the potential utility of plasma sphingolipids as diagnostic and/or prognostic indicators of AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle M Mielke
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Health Sciences Research, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street Southwest, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Jana M, Mondal S, Gonzalez FJ, Pahan K. Gemfibrozil, a lipid-lowering drug, increases myelin genes in human oligodendrocytes via peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-β. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:34134-48. [PMID: 22879602 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.398552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
An increase in CNS remyelination and a decrease in CNS inflammation are important steps to halt the progression of multiple sclerosis. Earlier studies have shown that gemfibrozil, a lipid-lowering drug, has anti-inflammatory properties. The current study identified another novel property of gemfibrozil in stimulating the expression of myelin-specific genes (myelin basic protein, myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein, 2',3'-cyclic-nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase, and proteolipid protein (PLP)) in primary human oligodendrocytes, mixed glial cells, and spinal cord organotypic cultures. Although gemfibrozil is a known activator of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPAR-α), we were unable to detect PPAR-α in either gemfibrozil-treated or untreated human oligodendrocytes, and gemfibrozil increased the expression of myelin genes in oligodendrocytes isolated from both wild type and PPAR-α(-/-) mice. On the other hand, gemfibrozil markedly increased the expression of PPAR-β but not PPAR-γ. Consistently, antisense knockdown of PPAR-β, but not PPAR-γ, abrogated the stimulatory effect of gemfibrozil on myelin genes in human oligodendrocytes. Gemfibrozil also did not up-regulate myelin genes in oligodendroglia isolated from PPAR-β(-/-) mice. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis showed that gemfibrozil induced the recruitment of PPAR-β to the promoter of PLP and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein genes in human oligodendrocytes. Furthermore, gemfibrozil treatment also led to the recruitment of PPAR-β to the PLP promoter in vivo in the spinal cord of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis mice and suppression of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis symptoms in PLP-T cell receptor transgenic mice. These results suggest that gemfibrozil stimulates the expression of myelin genes via PPAR-β and that gemfibrozil, a prescribed drug for humans, may find further therapeutic use in demyelinating diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Malabendu Jana
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Roy A, Ghosh A, Jana A, Liu X, Brahmachari S, Gendelman HE, Pahan K. Sodium phenylbutyrate controls neuroinflammatory and antioxidant activities and protects dopaminergic neurons in mouse models of Parkinson's disease. PLoS One 2012; 7:e38113. [PMID: 22723850 PMCID: PMC3377667 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0038113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2011] [Accepted: 04/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation and oxidative stress underlie the pathogenesis of various neurodegenerative disorders. Here we demonstrate that sodium phenylbutyrate (NaPB), an FDA-approved therapy for reducing plasma ammonia and glutamine in urea cycle disorders, can suppress both proinflammatory molecules and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in activated glial cells. Interestingly, NaPB also decreased the level of cholesterol but involved only intermediates, not the end product of cholesterol biosynthesis pathway for these functions. While inhibitors of both geranylgeranyl transferase (GGTI) and farnesyl transferase (FTI) inhibited the activation of NF-κB, inhibitor of GGTI, but not FTI, suppressed the production of ROS. Accordingly, a dominant-negative mutant of p21(rac), but not p21(ras), attenuated the production of ROS from activated microglia. Inhibition of both p21(ras) and p21(rac) activation by NaPB in microglial cells suggests that NaPB exerts anti-inflammatory and antioxidative effects via inhibition of these small G proteins. Consistently, we found activation of both p21(ras) and p21(rac)in vivo in the substantia nigra of acute 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) mouse model of Parkinson's disease. Oral administration of NaPB reduced nigral activation of p21(ras) and p21(rac), protected nigral reduced glutathione, attenuated nigral activation of NF-κB, inhibited nigral expression of proinflammatory molecules, and suppressed nigral activation of glial cells. These findings paralleled dopaminergic neuronal protection, normalized striatal neurotransmitters, and improved motor functions in MPTP-intoxicated mice. Consistently, FTI and GGTI also protected nigrostriata in MPTP-intoxicated mice. Furthermore, NaPB also halted the disease progression in a chronic MPTP mouse model. These results identify novel mode of action of NaPB and suggest that NaPB may be of therapeutic benefit for neurodegenerative disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Avik Roy
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Anamitra Ghosh
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Arundhati Jana
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Xiaojuan Liu
- Section of Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Dentistry, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Saurav Brahmachari
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Howard E. Gendelman
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Kalipada Pahan
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Section of Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Dentistry, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Corbett GT, Roy A, Pahan K. Gemfibrozil, a lipid-lowering drug, upregulates IL-1 receptor antagonist in mouse cortical neurons: implications for neuronal self-defense. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 189:1002-13. [PMID: 22706077 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1102624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Chronic inflammation is becoming a hallmark of several neurodegenerative disorders and accordingly, IL-1β, a proinflammatory cytokine, is implicated in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. Although IL-1β binds to its high-affinity receptor, IL-1R, and upregulates proinflammatory signaling pathways, IL-1R antagonist (IL-1Ra) adheres to the same receptor and inhibits proinflammatory cell signaling. Therefore, upregulation of IL-1Ra is considered important in attenuating inflammation. The present study underlines a novel application of gemfibrozil (gem), a Food and Drug Administration-approved lipid-lowering drug, in increasing the expression of IL-1Ra in primary mouse and human neurons. Gem alone induced an early and pronounced increase in the expression of IL-1Ra in primary mouse cortical neurons. Activation of type IA p110α PI3K and Akt by gem and abrogation of gem-induced upregulation of IL-1Ra by inhibitors of PI3K and Akt indicate a role of the PI3K-Akt pathway in the upregulation of IL-1Ra. Gem also induced the activation of CREB via the PI3K-Akt pathway, and small interfering RNA attenuation of CREB abolished the gem-mediated increase in IL-1Ra. Furthermore, gem was able to protect neurons from IL-1β insult. However, small interfering RNA knockdown of neuronal IL-1Ra abrogated the protective effect of gem against IL-1β, suggesting that this drug increases the defense mechanism of cortical neurons via upregulation of IL-1Ra. Taken together, these results highlight the importance of the PI3K-Akt-CREB pathway in mediating gem-induced upregulation of IL-1Ra in neurons and suggest gem as a possible therapeutic treatment for propagating neuronal self-defense in neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Grant T Corbett
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
The Roles of Neutral Sphingomyelinases in Neurological Pathologies. Neurochem Res 2012; 37:1137-49. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-011-0692-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2011] [Revised: 11/25/2011] [Accepted: 12/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
37
|
Xu H, Bae M, Tovar-y-Romo LB, Patel N, Bandaru VVR, Pomerantz D, Steiner JP, Haughey NJ. The human immunodeficiency virus coat protein gp120 promotes forward trafficking and surface clustering of NMDA receptors in membrane microdomains. J Neurosci 2011; 31:17074-90. [PMID: 22114277 PMCID: PMC3254245 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4072-11.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2011] [Revised: 09/28/2011] [Accepted: 09/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) can result in debilitating neurological syndromes collectively known as HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders. Although the HIV coat protein gp120 has been identified as a potent neurotoxin that enhances NMDA receptor function, the exact mechanisms for this effect are not known. Here we provide evidence that gp120 activates two separate signaling pathways that converge to enhance NMDA-evoked calcium flux by clustering NMDA receptors in modified membrane microdomains. gp120 enlarged and stabilized the structure of lipid microdomains on dendrites by mechanisms that involved a redox-regulated translocation of a sphingomyelin hydrolase (neutral sphingomyelinase-2) to the plasma membrane. A concurrent pathway was activated that accelerated the forward traffic of NMDA receptors by a PKA-dependent phosphorylation of the NR1 C-terminal serine 897 (masks an ER retention signal), followed by a PKC-dependent phosphorylation of serine 896 (important for surface expression). NMDA receptors were preferentially targeted to synapses and clustered in modified membrane microdomains. In these conditions, NMDA receptors were unable to laterally disperse and did not internalize, even in response to strong agonist induction. Focal NMDA-evoked calcium bursts were enhanced by threefold in these regions. Inhibiting membrane modification or NR1 phosphorylation prevented gp120 from accelerating the surface localization of NMDA receptors. Disrupting the structure of membrane microdomains after gp120 treatments restored the ability of NMDA receptors to disperse and internalize. These findings demonstrate that gp120 contributes to synaptic dysfunction in the setting of HIV infection by interfering with NMDA receptor trafficking.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hangxiu Xu
- Departments of Neurology, Richard T. Johnson Division of Neuroimmunology and Neurological Infections and
| | - Mihyun Bae
- Departments of Neurology, Richard T. Johnson Division of Neuroimmunology and Neurological Infections and
| | - Luis B. Tovar-y-Romo
- Departments of Neurology, Richard T. Johnson Division of Neuroimmunology and Neurological Infections and
| | - Neha Patel
- Departments of Neurology, Richard T. Johnson Division of Neuroimmunology and Neurological Infections and
| | | | - Daniel Pomerantz
- Departments of Neurology, Richard T. Johnson Division of Neuroimmunology and Neurological Infections and
| | - Joseph P. Steiner
- Departments of Neurology, Richard T. Johnson Division of Neuroimmunology and Neurological Infections and
| | - Norman J. Haughey
- Departments of Neurology, Richard T. Johnson Division of Neuroimmunology and Neurological Infections and
- Psychiatry, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Frazziano G, Moreno L, Moral-Sanz J, Menendez C, Escolano L, Gonzalez C, Villamor E, Alvarez-Sala JL, Cogolludo AL, Perez-Vizcaino F. Neutral sphingomyelinase, NADPH oxidase and reactive oxygen species. Role in acute hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction. J Cell Physiol 2011; 226:2633-40. [PMID: 21792922 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms underlying hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction (HPV) are not yet properly understood. Mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) and NADPH oxidase have been proposed as possible oxygen sensors, with derived reactive oxygen species (ROS) playing key roles in coupling the sensor(s) to the contractile machinery. We have recently reported that activation of neutral sphingomyelinase (nSMase) and protein kinase C ζ (PKCζ) participate in the signalling cascade of HPV. Herein, we studied the significance of nSMase in controlling ROS production rate in rat pulmonary artery (PA) smooth muscle cells and thereby HPV in rat PA. ROS production (analyzed by dichlorofluorescein and dihydroethidium fluorescence) was increased by hypoxia in endothelium-denuded PA segments and their inhibition prevented hypoxia-induced voltage-gated potassium channel (K(V) ) inhibition and pulmonary vasoconstriction. Consistently, H(2) O(2) , or its analogue t-BHP, decreased K(V) currents and induced a contractile response, mimicking the effects of hypoxia. Inhibitors of mitochondrial ETC (rotenone) and NADPH oxidase (apocynin) prevented hypoxia-induced ROS production, K(V) channel inhibition and vasoconstriction. Hypoxia induced p47(phox) phosphorylation and its interaction with caveolin-1. Inhibition of nSMase (GW4869) or PKCζ prevented p47(phox) phosphorylation and ROS production. The increase in ceramide induced by hypoxia (analyzed by immunocytochemistry) was inhibited by rotenone. Exogenous ceramide increased ROS production in a PKCζ sensitive manner. We propose an integrated signalling pathway for HPV which includes nSMase-PKCζ-NADPH oxidase as a necessary step required for ROS production and vasoconstriction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Frazziano
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University Complutense of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Canals D, Perry DM, Jenkins RW, Hannun YA. Drug targeting of sphingolipid metabolism: sphingomyelinases and ceramidases. Br J Pharmacol 2011; 163:694-712. [PMID: 21615386 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01279.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Sphingolipids represent a class of diverse bioactive lipid molecules that are increasingly appreciated as key modulators of diverse physiologic and pathophysiologic processes that include cell growth, cell death, autophagy, angiogenesis, and stress and inflammatory responses. Sphingomyelinases and ceramidases are key enzymes of sphingolipid metabolism that regulate the formation and degradation of ceramide, one of the most intensely studied classes of sphingolipids. Improved understanding of these enzymes that control not only the levels of ceramide but also the complex interconversion of sphingolipid metabolites has provided the foundation for the functional analysis of the roles of sphingolipids. Our current understanding of the roles of various sphingolipids in the regulation of different cellular processes has come from loss-of-function/gain-of-function studies utilizing genetic deletion/downregulation/overexpression of enzymes of sphingolipid metabolism (e.g. knockout animals, RNA interference) and from the use of pharmacologic inhibitors of these same enzymes. While genetic approaches to evaluate the functional roles of sphingolipid enzymes have been instrumental in advancing the field, the use of pharmacologic inhibitors has been equally important in identifying new roles for sphingolipids in important cellular processes.The latter also promises the development of novel therapeutic targets with implications for cancer therapy, inflammation, diabetes, and neurodegeneration. In this review, we focus on the status and use of pharmacologic compounds that inhibit sphingomyelinases and ceramidases, and we will review the history, current uses and future directions for various small molecule inhibitors, and will highlight studies in which inhibitors of sphingolipid metabolizing enzymes have been used to effectively treat models of human disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Canals
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Mocchetti I, Bachis A, Avdoshina V. Neurotoxicity of human immunodeficiency virus-1: viral proteins and axonal transport. Neurotox Res 2011; 21:79-89. [PMID: 21948112 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-011-9279-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2011] [Revised: 09/09/2011] [Accepted: 09/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV) infection of the central nervous system may cause a neurological syndrome termed HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND) which includes minor neurocognitive disorders or a more severe form of motor and cognitive impairments. Although treatment with highly active antiretroviral agents decreases the load of HIV in the brain, the prevalence of mild forms of HAND is actually increased due to longer life. Therefore, adjunctive and combined therapies must be developed to prevent and perhaps reverse the neurologic deficits observed in individuals with HAND. Key to developing effective therapies is a better understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms by which the virus causes this disorder. A number of HIV proteins has been shown to be released from HIV-infected cells. Moreover, these proteins have been shown to possess neurotoxic properties. This review describes new evidence of a direct interaction of the HIV protein gp120 with neurons, which might play a role in the etiopathology of HAND.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Italo Mocchetti
- Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, 3970 Reservoir Road, NW, New Research Building WP13, Washington, DC 20057, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Bandaru VVR, Patel N, Ewaleifoh O, Haughey NJ. A failure to normalize biochemical and metabolic insults during morphine withdrawal disrupts synaptic repair in mice transgenic for HIV-gp120. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2011; 6:640-9. [PMID: 21748284 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-011-9289-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2011] [Accepted: 06/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Drug abuse in HIV-infected individuals accelerates the onset and progression of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). Opiates are a class of commonly abused drugs that have interactive effects with neurotoxic HIV proteins that facilitate glial dysfunction, neuronal damage and death. While the combined effects of neurotoxic HIV proteins and morphine have been extensively studied in the setting of chronic and acute morphine use, very little in known about the effects of HIV proteins during drug withdrawal. Since opiate withdrawal can induce considerable neuronal stress, we determined the effects of opiates (morphine) on brain redox balance, sphingolipid metabolism and synaptic integrity during both chronic and withdrawal conditions in non-transgenic mice (nTg), and in mice transgenic for the HIV-coat protein gp120 (gp120tg). In nTg mice, we found that chronic morphine increased brain oxidative capacity and induced synaptic damage that was largely reversed during drug withdrawal. Gp120tg mice showed a similar response to chronic morphine, but the diminished oxidative capacity and synaptic damage failed to normalize during drug withdrawal. In nTg mice, brain sphingolipid content was not affected by morphine during chronic or withdrawal conditions. In gp120tg mice there was a baseline perturbation in sphingolipid metabolism that manifest as decreased sphingomyelin with accumulations of the bioactive lipid ceramide. Sphingolipid metabolism was highly reactive to morphine in gp120tg mice. Chronic morphine increased sphingomyelin content with a consequent reduction in ceramide. During drug withdrawal, these effects reversed, and sphingomyelin levels were reduced with consequent increases of ceramide. We interpret these findings to suggest that neuronal repair during morphine withdrawal is inhibited in the setting of gp120 by mechanisms that involve sustained oxidative insult and accumulations of the highly reactive intermediate ceramide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Veera Venkata Ratnam Bandaru
- Department of Neurology, Division of Neuroimmunology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Meyer 6-109, 600 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Hollenbaugh JA, Munger J, Kim B. Metabolite profiles of human immunodeficiency virus infected CD4+ T cells and macrophages using LC-MS/MS analysis. Virology 2011; 415:153-9. [PMID: 21565377 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2011.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2011] [Revised: 04/12/2011] [Accepted: 04/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infects both activated CD4+ T cells and macrophages. We tested if liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) technology can monitor metabolic alterations induced by HIV-1 in the infected cells. Here we monitored glucose uptake and conducted LC-MS/MS-based metabolomic analysis in HIV-1 infected primary human CD4+ T cells and a macrophage model system: differentiated U1 (HIV-1 producing) and differentiated U937 (control) cells. HIV-1 infected CD4+ T cells have higher glucose uptake and increases in several metabolite pool sizes, whereas HIV-1 producing macrophages had substantial reductions in glucose uptake and steady state glycolytic intermediates. This data suggests that the two HIV-1 target cell types exhibit very different metabolic outcomes during viral production. This study also validates the LC-MS/MS technology as an effective metabolomic approach to monitor various metabolic alterations made by HIV-1 infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A Hollenbaugh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Haughey NJ, Tovar-y-Romo LB, Bandaru VVR. Roles for biological membranes in regulating human immunodeficiency virus replication and progress in the development of HIV therapeutics that target lipid metabolism. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2011; 6:284-95. [PMID: 21445582 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-011-9274-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2011] [Accepted: 03/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) involves a number of important interactions with lipid components in host membranes that regulate binding, fusion, internalization, and viral assembly. Available data suggests that HIV actively modifies the sphingolipid content of cellular membranes to create focal environments that are favorable for infection. In this review, we summarize the roles that membrane lipids play in HIV infection and discuss the current status of therapeutics that attempt to modify biological membranes to inhibit HIV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Norman J Haughey
- Department of Neurology, Richard T. Johnson Division of Neuroimmunology and Neurological Infections, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Meyer 6-109, 600N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Regulation of phosphatidic Acid metabolism by sphingolipids in the central nervous system. J Lipids 2010; 2011:342576. [PMID: 21490799 PMCID: PMC3068476 DOI: 10.1155/2011/342576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2010] [Accepted: 10/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper explores the way ceramide, sphingosine, ceramide 1-phosphate, and sphingosine 1-phosphate modulate the generation of second lipid messengers from phosphatidic acid in two experimental models of the central nervous system: in vertebrate rod outer segments prepared from dark-adapted retinas as well as in rod outer segments prepared from light-adapted retinas and in rat cerebral cortex synaptosomes under physiological aging conditions. Particular attention is paid to lipid phosphate phosphatase, diacylglycerol lipase, and monoacylglycerol lipase. Based on the findings reported in this paper, it can be concluded that proteins related to phototransduction phenomena are involved in the effects derived from sphingosine 1-phosphate/sphingosine or ceramide 1-phosphate/ceramide and that age-related changes occur in the metabolism of phosphatidic acid from cerebral cortex synaptosomes in the presence of either sphingosine 1-phosphate/sphingosine or ceramide 1-phosphate/ceramide. The present paper demonstrates, in two different models of central nervous system, how sphingolipids influence phosphatidic acid metabolism under different physiological conditions such as light and aging.
Collapse
|
45
|
Fibrillar amyloid-beta-activated human astroglia kill primary human neurons via neutral sphingomyelinase: implications for Alzheimer's disease. J Neurosci 2010; 30:12676-89. [PMID: 20861373 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1243-10.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Glial activation plays an important role in the pathogenesis of various neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer's disease. However, molecular mechanisms by which activated glia could kill neurons are poorly understood. The present study underlines the importance of neutral sphingomyelinase (N-SMase) in mediating the damaging effect of fibrillar amyloid-β 1-42 (Aβ1-42) peptide-activated astroglia on neurons. In transwell experiments, soluble products released from activated primary human astroglia induced the activation of neutral sphingomyelinase (N-SMase), production of ceramide, and cell death in primary human neurons. Protection of neurons from cytotoxic effects of activated astroglia by antisense knockdown of N-SMase, but not acidic sphingomyelinase (A-SMase), suggests that soluble products released from activated astroglia kill neurons via N-SMase but not A-SMase. Next we examined the role of N-SMase in the activation of human astroglia. Interestingly, knockdown of N-SMase, but not A-SMase, by either antisense oligonucleotides or chemical inhibitor, prevented the induction of proinflammatory molecules [tumor necrosis factor-α, inducible nitric oxide synthase, interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and IL-6] and the activation of nuclear factor-κB in Aβ1-42-activated astroglia. Subsequently, fibrillar Aβ peptides also induced the activation of N-SMase and ceramide in vivo in mouse cortex. Most importantly, antisense knockdown of N-SMase, but not A-SMase, decreased the activation of astroglia and protected neurons from fibrillar Aβ toxicity in vivo in the cortex. Together, it is apparent that both the activation of astroglia by Aβ and that the cytotoxicity of activated astroglia on neurons depend on N-SMase.
Collapse
|
46
|
Perez-Vizcaino F, Cogolludo A, Moreno L. Reactive oxygen species signaling in pulmonary vascular smooth muscle. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2010; 174:212-20. [PMID: 20797450 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2010.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2010] [Revised: 08/16/2010] [Accepted: 08/17/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, it has become evident that reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a critical role in the regulation of several physiological and pathophysiological processes. Herein we review the main sources, targets and pathophysiological roles of ROS in pulmonary vascular smooth muscle. Mitochondria and NADPH oxidases represent the major sources of ROS in vascular cells. In addition, ROS can be produced by different pathways of arachidonic acid metabolism, endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) and xantine oxidase. There is increasing evidence for the role of ROS, specially hydrogen peroxide, as signaling moieties to induce increase in intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) and contraction in pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMC) through the modulation of a variety of targets, such as Rho kinases (ROCK), protein kinase C (PKC), voltage-gated potassium K+ (Kv) channels and ryanodine receptors (RyR). Thus, an increase in ROS has been reported to contribute to the responses induced by different vasoconstrictor stimuli, including hypoxia. Finally, results from recent studies highlighting the involvement of ROS in the development of pulmonary hypertension are discussed in the present paper.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Perez-Vizcaino
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University Complutense of Madrid and Ciber Enfermedades Respiratorias (Ciberes), 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Oral phycocyanobilin may diminish the pathogenicity of activated brain microglia in neurodegenerative disorders. Med Hypotheses 2010; 74:601-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2008.09.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2008] [Revised: 09/12/2008] [Accepted: 09/27/2008] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
|
48
|
Ciborowski P. Biomarkers of HIV-1-associated neurocognitive disorders: challenges of proteomic approaches. Biomark Med 2009; 3:771-85. [PMID: 20477714 PMCID: PMC3544489 DOI: 10.2217/bmm.09.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 enters the brain shortly after infection, which may lead to neurological complications and in the most severe cases to encephalitis, dementia and death. The introduction of antiretroviral therapy reduced the incidence of the most severe conditions, nevertheless, approximately half of those infected with this virus will suffer to various degrees from HIV-1-associated neurocognitive disorders. Despite many years of research, there are no biomarkers that can objectively measure and, more importantly, predict the onset and the tempo of HIV-1-associated neurocognitive disorders. Here we review biomarker candidates of neurocognitive impairment due to HIV infection of the brain that have been proposed during the last two decades, and discuss perspectives and limitations of proteomic approaches in the search for new, more sensitive and specific biomarkers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pawel Ciborowski
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5800, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Yadav A, Collman RG. CNS inflammation and macrophage/microglial biology associated with HIV-1 infection. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2009; 4:430-47. [PMID: 19768553 PMCID: PMC5935112 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-009-9174-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2009] [Accepted: 09/03/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection of the central nervous system (CNS) can result in neurological dysfunction with devastating consequences in a significant proportion of individuals with acquired immune deficiency syndrome. HIV-1 does not infect neurons directly but induces damage indirectly through the accumulation of activated macrophage/microglia (M/M) cells, some of which are infected, that release neurotoxic mediators including both cellular activation products and viral proteins. One mechanism for the accumulation of activated M/M involves the development in infected individuals of an activated peripheral blood monocyte population that traffics through the blood-brain barrier, a process that also serves to carry virus into CNS and establish local infection. A second mechanism involves the release by infected and activated M/M in the CNS of chemotactic mediators that recruit additional monocytes from the periphery. These activated M/M, some of which are infected, release a number of cytokines and small molecule mediators as well as viral proteins that act on bystander cells and in turn activate them, thus amplifying the cascade. These viral proteins and cellular products have neurotoxic properties as well, both directly and through induction of astrocyte dysfunction, which ultimately lead to neuronal injury and death. In patients effectively treated with antiretroviral therapy, frank dementia is now uncommon and has been replaced by milder forms of neurocognitive impairment, with less frequent and more focal neuropathology. This review summarizes key findings that support the critical role and mechanisms of monocyte/macrophage activation and inflammation as a major component for HIV-1 encephalitis or HIV-1 associated dementia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anjana Yadav
- Department of Medicine and Center for AIDS Research, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 522 Johnson Pavilion, 36th & Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Abstract
AIM To understand the contribution of sphingolipid metabolism and its metabolites to development and aging. METHODS A systemic analysis on the changes in activity of sphingolipid metabolic enzymes in kidney, liver and brain tissues during development and aging was conducted. The study was conducted using tissues from 1-day-old to 720-day-old rats. RESULTS Catabolic enzyme activities as well as the level of sphingomyelinase (SMase) and ceramidase (CDase) were higher than that of anabolic enzyme activities, sphingomyelin synthase and ceramide synthase. This suggested an accumulation of ceramide and sphingosine during development and aging. The liver showed the highest neutral-SMase activity among the tested enzymes while the kidney and brain exhibited higher neutral-SMase and ceramidase activities, indicating a high production of ceramide in liver and ceramide/sphingosine in the kidney and brain. The activities of sphingolipid metabolic enzymes were significantly elevated in all tested tissues during development and aging, although the onset of significant increase in activity varied on the tissue and enzyme type. During aging, 18 out of 21 enzyme activities were further increased on day 720 compared to day 180. CONCLUSION Differential increases in sphingolipid metabolic enzyme activities suggest that sphingolipids including ceramide and sphingosine might play important and dynamic roles in proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis during development and aging.
Collapse
|