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Chen ZK, Quintanilla L, Su Y, Sheehy RN, Simon JM, Luo YJ, Li YD, Chen Z, Asrican B, Tart DS, Farmer WT, Ming GL, Song H, Song J. Septo-dentate gyrus cholinergic circuits modulate function and morphogenesis of adult neural stem cells through granule cell intermediaries. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2405117121. [PMID: 39312657 PMCID: PMC11459179 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2405117121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 09/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Cholinergic neurons in the basal forebrain play a crucial role in regulating adult hippocampal neurogenesis (AHN). However, the circuit and molecular mechanisms underlying cholinergic modulation of AHN, especially the initial stages of this process related to the generation of newborn progeny from quiescent radial neural stem cells (rNSCs), remain unclear. Here, we report that stimulation of the cholinergic circuits projected from the diagonal band of Broca (DB) to the dentate gyrus (DG) neurogenic niche promotes proliferation and morphological development of rNSCs, resulting in increased neural stem/progenitor pool and rNSCs with longer radial processes and larger busy heads. Interestingly, DG granule cells (GCs) are required for DB-DG cholinergic circuit-dependent modulation of proliferation and morphogenesis of rNSCs. Furthermore, single-nucleus RNA sequencing of DG reveals cell type-specific transcriptional changes in response to cholinergic circuit stimulation, with GCs (among all the DG niche cells) exhibiting the most extensive transcriptional changes. Our findings shed light on how the DB-DG cholinergic circuits orchestrate the key niche components to support neurogenic function and morphogenesis of rNSCs at the circuit and molecular levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze-Ka Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC27599
- Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC27599
| | - Luis Quintanilla
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC27599
- Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC27599
- Neuroscience Curriculum, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC27599
| | - Yijing Su
- Department of Neuroscience and Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
- Department of Oral Medicine, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
| | - Ryan N. Sheehy
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC27599
- Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC27599
- Pharmacology Curriculum, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC27599
| | - Jeremy M. Simon
- Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC27599
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC27599
- Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC27599
| | - Yan-Jia Luo
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC27599
- Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC27599
| | - Ya-Dong Li
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC27599
- Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC27599
| | - Zhe Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC27599
- Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC27599
| | - Brent Asrican
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC27599
- Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC27599
| | - Dalton S. Tart
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC27599
| | - W. Todd Farmer
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC27599
| | - Guo-Li Ming
- Department of Neuroscience and Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
| | - Hongjun Song
- Department of Neuroscience and Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
| | - Juan Song
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC27599
- Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC27599
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Iglesias Pastrana C, Navas González FJ, Macri M, Martínez Martínez MDA, Ciani E, Delgado Bermejo JV. Identification of novel genetic loci related to dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius) morphometrics, biomechanics, and behavior by genome-wide association studies. BMC Vet Res 2024; 20:418. [PMID: 39294626 PMCID: PMC11409489 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-024-04263-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 09/03/2024] [Indexed: 09/21/2024] Open
Abstract
In the realm of animal breeding for sustainability, domestic camels have traditionally been valued for their milk and meat production. However, key aspects such as zoometrics, biomechanics, and behavior have often been overlooked in terms of their genetic foundations. Recognizing this gap, the present study perfomed genome-wide association analyses to identify genetic markers associated with zoometrics-, biomechanics-, and behavior-related traits in dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius). 16 and 108 genetic markers were significantly associated (q < 0.05) at genome and chromosome-wide levels of significance, respectively, with zoometrics- (width, length, and perimeter/girth), biomechanics- (acceleration, displacement, spatial position, and velocity), and behavior-related traits (general cognition, intelligence, and Intelligence Quotient (IQ)) in dromedaries. In most association loci, the nearest protein-coding genes are linkedto neurodevelopmental and sensory disorders. This suggests that genetic variations related to neural development and sensory perception play crucial roles in shaping a dromedary camel's physical characteristics and behavior. In summary, this research advances our understanding of the genomic basis of essential traits in dromedary camels. Identifying specific genetic markers associated with zoometrics, biomechanics, and behavior provides valuable insights into camel domestication. Moreover, the links between these traits and genes related to neurodevelopmental and sensory disorders highlight the broader implications of domestication and modern selection on the health and welfare of dromedary camels. This knowledge could guide future breeding strategies, fostering a more holistic approach to camel husbandry and ensuring the sustainability of these animals in diverse agricultural contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Martina Macri
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- Animal Breeding Consulting S.L, Parque Científico Tecnológico de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | | | - Elena Ciani
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Environment, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bari 'Aldo Moro', Bari, Italy
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Maraslioglu-Sperber A, Pizzi E, Fisch JO, Kattler K, Ritter T, Friauf E. Molecular and functional profiling of cell diversity and identity in the lateral superior olive, an auditory brainstem center with ascending and descending projections. Front Cell Neurosci 2024; 18:1354520. [PMID: 38846638 PMCID: PMC11153811 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2024.1354520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The lateral superior olive (LSO), a prominent integration center in the auditory brainstem, contains a remarkably heterogeneous population of neurons. Ascending neurons, predominantly principal neurons (pLSOs), process interaural level differences for sound localization. Descending neurons (lateral olivocochlear neurons, LOCs) provide feedback into the cochlea and are thought to protect against acoustic overload. The molecular determinants of the neuronal diversity in the LSO are largely unknown. Here, we used patch-seq analysis in mice at postnatal days P10-12 to classify developing LSO neurons according to their functional and molecular profiles. Across the entire sample (n = 86 neurons), genes involved in ATP synthesis were particularly highly expressed, confirming the energy expenditure of auditory neurons. Two clusters were identified, pLSOs and LOCs. They were distinguished by 353 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), most of which were novel for the LSO. Electrophysiological analysis confirmed the transcriptomic clustering. We focused on genes affecting neuronal input-output properties and validated some of them by immunohistochemistry, electrophysiology, and pharmacology. These genes encode proteins such as osteopontin, Kv11.3, and Kvβ3 (pLSO-specific), calcitonin-gene-related peptide (LOC-specific), or Kv7.2 and Kv7.3 (no DEGs). We identified 12 "Super DEGs" and 12 genes showing "Cluster similarity." Collectively, we provide fundamental and comprehensive insights into the molecular composition of individual ascending and descending neurons in the juvenile auditory brainstem and how this may relate to their specific functions, including developmental aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayse Maraslioglu-Sperber
- Animal Physiology Group, Department of Biology, University of Kaiserslautern-Landau, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Erika Pizzi
- Animal Physiology Group, Department of Biology, University of Kaiserslautern-Landau, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Jonas O. Fisch
- Animal Physiology Group, Department of Biology, University of Kaiserslautern-Landau, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Kathrin Kattler
- Genetics/Epigenetics Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Tamara Ritter
- Animal Physiology Group, Department of Biology, University of Kaiserslautern-Landau, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Eckhard Friauf
- Animal Physiology Group, Department of Biology, University of Kaiserslautern-Landau, Kaiserslautern, Germany
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Chang KJ, Wu HY, Chiang PH, Hsu YT, Weng PY, Yu TH, Li CY, Chen YH, Dai HJ, Tsai HY, Chang YJ, Wu YR, Yang YP, Li CT, Hsu CC, Chen SJ, Chen YC, Cheng CY, Hsieh AR, Chiou SH. Decoding and reconstructing disease relations between dry eye and depression: a multimodal investigation comprising meta-analysis, genetic pathways and Mendelian randomization. J Adv Res 2024:S2090-1232(24)00115-2. [PMID: 38548265 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2024.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2024] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The clinical presentations of dry eye disease (DED) and depression (DEP) often comanifest. However, the robustness and the mechanisms underlying this association were undetermined. OBJECTIVES To this end, we set up a three-segment study that employed multimodality results (meta-analysis, genome-wide association study [GWAS] and Mendelian randomization [MR]) to elucidate the association, common pathways and causality between DED and DEP. METHODS A meta-analysis comprising 26 case-control studies was first conducted to confirm the DED-DEP association. Next, we performed a linkage disequilibrium (LD)-adjusted GWAS and targeted phenotype association study (PheWAS) in East Asian TW Biobank (TWB) and European UK Biobank (UKB) populations. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were further screened for molecular interactions and common pathways at the functional gene level. To further elucidate the activated pathways in DED and DEP, a systemic transcriptome review was conducted on RNA sequencing samples from the Gene Expression Omnibus. Finally, 48 MR experiments were implemented to examine the bidirectional causation between DED and DEP. RESULTS Our meta-analysis showed that DED patients are associated with an increased DEP prevalence (OR = 1.83), while DEP patients have a concurrent higher risk of DED (OR = 2.34). Notably, cross-disease GWAS analysis revealed that similar genetic architecture (rG = 0.19) and pleiotropic functional genes contributed to phenotypes in both diseases. Through protein-protein interaction and ontology convergence, we summarized the pleiotropic functional genes under the ontology of immune activation, which was further validated by a transcriptome systemic review. Importantly, the inverse variance-weighted (IVW)-MR experiments in both TWB and UKB populations (p value <0.001) supported the bidirectional exposure-outcome causation for DED-to-DEP and DEP-to-DED. Despite stringent LD-corrected instrumental variable re-selection, the bidirectional causation between DED and DEP remained. CONCLUSION With the multi-modal evidence combined, we consolidated the association and causation between DED and DEP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kao-Jung Chang
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, 112201 No.201, Sec. 2, Shipai Rd., Beitou District, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, 112304 No. 155, Sec. 2, Linong St. Beitou District, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Ophthalmology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, 112201 No.201, Sec. 2, Shipai Rd., Beitou District, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Medical Education, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, 112201 No.201, Sec. 2, Shipai Rd., Beitou District, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Yu Wu
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, 112201 No.201, Sec. 2, Shipai Rd., Beitou District, Taipei, Taiwan; School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, 112304 No. 155, Sec. 2, Linong St. Beitou District, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pin-Hsuan Chiang
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, 112201 No.201, Sec. 2, Shipai Rd., Beitou District, Taipei, Taiwan; Big Data Center, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, 112201 No.201, Sec. 2, Shipai Rd., Beitou District, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Statistics, Tamkang University, 251301 No.151, Yingzhuan Rd., Tamsui District, New Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Tien Hsu
- Department of Social & Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, 02115 No.677 Huntington Avenue, MA, USA
| | - Pei-Yu Weng
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, 112201 No.201, Sec. 2, Shipai Rd., Beitou District, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Han Yu
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, 112201 No.201, Sec. 2, Shipai Rd., Beitou District, Taipei, Taiwan; School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, 112304 No. 155, Sec. 2, Linong St. Beitou District, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Yi Li
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, 112201 No.201, Sec. 2, Shipai Rd., Beitou District, Taipei, Taiwan; School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, 112304 No. 155, Sec. 2, Linong St. Beitou District, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsiang Chen
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, 112201 No.201, Sec. 2, Shipai Rd., Beitou District, Taipei, Taiwan; School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, 112304 No. 155, Sec. 2, Linong St. Beitou District, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - He-Jhen Dai
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, 112201 No.201, Sec. 2, Shipai Rd., Beitou District, Taipei, Taiwan; School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, 112304 No. 155, Sec. 2, Linong St. Beitou District, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Han-Ying Tsai
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, 112201 No.201, Sec. 2, Shipai Rd., Beitou District, Taipei, Taiwan; Big Data Center, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, 112201 No.201, Sec. 2, Shipai Rd., Beitou District, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Statistics, Tamkang University, 251301 No.151, Yingzhuan Rd., Tamsui District, New Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Jung Chang
- Department of Statistics, Tamkang University, 251301 No.151, Yingzhuan Rd., Tamsui District, New Taipei, Taiwan
| | - You-Ren Wu
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, 112201 No.201, Sec. 2, Shipai Rd., Beitou District, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Pharmacology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, 112304 No. 155, Sec. 2, Linong St. Beitou District, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ping Yang
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, 112201 No.201, Sec. 2, Shipai Rd., Beitou District, Taipei, Taiwan; School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, 112304 No. 155, Sec. 2, Linong St. Beitou District, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Pharmacology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, 112304 No. 155, Sec. 2, Linong St. Beitou District, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Ta Li
- Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, 112201 No.201, Sec. 2, Shipai Rd., Beitou District, Taipei, Taiwan; Division of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, 112304 No. 155, Sec. 2, Linong St. Beitou District, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Brain Science and Brain Research Center, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, 112304 No. 155, Sec. 2, Linong St. Beitou District, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, National Central University, 320317 No. 300, Zhongda Rd., Zhongli District, Jhongli, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Chien Hsu
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, 112201 No.201, Sec. 2, Shipai Rd., Beitou District, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Ophthalmology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, 112201 No.201, Sec. 2, Shipai Rd., Beitou District, Taipei, Taiwan; School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, 112304 No. 155, Sec. 2, Linong St. Beitou District, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Jen Chen
- Big Data Center, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, 112201 No.201, Sec. 2, Shipai Rd., Beitou District, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chun Chen
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, 112304 No. 155, Sec. 2, Linong St. Beitou District, Taipei, Taiwan; Big Data Center, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, 112201 No.201, Sec. 2, Shipai Rd., Beitou District, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Hospital and Health Care Administration, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, 112304 No. 155, Sec. 2, Linong St. Beitou District, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Family Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, 112201 No.201, Sec. 2, Shipai Rd., Beitou District, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Yu Cheng
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, 168751 No.11 Third Hospital Ave, Singapore; Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin school of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 119228 No.21 Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore
| | - Ai-Ru Hsieh
- Department of Statistics, Tamkang University, 251301 No.151, Yingzhuan Rd., Tamsui District, New Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Shih-Hwa Chiou
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, 112201 No.201, Sec. 2, Shipai Rd., Beitou District, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Ophthalmology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, 112201 No.201, Sec. 2, Shipai Rd., Beitou District, Taipei, Taiwan; School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, 112304 No. 155, Sec. 2, Linong St. Beitou District, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Pharmacology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, 112304 No. 155, Sec. 2, Linong St. Beitou District, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Hunyara JL, Daly KM, Torres K, Yurgel ME, Komal R, Hattar S, Kolodkin AL. Teneurin-3 regulates the generation of non-image-forming visual circuitry and responsiveness to light in the suprachiasmatic nucleus. PLoS Biol 2023; 21:e3002412. [PMID: 38048352 PMCID: PMC10729976 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Visual system function depends upon the elaboration of precise connections between retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axons and their central targets in the brain. Though some progress has been made in defining the molecules that regulate RGC connectivity required for the assembly and function of image-forming circuitry, surprisingly little is known about factors required for intrinsically photosensitive RGCs (ipRGCs) to target a principal component of the non-image-forming circuitry: the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). Furthermore, the molecules required for forming circuits critical for circadian behaviors within the SCN are not known. We observe here that the adhesion molecule teneurin-3 (Tenm3) is highly expressed in vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) neurons located in the core region of the SCN. Since Tenm3 is required for other aspects of mammalian visual system development, we investigate roles for Tenm3 in regulating ipRGC-SCN connectivity and function. Our results show that Tenm3 negatively regulates association between VIP and arginine vasopressin (AVP) neurons within the SCN and is essential for M1 ipRGC axon innervation to the SCN. Specifically, in Tenm3-/- mice, we find a reduction in ventro-medial innervation to the SCN. Despite this reduction, Tenm3-/- mice have higher sensitivity to light and faster re-entrainment to phase advances, probably due to the increased association between VIP and AVP neurons. These data show that Tenm3 plays key roles in elaborating non-image-forming visual system circuitry and that it influences murine responses to phase-advancing light stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- John L. Hunyara
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - K. M. Daly
- Section on Light and Circadian Rhythms (SLCR), National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Katherine Torres
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Maria E. Yurgel
- Section on Light and Circadian Rhythms (SLCR), National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ruchi Komal
- Section on Light and Circadian Rhythms (SLCR), National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Samer Hattar
- Section on Light and Circadian Rhythms (SLCR), National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Alex L. Kolodkin
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
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Tran H, Sawatari A, Leamey CA. Ten-m3 plays a role in the formation of thalamostriatal projections. Dev Neurobiol 2023; 83:255-267. [PMID: 37700636 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
The importance of the thalamostriatal pathway for a myriad of brain functions is becoming increasingly apparent. Little is known about the formation of this pathway in mice. Further, while Ten-m3, a member of the Ten-m/teneurin/Odz family, is implicated in the proper wiring of mature thalamostriatal projections, its developmental time course is unknown. Here, we describe the normal development of thalamostriatal projections arising from the parafascicular nucleus (PFN) and show a role for Ten-m3 in its formation. Ten-m3 is expressed in both the PFN and the striatum by embryonic day 17 (E17). By postnatal day 3 (P3), it had a patchy appearance in the striatum, overlaid on a high dorsal-low ventral expression gradient in both structures. In wild-type mice, axons from the PFN begin to innervate the striatum by E17. By P3, terminals had ramified but were not confined to any striatal subregion. By P7, the axons had begun to avoid striosomes. The first indication of clustering of thalamic terminals within the striatal matrix was also seen at this time point. The compartmental targeting and clustering of PFN projections became more apparent by P10. Analysis of Ten-m3 knockout mice showed that while the early developmental progression of the thalamostriatal pathway is conserved, by P10 differences emerged, with a loss of topographic precision and the absence of terminal clustering. No evidence of the involvement of EphA7 downstream of Ten-m3 was found. Overall, our results suggest that Ten-m3 plays a role in the consolidation and refinement of thalamic axons to a specific subregion of the striatal matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Tran
- School of Medical Science, FMH, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Atomu Sawatari
- School of Medical Science, FMH, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Catherine A Leamey
- School of Medical Science, FMH, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Lu F, Xu X, Zheng B, Wang C, Zhou W, Tang J, Zhao X. Case report: Expansion of phenotypic and genotypic data in TENM3-related syndrome: Report of two cases. Front Pediatr 2023; 11:1111771. [PMID: 36911040 PMCID: PMC9998998 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2023.1111771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Biallelic TENM3 variants were recently reported to cause non-syndromic microphthalmia with coloboma-9 (MCOPCB9) and microphthalmia and/or coloboma with developmental delay (MCOPS15). To date, only eight syndromic and non-syndromic microphthalmia cases with recessive TENM3 variants have been reported. Herein, we report two unrelated new cases with biallelic variants in TENM3, widening the molecular and clinical spectrum. Regarding patient 1, WES revealed compound heterozygous variants in the TENM3 gene: c.3847_3855del; p.Leu1283_Ser1285del and c.3698_3699insA; p.Thr1233Thrfs*20 in the index patient, who was presenting with bilateral microphthalmia, congenital cataract, microcephaly, and global developmental delay. Regarding patient 2, compound missense heterozygous variants in the TENM3 gene were identified: c.941C > T; p.Ala314Val and c.6464T > C; p.Leu2155Pro in the 3-year-old boy, who presented with congenital esotropia, speech delay, and motor developmental delay. The clinical features of these two cases revealed high concordance with the previously reported cases, including microphthalmia and developmental delay. The presence of microcephaly in our patient potentially expands the neurologic phenotype associated with loss of function variants in TENM3, as microcephaly has not previously been described. Furthermore, we present evidence that missense variants in TENM3 are associated with similar, but milder, ocular features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fen Lu
- Department of Rehabilitation, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xin Xu
- Department of Rehabilitation, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Bixia Zheng
- Nanjing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chunli Wang
- Nanjing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Nanjing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jian Tang
- Department of Rehabilitation, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoke Zhao
- Department of Rehabilitation, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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Li N, Liu Q, Zhang Y, Yang Z, Shi X, Gu Y. Cortical feedback modulates distinct critical period development in mouse visual thalamus. iScience 2022; 26:105752. [PMID: 36590174 PMCID: PMC9794980 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In primary visual cortex (V1), critical period for ocular dominance (OD) plasticity is a well-defined developmental stage to shape neuronal circuits based on visual experience. Recent studies showed that V1-like OD plasticity existed in mouse dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN). It is still unclear what the exact time window is and how neural circuits contribute to OD plasticity in dLGN. Using in vivo electrophysiology, we defined a critical period for OD plasticity in dLGN from eye opening to puberty. There also existed an innate process of OD formation from contralateral to equal bias in dLGN binocular neurons. Instant V1 inactivation with muscimol had no effect on OD bias or plasticity. Short-term V1 inactivation with N-methyl-d-aspartate reversed the formation of equal OD bias, while long-term V1 inactivation retained dLGN development to an immature stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Qiong Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Yimu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zhongyi Yang
- School of Basic Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xuefeng Shi
- Tianjin Eye Hospital, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Tianjin Eye Institute, Clinical College of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300020, China
- Institute of Ophthalmology, Nankai University, Tianjin 300020, China
- Corresponding author
| | - Yu Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- Corresponding author
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9
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Optogenetic restoration of high sensitivity vision with bReaChES, a red-shifted channelrhodopsin. Sci Rep 2022; 12:19312. [PMID: 36369267 PMCID: PMC9652428 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-23572-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The common final pathway to blindness in many forms of retinal degeneration is the death of the light-sensitive primary retinal neurons. However, the normally light-insensitive second- and third-order neurons persist optogenetic gene therapy aims to restore sight by rendering such neurons light-sensitive. Here, we investigate whether bReaChES, a newly described high sensitivity Type I opsin with peak sensitivity to long-wavelength visible light, can restore vision in a murine model of severe early-onset retinal degeneration. Intravitreal injection of an adeno-associated viral vector carrying the sequence for bReaChES downstream of the calcium calmodulin kinase IIα promoter resulted in sustained retinal expression of bReaChES. Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) expressing bReaChES generated action potentials at light levels consistent with bright indoor lighting (from 13.6 log photons cm-2 s-1). They could also detect flicker at up to 50 Hz, which approaches the upper temporal limit of human photopic vision. Topological response maps of bReaChES-expressing RGCs suggest that optogenetically activated RGCs may demonstrate similar topographical responses to RGCs stimulated by photoreceptor activation. Furthermore, treated dystrophic mice displayed restored cortical neuronal activity in response to light and rescued behavioral responses to a looming stimulus that simulated an aerial predator. Finally, human surgical retinal explants exposed to the bReaChES treatment vector demonstrated transduction. Together, these findings suggest that intravitreal gene therapy to deliver bReaChES to the retina may restore vision in human retinal degeneration in vivo at ecologically relevant light levels with spectral and temporal response characteristics approaching those of normal human photopic vision.
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10
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Cheung A, Schachermayer G, Biehler A, Wallis A, Missaire M, Hindges R. Teneurin paralogues are able to localise synaptic sites driven by the intracellular domain and have the potential to form cis-heterodimers. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:915149. [PMID: 36408396 PMCID: PMC9670113 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.915149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Synaptic specificity during neurodevelopment is driven by combinatorial interactions between select cell adhesion molecules expressed at the synaptic membrane. These protein-protein interactions are important for instructing the correct connectivity and functionality of the nervous system. Teneurins are one family of synaptic adhesion molecules, highly conserved and widely expressed across interconnected areas during development. These type-II transmembrane glycoproteins are involved in regulating key neurodevelopmental processes during the establishment of neural connectivity. While four teneurin paralogues are found in vertebrates, their subcellular distribution within neurons and interaction between these different paralogues remains largely unexplored. Here we show, through fluorescently tagging teneurin paralogues, that true to their function as synaptic adhesion molecules, all four paralogues are found in a punctate manner and partially localised to synapses when overexpressed in neurons in vitro. Interestingly, each paralogue is differentially distributed across different pre- and post-synaptic sites. In organotypic cultures, Tenm3 is similarly localised to dendritic spines in CA1 neurons, particularly to spine attachment points. Furthermore, we show that the intracellular domain of teneurin plays an important role for synaptic localisation. Finally, while previous studies have shown that the extracellular domain of teneurins allows for active dimer formation and transsynaptic interactions, we find that all paralogues are able to form the full complement of homodimers and cis-heterodimers. This suggests that the combinatorial power to generate distinct molecular teneurin complexes underlying synaptic specificity is even higher than previously thought. The emerging link between teneurin with cancers and neurological disorders only serves to emphasise the importance of further elucidating the molecular mechanisms of teneurin function and their relation to human health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Cheung
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Greta Schachermayer
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Aude Biehler
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Amber Wallis
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mégane Missaire
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Hindges
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
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11
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Zhang X, Lin PY, Liakath-Ali K, Südhof TC. Teneurins assemble into presynaptic nanoclusters that promote synapse formation via postsynaptic non-teneurin ligands. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2297. [PMID: 35484136 PMCID: PMC9050732 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29751-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Extensive studies concluded that homophilic interactions between pre- and postsynaptic teneurins, evolutionarily conserved cell-adhesion molecules, encode the specificity of synaptic connections. However, no direct evidence is available to demonstrate that teneurins are actually required on both pre- and postsynaptic neurons for establishing synaptic connections, nor is it known whether teneurins are localized to synapses. Using super-resolution microscopy, we demonstrate that Teneurin-3 assembles into presynaptic nanoclusters of approximately 80 nm in most excitatory synapses of the hippocampus. Presynaptic deletions of Teneurin-3 and Teneurin-4 in the medial entorhinal cortex revealed that they are required for assembly of entorhinal cortex-CA1, entorhinal cortex-subiculum, and entorhinal cortex-dentate gyrus synapses. Postsynaptic deletions of teneurins in the CA1 region, however, had no effect on synaptic connections from any presynaptic input. Our data suggest that different from the current prevailing view, teneurins promote the establishment of synaptic connections exclusively as presynaptic cell-adhesion molecules, most likely via their nanomolar-affinity binding to postsynaptic latrophilins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuchen Zhang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA. .,Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Pei-Yi Lin
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Kif Liakath-Ali
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Thomas C. Südhof
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA USA ,grid.168010.e0000000419368956Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA USA
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12
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Moussa AJ, Wester JC. Cell-type specific transcriptomic signatures of neocortical circuit organization and their relevance to autism. Front Neural Circuits 2022; 16:982721. [PMID: 36213201 PMCID: PMC9545608 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2022.982721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A prevailing challenge in neuroscience is understanding how diverse neuronal cell types select their synaptic partners to form circuits. In the neocortex, major classes of excitatory projection neurons and inhibitory interneurons are conserved across functionally distinct regions. There is evidence these classes form canonical circuit motifs that depend primarily on their identity; however, regional cues likely also influence their choice of synaptic partners. We mined the Allen Institute's single-cell RNA-sequencing database of mouse cortical neurons to study the expression of genes necessary for synaptic connectivity and physiology in two regions: the anterior lateral motor cortex (ALM) and the primary visual cortex (VISp). We used the Allen's metadata to parse cells by clusters representing major excitatory and inhibitory classes that are common to both ALM and VISp. We then performed two types of pairwise differential gene expression analysis: (1) between different neuronal classes within the same brain region (ALM or VISp), and (2) between the same neuronal class in ALM and VISp. We filtered our results for differentially expressed genes related to circuit connectivity and developed a novel bioinformatic approach to determine the sets uniquely enriched in each neuronal class in ALM, VISp, or both. This analysis provides an organized set of genes that may regulate synaptic connectivity and physiology in a cell-type-specific manner. Furthermore, it identifies candidate mechanisms for circuit organization that are conserved across functionally distinct cortical regions or that are region dependent. Finally, we used the SFARI Human Gene Module to identify genes from this analysis that are related to risk for autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Our analysis provides clear molecular targets for future studies to understand neocortical circuit organization and abnormalities that underlie autistic phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J Moussa
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Jason C Wester
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, United States
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13
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Teneurins: Role in Cancer and Potential Role as Diagnostic Biomarkers and Targets for Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052321. [PMID: 33652578 PMCID: PMC7956758 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Teneurins have been identified in vertebrates as four different genes (TENM1-4), coding for membrane proteins that are mainly involved in embryonic and neuronal development. Genetic studies have correlated them with various diseases, including developmental problems, neurological disorders and congenital general anosmia. There is some evidence to suggest their possible involvement in cancer initiation and progression, and drug resistance. Indeed, mutations, chromosomal alterations and the deregulation of teneurins expression have been associated with several tumor types and patient survival. However, the role of teneurins in cancer-related regulatory networks is not fully understood, as both a tumor-suppressor role and pro-tumoral functions have been proposed, depending on tumor histotype. Here, we summarize and discuss the literature data on teneurins expression and their potential role in different tumor types, while highlighting the possibility of using teneurins as novel molecular diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers and as targets for cancer treatments, such as immunotherapy, in some tumors.
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14
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Zhang J, Xia K, Ahn M, Jha SC, Blanchett R, Crowley JJ, Szatkiewicz JP, Zou F, Zhu H, Styner M, Gilmore JH, Knickmeyer RC. Genome-Wide Association Analysis of Neonatal White Matter Microstructure. Cereb Cortex 2021; 31:933-948. [PMID: 33009551 PMCID: PMC7786356 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhaa266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A better understanding of genetic influences on early white matter development could significantly advance our understanding of neurological and psychiatric conditions characterized by altered integrity of axonal pathways. We conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) phenotypes in 471 neonates. We used a hierarchical functional principal regression model (HFPRM) to perform joint analysis of 44 fiber bundles. HFPRM revealed a latent measure of white matter microstructure that explained approximately 50% of variation in our tractography-based measures and accounted for a large proportion of heritable variation in each individual bundle. An intronic SNP in PSMF1 on chromosome 20 exceeded the conventional GWAS threshold of 5 x 10-8 (p = 4.61 x 10-8). Additional loci nearing genome-wide significance were located near genes with known roles in axon growth and guidance, fasciculation, and myelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Zhang
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - K Xia
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - M Ahn
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA
| | - S C Jha
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - R Blanchett
- Genetics and Genome Sciences Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - J J Crowley
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - J P Szatkiewicz
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - F Zou
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - H Zhu
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - M Styner
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - J H Gilmore
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - R C Knickmeyer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Institute for Quantitative Health Sciences and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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15
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Blok J, Black DA, Petersen J, Sawatari A, Leamey CA. Environmental Enrichment Rescues Visually-Mediated Behavior in Ten-m3 Knockout Mice During an Early Critical Period. Front Behav Neurosci 2020; 14:22. [PMID: 32158383 PMCID: PMC7052109 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2020.00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental enrichment (EE) has been shown to promote neural plasticity. Its capacity to induce functional repair in models which exhibit profound sensory deficits due to aberrant axonal guidance has not been well-characterized. Ten-m3 knockout (KO) mice exhibit a highly-stereotyped miswiring of ipsilateral retinogeniculate axons and associated profound deficits in binocularly-mediated visual behavior. We determined whether, and when, EE can drive functional recovery by analyzing Ten-m3 KO and wildtype (WT) mice that were enriched for 6 weeks from adulthood, weaning or birth in comparison to standard-housed controls. EE initiated from birth, but not later, rescued the response of Ten-m3 KOs to the "looming" stimulus (expanding disc in dorsal visual field), suggesting improved visual function. EE can thus induce recovery of visual behavior, but only during an early developmentally-restricted time-window.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Blok
- Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Dylan A Black
- Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Justin Petersen
- Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Atomu Sawatari
- Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Catherine A Leamey
- Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
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16
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Del Toro D, Carrasquero-Ordaz MA, Chu A, Ruff T, Shahin M, Jackson VA, Chavent M, Berbeira-Santana M, Seyit-Bremer G, Brignani S, Kaufmann R, Lowe E, Klein R, Seiradake E. Structural Basis of Teneurin-Latrophilin Interaction in Repulsive Guidance of Migrating Neurons. Cell 2020; 180:323-339.e19. [PMID: 31928845 PMCID: PMC6978801 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Teneurins are ancient metazoan cell adhesion receptors that control brain development and neuronal wiring in higher animals. The extracellular C terminus binds the adhesion GPCR Latrophilin, forming a trans-cellular complex with synaptogenic functions. However, Teneurins, Latrophilins, and FLRT proteins are also expressed during murine cortical cell migration at earlier developmental stages. Here, we present crystal structures of Teneurin-Latrophilin complexes that reveal how the lectin and olfactomedin domains of Latrophilin bind across a spiraling beta-barrel domain of Teneurin, the YD shell. We couple structure-based protein engineering to biophysical analysis, cell migration assays, and in utero electroporation experiments to probe the importance of the interaction in cortical neuron migration. We show that binding of Latrophilins to Teneurins and FLRTs directs the migration of neurons using a contact repulsion-dependent mechanism. The effect is observed with cell bodies and small neurites rather than their processes. The results exemplify how a structure-encoded synaptogenic protein complex is also used for repulsive cell guidance. Crystal structures reveal binding site for Latrophilin on the Teneurin YD shell A ternary Latrophilin-Teneurin-FLRT complex forms in vitro and in vivo Latrophilin controls cortical migration by binding to Teneurins and FLRTs Latrophilin elicits repulsion of cortical cell bodies/small neurites but not axons
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Del Toro
- Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Am Klopferspitz 18, Martinsried 82152, Germany; Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Neurosciences, IDIBAPS, CIBERNED, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Amy Chu
- Department of Biochemistry, Oxford University, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Tobias Ruff
- Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Am Klopferspitz 18, Martinsried 82152, Germany
| | - Meriam Shahin
- Department of Biochemistry, Oxford University, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Verity A Jackson
- Department of Biochemistry, Oxford University, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | | | | | - Goenuel Seyit-Bremer
- Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Am Klopferspitz 18, Martinsried 82152, Germany
| | - Sara Brignani
- Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Am Klopferspitz 18, Martinsried 82152, Germany
| | - Rainer Kaufmann
- Center for Structural Systems Biology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg 22607, Germany; Department of Physics, University of Hamburg, Hamburg 20355, Germany
| | - Edward Lowe
- Department of Biochemistry, Oxford University, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Rüdiger Klein
- Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Am Klopferspitz 18, Martinsried 82152, Germany.
| | - Elena Seiradake
- Department of Biochemistry, Oxford University, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK.
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17
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Environmental Enrichment Partially Repairs Subcortical Mapping Errors in Ten-m3 Knock-Out Mice during an Early Critical Period. eNeuro 2019; 6:ENEURO.0478-18.2019. [PMID: 31767573 PMCID: PMC6901682 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0478-18.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2018] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental enrichment (EE) has been shown to improve neural function via the regulation of cortical plasticity. Its capacity to induce functional and/or anatomical repair of miswired circuits is unknown. Ten-m3 knock-out (KO) mice exhibit a highly stereotyped and profound miswiring of ipsilateral retinogeniculate axons and associated deficits in binocularly-mediated visual behavior. We determined whether, and when, EE can drive the repair of subcortical wiring deficits by analyzing Ten-m3 KO and wild-type (WT) mice that were enriched for six weeks from adulthood, weaning or birth in comparison to standard-housed (SE) controls. Six weeks of EE initiated from birth, but not later, induced a significant reduction in the area occupied by ipsilateral retinogeniculate terminals in KOs. No EE-induced correction of mistargeted axons was observed at postnatal day (P)7, indicating that this intervention impacts pruning rather than initial targeting of axons. This reduction was most prominent in the ventrolateral region of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN), suggesting a preferential pruning of the most profoundly mistargeted axons. EE can thus partially repair a specific, subcortical axonal wiring deficit, but only during an early, developmentally-restricted time window.
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18
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Cadwell CR, Bhaduri A, Mostajo-Radji MA, Keefe MG, Nowakowski TJ. Development and Arealization of the Cerebral Cortex. Neuron 2019; 103:980-1004. [PMID: 31557462 PMCID: PMC9245854 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2019.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Adult cortical areas consist of specialized cell types and circuits that support unique higher-order cognitive functions. How this regional diversity develops from an initially uniform neuroepithelium has been the subject of decades of seminal research, and emerging technologies, including single-cell transcriptomics, provide a new perspective on area-specific molecular diversity. Here, we review the early developmental processes that underlie cortical arealization, including both cortex intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms as embodied by the protomap and protocortex hypotheses, respectively. We propose an integrated model of serial homology whereby intrinsic genetic programs and local factors establish early transcriptomic differences between excitatory neurons destined to give rise to broad "proto-regions," and activity-dependent mechanisms lead to progressive refinement and formation of sharp boundaries between functional areas. Finally, we explore the potential of these basic developmental processes to inform our understanding of the emergence of functional neural networks and circuit abnormalities in neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathryn R Cadwell
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Aparna Bhaduri
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94122, USA; The Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research at the University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Mohammed A Mostajo-Radji
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94122, USA; The Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research at the University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Matthew G Keefe
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Tomasz J Nowakowski
- The Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research at the University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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19
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Lo Giudice Q, Leleu M, La Manno G, Fabre PJ. Single-cell transcriptional logic of cell-fate specification and axon guidance in early-born retinal neurons. Development 2019; 146:dev.178103. [PMID: 31399471 DOI: 10.1242/dev.178103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), cone photoreceptors (cones), horizontal cells and amacrine cells are the first classes of neurons produced in the retina. However, an important question is how this diversity of cell states is transcriptionally produced. Here, we profiled 6067 single retinal cells to provide a comprehensive transcriptomic atlas showing the diversity of the early developing mouse retina. RNA velocities unveiled the dynamics of cell cycle coordination of early retinogenesis and define the transcriptional sequences at work during the hierarchical production of early cell-fate specification. We show that RGC maturation follows six waves of gene expression, with older-generated RGCs transcribing increasing amounts of guidance cues for young peripheral RGC axons that express the matching receptors. Spatial transcriptionally deduced features in subpopulations of RGCs allowed us to define novel molecular markers that are spatially restricted. Finally, the isolation of such a spatially restricted population, ipsilateral RGCs, allowed us to identify their molecular identity at the time they execute axon guidance decisions. Together, these data represent a valuable resource shedding light on transcription factor sequences and guidance cue dynamics during mouse retinal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Lo Giudice
- Department of Basic Neurosciences, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Marion Leleu
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale, Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.,Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gioele La Manno
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale, Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.,Laboratory of Neurodevelopmental Systems Biology, Brain Mind Institute, Faculty of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Pierre J Fabre
- Department of Basic Neurosciences, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
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20
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Burbach JPH, Meijer DH. Latrophilin's Social Protein Network. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:643. [PMID: 31297045 PMCID: PMC6608557 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Latrophilins (LPHNs) are adhesion GPCRs that are originally discovered as spider's toxin receptors, but are now known to be involved in brain development and linked to several neuronal and non-neuronal disorders. Latrophilins act in conjunction with other cell adhesion molecules and may play a leading role in its network organization. Here, we focus on the main protein partners of latrophilins, namely teneurins, FLRTs and contactins and summarize their respective temporal and spatial expression patterns, links to neurodevelopmental disorders as well as their structural characteristics. We discuss how more recent insights into the separate cell biological functions of these proteins shed light on the central role of latrophilins in this network. We postulate that latrophilins control the refinement of synaptic properties of specific subtypes of neurons, requiring discrete combinations of proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Peter H Burbach
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, UMCU Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Dimphna H Meijer
- Department of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience Delft, Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands
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21
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Moreno-Salinas AL, Avila-Zozaya M, Ugalde-Silva P, Hernández-Guzmán DA, Missirlis F, Boucard AA. Latrophilins: A Neuro-Centric View of an Evolutionary Conserved Adhesion G Protein-Coupled Receptor Subfamily. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:700. [PMID: 31354411 PMCID: PMC6629964 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The adhesion G protein-coupled receptors latrophilins have been in the limelight for more than 20 years since their discovery as calcium-independent receptors for α-latrotoxin, a spider venom toxin with potent activity directed at neurotransmitter release from a variety of synapse types. Latrophilins are highly expressed in the nervous system. Although a substantial amount of studies has been conducted to describe the role of latrophilins in the toxin-mediated action, the recent identification of endogenous ligands for these receptors helped confirm their function as mediators of adhesion events. Here we hypothesize a role for latrophilins in inter-neuronal contacts and the formation of neuronal networks and we review the most recent information on their role in neurons. We explore molecular, cellular and behavioral aspects related to latrophilin adhesion function in mice, zebrafish, Drosophila melanogaster and Caenorhabditis elegans, in physiological and pathophysiological conditions, including autism spectrum, bipolar, attention deficit and hyperactivity and substance use disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana L. Moreno-Salinas
- Department of Cell Biology, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Monserrat Avila-Zozaya
- Department of Cell Biology, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Paul Ugalde-Silva
- Department of Cell Biology, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - David A. Hernández-Guzmán
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Neurosciences, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Fanis Missirlis
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Neurosciences, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Antony A. Boucard
- Department of Cell Biology, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
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22
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Murcia-Belmonte V, Erskine L. Wiring the Binocular Visual Pathways. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20133282. [PMID: 31277365 PMCID: PMC6651880 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20133282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 06/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) extend axons out of the retina to transmit visual information to the brain. These connections are established during development through the navigation of RGC axons along a relatively long, stereotypical pathway. RGC axons exit the eye at the optic disc and extend along the optic nerves to the ventral midline of the brain, where the two nerves meet to form the optic chiasm. In animals with binocular vision, the axons face a choice at the optic chiasm—to cross the midline and project to targets on the contralateral side of the brain, or avoid crossing the midline and project to ipsilateral brain targets. Ipsilaterally and contralaterally projecting RGCs originate in disparate regions of the retina that relate to the extent of binocular overlap in the visual field. In humans virtually all RGC axons originating in temporal retina project ipsilaterally, whereas in mice, ipsilaterally projecting RGCs are confined to the peripheral ventrotemporal retina. This review will discuss recent advances in our understanding of the mechanisms regulating specification of ipsilateral versus contralateral RGCs, and the differential guidance of their axons at the optic chiasm. Recent insights into the establishment of congruent topographic maps in both brain hemispheres also will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lynda Erskine
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, Scotland AB25 2ZD, UK
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23
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Leamey CA, Sawatari A. Teneurins: Mediators of Complex Neural Circuit Assembly in Mammals. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:580. [PMID: 31231187 PMCID: PMC6560073 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The teneurins (Ten-m/Odz) are a family of evolutionarily ancient transmembrane molecules whose complex and multi-faceted roles in the generation of mammalian neural circuits are only beginning to be appreciated. In mammals there are four family members (Ten-m1-4). Initial expression studies in vertebrates revealed intriguing expression patterns in interconnected populations of neurons. These observations, together with biochemical and over-expression studies, led to the hypothesis that homophilic interactions between teneurins on afferent and target cells may help to guide the assembly of neural circuits. This review will focus on insights gained on teneurin function in vivo in mammals using mouse knockout models. These studies provide support for the hypothesis that homophilic interactions between teneurin molecules can guide the formation of neural connections with largely consistent results obtained in hippocampal and striatal circuits. Mapping changes obtained in the mouse visual pathway, however, suggest additional roles for these glycoproteins in the formation and specification of circuits which subserve binocular vision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine A Leamey
- Discipline of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Atomu Sawatari
- Discipline of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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24
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Bastías-Candia S, Martínez M, Zolezzi JM, Inestrosa NC. Wnt Signaling Upregulates Teneurin-3 Expression via Canonical and Non-canonical Wnt Pathway Crosstalk. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:505. [PMID: 31156379 PMCID: PMC6534050 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Teneurins (Tens) are a highly conserved family of proteins necessary for cell-cell adhesion. Tens can be cleaved, and some of their proteolytic products, such as the teneurin c-terminal associated-peptide (TCAP) and the intracellular domain (ICD), have been demonstrated to be biologically active. Although Tens are considered critical for central nervous system development, they have also been demonstrated to play important roles in adult tissues, suggesting a potential link between their deregulation and various pathological processes, including neurodegeneration and cancer. However, knowledge regarding how Ten expression is modulated is almost absent. Relevantly, the functions of Tens resemble several of the effects of canonical and non-canonical Wnt pathway activation, including the effects of the Wnt pathways on neuronal development and function as well as their pivotal roles during carcinogenesis. Accordingly, in this initial study, we decided to evaluate whether Wnt signaling can modulate the expression of Tens. Remarkably, in the present work, we used a specific inhibitor of porcupine, the key enzyme for Wnt ligand secretion, to not only demonstrate the involvement of Wnt signaling in regulating Ten-3 expression for the first time but also reveal that Wnt3a, a canonical Wnt ligand, increases the expression of Ten-3 through a mechanism dependent on the secretion and activity of the non-canonical ligand Wnt5a. Although our work raises several new questions, our findings seem to demonstrate the upregulation of Ten-3 by Wnt signaling and also suggest that Ten-3 modulation is possible because of crosstalk between the canonical and non-canonical Wnt pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sussy Bastías-Candia
- Basal Center for Aging and Regeneration, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Center of Excellence of Biomedicine of Magallanes, Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile
| | - Milka Martínez
- Basal Center for Aging and Regeneration, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan M Zolezzi
- Basal Center for Aging and Regeneration, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Center of Excellence of Biomedicine of Magallanes, Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile
| | - Nibaldo C Inestrosa
- Basal Center for Aging and Regeneration, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Center of Excellence of Biomedicine of Magallanes, Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile.,School of Psychiatry, Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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25
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Sita LV, Diniz GB, Horta-Junior JAC, Casatti CA, Bittencourt JC. Nomenclature and Comparative Morphology of the Teneurin/TCAP/ADGRL Protein Families. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:425. [PMID: 31130838 PMCID: PMC6510184 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Luciane V. Sita
- Laboratory of Chemical Neuroanatomy, Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Giovanne B. Diniz
- Laboratory of Chemical Neuroanatomy, Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José A. C. Horta-Junior
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Claudio A. Casatti
- Department of Basic Sciences, São Paulo State University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jackson C. Bittencourt
- Laboratory of Chemical Neuroanatomy, Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Center for Neuroscience and Behavior, Department of Experimental Psychology, Institute of Psychology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Jackson C. Bittencourt,
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26
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Araç D, Li J. Teneurins and latrophilins: two giants meet at the synapse. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2019; 54:141-151. [PMID: 30952063 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2019.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Teneurins and latrophilins are both conserved families of cell adhesion proteins that mediate cellular communication and play critical roles in embryonic and neural development. However, their mechanisms of action remain poorly understood. In the past several years, three-dimensional structures of teneurins and latrophilins have been reported at atomic resolutions and revealed distinct protein folds and unique structural features. In this review, we discuss these structures which, together with structure-guided biochemical and functional analyses, provide hints for the mechanisms of trans-cellular communication at the synapse and other cell-cell contact sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Demet Araç
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Grossman Institute for Neuroscience, Quantitative Biology and Human Behavior, The University of Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
| | - Jingxian Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Grossman Institute for Neuroscience, Quantitative Biology and Human Behavior, The University of Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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27
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Ushkaryov YA, Lelianova V, Vysokov NV. Catching Latrophilin With Lasso: A Universal Mechanism for Axonal Attraction and Synapse Formation. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:257. [PMID: 30967757 PMCID: PMC6438917 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Latrophilin-1 (LPHN1) was isolated as the main high-affinity receptor for α-latrotoxin from black widow spider venom, a powerful presynaptic secretagogue. As an adhesion G-protein-coupled receptor, LPHN1 is cleaved into two fragments, which can behave independently on the cell surface, but re-associate upon binding the toxin. This triggers intracellular signaling that involves the Gαq/phospholipase C/inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate cascade and an increase in cytosolic Ca2+, leading to vesicular exocytosis. Using affinity chromatography on LPHN1, we isolated its endogenous ligand, teneurin-2/Lasso. Both LPHN1 and Ten2/Lasso are expressed early in development and are enriched in neurons. LPHN1 primarily resides in axons, growth cones and presynaptic terminals, while Lasso largely localizes on dendrites. LPHN1 and Ten2/Lasso form a trans-synaptic receptor pair that has both structural and signaling functions. However, Lasso is proteolytically cleaved at multiple sites and its extracellular domain is partially released into the intercellular space, especially during neuronal development, suggesting that soluble Lasso has additional functions. We discovered that the soluble fragment of Lasso can diffuse away and bind to LPHN1 on axonal growth cones, triggering its redistribution on the cell surface and intracellular signaling which leads to local exocytosis. This causes axons to turn in the direction of spatio-temporal Lasso gradients, while LPHN1 knockout blocks this effect. These results suggest that the LPHN1-Ten2/Lasso pair can participate in long- and short-distance axonal guidance and synapse formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri A Ushkaryov
- Medway School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, Chatham, United Kingdom
| | - Vera Lelianova
- Medway School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, Chatham, United Kingdom
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28
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Cheung A, Trevers KE, Reyes-Corral M, Antinucci P, Hindges R. Expression and Roles of Teneurins in Zebrafish. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:158. [PMID: 30914911 PMCID: PMC6423166 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The teneurins, also known as Ten-m/Odz, are highly conserved type II transmembrane glycoproteins widely expressed throughout the nervous system. Functioning as dimers, these large cell-surface adhesion proteins play a key role in regulating neurodevelopmental processes such as axon targeting, synaptogenesis and neuronal wiring. Synaptic specificity is driven by molecular interactions, which can occur either in a trans-homophilic manner between teneurins or through a trans-heterophilic interaction across the synaptic cleft between teneurins and other cell-adhesion molecules, such as latrophilins. The significance of teneurins interactions during development is reflected in the widespread expression pattern of the four existing paralogs across interconnected regions of the nervous system, which we demonstrate here via in situ hybridization and the generation of transgenic BAC reporter lines in zebrafish. Focusing on the visual system, we will also highlight the recent developments that have been made in furthering our understanding of teneurin interactions and their functionality, including the instructive role of teneurin-3 in specifying the functional wiring of distinct amacrine and retinal ganglion cells in the vertebrate visual system underlying a particular functionality. Based on the distinct expression pattern of all teneurins in different retinal cells, it is conceivable that the combination of different teneurins is crucial for the generation of discrete visual circuits. Finally, mutations in all four human teneurin genes have been linked to several types of neurodevelopmental disorders. The opportunity therefore arises that findings about the roles of zebrafish teneurins or their orthologs in other species shed light on the molecular mechanisms in the etiology of such human disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Cheung
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Katherine E Trevers
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marta Reyes-Corral
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paride Antinucci
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Hindges
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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29
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Li J, Shalev-Benami M, Sando R, Jiang X, Kibrom A, Wang J, Leon K, Katanski C, Nazarko O, Lu YC, Südhof TC, Skiniotis G, Araç D. Structural Basis for Teneurin Function in Circuit-Wiring: A Toxin Motif at the Synapse. Cell 2019; 173:735-748.e15. [PMID: 29677516 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Revised: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Teneurins (TENs) are cell-surface adhesion proteins with critical roles in tissue development and axon guidance. Here, we report the 3.1-Å cryoelectron microscopy structure of the human TEN2 extracellular region (ECR), revealing a striking similarity to bacterial Tc-toxins. The ECR includes a large β barrel that partially encapsulates a C-terminal domain, which emerges to the solvent through an opening in the mid-barrel region. An immunoglobulin (Ig)-like domain seals the bottom of the barrel while a β propeller is attached in a perpendicular orientation. We further show that an alternatively spliced region within the β propeller acts as a switch to regulate trans-cellular adhesion of TEN2 to latrophilin (LPHN), a transmembrane receptor known to mediate critical functions in the central nervous system. One splice variant activates trans-cellular signaling in a LPHN-dependent manner, whereas the other induces inhibitory postsynaptic differentiation. These results highlight the unusual structural organization of TENs giving rise to their multifarious functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingxian Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Grossman Institute for Neuroscience, Quantitative Biology and Human Behavior, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Moran Shalev-Benami
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Richard Sando
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Xian Jiang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Amanuel Kibrom
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Grossman Institute for Neuroscience, Quantitative Biology and Human Behavior, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Katherine Leon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Grossman Institute for Neuroscience, Quantitative Biology and Human Behavior, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Christopher Katanski
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Grossman Institute for Neuroscience, Quantitative Biology and Human Behavior, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Olha Nazarko
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Grossman Institute for Neuroscience, Quantitative Biology and Human Behavior, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Yue C Lu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Grossman Institute for Neuroscience, Quantitative Biology and Human Behavior, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Thomas C Südhof
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Georgios Skiniotis
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Demet Araç
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Grossman Institute for Neuroscience, Quantitative Biology and Human Behavior, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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30
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Tucker RP. Teneurins: Domain Architecture, Evolutionary Origins, and Patterns of Expression. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:938. [PMID: 30618567 PMCID: PMC6297184 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Disruption of teneurin expression results in abnormal neural networks, but just how teneurins support the development of the central nervous system remains an area of active research. This review summarizes some of what we know about the functions of the various domains of teneurins, the possible evolution of teneurins from a bacterial toxin, and the intriguing patterns of teneurin expression. Teneurins are a family of type-2 transmembrane proteins. The N-terminal intracellular domain can be processed and localized to the nucleus, but the significance of this nuclear localization is unknown. The extracellular domain of teneurins is largely composed of tyrosine-aspartic acid repeats that fold into a hollow barrel, and the C-terminal domains of teneurins are stuffed, and least partly, into the barrel. A 6-bladed beta-propeller is found at the other end of the barrel. The same arrangement-6-bladed beta-propeller, tyrosine-aspartic acid repeat barrel, and the C-terminal domain inside the barrel-is seen in toxic proteins from bacteria, and there is evidence that teneurins may have evolved from a gene encoding a prokaryotic toxin via horizontal gene transfer into an ancestral choanoflagellate. Patterns of teneurin expression are often, but not always, complementary. In the central nervous system, where teneurins are best studied, interconnected populations of neurons often express the same teneurin. For example, in the chicken embryo neurons forming the tectofugal pathway express teneurin-1, whereas neurons forming the thalamofugal pathway express teneurin-2. In Drosophila melanogaster, Caenorhabditis elegans, zebrafish and mice, misexpression or knocking out teneurin expression leads to abnormal connections in the neural networks that normally express the relevant teneurin. Teneurins are also expressed in non-neuronal tissue during development, and in at least some regions the patterns of non-neuronal expression are also complementary. The function of teneurins outside the nervous system remains unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard P. Tucker
- Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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31
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Rebolledo-Jaramillo B, Ziegler A. Teneurins: An Integrative Molecular, Functional, and Biomedical Overview of Their Role in Cancer. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:937. [PMID: 30618566 PMCID: PMC6297388 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Teneurins are large transmembrane proteins originally identified in Drosophila. Their essential role in development of the central nervous system is conserved throughout species, and evidence supports their involvement in organogenesis of additional tissues. Homophilic and heterophilic interactions between Teneurin paralogues mediate cellular adhesion in crucial processes such as neuronal pathfinding and synaptic organization. At the molecular level, Teneurins are proteolytically processed into distinct subdomains that have been implicated in extracellular and intracellular signaling, and in transcriptional regulation. Phylogenetic studies have shown a high degree of intra- and interspecies conservation of Teneurin genes. Accordingly, the occurrence of genetic variants has been associated with functional and phenotypic alterations in experimental systems, and with some inherited or sporadic conditions. Recently, tumor-related variations in Teneurin gene expression have been associated with patient survival in different cancers. Although these findings were incidental and molecular mechanisms were not addressed, they suggested a potential utility of Teneurin transcript levels as biomarkers for disease prognosis. Mutations and chromosomal alterations affecting Teneurin genes have been found occasionally in tumors, but literature remains scarce. The analysis of open-access molecular and clinical datasets derived from large oncologic cohorts provides an invaluable resource for the identification of additional somatic mutations. However, Teneurin variants have not been classified in terms of pathogenic risk and their phenotypic impact remains unknown. On this basis, is it plausible to hypothesize that Teneurins play a role in carcinogenesis? Does current evidence support a tumor suppressive or rather oncogenic function for these proteins? Here, we comprehensively discuss available literature with integration of molecular evidence retrieved from open-access databases. We show that Teneurins undergo somatic changes comparable to those of well-established cancer genes, and discuss their involvement in cancer-related signaling pathways. Current data strongly suggest a functional contribution of Teneurins to human carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Annemarie Ziegler
- Center for Genetics and Genomics, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
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32
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Stephen J, Nampoothiri S, Kuppa S, Yesodharan D, Radhakrishnan N, Gahl WA, Malicdan MCV. Novel truncating mutation in TENM3 in siblings with motor developmental delay, ocular coloboma, oval cornea, without microphthalmia. Am J Med Genet A 2018; 176:2930-2933. [PMID: 30513139 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.40658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joshi Stephen
- Section of Human Biochemical Genetics, Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Sheela Nampoothiri
- Department of Pediatric Genetics, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Center, Cochin, Kerala, India
| | - Srikar Kuppa
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, NHGRI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Dhanya Yesodharan
- Department of Pediatric Genetics, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Center, Cochin, Kerala, India
| | - Natasha Radhakrishnan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Center, Cochin, Kerala, India
| | - William A Gahl
- Section of Human Biochemical Genetics, Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.,NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, NHGRI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.,Office of the Clinical Director, NHGRI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - May Christine V Malicdan
- Section of Human Biochemical Genetics, Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.,NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, NHGRI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.,Office of the Clinical Director, NHGRI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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Vysokov NV, Silva JP, Lelianova VG, Suckling J, Cassidy J, Blackburn JK, Yankova N, Djamgoz MB, Kozlov SV, Tonevitsky AG, Ushkaryov YA. Proteolytically released Lasso/teneurin-2 induces axonal attraction by interacting with latrophilin-1 on axonal growth cones. eLife 2018; 7:37935. [PMID: 30457553 PMCID: PMC6245728 DOI: 10.7554/elife.37935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A presynaptic adhesion G-protein-coupled receptor, latrophilin-1, and a postsynaptic transmembrane protein, Lasso/teneurin-2, are implicated in trans-synaptic interaction that contributes to synapse formation. Surprisingly, during neuronal development, a substantial proportion of Lasso is released into the intercellular space by regulated proteolysis, potentially precluding its function in synaptogenesis. We found that released Lasso binds to cell-surface latrophilin-1 on axonal growth cones. Using microfluidic devices to create stable gradients of soluble Lasso, we show that it induces axonal attraction, without increasing neurite outgrowth. Using latrophilin-1 knockout in mice, we demonstrate that latrophilin-1 is required for this effect. After binding latrophilin-1, Lasso causes downstream signaling, which leads to an increase in cytosolic calcium and enhanced exocytosis, processes that are known to mediate growth cone steering. These findings reveal a novel mechanism of axonal pathfinding, whereby latrophilin-1 and Lasso mediate both short-range interaction that supports synaptogenesis, and long-range signaling that induces axonal attraction. The brain is a complex mesh of interconnected neurons, with each cell making tens, hundreds, or even thousands of connections. These links can stretch over long distances, and establishing them correctly during development is essential. Developing neurons send out long and thin structures, called axons, to reach distant cells. To guide these growing axons, neurons release molecules that work as traffic signals: some attract axons whilst others repel them, helping the burgeoning structures to twist and turn along their travel paths. When an axon reaches its target cell, the two cells join to each other by forming a structure called a synapse. To make the connection, surface proteins on the axon latch onto matching proteins on the target cell, zipping up the synapse. There are many different types of synapses in the brain, but we only know a few of the surface molecules involved in their creation – not enough to explain synaptic variety. Two of these surface proteins are latrophilin-1, which is produced by the growing axon, and Lasso, which sits on the membrane of the target cell. The two proteins interact strongly, anchoring the axon to the target cell and allowing the synapse to form. However, a previous recent discovery by Vysokov et al. has revealed that an enzyme can also cut Lasso from the membrane of the target cell. The ‘free’ protein can still interact with latrophilin-1, but as it is shed by the target cell, it can no longer serve as an anchor for the synapse. Could it be that free Lasso acts as a traffic signal instead? Here, Vysokov et al. tried to answer this by growing neurons from a part of the brain called the hippocampus in a special labyrinth dish. When free Lasso was gradually introduced in the culture through microscopic channels, it interacted with latrophilin-1 on the surface of the axons. This triggered internal changes that led the axons to add more membrane where they had sensed Lasso, making them grow towards the source of the signal. The results demonstrate that a target cell can both carry and release Lasso, using this duplicitous protein to help attract growing axons as well as anchor them. The work by Vysokov et al. contributes to our knowledge of how neurons normally connect, which could shed light on how this process can go wrong. This may be relevant to understand conditions such as schizophrenia and ADHD, where patients’ brains often show incorrect wiring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nickolai V Vysokov
- School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, Chatham, United Kingdom.,Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.,Wolfson Centre for Age Related Diseases, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,BrainPatch Ltd, London, United Kingdom
| | - John-Paul Silva
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Bioanalytical Sciences, Non-clinical development, UCB-Pharma, Berkshire, United Kingdom
| | - Vera G Lelianova
- School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, Chatham, United Kingdom.,Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jason Suckling
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.,Thomsons Online Benefits, London, United Kingdom
| | - John Cassidy
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.,Arix Bioscience, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer K Blackburn
- School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, Chatham, United Kingdom.,Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States
| | - Natalia Yankova
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.,Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mustafa Ba Djamgoz
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Serguei V Kozlov
- Center for Advanced Preclinical Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, United States
| | - Alexander G Tonevitsky
- Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia.,Scientific Research Centre Bioclinicum, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yuri A Ushkaryov
- School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, Chatham, United Kingdom.,Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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34
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Nowakowski TJ, Bhaduri A, Pollen AA, Alvarado B, Mostajo-Radji MA, Di Lullo E, Haeussler M, Sandoval-Espinosa C, Liu SJ, Velmeshev D, Ounadjela JR, Shuga J, Wang X, Lim DA, West JA, Leyrat AA, Kent WJ, Kriegstein AR. Spatiotemporal gene expression trajectories reveal developmental hierarchies of the human cortex. Science 2018; 358:1318-1323. [PMID: 29217575 DOI: 10.1126/science.aap8809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 563] [Impact Index Per Article: 93.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Systematic analyses of spatiotemporal gene expression trajectories during organogenesis have been challenging because diverse cell types at different stages of maturation and differentiation coexist in the emerging tissues. We identified discrete cell types as well as temporally and spatially restricted trajectories of radial glia maturation and neurogenesis in developing human telencephalon. These lineage-specific trajectories reveal the expression of neurogenic transcription factors in early radial glia and enriched activation of mammalian target of rapamycin signaling in outer radial glia. Across cortical areas, modest transcriptional differences among radial glia cascade into robust typological distinctions among maturing neurons. Together, our results support a mixed model of topographical, typological, and temporal hierarchies governing cell-type diversity in the developing human telencephalon, including distinct excitatory lineages emerging in rostral and caudal cerebral cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz J Nowakowski
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA, USA. .,The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Anatomy, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Aparna Bhaduri
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA, USA. .,The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Alex A Pollen
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA, USA.,The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Beatriz Alvarado
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA, USA.,The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Mohammed A Mostajo-Radji
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA, USA.,The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Elizabeth Di Lullo
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA, USA.,The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Carmen Sandoval-Espinosa
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA, USA.,The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Siyuan John Liu
- The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Dmitry Velmeshev
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA, USA.,The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Johain Ryad Ounadjela
- The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Anatomy, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Joe Shuga
- New Technologies, Fluidigm, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Xiaohui Wang
- New Technologies, Fluidigm, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Daniel A Lim
- The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jay A West
- New Technologies, Fluidigm, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Anne A Leyrat
- New Technologies, Fluidigm, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - W James Kent
- Genomics Institute, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Arnold R Kriegstein
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA, USA.,The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Anatomy, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA
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35
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Ferralli J, Tucker RP, Chiquet-Ehrismann R. The teneurin C-terminal domain possesses nuclease activity and is apoptogenic. Biol Open 2018; 7:7/3/bio031765. [PMID: 29555638 PMCID: PMC5898268 DOI: 10.1242/bio.031765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Teneurins are type 2 transmembrane proteins expressed by developing neurons during periods of synaptogenesis and apoptosis. Neurons expressing teneurin-1 synapse with other teneurin-1-expressing neurons, and neurons expressing teneurin-2 synapse with other teneurin-2-expressing neurons. Knockdowns and mutations of teneurins lead to abnormal neuronal connections, but the mechanisms underlying teneurin action remain unknown. Teneurins appear to have evolved via horizontal gene transfer from prokaryotic proteins involved in bacterial self-recognition. The bacterial teneurin-like proteins contain a cytotoxic C-terminal domain that is encapsulated in a tyrosine-aspartic acid repeat barrel. Teneurins are likely to be organized in the same way, but it is unclear if the C-terminal domains of teneurins have cytotoxic properties. Here we show that expression of teneurin C-terminal domains or the addition of purified teneurin C-terminal domains leads to an increase in apoptosis in vitro. The C-terminal domains of teneurins are most similar to bacterial nucleases, and purified C-terminal domains of teneurins linearize pcDNA3 and hydrolyze mitochondrial DNA. We hypothesize that yet to be identified stimuli lead to the release of the encapsulated teneurin C-terminal domain into the intersynaptic region, resulting in programmed cell death or the disruption of mitochondrial DNA and the subsequent pruning of inappropriate contacts. Summary: Teneurins are transmembrane proteins found in the developing nervous system that are related to bacterial toxins. Teneurins also have cytotoxic properties that may help regulate apoptosis or pruning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Ferralli
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Novartis Research Foundation, Basel CH-4058, Switzerland
| | - Richard P Tucker
- Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, University of California, Davis, California 95616-8643, United States of America
| | - Ruth Chiquet-Ehrismann
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Novartis Research Foundation, Basel CH-4058, Switzerland.,Faculty of Science, University of Basel, Basel CH-4056, Switzerland
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36
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Jackson VA, Meijer DH, Carrasquero M, van Bezouwen LS, Lowe ED, Kleanthous C, Janssen BJC, Seiradake E. Structures of Teneurin adhesion receptors reveal an ancient fold for cell-cell interaction. Nat Commun 2018. [PMID: 29540701 PMCID: PMC5851990 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03460-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Teneurins are ancient cell–cell adhesion receptors that are vital for brain development and synapse organisation. They originated in early metazoan evolution through a horizontal gene transfer event when a bacterial YD-repeat toxin fused to a eukaryotic receptor. We present X-ray crystallography and cryo-EM structures of two Teneurins, revealing a ~200 kDa extracellular super-fold in which eight sub-domains form an intricate structure centred on a spiralling YD-repeat shell. An alternatively spliced loop, which is implicated in homophilic Teneurin interaction and specificity, is exposed and thus poised for interaction. The N-terminal side of the shell is ‘plugged’ via a fibronectin-plug domain combination, which defines a new class of YD proteins. Unexpectedly, we find that these proteins are widespread amongst modern bacteria, suggesting early metazoan receptor evolution from a distinct class of proteins, which today includes both bacterial proteins and eukaryotic Teneurins. Teneurins are cell-cell adhesion receptors that evolved through horizontal gene transfer in which a bacterial YD-repeat protein fused to a eukaryotic receptor. Here the authors present crystallographic and cryo-EM structures of two Teneurins, revealing an ancient YD-repeat protein super-fold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verity A Jackson
- Department of Biochemistry, Oxford University, OX1 3QU, Oxford, UK.
| | - Dimphna H Meijer
- Crystal and Structural Chemistry, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Laura S van Bezouwen
- Crystal and Structural Chemistry, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Cryo-electron Microscopy, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Edward D Lowe
- Department of Biochemistry, Oxford University, OX1 3QU, Oxford, UK
| | - Colin Kleanthous
- Department of Biochemistry, Oxford University, OX1 3QU, Oxford, UK
| | - Bert J C Janssen
- Crystal and Structural Chemistry, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Elena Seiradake
- Department of Biochemistry, Oxford University, OX1 3QU, Oxford, UK.
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37
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Seabrook TA, Burbridge TJ, Crair MC, Huberman AD. Architecture, Function, and Assembly of the Mouse Visual System. Annu Rev Neurosci 2018; 40:499-538. [PMID: 28772103 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-neuro-071714-033842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Vision is the sense humans rely on most to navigate the world, make decisions, and perform complex tasks. Understanding how humans see thus represents one of the most fundamental and important goals of neuroscience. The use of the mouse as a model for parsing how vision works at a fundamental level started approximately a decade ago, ushered in by the mouse's convenient size, relatively low cost, and, above all, amenability to genetic perturbations. In the course of that effort, a large cadre of new and powerful tools for in vivo labeling, monitoring, and manipulation of neurons were applied to this species. As a consequence, a significant body of work now exists on the architecture, function, and development of mouse central visual pathways. Excitingly, much of that work includes causal testing of the role of specific cell types and circuits in visual perception and behavior-something rare to find in studies of the visual system of other species. Indeed, one could argue that more information is now available about the mouse visual system than any other sensory system, in any species, including humans. As such, the mouse visual system has become a platform for multilevel analysis of the mammalian central nervous system generally. Here we review the mouse visual system structure, function, and development literature and comment on the similarities and differences between the visual system of this and other model species. We also make it a point to highlight the aspects of mouse visual circuitry that remain opaque and that are in need of additional experimentation to enrich our understanding of how vision works on a broad scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania A Seabrook
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Timothy J Burbridge
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520;
| | - Michael C Crair
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520;
| | - Andrew D Huberman
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305.,Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California 94303; .,Bio-X, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305
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38
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Glendining KA, Liu SC, Nguyen M, Dharmaratne N, Nagarajah R, Iglesias MA, Sawatari A, Leamey CA. Downstream mediators of Ten-m3 signalling in the developing visual pathway. BMC Neurosci 2017; 18:78. [PMID: 29207951 PMCID: PMC5718065 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-017-0397-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The formation of visuotopically-aligned projections in the brain is required for the generation of functional binocular circuits. The mechanisms which underlie this process are unknown. Ten-m3 is expressed in a broad high-ventral to low-dorsal gradient across the retina and in topographically-corresponding gradients in primary visual centres. Deletion of Ten-m3 causes profound disruption of binocular visual alignment and function. Surprisingly, one of the most apparent neuroanatomical changes—dramatic mismapping of ipsilateral, but not contralateral, retinal axons along the representation of the nasotemporal retinal axis—does not correlate well with Ten-m3’s expression pattern, raising questions regarding mechanism. The aim of this study was to further our understanding of the molecular interactions which enable the formation of functional binocular visual circuits. Methods Anterograde tracing, gene expression studies and protein pull-down experiments were performed. Statistical significance was tested using a Kolmogorov–Smirnov test, pairwise-fixed random reallocation tests and univariate ANOVAs. Results We show that the ipsilateral retinal axons in Ten-m3 knockout mice are mismapped as a consequence of early axonal guidance defects. The aberrant invasion of the ventral-most region of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus by ipsilateral retinal axons in Ten-m3 knockouts suggested changes in the expression of other axonal guidance molecules, particularly members of the EphA–ephrinA family. We identified a consistent down-regulation of EphA7, but none of the other EphA–ephrinA genes tested, as well as an up-regulation of ipsilateral-determinants Zic2 and EphB1 in visual structures. We also found that Zic2 binds specifically to the intracellular domain of Ten-m3 in vitro. Conclusion Our findings suggest that Zic2, EphB1 and EphA7 molecules may work as effectors of Ten-m3 signalling, acting together to enable the wiring of functional binocular visual circuits. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12868-017-0397-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly A Glendining
- Discipline of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute, F13, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Sam C Liu
- Discipline of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute, F13, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Marvin Nguyen
- Discipline of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute, F13, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Nuwan Dharmaratne
- Discipline of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute, F13, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Rajini Nagarajah
- Discipline of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute, F13, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Miguel A Iglesias
- Discipline of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute, F13, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Atomu Sawatari
- Discipline of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute, F13, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Catherine A Leamey
- Discipline of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute, F13, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
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39
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Guidance of retinal axons in mammals. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 85:48-59. [PMID: 29174916 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In order to navigate through the surrounding environment many mammals, including humans, primarily rely on vision. The eye, composed of the choroid, sclera, retinal pigmented epithelium, cornea, lens, iris and retina, is the structure that receives the light and converts it into electrical impulses. The retina contains six major types of neurons involving in receiving and modifying visual information and passing it onto higher visual processing centres in the brain. Visual information is relayed to the brain via the axons of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), a projection known as the optic pathway. The proper formation of this pathway during development is essential for normal vision in the adult individual. Along this pathway there are several points where visual axons face 'choices' in their direction of growth. Understanding how these choices are made has advanced significantly our knowledge of axon guidance mechanisms. Thus, the development of the visual pathway has served as an extremely useful model to reveal general principles of axon pathfinding throughout the nervous system. However, due to its particularities, some cellular and molecular mechanisms are specific for the visual circuit. Here we review both general and specific mechanisms involved in the guidance of mammalian RGC axons when they are traveling from the retina to the brain to establish precise and stereotyped connections that will sustain vision.
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40
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Graumann R, Di Capua GA, Oyarzún JE, Vásquez MA, Liao C, Brañes JA, Roa I, Casanello P, Corvalán AH, Owen GI, Delgado I, Zangemeister-Wittke U, Ziegler A. Expression of teneurins is associated with tumor differentiation and patient survival in ovarian cancer. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0177244. [PMID: 28472127 PMCID: PMC5417686 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Teneurins are a family of highly conserved pair-rule proteins involved in morphogenesis and development of the central nervous system. Their function in adult tissues and in disease is largely unknown. Recent evidence suggests a role for dysregulated expression of Teneurins in human tumors, but systematic investigations are missing. Here, we investigated Teneurin-2 and Teneurin-4 expression in various cancer cell lines and in ovarian tumor tissues. Teneurin-2 and Teneurin-4 were expressed in most of the breast cancer cell lines tested. Teneurin-4 was also detected in ovarian cancer cell lines, and throughout ovarian tumors and normal ovary tissue. Ovarian tumors with low Teneurin-4 expression showed less differentiated phenotypes and these patients had shorter mean overall survival. Similarly, Teneurin-2 expression correlated with overall survival as well, especially in patients with serous tumors. In the various cell lines, 5-Aza-cytidine-induced changes in DNA methylation did not alter expression of Teneurin-2 and Teneurin-4, despite the existence of predicted CpG islands in both genes. Interestingly, however, we found evidence for the control of Teneurin-2 expression by the oncogenic growth factor FGF8. Furthermore, we identified multiple transcript splicing variants for Teneurin-2 and Teneurin-4, indicating complex gene expression patterns in malignant cells. Finally, downregulation of Teneurin-4 expression using siRNA caused a cell-type dependent increase in proliferation and resistance to cisplatin. Altogether, our data suggest that low Teneurin-4 expression provides a growth advantage to cancer cells and marks an undifferentiated state characterized by increased drug resistance and clinical aggressiveness. We conclude that Teneurin-2 and Teneurin-4 expression levels could be of prognostic value in ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Graumann
- Center for Genetics and Genomics, Faculty of Medicine, Clínica Alemana-Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Gabriella A. Di Capua
- Center for Genetics and Genomics, Faculty of Medicine, Clínica Alemana-Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan E. Oyarzún
- Center for Genetics and Genomics, Faculty of Medicine, Clínica Alemana-Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marcos A. Vásquez
- Center for Genetics and Genomics, Faculty of Medicine, Clínica Alemana-Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Christine Liao
- Center for Genetics and Genomics, Faculty of Medicine, Clínica Alemana-Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jorge A. Brañes
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Iván Roa
- Division of Pathology, Clínica Alemana de Santiago, Santiago, Chile
| | - Paola Casanello
- Perinatology Research Laboratory, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alejandro H. Corvalán
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), and UC-Center for Investigational Oncology (CITO), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Gareth I. Owen
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), and UC-Center for Investigational Oncology (CITO), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Iris Delgado
- Center for Epidemiology and Health Policies, Faculty of Medicine, Clínica Alemana-Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Annemarie Ziegler
- Center for Genetics and Genomics, Faculty of Medicine, Clínica Alemana-Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
- * E-mail:
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41
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Prieur DS, Rebsam A. Retinal axon guidance at the midline: Chiasmatic misrouting and consequences. Dev Neurobiol 2017; 77:844-860. [PMID: 27907266 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The visual representation of the outside world relies on the appropriate connectivity between the eyes and the brain. Retinal ganglion cells are the sole neurons that send an axon from the retina to the brain, and thus the guidance decisions of retinal axons en route to their targets in the brain shape the neural circuitry that forms the basis of vision. Here, we focus on the choice made by retinal axons to cross or avoid the midline at the optic chiasm. This decision allows each brain hemisphere to receive inputs from both eyes corresponding to the same visual hemifield, and is thus crucial for binocular vision. In achiasmatic conditions, all retinal axons from one eye project to the ipsilateral brain hemisphere. In albinism, abnormal guidance of retinal axons at the optic chiasm leads to a change in the ratio of contralateral and ipsilateral projections with the consequence that each brain hemisphere receives inputs primarily from the contralateral eye instead of an almost equal distribution from both eyes in humans. In both cases, this misrouting of retinal axons leads to reduced visual acuity and poor depth perception. While this defect has been known for decades, mouse genetics have led to a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms at play in retinal axon guidance and at the origin of the guidance defect in albinism. In addition, fMRI studies on humans have now confirmed the anatomical and functional consequences of axonal misrouting at the chiasm that were previously only assumed from animal models. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 77: 844-860, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine S Prieur
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR-S 839, Paris, 75005, France.,Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, 75005, France.,Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris, 75005, France
| | - Alexandra Rebsam
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR-S 839, Paris, 75005, France.,Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, 75005, France.,Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris, 75005, France
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42
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Patel VC, Jurgens CWD, Krahe TE, Povlishock JT. Adaptive reorganization of retinogeniculate axon terminals in dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus following experimental mild traumatic brain injury. Exp Neurol 2016; 289:85-95. [PMID: 28038987 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2016.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Revised: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The pathologic process in traumatic brain injury marked by delayed axonal loss, known as diffuse axonal injury (DAI), leads to partial deafferentation of neurons downstream of injured axons. This process is linked to persistent visual dysfunction following mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), however, examination of deafferentation in humans is impossible with current technology. To investigate potential reorganization in the visual system following mTBI, we utilized the central fluid percussion injury (cFPI) mouse model of mTBI. We report that in the optic nerve of adult male C57BL/6J mice, axonal projections of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) to their downstream thalamic target, dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN), undergo DAI followed by scattered, widespread axon terminals loss within the dLGN at 4days post-injury. However, at 10days post-injury, significant reorganization of RGC axon terminals was found, suggestive of an adaptive neuroplastic response. While these changes persisted at 20days post-injury, the RGC axon terminal distribution did not recovery fully to sham-injury levels. Our studies also revealed that following DAI, the segregation of axon terminals from ipsilateral and contralateral eye projections remained consistent with normal adult mouse distribution. Lastly, our examination of the shell and core of dLGN suggested that different RGC subpopulations may vary in their susceptibility to injury or in their contribution to reorganization following injury. Collectively, these findings support the premise that subcortical axon terminal reorganization may contribute to recovery following mTBI, and that different neural phenotypes may vary in their contribution to this reorganization despite exposure to the same injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal C Patel
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.
| | - Christopher W D Jurgens
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.
| | - Thomas E Krahe
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.
| | - John T Povlishock
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.
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43
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Vysokov NV, Silva JP, Lelianova VG, Ho C, Djamgoz MB, Tonevitsky AG, Ushkaryov YA. The Mechanism of Regulated Release of Lasso/Teneurin-2. Front Mol Neurosci 2016; 9:59. [PMID: 27499734 PMCID: PMC4956664 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2016.00059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Teneurins are large cell-surface receptors involved in axon guidance. Teneurin-2 (also known as latrophilin-1-associated synaptic surface organizer (Lasso)) interacts across the synaptic cleft with presynaptic latrophilin-1, an adhesion G-protein-coupled receptor that participates in regulating neurotransmitter release. Lasso-latrophilin-1 interaction mediates synapse formation and calcium signaling, highlighting the important role of this trans-synaptic receptor pair. However, Lasso is thought to be proteolytically cleaved within its ectodomain and released into the medium, making it unclear whether it acts as a proper cell-surface receptor or a soluble protein. We demonstrate here that during its intracellular processing Lasso is constitutively cleaved at a furin site within its ectodomain. The cleaved fragment, which encompasses almost the entire ectodomain of Lasso, is potentially soluble; however, it remains anchored on the cell surface via its non-covalent interaction with the transmembrane fragment of Lasso. Lasso is also constitutively cleaved within the intracellular domain (ICD). Finally, Lasso can be further proteolytically cleaved within the transmembrane domain. The third cleavage is regulated and releases the entire ectodomain of Lasso into the medium. The released ectodomain of Lasso retains its functional properties and binds latrophilin-1 expressed on other cells; this binding stimulates intracellular Ca2+ signaling in the target cells. Thus, Lasso not only serves as a bona fide cell-surface receptor, but also as a partially released target-derived signaling factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nickolai V Vysokov
- School of Pharmacy, University of KentChatham, UK; Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Imperial College LondonLondon, UK
| | - John-Paul Silva
- Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Imperial College London London, UK
| | - Vera G Lelianova
- School of Pharmacy, University of KentChatham, UK; Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Imperial College LondonLondon, UK
| | - Claudia Ho
- Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Imperial College London London, UK
| | - Mustafa B Djamgoz
- Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Imperial College London London, UK
| | - Alexander G Tonevitsky
- Department of Translational Oncology, P.A. Hertzen Moscow Oncology Research Institute, National Center of Medical Radiological Research Moscow, Russia
| | - Yuri A Ushkaryov
- School of Pharmacy, University of KentChatham, UK; Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Imperial College LondonLondon, UK
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44
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Kolodziejczak M, Béchade C, Gervasi N, Irinopoulou T, Banas SM, Cordier C, Rebsam A, Roumier A, Maroteaux L. Serotonin Modulates Developmental Microglia via 5-HT2B Receptors: Potential Implication during Synaptic Refinement of Retinogeniculate Projections. ACS Chem Neurosci 2015; 6:1219-30. [PMID: 25857335 DOI: 10.1021/cn5003489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Maturation of functional neuronal circuits during central nervous system development relies on sophisticated mechanisms. First, axonal and dendritic growth should reach appropriate targets for correct synapse elaboration. Second, pruning and neuronal death are required to eliminate redundant or inappropriate neuronal connections. Serotonin, in addition to its role as a neurotransmitter, actively participates in postnatal establishment and refinement of brain wiring in mammals. Brain resident macrophages, that is, microglia, also play an important role in developmentally regulated neuronal death as well as in synaptic maturation and elimination. Here, we tested the hypothesis of cross-regulation between microglia and serotonin during postnatal brain development in a mouse model of synaptic refinement. We found expression of the serotonin 5-HT2B receptor on postnatal microglia, suggesting that serotonin could participate in temporal and spatial synchronization of microglial functions. Using two-photon microscopy, acute brain slices, and local delivery of serotonin, we observed that microglial processes moved rapidly toward the source of serotonin in Htr2B(+/+) mice, but not in Htr2B(-/-) mice lacking the 5-HT2B receptor. We then investigated whether some developmental steps known to be controlled by serotonin could potentially result from microglia sensitivity to serotonin. Using an in vivo model of synaptic refinement during early brain development, we investigated the maturation of the retinal projections to the thalamus and observed that Htr2B(-/-) mice present anatomical alterations of the ipsilateral projecting area of retinal axons into the thalamus. In addition, activation markers were upregulated in microglia from Htr2B(-/-) compared to control neonates, in the absence of apparent morphological modifications. These results support the hypothesis that serotonin interacts with microglial cells and these interactions participate in brain maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Kolodziejczak
- INSERM UMR-S 839, F75005, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, F75005, Paris, France
- Institut du Fer à Moulin, 17 rue du Fer à Moulin, F75005, Paris, France
| | - Catherine Béchade
- INSERM UMR-S 839, F75005, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, F75005, Paris, France
- Institut du Fer à Moulin, 17 rue du Fer à Moulin, F75005, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Gervasi
- INSERM UMR-S 839, F75005, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, F75005, Paris, France
- Institut du Fer à Moulin, 17 rue du Fer à Moulin, F75005, Paris, France
| | - Theano Irinopoulou
- INSERM UMR-S 839, F75005, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, F75005, Paris, France
- Institut du Fer à Moulin, 17 rue du Fer à Moulin, F75005, Paris, France
| | - Sophie M. Banas
- INSERM UMR-S 839, F75005, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, F75005, Paris, France
- Institut du Fer à Moulin, 17 rue du Fer à Moulin, F75005, Paris, France
| | - Corinne Cordier
- Cytometry Facility, INSERM US24, F75005, Paris, France
- CNRS UMS 3633, Paris Descartes University, F75005, Paris, France
| | - Alexandra Rebsam
- INSERM UMR-S 839, F75005, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, F75005, Paris, France
- Institut du Fer à Moulin, 17 rue du Fer à Moulin, F75005, Paris, France
| | - Anne Roumier
- INSERM UMR-S 839, F75005, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, F75005, Paris, France
- Institut du Fer à Moulin, 17 rue du Fer à Moulin, F75005, Paris, France
| | - Luc Maroteaux
- INSERM UMR-S 839, F75005, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, F75005, Paris, France
- Institut du Fer à Moulin, 17 rue du Fer à Moulin, F75005, Paris, France
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45
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Mosca TJ. On the Teneurin track: a new synaptic organization molecule emerges. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:204. [PMID: 26074772 PMCID: PMC4444827 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
To achieve proper synaptic development and function, coordinated signals must pass between the pre- and postsynaptic membranes. Such transsynaptic signals can be comprised of receptors and secreted ligands, membrane associated receptors, and also pairs of synaptic cell adhesion molecules. A critical open question bridging neuroscience, developmental biology, and cell biology involves identifying those signals and elucidating how they function. Recent work in Drosophila and vertebrate systems has implicated a family of proteins, the Teneurins, as a new transsynaptic signal in both the peripheral and central nervous systems. The Teneurins have established roles in neuronal wiring, but studies now show their involvement in regulating synaptic connections between neurons and bridging the synaptic membrane and the cytoskeleton. This review will examine the Teneurins as synaptic cell adhesion molecules, explore how they regulate synaptic organization, and consider how some consequences of human Teneurin mutations may have synaptopathic origins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Mosca
- Department of Biology, Stanford University Stanford, CA, USA
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46
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Missaire M, Hindges R. The role of cell adhesion molecules in visual circuit formation: from neurite outgrowth to maps and synaptic specificity. Dev Neurobiol 2015; 75:569-83. [PMID: 25649254 PMCID: PMC4855686 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Revised: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The formation of visual circuitry is a multistep process that involves cell–cell interactions based on a range of molecular mechanisms. The correct implementation of individual events, including axon outgrowth and guidance, the formation of the topographic map, or the synaptic targeting of specific cellular subtypes, are prerequisites for a fully functional visual system that is able to appropriately process the information captured by the eyes. Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) with their adhesive properties and their high functional diversity have been identified as key actors in several of these fundamental processes. Because of their growth‐promoting properties, CAMs play an important role in neuritogenesis. Furthermore, they are necessary to control additional neurite development, regulating dendritic spacing and axon pathfinding. Finally, trans‐synaptic interactions of CAMs ensure cell type‐specific connectivity as a basis for the establishment of circuits processing distinct visual features. Recent discoveries implicating CAMs in novel mechanisms have led to a better general understanding of neural circuit formation, but also revealed an increasing complexity of their function. This review aims at describing the different levels of action for CAMs to shape neural connectivity, with a special focus on the visual system. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 75: 569–583, 2015
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Affiliation(s)
- Mégane Missaire
- MRC Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Hindges
- MRC Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom
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47
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Schöler J, Ferralli J, Thiry S, Chiquet-Ehrismann R. The intracellular domain of teneurin-1 induces the activity of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) by binding to transcriptional repressor HINT1. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:8154-65. [PMID: 25648896 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.615922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Teneurins are large type II transmembrane proteins that are necessary for the normal development of the CNS. Although many studies highlight the significance of teneurins, especially during development, there is only limited information known about the molecular mechanisms of function. Previous studies have shown that the N-terminal intracellular domain (ICD) of teneurins can be cleaved at the membrane and subsequently translocates to the nucleus, where it can influence gene transcription. Because teneurin ICDs do not contain any intrinsic DNA binding sequences, interaction partners are required to affect transcription. Here, we identified histidine triad nucleotide binding protein 1 (HINT1) as a human teneurin-1 ICD interaction partner in a yeast two-hybrid screen. This interaction was confirmed in human cells, where HINT1 is known to inhibit the transcription of target genes by directly binding to transcription factors at the promoter. In a whole transcriptome analysis of BS149 glioblastoma cells overexpressing the teneurin-1 ICD, several microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) target genes were found to be up-regulated. Directly comparing the transcriptomes of MITF versus TEN1-ICD-overexpressing BS149 cells revealed 42 co-regulated genes, including glycoprotein non-metastatic b (GPNMB). Using real-time quantitative PCR to detect endogenous GPNMB expression upon overexpression of MITF and HINT1 as well as promoter reporter assays using GPNMB promoter constructs, we could demonstrate that the teneurin-1 ICD binds HINT1, thus switching on MITF-dependent transcription of GPNMB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Schöler
- From the Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstrasse 66, 4058 Basel, Switzerland and the Faculty of Science, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jacqueline Ferralli
- From the Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstrasse 66, 4058 Basel, Switzerland and
| | - Stéphane Thiry
- From the Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstrasse 66, 4058 Basel, Switzerland and
| | - Ruth Chiquet-Ehrismann
- From the Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstrasse 66, 4058 Basel, Switzerland and the Faculty of Science, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
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48
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Abstract
The visual system is beautifully crafted to transmit information of the external world to visual processing and cognitive centers in the brain. For visual information to be relayed to the brain, a series of axon pathfinding events must take place to ensure that the axons of retinal ganglion cells, the only neuronal cell type in the retina that sends axons out of the retina, find their way out of the eye to connect with targets in the brain. In the past few decades, the power of molecular and genetic tools, including the generation of genetically manipulated mouse lines, have multiplied our knowledge about the molecular mechanisms involved in the sculpting of the visual system. Here, we review major advances in our understanding of the mechanisms controlling the differentiation of RGCs, guidance of their axons from the retina to the primary visual centers, and the refinement processes essential for the establishment of topographic maps and eye-specific axon segregation. Human disorders, such as albinism and achiasmia, that impair RGC axon growth and guidance and, thus, the establishment of a fully functioning visual system will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynda Erskine
- School of Medical Sciences, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Scotland, UK
| | - Eloisa Herrera
- Instituto de Neurosciencias de Alicante, CSIC-UMH, San Juan de Alicante, Spain
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49
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Tran H, Sawatari A, Leamey CA. The glycoprotein Ten-m3 mediates topography and patterning of thalamostriatal projections from the parafascicular nucleus in mice. Eur J Neurosci 2014; 41:55-68. [PMID: 25406022 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Revised: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The striatum is the key input nucleus of the basal ganglia, and is implicated in motor control and learning. Despite the importance of striatal circuits, the mechanisms associated with their development are not well established. Previously, Ten-m3, a member of the Ten-m/teneurin/odz family of transmembrane glycoproteins, was found to be important in the mapping of binocular visual pathways. Here, we investigated a potential role for Ten-m3 in striatal circuit formation. In situ hybridisation revealed a patchy distribution of Ten-m3 mRNA expression superimposed on a high-dorsal to low-ventral gradient in a subregion of the striatal matrix. A survey of afferent/efferent structures associated with the matrix identified the parafascicular thalamic nucleus (PF) as a potential locus of action. Ten-m3 was also found to be expressed in a high-dorsal to low-ventral gradient in the PF, corresponding topographically to its expression in the striatum. Further, a subset of thalamic terminal clusters overlapped with Ten-m3-positive domains within the striatal matrix. Studies in wild-type (WT) and Ten-m3 knockout (KO) mice revealed no differences in overall striatal or PF structure. Thalamostriatal terminals in KOs, however, while still confined to the matrix subregion, lost their clustered appearance. Topography was also altered, with terminals from the lateral PF projecting ectopically to ventral and medial striatum, rather than remaining confined dorsolaterally as in WTs. Behaviorally, Ten-m3 KOs displayed delayed motor skill acquisition. This study demonstrates that Ten-m3 plays a key role in directing the formation of thalamostriatal circuitry, the first molecular candidate reported to regulate connectivity within this pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Tran
- Discipline of Physiology, Bosch Institute and School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
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50
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Mosca TJ, Luo L. Synaptic organization of the Drosophila antennal lobe and its regulation by the Teneurins. eLife 2014; 3:e03726. [PMID: 25310239 PMCID: PMC4194450 DOI: 10.7554/elife.03726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding information flow through neuronal circuits requires knowledge of their synaptic organization. In this study, we utilized fluorescent pre- and postsynaptic markers to map synaptic organization in the Drosophila antennal lobe, the first olfactory processing center. Olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) produce a constant synaptic density across different glomeruli. Each ORN within a class contributes nearly identical active zone number. Active zones from ORNs, projection neurons (PNs), and local interneurons have distinct subglomerular and subcellular distributions. The correct number of ORN active zones and PN acetylcholine receptor clusters requires the Teneurins, conserved transmembrane proteins involved in neuromuscular synapse organization and synaptic partner matching. Ten-a acts in ORNs to organize presynaptic active zones via the spectrin cytoskeleton. Ten-m acts in PNs autonomously to regulate acetylcholine receptor cluster number and transsynaptically to regulate ORN active zone number. These studies advanced our ability to assess synaptic architecture in complex CNS circuits and their underlying molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Mosca
- Department of Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, United States
| | - Liqun Luo
- Department of Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, United States
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