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Lin B, Zhou Y, Huang Z, Ma M, Qi M, Jiang Z, Li G, Xu Y, Yan J, Wang D, Wang X, Jiang W, Zhou R. GPR34 senses demyelination to promote neuroinflammation and pathologies. Cell Mol Immunol 2024; 21:1131-1144. [PMID: 39030423 PMCID: PMC11442997 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-024-01204-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Sterile neuroinflammation is a major driver of multiple neurological diseases. Myelin debris can act as an inflammatory stimulus to promote inflammation and pathologies, but the mechanism is poorly understood. Here, we showed that lysophosphatidylserine (LysoPS)-GPR34 axis played a critical role in microglia-mediated myelin debris sensing and the subsequent neuroinflammation. Myelin debris-induced microglia activation and proinflammatory cytokine expression relied on its lipid component LysoPS. Both myelin debris and LysoPS promoted microglia activation and the production of proinflammatory cytokines via GPR34 and its downstream PI3K-AKT and ERK signaling. In vivo, reducing the content of LysoPS in myelin or inhibition of GPR34 with genetic or pharmacological approaches reduced neuroinflammation and pathologies in the mouse models of multiple sclerosis and stroke. Thus, our results identify GPR34 as a key receptor to sense demyelination and CNS damage and promote neuroinflammation, and suggest it as a potential therapeutic target for demyelination-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bolong Lin
- Key Laboratory of immune response and immunotherapy, Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Biomedicine of IHM, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yubo Zhou
- Key Laboratory of immune response and immunotherapy, Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Biomedicine of IHM, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Zonghui Huang
- Key Laboratory of immune response and immunotherapy, Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Biomedicine of IHM, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Ming Ma
- Key Laboratory of immune response and immunotherapy, Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Biomedicine of IHM, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Minghui Qi
- Key Laboratory of immune response and immunotherapy, Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Biomedicine of IHM, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Zhongjun Jiang
- Key Laboratory of immune response and immunotherapy, Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Biomedicine of IHM, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Guoyang Li
- Key Laboratory of immune response and immunotherapy, Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Biomedicine of IHM, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yueli Xu
- Key Laboratory of immune response and immunotherapy, Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Biomedicine of IHM, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Jiaxian Yan
- Key Laboratory of immune response and immunotherapy, Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Biomedicine of IHM, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Di Wang
- Institute of Immunology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaqiong Wang
- Key Laboratory of immune response and immunotherapy, Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Biomedicine of IHM, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China.
- Department of Geriatrics, Gerontology Institute of Anhui Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.
| | - Wei Jiang
- Key Laboratory of immune response and immunotherapy, Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Biomedicine of IHM, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China.
- Department of Geriatrics, Gerontology Institute of Anhui Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.
| | - Rongbin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of immune response and immunotherapy, Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Biomedicine of IHM, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China.
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China.
- Department of Geriatrics, Gerontology Institute of Anhui Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.
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Nakamura N, Honjo M, Yamagishi-Kimura R, Sakata R, Watanabe S, Aihara M. Neuroprotective effect of omidenepag on excitotoxic retinal ganglion cell death regulating COX-2-EP2-cAMP-PKA/Epac pathway via Neuron-Glia interaction. Neuroscience 2024; 553:145-159. [PMID: 38992567 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2024.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
Glutamate excitotoxicity is involved in retinal ganglion cell (RGC) death in various retinal degenerative diseases, including ischemia-reperfusion injury and glaucoma. Excitotoxic RGC death is caused by both direct damage to RGCs and indirect damage through neuroinflammation of retinal glial cells. Omidenepag (OMD), a novel E prostanoid receptor 2 (EP2) agonist, is a recently approved intraocular pressure-lowering drug. The second messenger of EP2 is cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), which activates protein kinase A (PKA) and exchange protein directly activated by cAMP (Epac). In this study, we investigated the neuroprotective effects of OMD on excitotoxic RGC death by focusing on differences in cAMP downstream signaling from the perspective of glia-neuron interactions. We established a glutamate excitotoxicity model in vitro and NMDA intravitreal injection model in vivo. In vitro, rat primary RGCs were used in an RGC survival rate assay. MG5 cells (mouse microglial cell line) and A1 cells (astrocyte cell line) were used for immunocytochemistry and Western blotting to evaluate the expressions of COX-1/2, PKA, Epac1/2, pCREB, cleaved caspase-3, inflammatory cytokines, and neurotrophic factors. Mouse retinal specimens underwent hematoxylin and eosin staining, flat-mounted retina examination, and immunohistochemistry. OMD significantly suppressed excitotoxic RGC death, cleaved caspase-3 expression, and activated glia both in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, it inhibited Epac1 and inflammatory cytokine expression and promoted COX-2, pCREB, and neurotrophic factor expression. OMD may have neuroprotective effects through inhibition of the Epac pathway and promotion of the COX-2-EP2-cAMP-PKA pathway by modulating glia-neuron interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natsuko Nakamura
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Division of Vision Research, National Institute of Sensory Organs, NHO Tokyo Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Ophthalmology, Kobe City Eye Hospital, Kobe, Japan
| | - Megumi Honjo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Reiko Yamagishi-Kimura
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Rei Sakata
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sumiko Watanabe
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Aihara
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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3
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Lénárt N, Cserép C, Császár E, Pósfai B, Dénes Á. Microglia-neuron-vascular interactions in ischemia. Glia 2024; 72:833-856. [PMID: 37964690 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia is a devastating condition that results in impaired blood flow in the brain leading to acute brain injury. As the most common form of stroke, occlusion of cerebral arteries leads to a characteristic sequence of pathophysiological changes in the brain tissue. The mechanisms involved, and comorbidities that determine outcome after an ischemic event appear to be highly heterogeneous. On their own, the processes leading to neuronal injury in the absence of sufficient blood supply to meet the metabolic demand of the cells are complex and manifest at different temporal and spatial scales. While the contribution of non-neuronal cells to stroke pathophysiology is increasingly recognized, recent data show that microglia, the main immune cells of the central nervous system parenchyma, play previously unrecognized roles in basic physiological processes beyond their inflammatory functions, which markedly change during ischemic conditions. In this review, we aim to discuss some of the known microglia-neuron-vascular interactions assumed to contribute to the acute and delayed pathologies after cerebral ischemia. Because the mechanisms of neuronal injury have been extensively discussed in several excellent previous reviews, here we focus on some recently explored pathways that may directly or indirectly shape neuronal injury through microglia-related actions. These discoveries suggest that modulating gliovascular processes in different forms of stroke and other neurological disorders might have presently unexplored therapeutic potential in combination with neuroprotective and flow restoration strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolett Lénárt
- Momentum Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Csaba Cserép
- Momentum Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Eszter Császár
- Momentum Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Balázs Pósfai
- Momentum Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ádám Dénes
- Momentum Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
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4
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Ganesh BP, Peesh P, Blasco MP, Hamamy AE, Khan R, Guzman G, Honarpisheh P, Mohan EC, Goodman GW, Nguyen JN, Banerjee A, Ko KA, Korf J, Tan C, Fan H, Colpo G, Ahnstedt H, Couture L, Kofler J, Moruno-Manchon J, Maniskas M, Aronowski J, Lee J, Li J, Bryan RM, Chauhan A, Venna VR, McCullough L. Restoring a balanced pool of host-derived and microbiota-derived ligands of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor is beneficial after stroke. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-3143015. [PMID: 37790313 PMCID: PMC10543021 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3143015/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Background Stroke is a major cause of morbidity and mortality, and its incidence increases with age. While acute therapies for stroke are currently limited to intravenous thrombolytics and endovascular thrombectomy, recent studies have implicated an important role for the gut microbiome in post-stroke neuroinflammation. After stroke, several immuno-regulatory pathways, including the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) pathway, become activated. AHR is a master regulatory pathway that mediates neuroinflammation. Among various cell types, microglia (MG), as the resident immune cells of the brain, play a vital role in regulating post-stroke neuroinflammation and antigen presentation. Activation of AHR is dependent on a dynamic balance between host-derived and microbiota-derived ligands. While previous studies have shown that activation of MG AHR by host-derived ligands, such as kynurenine, is detrimental after stroke, the effects of post-stroke changes in microbiota-derived ligands of AHR, such as indoles, is unknown. Our study builds on the concept that differential activation of MG AHR by host-derived versus microbiome-derived metabolites affects outcomes after ischemic stroke. We examined the link between stroke-induced dysbiosis and loss of essential microbiota-derived AHR ligands. We hypothesize that restoring the balance between host-derived (kynurenine) and microbiota-derived (indoles) ligands of AHR is beneficial after stroke, offering a new potential avenue for therapeutic intervention in post-stroke neuroinflammation. Method We performed immunohistochemical analysis of brain samples from stroke patients to assess MG AHR expression after stroke. We used metabolomics analysis of plasma samples from stroke and non-stroke control patients with matched comorbidities to determine the levels of indole-based AHR ligands after stroke. We performed transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in aged (18 months) wild-type (WT) and germ-free (GF) mice to investigate the effects of post-stroke treatment with microbiota-derived indoles on outcome. To generate our results, we employed a range of methodologies, including flow cytometry, metabolomics, and 16S microbiome sequencing. Results We found that MG AHR expression is increased in human brain after stroke and after ex vivo oxygen-glucose deprivation and reperfusion (OGD/R). Microbiota-derived ligands of AHR are decreased in the human plasma at 24 hours after ischemic stroke. Kynurenine and indoles exhibited differential effects on aged WT MG survival after ex vivoOGD/R. We found that specific indole-based ligands of AHR (indole-3-propionic acid and indole-3-aldehyde) were absent in GF mice, thus their production depends on the presence of a functional gut microbiota. Additionally, a time-dependent decrease in the concentration of these indole-based AHR ligands occurred in the brain within the first 24 hours after stroke in aged WT mice. Post-stroke treatment of GF mice with a cocktail of microbiota-derived indole-based ligands of AHR regulated MG-mediated neuroinflammation and molecules involved in antigen presentation (increased CD80, MHC-II, and CD11b). Post-stroke treatment of aged WT mice with microbiota-derived indole-based ligands of AHR reduced both infarct volume and neurological deficits at 24 hours. Conclusion Our novel findings provide compelling evidence that the restoration of a well-balanced pool of host-derived kynurenine-based and microbiota-derived indole-based ligands of AHR holds considerable therapeutic potential for the treatment of ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhanu Priya Ganesh
- McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston
| | - Pedram Peesh
- McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston
| | - Maria Pilar Blasco
- McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston
| | - Ahmad El Hamamy
- McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston
| | - Romeesa Khan
- McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston
| | - Gary Guzman
- McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston
| | - Parisa Honarpisheh
- McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston
| | - Eric C Mohan
- McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston
| | - Grant W Goodman
- McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston
| | - Justin N Nguyen
- McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston
| | | | - Kyung Ae Ko
- McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston
| | - Janelle Korf
- McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston
| | | | - Huihui Fan
- The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston
| | - Gabriela Colpo
- The University of Texas McGovern Medical School at Houston, 77030, TX
| | - Hilda Ahnstedt
- The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston
| | - Lucy Couture
- The University of Texas McGovern Medical School at Houston, 77030, TX
| | | | - Jose Moruno-Manchon
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, the University of Texas McGovern Medical School at Houston, 77030, TX
| | - Michael Maniskas
- McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston
| | | | - Juneyoung Lee
- The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston
| | - Jun Li
- McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston
| | | | | | | | - Louise McCullough
- McGovern Medical School/University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston
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5
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Ganesh T. Targeting EP2 Receptor for Drug Discovery: Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats (SWOT) Analysis. J Med Chem 2023; 66:9313-9324. [PMID: 37458373 PMCID: PMC10388357 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c00655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase-1 and -2 (COX1 and COX2) derived endogenous ligand prostaglandin-E2 (PGE2) triggers several physiological and pathological conditions. It mediates signaling through four G-protein coupled receptors, EP1, EP2, EP3, and EP4. Among these, EP2 is expressed throughout the body including the brain and uterus. The functional role of EP2 has been extensively studied using EP2 gene knockout mice, cellular models, and selective small molecule agonists and antagonists for this receptor. The efficacy data from in vitro and in vivo animal models indicate that EP2 receptor is a major proinflammatory mediator with deleterious functions in a variety of diseases suggesting a path forward for EP2 inhibitors as the next generation of selective anti-inflammatory and antiproliferative agents. Interestingly in certain diseases, EP2 action is beneficial; therefore, EP2 agonists seem to be clinically useful. Here, we highlight the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and potential threats (SWOT analysis) for targeting EP2 receptor for therapeutic development for a variety of unmet clinical needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thota Ganesh
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical
Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
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6
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Nango H, Tsuruta K, Miyagishi H, Aono Y, Saigusa T, Kosuge Y. Update on the pathological roles of prostaglandin E 2 in neurodegeneration in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Transl Neurodegener 2023; 12:32. [PMID: 37337289 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-023-00366-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by selective degeneration of upper and lower motor neurons. The pathogenesis of ALS remains largely unknown; however, inflammation of the spinal cord is a focus of ALS research and an important pathogenic process in ALS. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is a major lipid mediator generated by the arachidonic-acid cascade and is abundant at inflammatory sites. PGE2 levels are increased in the postmortem spinal cords of ALS patients and in ALS model mice. Beneficial therapeutic effects have been obtained in ALS model mice using cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors to inhibit the biosynthesis of PGE2, but the usefulness of this inhibitor has not yet been proven in clinical trials. In this review, we present current evidence on the involvement of PGE2 in the progression of ALS and discuss the potential of microsomal prostaglandin E synthase (mPGES) and the prostaglandin receptor E-prostanoid (EP) 2 as therapeutic targets for ALS. Signaling pathways involving prostaglandin receptors mediate toxic effects in the central nervous system. In some situations, however, the receptors mediate neuroprotective effects. Our recent studies demonstrated that levels of mPGES-1, which catalyzes the final step of PGE2 biosynthesis, are increased at the early-symptomatic stage in the spinal cords of transgenic ALS model mice carrying the G93A variant of superoxide dismutase-1. In addition, in an experimental motor-neuron model used in studies of ALS, PGE2 induces the production of reactive oxygen species and subsequent caspase-3-dependent cytotoxicity through activation of the EP2 receptor. Moreover, this PGE2-induced EP2 up-regulation in motor neurons plays a role in the death of motor neurons in ALS model mice. Further understanding of the pathophysiological role of PGE2 in neurodegeneration may provide new insights to guide the development of novel therapies for ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Nango
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nihon University, 7-7-1 Narashinodai, Funabashi-Shi, Chiba, 274-8555, Japan
| | - Komugi Tsuruta
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nihon University, 7-7-1 Narashinodai, Funabashi-Shi, Chiba, 274-8555, Japan
| | - Hiroko Miyagishi
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nihon University, 7-7-1 Narashinodai, Funabashi-Shi, Chiba, 274-8555, Japan
| | - Yuri Aono
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Nihon University, 2-870-1 Sakaechonishi, Matsudo-Shi, Chiba, 271-8587, Japan
| | - Tadashi Saigusa
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Nihon University, 2-870-1 Sakaechonishi, Matsudo-Shi, Chiba, 271-8587, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kosuge
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nihon University, 7-7-1 Narashinodai, Funabashi-Shi, Chiba, 274-8555, Japan.
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7
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Chen Y, Nagib MM, Yasmen N, Sluter MN, Littlejohn TL, Yu Y, Jiang J. Neuroinflammatory mediators in acquired epilepsy: an update. Inflamm Res 2023; 72:683-701. [PMID: 36745211 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-023-01700-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a group of chronic neurological disorders that have diverse etiologies but are commonly characterized by spontaneous seizures and behavioral comorbidities. Although the mechanisms underlying the epileptic seizures mostly remain poorly understood and the causes often can be idiopathic, a considerable portion of cases are known as acquired epilepsy. This form of epilepsy is typically associated with prior neurological insults, which lead to the initiation and progression of epileptogenesis, eventually resulting in unprovoked seizures. A convergence of evidence in the past two decades suggests that inflammation within the brain may be a major contributing factor to acquired epileptogenesis. As evidenced in mounting preclinical and human studies, neuroinflammatory processes, such as activation and proliferation of microglia and astrocytes, elevated production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, blood-brain barrier breakdown, and upregulation of inflammatory signaling pathways, are commonly observed after seizure-precipitating events. An increased knowledge of these neuroinflammatory processes in the epileptic brain has led to a growing list of inflammatory mediators that can be leveraged as potential targets for new therapies of epilepsy and/or biomarkers that may provide valued information for the diagnosis and prognosis of the otherwise unpredictable seizures. In this review, we mainly focus on the most recent progress in understanding the roles of these inflammatory molecules in acquired epilepsy and highlight the emerging evidence supporting their candidacy as novel molecular targets for new pharmacotherapies of acquired epilepsy and the associated behavioral deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Marwa M Nagib
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Misr International University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nelufar Yasmen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Madison N Sluter
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Taylor L Littlejohn
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Ying Yu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Jianxiong Jiang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA.
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8
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Sharif N. Neuroaxonal and cellular damage/protection by prostanoid receptor ligands, fatty acid derivatives and associated enzyme inhibitors. Neural Regen Res 2023; 18:5-17. [PMID: 35799502 PMCID: PMC9241399 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.343887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular and mitochondrial membrane phospholipids provide the substrate for synthesis and release of prostaglandins in response to certain chemical, mechanical, noxious and other stimuli. Prostaglandin D2, prostaglandin E2, prostaglandin F2α, prostaglandin I2 and thromboxane-A2 interact with five major receptors (and their sub-types) to elicit specific downstream cellular and tissue actions. In general, prostaglandins have been associated with pain, inflammation, and edema when they are present at high local concentrations and involved on a chronic basis. However, in acute settings, certain endogenous and exogenous prostaglandins have beneficial effects ranging from mediating muscle contraction/relaxation, providing cellular protection, regulating sleep, and enhancing blood flow, to lowering intraocular pressure to prevent the development of glaucoma, a blinding disease. Several classes of prostaglandins are implicated (or are considered beneficial) in certain central nervous system dysfunctions (e.g., Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, and Huntington’s diseases; amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and multiple sclerosis; stroke, traumatic brain injuries and pain) and in ocular disorders (e.g., ocular hypertension and glaucoma; allergy and inflammation; edematous retinal disorders). This review endeavors to address the physiological/pathological roles of prostaglandins in the central nervous system and ocular function in health and disease, and provides insights towards the therapeutic utility of some prostaglandin agonists and antagonists, polyunsaturated fatty acids, and cyclooxygenase inhibitors.
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9
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Lv X, Gao F, Cao X. Skeletal interoception in bone homeostasis and pain. Cell Metab 2022; 34:1914-1931. [PMID: 36257317 PMCID: PMC9742337 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2022.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence indicates that interoception maintains proper physiological status and orchestrates metabolic homeostasis by regulating feeding behaviors, glucose balance, and lipid metabolism. Continuous skeletal remodeling consumes a tremendous amount of energy to provide skeletal scaffolding, support muscle movement, store vital minerals, and maintain a niche for hematopoiesis, which are processes that also contribute to overall metabolic balance. Although skeletal innervation has been described for centuries, recent work has shown that skeletal metabolism is tightly regulated by the nervous system and that skeletal interoception regulates bone homeostasis. Here, we provide a general discussion of interoception and its effects on the skeleton and whole-body metabolism. We also discuss skeletal interoception-mediated regulation in the context of pathological conditions and skeletal pain as well as future challenges to our understanding of these process and how they can be leveraged for more effective therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Lv
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Feng Gao
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Xu Cao
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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10
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Prodjinotho UF, Gres V, Henkel F, Lacorcia M, Dandl R, Haslbeck M, Schmidt V, Winkler AS, Sikasunge C, Jakobsson PJ, Henneke P, Esser-von Bieren J, Prazeres da Costa C. Helminthic dehydrogenase drives PGE 2 and IL-10 production in monocytes to potentiate Treg induction. EMBO Rep 2022; 23:e54096. [PMID: 35357743 PMCID: PMC9066053 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202154096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunoregulation of inflammatory, infection‐triggered processes in the brain constitutes a central mechanism to control devastating disease manifestations such as epilepsy. Observational studies implicate the viability of Taenia solium cysts as key factor determining severity of neurocysticercosis (NCC), the most common cause of epilepsy, especially in children, in Sub‐Saharan Africa. Viable, in contrast to decaying, cysts mostly remain clinically silent by yet unknown mechanisms, potentially involving Tregs in controlling inflammation. Here, we show that glutamate dehydrogenase from viable cysts instructs tolerogenic monocytes to release IL‐10 and the lipid mediator PGE2. These act in concert, converting naive CD4+ T cells into CD127−CD25hiFoxP3+CTLA‐4+ Tregs, through the G protein‐coupled receptors EP2 and EP4 and the IL‐10 receptor. Moreover, while viable cyst products strongly upregulate IL‐10 and PGE2 transcription in microglia, intravesicular fluid, released during cyst decay, induces pro‐inflammatory microglia and TGF‐β as potential drivers of epilepsy. Inhibition of PGE2 synthesis and IL‐10 signaling prevents Treg induction by viable cyst products. Harnessing the PGE2‐IL‐10 axis and targeting TGF‐ß signaling may offer an important therapeutic strategy in inflammatory epilepsy and NCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Fabien Prodjinotho
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany.,Center for Global Health, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany
| | - Vitka Gres
- Institute for Immunodeficiency, Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Fiona Henkel
- Center of Allergy and Environment (ZAUM), Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Center Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Matthew Lacorcia
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany
| | - Ramona Dandl
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University Munich (TUM), Garching, Germany
| | - Martin Haslbeck
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University Munich (TUM), Garching, Germany
| | - Veronika Schmidt
- Center for Global Health, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany.,Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany.,Center for Global Health, Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Andrea Sylvia Winkler
- Center for Global Health, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany.,Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany.,Center for Global Health, Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Chummy Sikasunge
- Department of Paraclinicals, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Per-Johan Jakobsson
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Philipp Henneke
- Institute for Immunodeficiency, Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Julia Esser-von Bieren
- Center of Allergy and Environment (ZAUM), Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Center Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Clarissa Prazeres da Costa
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany.,Center for Global Health, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany.,German Center for Infection and Research (DZIF), Munich, Germany
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11
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Kurysheva NI. [Neuroprotective properties of latanoprost]. Vestn Oftalmol 2022; 138:126-134. [PMID: 36004601 DOI: 10.17116/oftalma2022138041126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Glaucoma is the main cause of irreversible blindness in the world. Latanoprost - an ester prodrug of prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) - was the first prostaglandin analogue used to treat glaucoma. The review shows that latanoprost possesses direct neuroprotective properties such as blocking the entry of calcium ions into neurons and inhibiting the action of caspase-3, inhibiting the activity of cyclooxygenase and activation of polypeptide 2B1 (OATP2B1) and Klotho protein. It is emphasized that when the drug is instilled into the eye, the concentration of the drug inside the vitreous body is twice as high as what is required to ensure the survival of retinal ganglion cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- N I Kurysheva
- Medical and Biological University of Innovations and Continuing Education of the State Research Center - Burnasyan Federal Biophysical Center, Moscow, Russia
- Ophthalmological Center of the State Research Center - Burnasyan Federal Biophysical Center, Moscow, Russia
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12
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Modulation of the Blood-Brain Barrier for Drug Delivery to Brain. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13122024. [PMID: 34959306 PMCID: PMC8708282 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13122024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) precisely controls brain microenvironment and neural activity by regulating substance transport into and out of the brain. However, it severely hinders drug entry into the brain, and the efficiency of various systemic therapies against brain diseases. Modulation of the BBB via opening tight junctions, inhibiting active efflux and/or enhancing transcytosis, possesses the potential to increase BBB permeability and improve intracranial drug concentrations and systemic therapeutic efficiency. Various strategies of BBB modulation have been reported and investigated preclinically and/or clinically. This review describes conventional and emerging BBB modulation strategies and related mechanisms, and safety issues according to BBB structures and functions, to try to give more promising directions for designing more reasonable preclinical and clinical studies.
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13
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Banik A, Amaradhi R, Lee D, Sau M, Wang W, Dingledine R, Ganesh T. Prostaglandin EP2 receptor antagonist ameliorates neuroinflammation in a two-hit mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. J Neuroinflammation 2021; 18:273. [PMID: 34801055 PMCID: PMC8605573 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-021-02297-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) causes substantial medical and societal burden with no therapies ameliorating cognitive deficits. Centralized pathologies involving amyloids, neurofibrillary tangles, and neuroinflammatory pathways are being investigated to identify disease-modifying targets for AD. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is one of the potential neuroinflammatory agents involved in AD progression. However, chronic use of COX-2 inhibitors in patients produced adverse cardiovascular effects. We asked whether inhibition of EP2 receptors, downstream of the COX-2 signaling pathway, can ameliorate neuroinflammation in AD brains in presence or absence of a secondary inflammatory stimuli. METHODS We treated 5xFAD mice and their non-transgenic (nTg) littermates in presence or absence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) with an EP2 antagonist (TG11-77.HCl). In cohort 1, nTg (no-hit) or 5xFAD (single-hit-genetic) mice were treated with vehicle or TG11-77.HCl for 12 weeks. In cohort 2, nTg (single-hit-environmental) and 5xFAD mice (two-hit) were administered LPS (0.5 mg/kg/week) and treated with vehicle or TG11-77.HCl for 8 weeks. RESULTS Complete blood count analysis showed that LPS induced anemia of inflammation in both groups in cohort 2. There was no adverse effect of LPS or EP2 antagonist on body weight throughout the treatment. In the neocortex isolated from the two-hit cohort of females, but not males, the elevated mRNA levels of proinflammatory mediators (IL-1β, TNF, IL-6, CCL2, EP2), glial markers (IBA1, GFAP, CD11b, S110B), and glial proteins were significantly reduced by EP2 antagonist treatment. Intriguingly, the EP2 antagonist had no effect on either of the single-hit cohorts. There was a modest increase in amyloid-plaque deposition upon EP2 antagonist treatment in the two-hit female brains, but not in the single-hit genetic female cohort. CONCLUSION These results reveal a potential neuroinflammatory role for EP2 in the two-hit 5xFAD mouse model. A selective EP2 antagonist reduces inflammation only in female AD mice subjected to a second inflammatory insult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avijit Banik
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Radhika Amaradhi
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Daniel Lee
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Michael Sau
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Wenyi Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Raymond Dingledine
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Thota Ganesh
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
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14
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Jung HY, Kim W, Hahn KR, Nam SM, Yi SS, Kwon HJ, Kang MS, Choi JH, Kim DW, Yoon YS, Hwang IK. Spatial and temporal changes in the PGE2 EP2 receptor in mice hippocampi during postnatal development and its relationship with cyclooxygenase-2. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2021; 24:908-913. [PMID: 34712420 PMCID: PMC8528246 DOI: 10.22038/ijbms.2021.56286.12556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Objective(s): Prostaglandin E2 E-prostanoid 2 receptor (PGE2 EP2), downstream of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), plays an important role in inflammatory responses, but there are some reports about synaptic functions of COX-2 and PGE2 EP2 in the hippocampus. Materials and Methods: C57BL/6J mice were sacrificed at postnatal days (P) 1, 7, 14, 28, and 56 for immunohistochemical staining for EP2 and doublecortin as well as western blot for EP2. In addition, COX-2 knockout and its wild-type mice were euthanized for immunohistochemical staining for EP2. Results: EP2 immunoreactivity was observed in the majority of the cells in the dentate gyrus at P1 and P7, while at P14, it was detected in the outer granule cell layer and was confined to its subgranular zone at P28 and P56. EP2 protein levels in the hippocampal homogenates were also highest at P7 and lowest at P56. EP2 immunoreactivity was partially colocalized, with doublecortin (DCX)-immunoreactive neuroblasts appearing in the mid-zone of the granule cell layer at P14 and in the subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus at P28. Co-localization of EP2 and DCX was significantly decreased in the dentate gyrus in the P28 group compared with that in the P14 group. In COX-2 knockout mice, EP2 immunoreactivity was significantly decreased in the hippocampal CA1 region (P=0.000165) and dentate gyrus (P=0.00898). Conclusion: EP2 decreases with age, which is expressed in DCX-immunoreactive neuroblasts in the dentate gyrus. This suggests that EP2 is closely linked to structural lamination and adult neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo Young Jung
- Department of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Veterinary Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, South Korea
| | - Woosuk Kim
- Department of Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, and Veterinary Science Research Institute, Konkuk University, Seoul 05030, South Korea
| | - Kyu Ri Hahn
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Sung Min Nam
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, South Korea
| | - Sun Shin Yi
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Medical Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538, South Korea
| | - Hyun Jung Kwon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Research Institute of Oral Sciences, College of Dentistry, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung 25457, South Korea
| | - Min Soo Kang
- Department of Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, South Korea
| | - Jung Hoon Choi
- Department of Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, South Korea
| | - Dae Won Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Research Institute of Oral Sciences, College of Dentistry, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung 25457, South Korea
| | - Yeo Sung Yoon
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - In Koo Hwang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
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15
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Vitaliti G, Falsaperla R. Chorioamnionitis, Inflammation and Neonatal Apnea: Effects on Preterm Neonatal Brainstem and on Peripheral Airways: Chorioamnionitis and Neonatal Respiratory Functions. CHILDREN-BASEL 2021; 8:children8100917. [PMID: 34682182 PMCID: PMC8534519 DOI: 10.3390/children8100917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background: The present manuscript aims to be a narrative review evaluating the association between inflammation in chorioamnionitis and damage on respiratory centers, peripheral airways, and lungs, explaining the pathways responsible for apnea in preterm babies born by delivery after chorioamnionitis. Methods: A combination of keywords and MESH words was used, including: "inflammation", "chorioamnionitis", "brainstem", "cytokines storm", "preterm birth", "neonatal apnea", and "apnea physiopathology". All identified papers were screened for title and abstracts by the two authors to verify whether they met the proper criteria to write the topic. Results: Chorioamnionitis is usually associated with Fetal Inflammatory Response Syndrome (FIRS), resulting in injury of brain and lungs. Literature data have shown that infections causing chorioamnionitis are mostly associated with inflammation and consequent hypoxia-mediated brain injury. Moreover, inflammation and infection induce apneic episodes in neonates, as well as in animal samples. Chorioamnionitis-induced inflammation favors the systemic secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines that are involved in abnormal development of the respiratory centers in the brainstem and in alterations of peripheral airways and lungs. Conclusions: Preterm birth shows a suboptimal development of the brainstem and abnormalities and altered development of peripheral airways and lungs. These alterations are responsible for reduced respiratory control and apnea. To date, mostly animal studies have been published. Therefore, more clinical studies on the role of chorioamninitis-induced inflammation on prematurity and neonatal apnea are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Vitaliti
- Unit of Pediatrics, Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Pediatrics, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-34-0471-0614
| | - Raffaele Falsaperla
- Pediatrics and Pediatric Emergency Operative Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Policlinico G.Rodolico-San Marco, San Marco Hospital, University of Catania, 95124 Catania, Italy;
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Policlinico G.Rodolico-San Marco, San Marco Hospital, San Marco Hospital, University of Catania, 95124 Catania, Italy
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16
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Xu Y, Liu Y, Li K, Miao S, Lv C, Wang C, Zhao J. Regulation of PGE 2 Pathway During Cerebral Ischemia Reperfusion Injury in Rat. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2021; 41:1483-1496. [PMID: 32621176 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-020-00911-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Stroke is an acute central nervous system disease with high morbidity and mortality rate. Cerebral ischemia reperfusion (I/R) injury is easily induced during the development or treatment of stroke and subsequently leads to more serious brain damage. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is one of the most important inflammatory mediators in the brain and contributes to both physiological and pathophysiological functions. It may be upregulated and subsequently plays a key role in cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury. The synthesis and degradation of PGE2 is an extremely complex process, with multiple key stages and molecules. However, there are few comprehensive and systematic studies conducted to investigate the synthesis and degradation of PGE2 during cerebral I/R injury, which is what we want to demonstrate. In this study, qRT-PCR and immunoblotting demonstrated that the key enzymes in PGE2 synthesis, including COX-1, COX-2, mPGES-1 and mPGES-2, were upregulated during cerebral I/R injury, but 15-PGDH, the main PGE2 degradation enzyme, was downregulated. In addition, two of PGE2 receptors, EP3 and EP4, were also increased. Meanwhile, immunohistochemistry demonstrated the localization of these molecules in ischemic areas, including cortex, striatum and hippocampus, and reflected their expression patterns in different regions. Combining the results of PCR, Western blotting and immunohistochemistry, we can determine where the increase or decrease of these molecules occurs. Overall, these results further indicate a possible pathway that mediates enhanced production of PGE2, and thus that may impact production of inflammatory cytokines including IL-1β and TNF-α during cerebral I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfei Xu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
- Sepsis Translational Medicine Key Lab of Hunan Province, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.
- Sepsis Translational Medicine Key Lab of Hunan Province, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.
| | - Kexin Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
- Sepsis Translational Medicine Key Lab of Hunan Province, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Shuying Miao
- Department of Pathology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210008, Jiangsu, China
| | - Caihong Lv
- Department of Pathophysiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
- Sepsis Translational Medicine Key Lab of Hunan Province, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Chunjiang Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
- Sepsis Translational Medicine Key Lab of Hunan Province, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Jie Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.
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17
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Wu X, Yang X, Liang Q, Xue X, Huang J, Wang J, Xu Y, Tong R, Liu M, Zhou Q, Shi J. Drugs for the treatment of glaucoma: Targets, structure-activity relationships and clinical research. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 226:113842. [PMID: 34536672 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Glaucoma is the third leading cause of blindness and impairment of vision worldwide, after refractive errors and cataracts. According to the survey, the number of people with glaucoma is more than 76 million, with projections increasing to 112 million by 2040. With the coming of an aging society, the number of people suffering from glaucoma will increase day by day. Glaucoma is a heterogeneous disease characterized by damage to the head of the optic nerve and visual field. High intraocular pressure is a major risk and cause of glaucoma optic neuropathy. Therefore, drug lowering intraocular pressure therapy is still the first-line therapy in clinical practice. Here, the targets, structure-activity relationship, and clinical progress of drugs for the treatment of glaucoma are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianbo Wu
- School of Sports Medicine and Health, Chengdu Sport University, Chengdu Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Xinwei Yang
- School of Sports Medicine and Health, Chengdu Sport University, Chengdu Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Qi Liang
- College of Medicine, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610031, China
| | - Xiali Xue
- Institute of Sports Medicine and Health, Chengdu Sport University, Chengdu Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Jianli Huang
- Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang Guizhou, 550002, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang Guizhou, 550002, China
| | - Yihua Xu
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu Sichuan, 611137, China
| | - Rongsheng Tong
- Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu Sichuan, 610072, China
| | - Maoyu Liu
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu Sichuan, 611137, China.
| | - Qiaodan Zhou
- Ultrasonography Lab, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu Sichuan, 610072, China.
| | - Jianyou Shi
- Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu Sichuan, 610072, China.
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18
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Sluter MN, Hou R, Li L, Yasmen N, Yu Y, Liu J, Jiang J. EP2 Antagonists (2011-2021): A Decade's Journey from Discovery to Therapeutics. J Med Chem 2021; 64:11816-11836. [PMID: 34352171 PMCID: PMC8455147 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In the wake of health disasters associated with the chronic use of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor drugs, it has been widely proposed that modulation of downstream prostanoid synthases or receptors might provide more specificity than simply shutting down the entire COX cascade for anti-inflammatory benefits. The pathogenic actions of COX-2 have long been thought attributable to the prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) signaling through its Gαs-coupled EP2 receptor subtype; however, the truly selective EP2 antagonists did not emerge until 2011. These small molecules provide game-changing tools to better understand the EP2 receptor in inflammation-associated conditions. Their applications in preclinical models also reshape our knowledge of PGE2/EP2 signaling as a node of inflammation in health and disease. As we celebrate the 10-year anniversary of this breakthrough, the exploration of their potential as drug candidates for next-generation anti-inflammatory therapies has just begun. The first decade of EP2 antagonists passes, while their future looks brighter than ever.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madison N Sluter
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, United States
| | - Ruida Hou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, United States
| | - Lexiao Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, United States
| | - Nelufar Yasmen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, United States
| | - Ying Yu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, United States
| | - Jiawang Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, United States
- Medicinal Chemistry Core, Office of Research, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, United States
| | - Jianxiong Jiang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, United States
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19
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Huang M, Chen S. DJ-1 in neurodegenerative diseases: Pathogenesis and clinical application. Prog Neurobiol 2021; 204:102114. [PMID: 34174373 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2021.102114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) are one of the major health threats to human characterized by selective and progressive neuronal loss. The mechanisms of NDs are still not fully understood. The study of genetic defects and disease-related proteins offers us a window into the mystery of it, and the extension of knowledge indicates that different NDs share similar features, mechanisms, and even genetic or protein abnormalities. Among these findings, PARK7 and its production DJ-1 protein, which was initially found implicated in PD, have also been found altered in other NDs. PARK7 mutations, altered expression and posttranslational modification (PTM) cause DJ-1 abnormalities, which in turn lead to downstream mechanisms shared by most NDs, such as mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, protein aggregation, autophagy defects, and so on. The knowledge of DJ-1 derived from PD researches might apply to other NDs in both basic research and clinical application, and might yield novel insights into and alternative approaches for dealing with NDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maoxin Huang
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200025, Shanghai, China
| | - Shengdi Chen
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200025, Shanghai, China; Lab for Translational Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Institute of Immunochemistry, Shanghai Tech University, 201210, Shanghai, China.
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20
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G-Protein-Coupled Receptors and Ischemic Stroke: a Focus on Molecular Function and Therapeutic Potential. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:4588-4614. [PMID: 34120294 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02435-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
In ischemic stroke, there is only one approved drug, tissue plasminogen activator, to be used in clinical conditions for thrombolysis. New neuroprotective therapies for ischemic stroke are desperately needed. Several targets and pathways have been shown to confer neuroprotective effects in ischemic stroke. G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are one of the most frequently targeted receptors for developing novel therapeutics for central nervous system disorders. GPCRs are a large family of cell surface receptors that response to a wide variety of extracellular stimuli. GPCRs are involved in a wide range of physiological and pathological processes. More than 90% of the identified non-sensory GPCRs are expressed in the brain, where they play important roles in regulating mood, pain, vision, immune responses, cognition, and synaptic transmission. There is also good evidence that GPCRs are implicated in the pathogenesis of stroke. This review narrates the pathophysiological role and possible targeted therapy of GPCRs in ischemic stroke.
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21
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Mármol F, Sanchez J, Martínez-Pinteño A. Effects of uric acid on oxidative and nitrosative stress and other related parameters in SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2021; 165:102237. [PMID: 33429354 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2020.102237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Uric acid (UA) comprises about 65% of the total antioxidant capacity of plasma. In patients with acute ischemic stroke, UA reduces the incidence of early clinical worsening and improves patient outcomes compared with placebo. It also reduces infarct growth and improves functional outcomes in some patient subgroups, such as those with hyperglycemia pretreatment. Although UA is widely recognized as an important antioxidant in blood, its precise mechanism of action on the CNS is still unclear. Here, we assess how UA produces an antioxidant effect in neuroblastoma cells subjected to oxidative/nitrosative stress. We also evaluate its action on mitochondrial complexes I and III, as well as the capacity of UA to modify cell death induced by oxidative stress. Other related parameters such as BDNF and PGE2 were also determined. We observed that UA is a very powerful antioxidant which efficiently reduces ROS/RNS stress signaling and cell death during oxidative/nitrosative neurotoxicity. This providing evidence that UA could be used to improve disorders in which ROS and RNS play important role, such as ischemic stroke and chronic neurodegeneration, as confirmed by BDNF results. PGE2 results indicate that UA does not modify the inflammation in control neuroblastoma cells despite an increased in PGE2 levels in ischemic situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederic Mármol
- Departament de Fonaments Clínics. Unitat de Farmacologia. Facultat de Medicina. Universitat de Barcelona, c/Casanova, 143, 08036 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Juan Sanchez
- Departament de Fonaments Clínics. Unitat de Farmacologia. Facultat de Medicina. Universitat de Barcelona, c/Casanova, 143, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Albert Martínez-Pinteño
- Departament de Fonaments Clínics. Unitat de Farmacologia. Facultat de Medicina. Universitat de Barcelona, c/Casanova, 143, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
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22
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Belayev L, Obenaus A, Mukherjee PK, Knott EJ, Khoutorova L, Reid MM, Roque CR, Nguyen L, Lee JB, Petasis NA, Oria RB, Bazan NG. Blocking pro-inflammatory platelet-activating factor receptors and activating cell survival pathways: A novel therapeutic strategy in experimental ischemic stroke. Brain Circ 2021; 6:260-268. [PMID: 33506149 PMCID: PMC7821809 DOI: 10.4103/bc.bc_36_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Acute ischemic stroke triggers complex neurovascular, neuroinflammatory, and synaptic alterations. This study explores whether blocking pro-inflammatory platelet-activating factor receptor (PAF-R) plus selected docosanoids after middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) would lead to neurological recovery. The following small molecules were investigated: (a) LAU-0901, a PAF-R antagonist that blocks pro-inflammatory signaling; and (b) derivatives of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), neuroprotectin D1 (NPD1), and aspirin-triggered NPD1 (AT-NPD1), which activates cell survival pathways and are exert potent anti-inflammatory activity in the brain. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sprague-Dawley rats received 2 h MCAo and LAU-0901 (30 or 60 mg/kg, 2 h after stroke), NPD1, and AT-NPD1 (333 μg/kg), DHA (5 mg/kg), and their combination were administered intravenous at 3 h after stroke. Behavior testing and ex vivo magnetic resonance imaging were conducted on day 3 or 14 to assess lesion characteristics and lipidomic analysis on day 1. Series 1 (LAU-0901 + NPD1, 14d), Series 2 (LAU-0901 + AT-NPD1, 3d), and Series 3 (LAU-0901 + DHA, 1d). RESULTS All combinatory groups improved behavior compared to NPD1, AT-NPD1, or DHA treatments alone. Total lesion volumes were reduced with LAU-0901 + NPD1 by 62% and LAU-0901 + AT-NPD1 by 90% treatments versus vehicle groups. LAU-0901 and LAU-0901 + DHA increased the production of vasoactive lipid mediators (prostaglandins: PGE2, PGF2- α, 6-keto-PGF1- α, and PGD2) as well an inflammatory regulating mediator hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid. In contrast, LAU-0901 and LAU-0901 + DHA decreased the production of 12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, a pro-inflammatory mediator. CONCLUSION Combination therapy with LAU-0901 and selected docosanoids is more effective than the single therapy, affording synergistic neuroprotection, with restored pro-homeostatic lipid mediators and improved neurological recovery. Altogether, our findings support the combinatory therapy as the basis for future therapeutics for ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludmila Belayev
- Neuroscience Center of Excellence, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, USA
| | - Andre Obenaus
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, USA
| | - Pranab K Mukherjee
- Neuroscience Center of Excellence, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, USA
| | - Eric J Knott
- Neuroscience Center of Excellence, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, USA
| | - Larissa Khoutorova
- Neuroscience Center of Excellence, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, USA
| | - Madigan M Reid
- Neuroscience Center of Excellence, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, USA
| | - Cassia R Roque
- Neuroscience Center of Excellence, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, USA.,Department of Morphology and Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, Laboratory of the Biology of Tissue Healing, Ontogeny and Nutrition, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Lawrence Nguyen
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, USA
| | - Jeong Bin Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, USA
| | - Nicos A Petasis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Reinaldo B Oria
- Neuroscience Center of Excellence, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, USA.,Department of Morphology and Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, Laboratory of the Biology of Tissue Healing, Ontogeny and Nutrition, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Nicolas G Bazan
- Neuroscience Center of Excellence, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, USA
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23
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Peripheral Myeloid Cell EP2 Activation Contributes to the Deleterious Consequences of Status Epilepticus. J Neurosci 2020; 41:1105-1117. [PMID: 33293358 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2040-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A multidimensional inflammatory response ensues after status epilepticus (SE), driven partly by cyclooxygenase-2-mediated activation of prostaglandin EP2 receptors. The inflammatory response is typified by astrocytosis, microgliosis, erosion of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), formation of inflammatory cytokines, and brain infiltration of blood-borne monocytes. Our previous studies have shown that inhibition of monocyte brain invasion or systemic administration of an EP2 receptor antagonist relieves multiple deleterious consequences of SE. Here we identify those effects of EP2 antagonism that are reproduced by conditional ablation of EP2 receptors in immune myeloid cells and show that systemic EP2 antagonism blocks monocyte brain entry in male mice. The induction of hippocampal IL-6 after pilocarpine SE was nearly abolished in EP2 conditional KO mice. Serum albumin levels in the cortex, a measure of BBB breakdown, were significantly higher after SE in EP2-sufficient mice but not in EP2 conditional KOs. EP2 deficiency in innate immune cells accelerated the recovery from sickness behaviors following SE. Surprisingly, neurodegeneration was not alleviated in myeloid conditional KOs. Systemic EP2 antagonism prevented monocyte brain infiltration and provided broader rescue of SE-induced effects than myeloid EP2 ablation, including neuroprotection and broader suppression of inflammatory mediators. Reporter expression indicated that the cellular target of CD11b-driven Cre was circulating myeloid cells but, unexpectedly, not microglia. These findings indicate that activation of EP2 receptors on immune myeloid cells drives substantial deficits in behavior and disrupts the BBB after SE. The benefits of systemic EP2 antagonism can be attributed, in part, to blocking brain recruitment of blood-borne monocytes.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Unabated seizures reduce quality of life, promote the development of epilepsy, and can be fatal. We previously identified activation of prostaglandin EP2 receptors as a driver of undesirable consequences of seizures. However, the relevant EP2-expressing cell types remain unclear. Here we identify peripheral innate immune cells as a driver of the EP2-related negative consequences of seizures. Removal of EP2 from peripheral immune cells was beneficial, abolishing production of a key inflammatory cytokine, accelerating weight regain, and limiting behavioral deficits. These findings provide evidence that EP2 engagement on peripheral immune and brain endothelia contributes to the deleterious effects of SE, and will assist in the development of beneficial therapies to enhance quality of life in individuals who suffer prolonged seizures.
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24
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Kumar A, Behl T, Jamwal S, Kaur I, Sood A, Kumar P. Exploring the molecular approach of COX and LOX in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disorder. Mol Biol Rep 2020; 47:9895-9912. [PMID: 33263931 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-06033-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is well established biomarker for the major neurodegenerative like Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). Cytokines/chemokines excite phospholipase A2 and cyclooxygenases (COX), facilitating the release of arachidonic acid (AA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) from membrane glycerophospholipids, in which the former is oxidized to produce pro-inflammatory eicosanoids (prostaglandins, leukotrienes and thromboxane's), which intensify the neuroinflammatory events in the brain. Similarly, resolvins and neuroprotectins are the metabolized products of docosahexaenoic acid, which exert an inhibitory effect on the production of eicosanoids. Furthermore, an oxidized product of arachidonic acid, lipoxin, is generated via 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) pathway, and contributes to the resolution of inflammation, along with anti-inflammatory actions. Moreover, DHA and its lipid mediators inhibit neuroinflammatory responses by blocking NF-κB, inhibiting eicosanoid production, preventing cytokine secretion and regulating leukocyte trafficking. Various epidemiological studies reported, elevated levels of COX-2 enzyme in patients with AD and PD, indicating its role in progression of the disease. Similarly, enhanced levels of 5-LOX and 12/15-LOX in PD models represent their role brain disorders, where the former is expressed in AD patients and the latter exhibits it involvement in PD. The present review elaborates the role of AA, DHA, eicosanoids and docosanoids, along with COX and LOX pathway which provides an opportunity to the researchers to understand the role of these lipid mediators in neurological disorders (AD and PD). The information gathered from the review will aid in facilitating the development of appropriate therapeutic options targeting COX and LOX pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Kumar
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, India.
| | - Tapan Behl
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, India
| | - Sumit Jamwal
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Ishnoor Kaur
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, India
| | - Archit Sood
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Volcani Center, Agricultural Research Organisation (ARO), Rishon LeTsiyon, Israel
| | - Puneet Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, 151001, India
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25
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Jiang J, Yu Y. Small molecules targeting cyclooxygenase/prostanoid cascade in experimental brain ischemia: Do they translate? Med Res Rev 2020; 41:828-857. [PMID: 33094540 DOI: 10.1002/med.21744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Acute brain ischemia accounts for most of stroke cases and constitutes a leading cause of deaths among adults and permanent disabilities in survivors. Currently, the intravenous thrombolysis is the only available medication for ischemic stroke; mechanical thrombectomy is an emerging alternative treatment for occlusion of large arteries and has shown some promise in selected subsets of patients. However, the overall narrow treatment window and potential risks largely limit the patient eligibility. New druggable targets are needed to innovate the treatment of brain ischemia. As the rate-limiting enzyme in the biosyntheses of prostanoids, cyclooxygenase (COX), particularly the inducible isoform COX-2, has long been implicated in mechanisms of acute stroke-induced brain injury and inflammation. However, the notion of therapeutically targeting COX has been diminished over the past two decades due to significant complications of the cardiovascular and cerebrovascular systems caused by long-term use of COX-2 inhibitor drugs. New treatment strategies targeting the downstream prostanoid signaling receptors regulating the deleterious effects of COX cascade have been proposed. As such, a large number of selective small molecules that negatively or positively modulate these important inflammatory regulators have been evaluated for neuroprotection and other beneficial effects in various animal models of brain ischemia. These timely preclinical studies, though not yet led to clinical innovation, provided new insights into the regulation of inflammatory reactions in the ischemic brain and could guide drug discovery efforts aiming for novel adjunctive strategies, along with current reperfusion therapy, to treat acute brain ischemia with higher specificity and longer therapeutic window.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxiong Jiang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Ying Yu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
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26
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Li L, Sluter MN, Yu Y, Jiang J. Prostaglandin E receptors as targets for ischemic stroke: Novel evidence and molecular mechanisms of efficacy. Pharmacol Res 2020; 163:105238. [PMID: 33053444 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Over the past two decades the interest has waned in therapeutically targeting cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) due to growing concerns over the potential cardiovascular and cerebrovascular toxicities of the long-term use of COX-2 inhibitors. Attention thus has recently been shifted downstream to the prostaglandin signaling pathways for new druggable anti-inflammatory targets aiming for higher therapeutic specificity. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is robustly synthesized in the ischemic cortex by quickly induced COX-2 and microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 (mPGES-1) following cerebral ischemia. The elevated PGE2, in turn, divergently regulates the excitotoxic injury and neuroinflammation by acting on four membrane-bound G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), namely, EP1-EP4. Markedly, all four EP receptors have been implicated in the excitotoxicity-associated brain inflammation and injury in animal models of cerebral ischemia. However promising, these preclinical studies have not yet led to a clinical trial targeting any PGE2 receptor for ischemic stroke. The goal of this article is to review the recent progress in understanding the pathogenic roles of PGE2 in cerebral ischemia as well as to provide new mechanistic insights into the PGE2 signaling via these four GPCRs in neuronal excitotoxicity and inflammation. We also discuss the feasibility of targeting EP1-EP4 receptors as an emerging delayed treatment, together with the first-line reperfusion strategy, to manage acute ischemic stroke with potentially extended window as well as improved specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lexiao Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Madison N Sluter
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Ying Yu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Jianxiong Jiang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA.
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27
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Norel X, Sugimoto Y, Ozen G, Abdelazeem H, Amgoud Y, Bouhadoun A, Bassiouni W, Goepp M, Mani S, Manikpurage HD, Senbel A, Longrois D, Heinemann A, Yao C, Clapp LH. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. CIX. Differences and Similarities between Human and Rodent Prostaglandin E 2 Receptors (EP1-4) and Prostacyclin Receptor (IP): Specific Roles in Pathophysiologic Conditions. Pharmacol Rev 2020; 72:910-968. [PMID: 32962984 PMCID: PMC7509579 DOI: 10.1124/pr.120.019331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostaglandins are derived from arachidonic acid metabolism through cyclooxygenase activities. Among prostaglandins (PGs), prostacyclin (PGI2) and PGE2 are strongly involved in the regulation of homeostasis and main physiologic functions. In addition, the synthesis of these two prostaglandins is significantly increased during inflammation. PGI2 and PGE2 exert their biologic actions by binding to their respective receptors, namely prostacyclin receptor (IP) and prostaglandin E2 receptor (EP) 1-4, which belong to the family of G-protein-coupled receptors. IP and EP1-4 receptors are widely distributed in the body and thus play various physiologic and pathophysiologic roles. In this review, we discuss the recent advances in studies using pharmacological approaches, genetically modified animals, and genome-wide association studies regarding the roles of IP and EP1-4 receptors in the immune, cardiovascular, nervous, gastrointestinal, respiratory, genitourinary, and musculoskeletal systems. In particular, we highlight similarities and differences between human and rodents in terms of the specific roles of IP and EP1-4 receptors and their downstream signaling pathways, functions, and activities for each biologic system. We also highlight the potential novel therapeutic benefit of targeting IP and EP1-4 receptors in several diseases based on the scientific advances, animal models, and human studies. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: In this review, we present an update of the pathophysiologic role of the prostacyclin receptor, prostaglandin E2 receptor (EP) 1, EP2, EP3, and EP4 receptors when activated by the two main prostaglandins, namely prostacyclin and prostaglandin E2, produced during inflammatory conditions in human and rodents. In addition, this comparison of the published results in each tissue and/or pathology should facilitate the choice of the most appropriate model for the future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Norel
- Université de Paris, Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM), UMR-S 1148, CHU X. Bichat, Paris, France (X.N., G.O., H.A., Y.A., A.B., S.M., H.D.M., A.S., D.L.); Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Villetaneuse, France (X.N., H.A., Y.A., A.B., S.M., D.L.); Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Japan (Y.S.); Istanbul University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Istanbul, Turkey (G.O.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt (A.S., H.A., W.B.); Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (C.Y., M.G.); Institut Supérieur de Biotechnologie de Monastir (ISBM), Université de Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia (S.M.); CHU X. Bichat, AP-HP, Paris, France (D.L.); Otto Loewi Research Center for Vascular Biology, Immunology and Inflammation, Division of Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria (A.H.); and Centre for Cardiovascular Physiology & Pharmacology, University College London, London, United Kingdom (L.H.C.)
| | - Yukihiko Sugimoto
- Université de Paris, Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM), UMR-S 1148, CHU X. Bichat, Paris, France (X.N., G.O., H.A., Y.A., A.B., S.M., H.D.M., A.S., D.L.); Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Villetaneuse, France (X.N., H.A., Y.A., A.B., S.M., D.L.); Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Japan (Y.S.); Istanbul University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Istanbul, Turkey (G.O.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt (A.S., H.A., W.B.); Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (C.Y., M.G.); Institut Supérieur de Biotechnologie de Monastir (ISBM), Université de Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia (S.M.); CHU X. Bichat, AP-HP, Paris, France (D.L.); Otto Loewi Research Center for Vascular Biology, Immunology and Inflammation, Division of Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria (A.H.); and Centre for Cardiovascular Physiology & Pharmacology, University College London, London, United Kingdom (L.H.C.)
| | - Gulsev Ozen
- Université de Paris, Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM), UMR-S 1148, CHU X. Bichat, Paris, France (X.N., G.O., H.A., Y.A., A.B., S.M., H.D.M., A.S., D.L.); Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Villetaneuse, France (X.N., H.A., Y.A., A.B., S.M., D.L.); Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Japan (Y.S.); Istanbul University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Istanbul, Turkey (G.O.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt (A.S., H.A., W.B.); Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (C.Y., M.G.); Institut Supérieur de Biotechnologie de Monastir (ISBM), Université de Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia (S.M.); CHU X. Bichat, AP-HP, Paris, France (D.L.); Otto Loewi Research Center for Vascular Biology, Immunology and Inflammation, Division of Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria (A.H.); and Centre for Cardiovascular Physiology & Pharmacology, University College London, London, United Kingdom (L.H.C.)
| | - Heba Abdelazeem
- Université de Paris, Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM), UMR-S 1148, CHU X. Bichat, Paris, France (X.N., G.O., H.A., Y.A., A.B., S.M., H.D.M., A.S., D.L.); Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Villetaneuse, France (X.N., H.A., Y.A., A.B., S.M., D.L.); Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Japan (Y.S.); Istanbul University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Istanbul, Turkey (G.O.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt (A.S., H.A., W.B.); Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (C.Y., M.G.); Institut Supérieur de Biotechnologie de Monastir (ISBM), Université de Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia (S.M.); CHU X. Bichat, AP-HP, Paris, France (D.L.); Otto Loewi Research Center for Vascular Biology, Immunology and Inflammation, Division of Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria (A.H.); and Centre for Cardiovascular Physiology & Pharmacology, University College London, London, United Kingdom (L.H.C.)
| | - Yasmine Amgoud
- Université de Paris, Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM), UMR-S 1148, CHU X. Bichat, Paris, France (X.N., G.O., H.A., Y.A., A.B., S.M., H.D.M., A.S., D.L.); Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Villetaneuse, France (X.N., H.A., Y.A., A.B., S.M., D.L.); Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Japan (Y.S.); Istanbul University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Istanbul, Turkey (G.O.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt (A.S., H.A., W.B.); Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (C.Y., M.G.); Institut Supérieur de Biotechnologie de Monastir (ISBM), Université de Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia (S.M.); CHU X. Bichat, AP-HP, Paris, France (D.L.); Otto Loewi Research Center for Vascular Biology, Immunology and Inflammation, Division of Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria (A.H.); and Centre for Cardiovascular Physiology & Pharmacology, University College London, London, United Kingdom (L.H.C.)
| | - Amel Bouhadoun
- Université de Paris, Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM), UMR-S 1148, CHU X. Bichat, Paris, France (X.N., G.O., H.A., Y.A., A.B., S.M., H.D.M., A.S., D.L.); Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Villetaneuse, France (X.N., H.A., Y.A., A.B., S.M., D.L.); Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Japan (Y.S.); Istanbul University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Istanbul, Turkey (G.O.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt (A.S., H.A., W.B.); Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (C.Y., M.G.); Institut Supérieur de Biotechnologie de Monastir (ISBM), Université de Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia (S.M.); CHU X. Bichat, AP-HP, Paris, France (D.L.); Otto Loewi Research Center for Vascular Biology, Immunology and Inflammation, Division of Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria (A.H.); and Centre for Cardiovascular Physiology & Pharmacology, University College London, London, United Kingdom (L.H.C.)
| | - Wesam Bassiouni
- Université de Paris, Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM), UMR-S 1148, CHU X. Bichat, Paris, France (X.N., G.O., H.A., Y.A., A.B., S.M., H.D.M., A.S., D.L.); Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Villetaneuse, France (X.N., H.A., Y.A., A.B., S.M., D.L.); Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Japan (Y.S.); Istanbul University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Istanbul, Turkey (G.O.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt (A.S., H.A., W.B.); Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (C.Y., M.G.); Institut Supérieur de Biotechnologie de Monastir (ISBM), Université de Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia (S.M.); CHU X. Bichat, AP-HP, Paris, France (D.L.); Otto Loewi Research Center for Vascular Biology, Immunology and Inflammation, Division of Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria (A.H.); and Centre for Cardiovascular Physiology & Pharmacology, University College London, London, United Kingdom (L.H.C.)
| | - Marie Goepp
- Université de Paris, Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM), UMR-S 1148, CHU X. Bichat, Paris, France (X.N., G.O., H.A., Y.A., A.B., S.M., H.D.M., A.S., D.L.); Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Villetaneuse, France (X.N., H.A., Y.A., A.B., S.M., D.L.); Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Japan (Y.S.); Istanbul University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Istanbul, Turkey (G.O.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt (A.S., H.A., W.B.); Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (C.Y., M.G.); Institut Supérieur de Biotechnologie de Monastir (ISBM), Université de Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia (S.M.); CHU X. Bichat, AP-HP, Paris, France (D.L.); Otto Loewi Research Center for Vascular Biology, Immunology and Inflammation, Division of Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria (A.H.); and Centre for Cardiovascular Physiology & Pharmacology, University College London, London, United Kingdom (L.H.C.)
| | - Salma Mani
- Université de Paris, Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM), UMR-S 1148, CHU X. Bichat, Paris, France (X.N., G.O., H.A., Y.A., A.B., S.M., H.D.M., A.S., D.L.); Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Villetaneuse, France (X.N., H.A., Y.A., A.B., S.M., D.L.); Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Japan (Y.S.); Istanbul University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Istanbul, Turkey (G.O.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt (A.S., H.A., W.B.); Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (C.Y., M.G.); Institut Supérieur de Biotechnologie de Monastir (ISBM), Université de Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia (S.M.); CHU X. Bichat, AP-HP, Paris, France (D.L.); Otto Loewi Research Center for Vascular Biology, Immunology and Inflammation, Division of Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria (A.H.); and Centre for Cardiovascular Physiology & Pharmacology, University College London, London, United Kingdom (L.H.C.)
| | - Hasanga D Manikpurage
- Université de Paris, Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM), UMR-S 1148, CHU X. Bichat, Paris, France (X.N., G.O., H.A., Y.A., A.B., S.M., H.D.M., A.S., D.L.); Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Villetaneuse, France (X.N., H.A., Y.A., A.B., S.M., D.L.); Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Japan (Y.S.); Istanbul University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Istanbul, Turkey (G.O.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt (A.S., H.A., W.B.); Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (C.Y., M.G.); Institut Supérieur de Biotechnologie de Monastir (ISBM), Université de Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia (S.M.); CHU X. Bichat, AP-HP, Paris, France (D.L.); Otto Loewi Research Center for Vascular Biology, Immunology and Inflammation, Division of Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria (A.H.); and Centre for Cardiovascular Physiology & Pharmacology, University College London, London, United Kingdom (L.H.C.)
| | - Amira Senbel
- Université de Paris, Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM), UMR-S 1148, CHU X. Bichat, Paris, France (X.N., G.O., H.A., Y.A., A.B., S.M., H.D.M., A.S., D.L.); Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Villetaneuse, France (X.N., H.A., Y.A., A.B., S.M., D.L.); Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Japan (Y.S.); Istanbul University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Istanbul, Turkey (G.O.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt (A.S., H.A., W.B.); Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (C.Y., M.G.); Institut Supérieur de Biotechnologie de Monastir (ISBM), Université de Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia (S.M.); CHU X. Bichat, AP-HP, Paris, France (D.L.); Otto Loewi Research Center for Vascular Biology, Immunology and Inflammation, Division of Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria (A.H.); and Centre for Cardiovascular Physiology & Pharmacology, University College London, London, United Kingdom (L.H.C.)
| | - Dan Longrois
- Université de Paris, Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM), UMR-S 1148, CHU X. Bichat, Paris, France (X.N., G.O., H.A., Y.A., A.B., S.M., H.D.M., A.S., D.L.); Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Villetaneuse, France (X.N., H.A., Y.A., A.B., S.M., D.L.); Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Japan (Y.S.); Istanbul University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Istanbul, Turkey (G.O.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt (A.S., H.A., W.B.); Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (C.Y., M.G.); Institut Supérieur de Biotechnologie de Monastir (ISBM), Université de Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia (S.M.); CHU X. Bichat, AP-HP, Paris, France (D.L.); Otto Loewi Research Center for Vascular Biology, Immunology and Inflammation, Division of Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria (A.H.); and Centre for Cardiovascular Physiology & Pharmacology, University College London, London, United Kingdom (L.H.C.)
| | - Akos Heinemann
- Université de Paris, Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM), UMR-S 1148, CHU X. Bichat, Paris, France (X.N., G.O., H.A., Y.A., A.B., S.M., H.D.M., A.S., D.L.); Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Villetaneuse, France (X.N., H.A., Y.A., A.B., S.M., D.L.); Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Japan (Y.S.); Istanbul University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Istanbul, Turkey (G.O.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt (A.S., H.A., W.B.); Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (C.Y., M.G.); Institut Supérieur de Biotechnologie de Monastir (ISBM), Université de Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia (S.M.); CHU X. Bichat, AP-HP, Paris, France (D.L.); Otto Loewi Research Center for Vascular Biology, Immunology and Inflammation, Division of Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria (A.H.); and Centre for Cardiovascular Physiology & Pharmacology, University College London, London, United Kingdom (L.H.C.)
| | - Chengcan Yao
- Université de Paris, Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM), UMR-S 1148, CHU X. Bichat, Paris, France (X.N., G.O., H.A., Y.A., A.B., S.M., H.D.M., A.S., D.L.); Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Villetaneuse, France (X.N., H.A., Y.A., A.B., S.M., D.L.); Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Japan (Y.S.); Istanbul University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Istanbul, Turkey (G.O.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt (A.S., H.A., W.B.); Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (C.Y., M.G.); Institut Supérieur de Biotechnologie de Monastir (ISBM), Université de Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia (S.M.); CHU X. Bichat, AP-HP, Paris, France (D.L.); Otto Loewi Research Center for Vascular Biology, Immunology and Inflammation, Division of Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria (A.H.); and Centre for Cardiovascular Physiology & Pharmacology, University College London, London, United Kingdom (L.H.C.)
| | - Lucie H Clapp
- Université de Paris, Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM), UMR-S 1148, CHU X. Bichat, Paris, France (X.N., G.O., H.A., Y.A., A.B., S.M., H.D.M., A.S., D.L.); Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Villetaneuse, France (X.N., H.A., Y.A., A.B., S.M., D.L.); Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Japan (Y.S.); Istanbul University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Istanbul, Turkey (G.O.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt (A.S., H.A., W.B.); Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (C.Y., M.G.); Institut Supérieur de Biotechnologie de Monastir (ISBM), Université de Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia (S.M.); CHU X. Bichat, AP-HP, Paris, France (D.L.); Otto Loewi Research Center for Vascular Biology, Immunology and Inflammation, Division of Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria (A.H.); and Centre for Cardiovascular Physiology & Pharmacology, University College London, London, United Kingdom (L.H.C.)
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Li L, Yu Y, Hou R, Hao J, Jiang J. Inhibiting the PGE 2 Receptor EP2 Mitigates Excitotoxicity and Ischemic Injury. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2020; 3:635-643. [PMID: 32832866 PMCID: PMC7432651 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.0c00040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is elevated in the brain by excitotoxic insults and, in turn, aggravates the neurotoxicity mainly through acting on its Gαs-coupled receptor EP2, inspiring a therapeutic strategy of targeting this key proinflammatory pathway. Herein, we investigated the effects of several highly potent and selective small-molecule antagonists of the EP2 receptor on neuronal excitotoxicity both in vitro and in vivo. EP2 inhibition by these novel compounds largely decreased the neuronal injury in rat primary hippocampal cultures containing both neurons and glia that were treated with N-methyl-d-aspartate and glycine. Using a bioavailable and brain-permeant analogue TG6-10-1 that we recently developed to target the central EP2 receptor, we found that the poststroke EP2 inhibition in mice decreased the neurological deficits and infarct volumes as well as downregulated the prototypic inflammatory cytokines in the brain after a transient ischemia. Our preclinical findings together reinforced the notion that targeting the EP2 receptor represents an emerging therapeutic strategy to prevent the neuronal injury and inflammation following ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lexiao Li
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, United States
| | - Ying Yu
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, United States
| | - Ruida Hou
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, United States
| | - Jiukuan Hao
- Department
of Pharmacological & Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Jianxiong Jiang
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, United States
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29
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Neuroprotective and Anti-inflammatory Effect of Tangeretin Against Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in Rats. Inflammation 2020; 43:2332-2343. [DOI: 10.1007/s10753-020-01303-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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30
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Hua W, Chen X, Wang J, Zang W, Jiang C, Ren H, Hong M, Wang J, Wu H, Wang J. Mechanisms and potential therapeutic targets for spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage. BRAIN HEMORRHAGES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hest.2020.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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Abstract
Glaucoma is the main cause of irreversible blindness in the world. Latanoprost - an ester prodrug of prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) - was the first prostaglandin analogue used in the treatment of glaucoma. The present review shows that latanoprost is the most balanced prostaglandin analogue in terms of efficacy-safety. Its use improves the quality of life of glaucoma patients, provides reliable IOP reduction, has high patient compliance, and helps with the long-term preservation of visual functions. The review also reveals the possibility of long-term (more than five years) use of the drug, as well as effective combined treatment using latanoprost and beta-blockers, considers the pediatric use of latanoprost, and discusses its neuroprotective properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- N I Kurysheva
- A.I. Burnazyan Federal Medical and Biophysical Center of FMBA, Moscow, Russia
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32
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Nakamura A, Otani K, Shichita T. Lipid mediators and sterile inflammation in ischemic stroke. Int Immunol 2020; 32:719-725. [DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxaa027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Stroke is one of the major causes of lethality and disability, yet few effective therapies have been established for ischemic stroke. Inflammation in the ischemic brain is induced by the infiltration and subsequent activation of immune cells. Loss of cerebral blood flow and ischemic brain-cell death trigger the activation of infiltrating immune cells and drastic changes in the lipid content of the ischemic brain. In particular, polyunsaturated fatty acids and their metabolites regulate cerebral post-ischemic inflammation and ischemic stroke pathologies. In this review, we discuss the relationships between the lipid mediators and cerebral post-ischemic inflammation and their relevance to possible future therapeutic strategies targeting lipid mediators for ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akari Nakamura
- Stroke Renaissance Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kento Otani
- Stroke Renaissance Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Shichita
- Stroke Renaissance Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Precursory Research for Innovative Medical Care (PRIME), Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED), Tokyo, Japan
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Targeting prostaglandin receptor EP2 for adjunctive treatment of status epilepticus. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 209:107504. [PMID: 32088247 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Status epilepticus (SE) is an emergency condition that can cause permanent brain damage or even death when generalized convulsive seizures last longer than 30 min. Controlling the escalation and propagation of seizures quickly and properly is crucial to the prevention of irreversible neuronal death and the associated morbidity. However, SE often becomes refractory to current anticonvulsant medications, which primarily act on ion channels and commonly impose undesired effects. Identifying new molecular targets for SE might lead to adjunctive treatments that can be delivered even when SE is well established. Recent preclinical studies suggest that prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is an essential inflammatory mediator for the brain injury and morbidity following prolonged seizures via activating four G protein-coupled receptors, namely, EP1-EP4. Given that EP2 receptor activation has been identified as a common culprit in several inflammation-associated neurological conditions, such as strokes and neurodegenerative diseases, selective small-molecule antagonists targeting EP2 have been recently developed and utilized to suppress PGE2-mediated neuroinflammation. Transient inhibition of the EP2 receptor by these bioavailable and brain-permeable antagonists consistently showed marked anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects in several rodent models of SE yet had no noticeable effect on seizures per se. This review provides overviews and perspectives of the EP2 receptor as an emerging target for adjunctive treatment, together with the current first-line anti-seizure drugs, to prevent acute brain inflammation and damage following SE.
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Pre- and Neonatal Exposure to Lead (Pb) Induces Neuroinflammation in the Forebrain Cortex, Hippocampus and Cerebellum of Rat Pups. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21031083. [PMID: 32041252 PMCID: PMC7037720 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21031083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Lead (Pb) is a heavy metal with a proven neurotoxic effect. Exposure is particularly dangerous to the developing brain in the pre- and neonatal periods. One postulated mechanism of its neurotoxicity is induction of inflammation. This study analyzed the effect of exposure of rat pups to Pb during periods of brain development on the concentrations of selected cytokines and prostanoids in the forebrain cortex, hippocampus and cerebellum. Methods: Administration of 0.1% lead acetate (PbAc) in drinking water ad libitum, from the first day of gestation to postnatal day 21, resulted in blood Pb in rat pups reaching levels below the threshold considered safe for humans by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (10 µg/dL). Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method was used to determine the levels of interleukins IL-1β, IL-6, transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and thromboxane B2 (TXB2). Western blot and quantitative real-time PCR were used to determine the expression levels of cyclooxygenases COX-1 and COX-2. Finally, Western blot was used to determine the level of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB). Results: In all studied brain structures (forebrain cortex, hippocampus and cerebellum), the administration of Pb caused a significant increase in all studied cytokines and prostanoids (IL-1β, IL-6, TGF-β, PGE2 and TXB2). The protein and mRNA expression of COX-1 and COX-2 increased in all studied brain structures, as did NF-κB expression. Conclusions: Chronic pre- and neonatal exposure to Pb induces neuroinflammation in the forebrain cortex, hippocampus and cerebellum of rat pups.
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Rojas A, Ganesh T, Wang W, Wang J, Dingledine R. A rat model of organophosphate-induced status epilepticus and the beneficial effects of EP2 receptor inhibition. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 133:104399. [PMID: 30818067 PMCID: PMC6708729 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2019.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This review describes an adult rat model of status epilepticus (SE) induced by diisopropyl fluorophosphate (DFP), and the beneficial outcomes of transient inhibition of the prostaglandin-E2 receptor EP2 with a small molecule antagonist, delayed by 2-4 h after SE onset. Administration of six doses of the selective EP2 antagonist TG6-10-1 over a 2-3 day period accelerates functional recovery, attenuates hippocampal neurodegeneration, neuroinflammation, gliosis and blood-brain barrier leakage, and prevents long-term cognitive deficits without blocking SE itself or altering acute seizure characteristics. This work has provided important information regarding organophosphate-induced seizure related pathologies in adults and revealed the effectiveness of delayed EP2 inhibition to combat these pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asheebo Rojas
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University, 1510 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | - Thota Ganesh
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University, 1510 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Wenyi Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University, 1510 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Jennifer Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University, 1510 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Raymond Dingledine
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University, 1510 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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Seeger DR, Golovko SA, Golovko MY. Blood-Brain Barrier Is the Major Site for a Rapid and Dramatic Prostanoid Increase upon Brain Global Ischemia. Lipids 2019; 55:79-85. [PMID: 31814137 DOI: 10.1002/lipd.12205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
We and others have demonstrated a rapid and dramatic increase in brain prostanoids upon decapitation-induced brain global ischemia and injury. However, the mechanism for this induction, including the cell types involved, are unknown. In the present study, we have validated and applied a pharmacological approach to inhibit prostanoid synthesis in the blood-brain barrier including endothelial cells. Our results indicate that a nonspecific cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitor, ketorolac, does not pass the blood-brain barrier and does not enter red blood cells but penetrates endothelial cells. Ketorolac treatment did not affect basal prostanoid levels but completely prevented prostanoid induction upon global ischemia. These data indicate that basal prostanoids are synthesized in brain parenchyma cells, while inducible prostanoids are synthesized in the blood-brain barrier, most likely in endothelial cells. However, future studies with cell and COX isoform-specific gene ablation are needed to further validate this conclusion. These findings identify endothelial cells as a possible target for the development of pharmacological approaches to selectively attenuate inducible prostanoid pools without affecting basal levels under brain ischemia, trauma, surgery, and other related conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drew R Seeger
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, 1301 N. Columbia Rd., Grand Forks, ND, 58202-9037, USA
| | - Svetlana A Golovko
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, 1301 N. Columbia Rd., Grand Forks, ND, 58202-9037, USA
| | - Mikhail Y Golovko
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, 1301 N. Columbia Rd., Grand Forks, ND, 58202-9037, USA
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37
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Wu JMF, Cheng YY, Tang TWH, Shih C, Chen JH, Hsieh PCH. Prostaglandin E 2 Receptor 2 Modulates Macrophage Activity for Cardiac Repair. J Am Heart Assoc 2019; 7:e009216. [PMID: 30371325 PMCID: PMC6404869 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.118.009216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background Prostaglandin E2 has long been known to be an immune modulator. It is released after tissue injury and plays a role in modulating macrophage activities, which are essential for tissue regeneration. However, the involvement of prostaglandin E2 receptor 2 (EP2)–dependent regulation of macrophages in postischemic heart is unclear. This study aims to evaluate the role of EP2 in damaged heart. Methods and Results The effect of EP2 in postischemic heart was evaluated using EP2‐deficient transgenic mice. We demonstrated that cardiac function was worse after myocardial injury on loss of EP2. Furthermore, EP2 deficiency also altered proinflammatory response and resulted in a defect in macrophage recruitment to the injured myocardium. Transcriptome analysis revealed that the expression of erythroid differentiation regulator 1 (Erdr1) was significantly induced in EP2‐deficient macrophages. Knocking down Erdr1 expression restored migration ability of EP2‐deficient cells both in vitro and in vivo. By using a genetic fate‐mapping approach, we showed that abolishment of EP2 expression effectively attenuated cell replenishment. Conclusions The EP2‐dependent signaling pathway plays a critical role in regulating macrophage recruitment to the injured myocardium, thereby exerting a function in modulating the inflammatory microenvironment for cardiac repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine M F Wu
- 1 Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and Institute of Clinical Medicine National Cheng Kung University Tainan Taiwan.,2 Institute of Biomedical Sciences Academia Sinica Taipei Taiwan.,4 Leibniz Institute on Aging-Fritz Lipmann Institute Jena Germany
| | - Yuan-Yuan Cheng
- 2 Institute of Biomedical Sciences Academia Sinica Taipei Taiwan
| | - Tony W H Tang
- 2 Institute of Biomedical Sciences Academia Sinica Taipei Taiwan
| | - Crystal Shih
- 2 Institute of Biomedical Sciences Academia Sinica Taipei Taiwan
| | - Jyh-Hong Chen
- 3 Division of Cardiology Department of Medicine College of Medicine China Medical University Taichung Taiwan
| | - Patrick C H Hsieh
- 1 Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and Institute of Clinical Medicine National Cheng Kung University Tainan Taiwan.,2 Institute of Biomedical Sciences Academia Sinica Taipei Taiwan
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38
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Liu Q, Johnson EM, Lam RK, Wang Q, Bo Ye H, Wilson EN, Minhas PS, Liu L, Swarovski MS, Tran S, Wang J, Mehta SS, Yang X, Rabinowitz JD, Yang SS, Shamloo M, Mueller C, James ML, Andreasson KI. Peripheral TREM1 responses to brain and intestinal immunogens amplify stroke severity. Nat Immunol 2019; 20:1023-1034. [PMID: 31263278 PMCID: PMC6778967 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-019-0421-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Stroke is a multiphasic process in which initial cerebral ischemia is followed by secondary injury from immune responses to ischemic brain components. Here we demonstrate that peripheral CD11b+CD45+ myeloid cells magnify stroke injury via activation of triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 1 (TREM1), an amplifier of proinflammatory innate immune responses. TREM1 was induced within hours after stroke peripherally in CD11b+CD45+ cells trafficking to ischemic brain. TREM1 inhibition genetically or pharmacologically improved outcome via protective antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms. Positron electron tomography imaging using radiolabeled antibody recognizing TREM1 revealed elevated TREM1 expression in spleen and, unexpectedly, in intestine. In the lamina propria, noradrenergic-dependent increases in gut permeability induced TREM1 on inflammatory Ly6C+MHCII+ macrophages, further increasing epithelial permeability and facilitating bacterial translocation across the gut barrier. Thus, following stroke, peripheral TREM1 induction amplifies proinflammatory responses to both brain-derived and intestinal-derived immunogenic components. Critically, targeting this specific innate immune pathway reduces cerebral injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingkun Liu
- Department of Neurology & Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Emily M Johnson
- Department of Neurology & Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Rachel K Lam
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Neurology & Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Hong Bo Ye
- Department of Neurology & Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Edward N Wilson
- Department of Neurology & Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Paras S Minhas
- Department of Neurology & Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ling Liu
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Michelle S Swarovski
- Department of Neurology & Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Stephanie Tran
- Department of Neurology & Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Neurology & Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Swapnil S Mehta
- Department of Neurology & Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Xi Yang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Joshua D Rabinowitz
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Samuel S Yang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Mehrdad Shamloo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Michelle L James
- Department of Neurology & Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford Neuroscience Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Katrin I Andreasson
- Department of Neurology & Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Stanford Neuroscience Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Stanford Immunology Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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Woodward DF, Wang JW, Stamer WD, Lütjen-Drecoll E, Krauss AHP, Toris CB. Antiglaucoma EP 2 Agonists: A Long Road That Led Somewhere. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2019; 35:469-474. [PMID: 31329508 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2019.0041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
For >2 decades, EP2 agonists have been the subject of antiglaucoma research and development by scientists in industry and academia around the world. The road has led to the recent approval of the first drug of this class. This article reviews the development of EP2 agonists from conception to clinical approval, discussing pharmacology, structure, biodistribution, therapeutics, and drug delivery. An extensive list of source references is provided for the reader's benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- David F Woodward
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.,JeniVision, Inc., Irvine, California
| | | | - W Daniel Stamer
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | | | | | - Carol B Toris
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
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Asaoka R, Ohi Y, Miyazawa K, Goto S, Haji A. Involvement of presynaptic TRPV1 channels in prostaglandin E 2-induced facilitation of spontaneous synaptic transmission in the rat spinal trigeminal subnucleus caudalis. Brain Res 2019; 1715:115-125. [PMID: 30898677 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) synthesized in the central nervous system influences various physiological functions including nociception. Recently, we have demonstrated that PGE2 facilitates spontaneous synaptic transmission through presynaptic EP1 receptors in the spinal trigeminal subnucleus caudalis (Vc) neurons that receive nociceptive signals from the orofacial area. Increasing evidence suggests that the action of PGE2 is related to activation of transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) channels. The present study investigated whether TRPV1 channels contribute to the facilitatory effect of PGE2 on synaptic transmission in the Vc neurons. Spontaneous excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic currents (sEPSCs and sIPSCs) were recorded from Vc neurons in the rat brainstem slice by whole-cell patch-clamp mode. Superfusion of capsaicin (0.3, 1.0 μM) concentration-dependently increased the frequency of both sEPSCs and sIPSCs without any significant effect on their amplitude. The effect of capsaicin was completely abolished by a TRPV1 channel blocker AMG9810 (0.1 μM). PGE2 (5.0 μM) increased the frequency of sEPSCs and sIPSCs. This facilitatory effect of PGE2 was attenuated by AMG9810 and in neurons desensitized by repeated application of capsaicin. While a low concentration of either PGE2 (1.0 μM) or capsaicin (0.1 μM) had an insignificant effect on the sEPSCs and sIPSCs, co-application of these drugs increased their frequency. The present study demonstrated involvement of the presynaptic TRPV1 channels in PGE2-induced facilitation of spontaneous synaptic transmissions and suggests interaction of PGE2 with TRPV1 channels in modification of nociceptive signals from the orofacial area to the Vc neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Asaoka
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan; Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Ohi
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Ken Miyazawa
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shigemi Goto
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Akira Haji
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan.
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Dec K, Łukomska A, Skonieczna-Żydecka K, Kolasa-Wołosiuk A, Tarnowski M, Baranowska-Bosiacka I, Gutowska I. Long-term exposure to fluoride as a factor promoting changes in the expression and activity of cyclooxygenases (COX1 and COX2) in various rat brain structures. Neurotoxicology 2019; 74:81-90. [PMID: 31175943 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2019.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sixty percent of the mammalian brain is composed of lipids including arachidonic acid (AA). AA released from cell membranes is metabolised in the cyclooxygenase (COX) pathway to prostanoids - biologically active substances involved in the regulation of many processes including inflammation. It has been shown that long-term exposure to fluoride in pre and neonatal period is dangerous because this element is able to penetrate through the placenta and to cross the blood-brain barrier. Exposure to fluoride during the development affects metabolism and physiology of neurons and glia which results in the impairment of cognitive functions but the exact mechanisms of fluoride neurotoxicity are not clearly defined. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to determine whether exposure to fluoride during the development affects COXes activity and the synthesis of prostanoids. MATERIAL AND METHODS Pre- and postnatal toxicity model in Wistar rats was used. Experimental animals received 50 mg/L of NaF in drinking water ad libitum, while control animals received tap water. In cerebral cortex, hippocampus, cerebellum and striatum were measured fluoride concentration, COX1 and COX2 genes expression, immunolocalization of the enzymatic proteins and concentration of PGE2 and TXB2. RESULTS of this study showed statistically significant changes in the concentration of fluoride in brain structures between study group and control animals. Moreover, significant changes in the expression level of COX1 and COX2, and in the concentration of PGE2 and TXB2 were observed. CONCLUSION Exposure to fluoride in the prenatal and neonatal period result in the increase in COX2 activity and increase in PGE2 concentration in rats brain, which may lead to disturbances in central nervous system homeostasis..
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Dec
- The Department of Biochemistry and Human Nutrition, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Broniewskiego 24 Str., 70-460 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Łukomska
- The Department of Biochemistry and Human Nutrition, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Broniewskiego 24 Str., 70-460 Szczecin, Poland; Laboratory of Neuroplasticity, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Street, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Karolina Skonieczna-Żydecka
- The Department of Biochemistry and Human Nutrition, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Broniewskiego 24 Str., 70-460 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Kolasa-Wołosiuk
- The Department of Histology and Embryology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wlkp. 72 av., 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Maciej Tarnowski
- The Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wlkp. 72 av., 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Irena Baranowska-Bosiacka
- The Department of Biochemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wlkp. 72 av., 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Izabela Gutowska
- The Department of Biochemistry and Human Nutrition, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Broniewskiego 24 Str., 70-460 Szczecin, Poland.
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Hua W, Yang X, Chen X, Ren H, Hong M, Wu H, Wang J. WITHDRAWN: Mechanisms and potential therapeutic targets for intracerebral hemorrhage. BRAIN HEMORRHAGES 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hest.2019.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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Time dependent dual effect of anti-inflammatory treatments on sarin-induced brain inflammation: Suggested role of prostaglandins. Neurotoxicology 2019; 74:19-27. [PMID: 31095963 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2019.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 05/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A common consequence of exposure to organophosphate nerve agents is the centrally mediated seizure activity that appears even after conventional treatment with atropine and oximes. We have previously demonstrated a major inflammatory response with subsequent brain damage which was correlated with the duration of the sarin-induced seizures (Chapman et al., 2006). In the present work seizures were induced by the nerve agent sarin (1.2 LD50) insufficiently treated 1 min later by atropine and trimedoxime bromide (TA), with additional midazolam treatment either 5 or 30 min after continuous seizure activity. The efficacy of both steroidal and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), as well as other drugs that were reported as beneficial in neuroprotection, were evaluated for their contribution as adjunct treatment against sarin induced seizures and the ensuing inflammatory brain damage. Results show that both steroids and NSAIDs were harmful when administered during convulsions, and steroids were at best ineffective if administered at their termination. However, if administered at termination of convulsions, the NSAID ibuprofen, the selective COX 2 inhibitor nimesulide and the PLA2 inhibitor quinacrine were partially effective in reducing brain inflammatory markers. Administration of exogenous analogs of prostaglandins (PGE2) immediately following sarin-induced convulsions was found to have a beneficial effect in reducing brain inflammatory markers measured at 24 h and one week post sarin exposure. These findings support the hypothesis that elevated levels of PGE2 have a beneficial role immediately following sarin induced seizures, and that early inhibition of PGE2 production by both steroids and NSAID is contraindicative.
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PGE 2 signaling via the neuronal EP2 receptor increases injury in a model of cerebral ischemia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:10019-10024. [PMID: 31036664 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1818544116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The inflammatory prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) EP2 receptor is a master suppressor of beneficial microglial function, and myeloid EP2 signaling ablation reduces pathology in models of inflammatory neurodegeneration. Here, we investigated the role of PGE2 EP2 signaling in a model of stroke in which the initial cerebral ischemic event is followed by an extended poststroke inflammatory response. Myeloid lineage cell-specific EP2 knockdown in Cd11bCre;EP2lox/lox mice attenuated brain infiltration of Cd11b+CD45hi macrophages and CD45+Ly6Ghi neutrophils, indicating that inflammatory EP2 signaling participates in the poststroke immune response. Inducible global deletion of the EP2 receptor in adult ROSA26-CreERT2 (ROSACreER);EP2lox/lox mice also reduced brain myeloid cell trafficking but additionally reduced stroke severity, suggesting that nonimmune EP2 receptor-expressing cell types contribute to cerebral injury. EP2 receptor expression was highly induced in neurons in the ischemic hemisphere, and postnatal deletion of the neuronal EP2 receptor in Thy1Cre;EP2lox/lox mice reduced cerebral ischemic injury. These findings diverge from previous studies of congenitally null EP2 receptor mice where a global deletion increases cerebral ischemic injury. Moreover, ROSACreER;EP2lox/lox mice, unlike EP2-/- mice, exhibited normal learning and memory, suggesting a confounding effect from congenital EP2 receptor deletion. Taken together with a precedent that inhibition of EP2 signaling is protective in inflammatory neurodegeneration, these data lend support to translational approaches targeting the EP2 receptor to reduce inflammation and neuronal injury that occur after stroke.
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Zhang Y, Zhou Y, Chen S, Hu Y, Zhu Z, Wang Y, Du N, Song T, Yang Y, Guo A, Wang Y. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor facilitates prostaglandin E 2 production of astrocytes to tune inflammatory milieu following spinal cord injury. J Neuroinflammation 2019; 16:85. [PMID: 30981278 PMCID: PMC6461812 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-019-1468-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Astrocytes have been shown to produce several pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines to maintain homeostasis of microenvironment in response to vast array of CNS insults. Some inflammation-related cytokines are responsible for regulating such cell events. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a proinflammatory cytokine that can be inducibly expressed in the lesioned spinal cord. Unknown is whether MIF can facilitate the production of immunosuppressive factors from astrocytes to tune milieu following spinal cord injury. Methods Following establishment of contusion SCI rat model, correlation of PGE2 synthesis-related protein levels with that of MIF was assayed by Western blot. ELISA assay was used to detect production of PGE2, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6. Immunohistochemistry was performed to observe colocalization of COX2 with GFAP- and S100β-positive astrocytes. The primary astrocytes were treated by various inhibitors to validate relevant signal pathway. Results The protein levels of MIF and COX2, but not of COX1, synchronously increased following spinal cord injury. Treatment of MIF inhibitor 4-IPP to the lesion sites significantly reduced the expression of COX2, mPGES-1, and as a consequence, the production of PGE2. Astrocytes responded robustly to the MIF interference, by which regulated MAPK/COX2/PGE2 signal pathway through coupling with the CD74 membrane receptor. MIF-induced production of PGE2 from astrocytes was able to suppress production of TNF-α, but boosted production of IL-1β and IL-6 in LPS-activated macrophages. Conclusion Collectively, these results reveal a novel function of MIF-mediated astrocytes, which fine-tune inflammatory microenvironment to maintain homeostasis. These suggest an alternative therapeutic strategy for CNS inflammation. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12974-019-1468-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, 226001, People's Republic of China.,Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, 226001, People's Republic of China.,Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuxia Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Yancheng City No.1 People's Hospital, Yancheng, 224005, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuming Hu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenjie Zhu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingjie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, 226001, People's Republic of China
| | - Nan Du
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, 226001, People's Republic of China
| | - Tiancheng Song
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, 226001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yumin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, 226001, People's Republic of China
| | - Aisong Guo
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yongjun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, 226001, People's Republic of China.
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Jiang J, Yu Y, Kinjo ER, Du Y, Nguyen HP, Dingledine R. Suppressing pro-inflammatory prostaglandin signaling attenuates excitotoxicity-associated neuronal inflammation and injury. Neuropharmacology 2019; 149:149-160. [PMID: 30763657 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2019.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Glutamate receptor-mediated excitotoxicity is a common pathogenic process in many neurological conditions including epilepsy. Prolonged seizures induce elevations in extracellular glutamate that contribute to excitotoxic damage, which in turn can trigger chronic neuroinflammatory reactions, leading to secondary damage to the brain. Blocking key inflammatory pathways could prevent such secondary brain injury following the initial excitotoxic insults. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) has emerged as an important mediator of neuroinflammation-associated injury, in large part via activating its EP2 receptor subtype. Herein, we investigated the effects of EP2 receptor inhibition on excitotoxicity-associated neuronal inflammation and injury in vivo. Utilizing a bioavailable and brain-permeant compound, TG6-10-1, we found that pharmacological inhibition of EP2 receptor after a one-hour episode of kainate-induced status epilepticus (SE) in mice reduced seizure-promoted functional deficits, cytokine induction, reactive gliosis, blood-brain barrier impairment, and hippocampal damage. Our preclinical findings endorse the feasibility of blocking PGE2/EP2 signaling as an adjunctive strategy to treat prolonged seizures. The promising benefits from EP2 receptor inhibition should also be relevant to other neurological conditions in which excitotoxicity-associated secondary damage to the brain represents a pathogenic event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxiong Jiang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Discovery Center, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA; Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
| | - Ying Yu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Discovery Center, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Erika Reime Kinjo
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Yifeng Du
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Hoang Phuong Nguyen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Discovery Center, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Ray Dingledine
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Bioactive Lipids in Inflammation After Central Nervous System Injury. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1127:181-194. [PMID: 31140179 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-11488-6_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Despite the progress made over the last decades to understand the mechanisms underlying tissue damage and neurological deficits after neurotrauma, there are currently no effective treatments in the clinic. It is well accepted that the inflammatory response in the CNS after injury exacerbates tissue loss and functional impairments. Unfortunately, the use of potent anti-inflammatory drugs, such as methylprednisolone, fails to promote therapeutic recovery and also gives rise to several undesirable side effects related to immunosuppression. The injury-induced inflammatory response is complex, and understanding the mechanisms that regulate this inflammation is therefore crucial in the quest to develop effective treatments. Bioactive lipids have emerged as potent molecules in controlling the initiation, coordination, and resolution of inflammation and in promoting tissue repair and recovery of homeostasis. These bioactive lipids are produced by cells involved in the inflammatory response, and their defective synthesis leads to persistent chronic inflammation, tissue damage, and fibrosis. The present chapter discusses recent evidence for the role of some of these bioactive lipids, in particular, eicosanoid and pro-resolving lipid mediators, in the regulation of inflammation after neurotrauma and highlights the therapeutic potential of some of these lipids in enhancing neurological outcomes after CNS injuries.
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Rojas A, Chen D, Ganesh T, Varvel NH, Dingledine R. The COX-2/prostanoid signaling cascades in seizure disorders. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2018; 23:1-13. [PMID: 30484341 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2019.1554056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Introduction:A robust neuroinflammatory response is a prevalent feature of multiple neurological disorders, including epilepsy and acute status epilepticus. One component of this neuroinflammatory reaction is the induction of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), synthesis of several prostaglandins and endocannabinoid metabolites, and subsequent activation of prostaglandin and related receptors. Neuroinflammation mediated by COX-2 and its downstream effectors has received considerable attention as a potential target class to ameliorate the deleterious consequences of neurological injury. Areas covered: Here we describe the roles of COX-2 as a major inflammatory mediator. In addition, we discuss the receptors for prostanoids PGE2, prostaglandin D2, and PGF2α as potential therapeutic targets for inflammation-driven diseases. The consequences of prostanoid receptor activation after seizure activity are discussed with an emphasis on the utilization of small molecules to modulate prostanoid receptor activity. Expert opinion: Limited clinical trial experience is supportive but not definitive for a role of the COX signaling cascade in epileptogenesis. The cardiotoxicity associated with chronic coxib use, and the expectation that COX-2 inhibition will influence the levels of endocannabinoids, leukotrienes, and lipoxins as well as the prostaglandins and their endocannabinoid metabolite analogs, is shifting attention toward downstream synthases and receptors that mediate inflammation in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asheebo Rojas
- a Department of Pharmacology , Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta , GA , USA
| | - Di Chen
- a Department of Pharmacology , Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta , GA , USA
| | - Thota Ganesh
- a Department of Pharmacology , Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta , GA , USA
| | - Nicholas H Varvel
- a Department of Pharmacology , Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta , GA , USA
| | - Raymond Dingledine
- a Department of Pharmacology , Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta , GA , USA
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Karuppagounder SS, Alin L, Chen Y, Brand D, Bourassa MW, Dietrich K, Wilkinson CM, Nadeau CA, Kumar A, Perry S, Pinto JT, Darley-Usmar V, Sanchez S, Milne GL, Pratico D, Holman TR, Carmichael ST, Coppola G, Colbourne F, Ratan RR. N-acetylcysteine targets 5 lipoxygenase-derived, toxic lipids and can synergize with prostaglandin E 2 to inhibit ferroptosis and improve outcomes following hemorrhagic stroke in mice. Ann Neurol 2018; 84:854-872. [PMID: 30294906 PMCID: PMC6519209 DOI: 10.1002/ana.25356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Objectives N‐acetylcysteine (NAC) is a clinically approved thiol‐containing redox modulatory compound currently in trials for many neurological and psychiatric disorders. Although generically labeled as an “antioxidant,” poor understanding of its site(s) of action is a barrier to its use in neurological practice. Here, we examined the efficacy and mechanism of action of NAC in rodent models of hemorrhagic stroke. Methods Hemin was used to model ferroptosis and hemorrhagic stroke in cultured neurons. Striatal infusion of collagenase was used to model intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) in mice and rats. Chemical biology, targeted lipidomics, arachidonate 5‐lipoxygenase (ALOX5) knockout mice, and viral‐gene transfer were used to gain insight into the pharmacological targets and mechanism of action of NAC. Results NAC prevented hemin‐induced ferroptosis by neutralizing toxic lipids generated by arachidonate‐dependent ALOX5 activity. NAC efficacy required increases in glutathione and is correlated with suppression of reactive lipids by glutathione‐dependent enzymes such as glutathione S‐transferase. Accordingly, its protective effects were mimicked by chemical or molecular lipid peroxidation inhibitors. NAC delivered postinjury reduced neuronal death and improved functional recovery at least 7 days following ICH in mice and can synergize with clinically approved prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). Interpretation NAC is a promising, protective therapy for ICH, which acted to inhibit toxic arachidonic acid products of nuclear ALOX5 that synergized with exogenously delivered protective PGE2 in vitro and in vivo. The findings provide novel insight into a target for NAC, beyond the generic characterization as an antioxidant, resulting in neuroprotection and offer a feasible combinatorial strategy to optimize efficacy and safety in dosing of NAC for treatment of neurological disorders involving ferroptosis such as ICH. Ann Neurol 2018;84:854–872
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Affiliation(s)
- Saravanan S Karuppagounder
- Sperling Center for Hemorrhagic Stroke Recovery, Burke Neurological Institute, White Plains, NY.,Brain and Mind Research Institute and Department of Neurology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Lauren Alin
- Sperling Center for Hemorrhagic Stroke Recovery, Burke Neurological Institute, White Plains, NY.,Brain and Mind Research Institute and Department of Neurology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Yingxin Chen
- Sperling Center for Hemorrhagic Stroke Recovery, Burke Neurological Institute, White Plains, NY.,Brain and Mind Research Institute and Department of Neurology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| | - David Brand
- Sperling Center for Hemorrhagic Stroke Recovery, Burke Neurological Institute, White Plains, NY.,Brain and Mind Research Institute and Department of Neurology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Megan W Bourassa
- Sperling Center for Hemorrhagic Stroke Recovery, Burke Neurological Institute, White Plains, NY.,Brain and Mind Research Institute and Department of Neurology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Kristen Dietrich
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - Colby A Nadeau
- Department of Psychology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Amit Kumar
- Sperling Center for Hemorrhagic Stroke Recovery, Burke Neurological Institute, White Plains, NY.,Brain and Mind Research Institute and Department of Neurology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Steve Perry
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA
| | - John T Pinto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY
| | - Victor Darley-Usmar
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Stephanie Sanchez
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - Ginger L Milne
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - Domenico Pratico
- Alzheimer's Center at Temple University, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Theodore R Holman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA
| | - S Thomas Carmichael
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Giovanni Coppola
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Frederick Colbourne
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Psychology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Rajiv R Ratan
- Sperling Center for Hemorrhagic Stroke Recovery, Burke Neurological Institute, White Plains, NY.,Brain and Mind Research Institute and Department of Neurology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
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Ikeda-Matsuo Y, Miyata H, Mizoguchi T, Ohama E, Naito Y, Uematsu S, Akira S, Sasaki Y, Tanabe M. Microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 is a critical factor in dopaminergic neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2018; 124:81-92. [PMID: 30423474 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2018.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder of uncertain pathogenesis characterized by the loss of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons. Although increased production of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) has been implicated in tissue damage in several pathological settings, the role of microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 (mPGES-1), an inducible terminal enzyme for PGE2 synthesis, in dopaminergic neurodegeneration remains unclear. Here we show that mPGES-1 is up-regulated in the dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra of postmortem brain tissue from PD patients and in neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced PD mice. The expression of mPGES-1 was also up-regulated in cultured dopaminergic neurons stimulated with 6-OHDA. The genetic deletion of mPGES-1 not only abolished 6-OHDA-induced PGE2 production but also inhibited 6-OHDA-induced dopaminergic neurodegeneration both in vitro and in vivo. Nigrostriatal projections, striatal dopamine content, and neurological functions were significantly impaired by 6-OHDA administration in wild-type (WT) mice, but not in mPGES-1 knockout (KO) mice. Furthermore, in cultured primary mesencephalic neurons, addition of PGE2 to compensate for the deficiency of 6-OHDA-induced PGE2 production in mPGES-1 KO neurons recovered 6-OHDA toxicity to almost the same extent as that seen in WT neurons. These results suggest that induction of mPGES-1 enhances 6-OHDA-induced dopaminergic neuronal death through excessive PGE2 production. Thus, mPGES-1 may be a valuable therapeutic target for treatment of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Ikeda-Matsuo
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokuriku University, Japan; Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kitasato University, Japan.
| | - Hajime Miyata
- Department of Neuropathology, Research Institute for Brain and Blood Vessels - AKITA, Japan
| | - Tomoko Mizoguchi
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kitasato University, Japan
| | | | - Yasuhito Naito
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kitasato University, Japan
| | - Satoshi Uematsu
- Department of Mucosal Immunology, School of Medicine, Chiba University, Japan; Division of Innate Immune Regulation, International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccines, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shizuo Akira
- Laboratory of Host Defense, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Japan
| | - Yasuharu Sasaki
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kitasato University, Japan
| | - Mitsuo Tanabe
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kitasato University, Japan
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