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Kondo HM, Oba T, Ezaki T, Kochiyama T, Shimada Y, Ohira H. Striatal GABA levels correlate with risk sensitivity in monetary loss. Front Neurosci 2024; 18:1439656. [PMID: 39145302 PMCID: PMC11321969 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2024.1439656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Decision-making under risk is a common challenge. It is known that risk-taking behavior varies between contexts of reward and punishment, yet the mechanisms underlying this asymmetry in risk sensitivity remain unclear. Methods This study used a monetary task to investigate neurochemical mechanisms and brain dynamics underpinning risk sensitivity. Twenty-eight participants engaged in a task requiring selection of visual stimuli to maximize monetary gains and minimize monetary losses. We modeled participant trial-and-error processes using reinforcement learning. Results Participants with higher subjective utility parameters showed risk preference in the gain domain (r = -0.59) and risk avoidance in the loss domain (r = -0.77). Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) revealed that risk avoidance in the loss domain was associated with γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) levels in the ventral striatum (r = -0.42), but not in the insula (r = -0.15). Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we tested whether risk-sensitive brain dynamics contribute to participant risky choices. Energy landscape analyses demonstrated that higher switching rates between brain states, including the striatum and insula, were correlated with risk avoidance in the loss domain (r = -0.59), a relationship not observed in the gain domain (r = -0.02). Conclusions These findings from MRS and fMRI suggest that distinct mechanisms are involved in gain/loss decision making, mediated by subcortical neurometabolite levels and brain dynamic transitions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Takeyuki Oba
- Graduate School of Informatics, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Takahiro Ezaki
- Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Yasuhiro Shimada
- Advanced ICT Research Institute, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hideki Ohira
- Graduate School of Informatics, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
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Johansson L, Guo X, Sacuiu S, Fässberg MM, Kern S, Zettergren A, Skoog I. Longstanding smoking associated with frontal brain lobe atrophy: a 32-year follow-up study in women. BMJ Open 2023; 13:e072803. [PMID: 37802622 PMCID: PMC10565256 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-072803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the association between midlife tobacco smoking and late-life brain atrophy and white matter lesions. METHODS The study includes 369 women from the Prospective Population Study of Women in Gothenburg, Sweden. Cigarette smoking was reported at baseline 1968 (mean age=44 years) and at follow-up in 1974-1975 and 1980-1981. CT of the brain was conducted 32 years after baseline examination (mean age=76 years) to evaluate cortical atrophy and white matter lesions. Multiple logistic regressions estimated associations between midlife smoking and late-life brain lesions. The final analyses were adjusted for alcohol consumption and several other covariates. RESULTS Smoking in 1968-1969 (adjusted OR 1.85; 95% CI 1.12 to 3.04), in 1974-1975 (OR 2.37; 95% CI 1.39 to 4.04) and in 1980-1981 (OR 2.47; 95% CI 1.41 to 4.33) were associated with late-life frontal lobe atrophy (2000-2001). The strongest association was observed in women who reported smoking at all three midlife examinations (OR 2.63; 95% CI 1.44 to 4.78) and in those with more frequent alcohol consumption (OR 6.02; 95% CI 1.74 to 20.84). Smoking in 1980-1981 was also associated with late-life parietal lobe atrophy (OR 1.99; 95% CI 1.10 to 3.58). There were no associations between smoking and atrophy in the temporal or occipital lobe, or with white matter lesions. CONCLUSION Longstanding tobacco smoking was mainly associated with atrophy in the frontal lobe cortex. A long-term stimulation of nicotine receptors in the frontal neural pathway might be harmful for targeted brain cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Johansson
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Sahlgrenska Academy, Centre for Ageing and Health (AgeCap), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Goteborg, Sweden
- Department of Addiction and Dependency, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Sahlgrenska universitetssjukhuset, Goteborg, Sweden
- Institute of Health and Care Sciences at Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Xinxin Guo
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Sahlgrenska Academy, Centre for Ageing and Health (AgeCap), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Goteborg, Sweden
| | - Simona Sacuiu
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Sahlgrenska Academy, Centre for Ageing and Health (AgeCap), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Goteborg, Sweden
| | - Madeleine Mellqvist Fässberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Sahlgrenska Academy, Centre for Ageing and Health (AgeCap), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Goteborg, Sweden
| | - Silke Kern
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Sahlgrenska Academy, Centre for Ageing and Health (AgeCap), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Goteborg, Sweden
| | - Anna Zettergren
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Sahlgrenska Academy, Centre for Ageing and Health (AgeCap), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Goteborg, Sweden
| | - Ingmar Skoog
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Sahlgrenska Academy, Centre for Ageing and Health (AgeCap), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Goteborg, Sweden
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Shen J, Kim WS, Tsogt U, Odkhuu S, Liu C, Kang NI, Lee KH, Sui J, Kim SW, Chung YC. Neuronal signatures of anger and fear in patients with psychosis. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 2023; 333:111658. [PMID: 37192564 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2023.111658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigated the functional neuroanatomy in response to sentence stimuli related to anger-provoking situations and fear of negative evaluation in patients with psychosis. The tasks consisted of four active conditions, Self-Anger (SA), Self-Fear, Other-Anger (OA), and Other-Fear (OF), and two neutral conditions, Neutral-Anger (NA) and Neutral-Fear (NF). Several relevant clinical measures were obtained. Under all contrasts, significantly higher activation in the left inferior parietal gyrus or superior parietal gyrus and the left middle occipital gyrus or superior occipital gyrus was observed in patients compared to healthy controls (HCs). However, we observed significantly lower activation in the left angular gyrus (AG) and left middle temporal gyrus (MTG) under the OA vs. NA contrast, as well as in the left precuneus and left posterior cingulate gyrus (PCG) under the OF vs. NF contrast in patients. The mean beta values for the significant regions under the SA vs. NA and OF vs. NF contrasts were significantly associated with the total PI and PANSS scores, respectively. These findings indicate that patients with psychosis exhibit hypoactivation in the AG, MTG, precuneus, and PCG compared to HCs. The findings suggest that patients with psychosis are less efficient at recruiting neural responses in those regions for semantic processing and social evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Shen
- Department of Psychiatry, Jeonbuk National University, Medical School, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Woo-Sung Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Jeonbuk National University, Medical School, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Uyanga Tsogt
- Department of Psychiatry, Jeonbuk National University, Medical School, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Soyolsaikhan Odkhuu
- Department of Psychiatry, Jeonbuk National University, Medical School, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Congcong Liu
- Center for Mental Health Education, Qingdao Institute of Technology, Shandong, China
| | - Nam-In Kang
- Department of Psychiatry, Maeumsarang Hospital, Wanju, Jeollabuk-do, Korea
| | - Keon-Hak Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Maeumsarang Hospital, Wanju, Jeollabuk-do, Korea
| | - Jing Sui
- State Key Lab of Brain Science and Learning at Beijing Normal University, China
| | - Sung-Wan Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Chul Chung
- Department of Psychiatry, Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Republic of Korea; Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Jeonbuk National University-Biomedical Research Institute of Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Korea.
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4
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Zinchenko O, Gorin A, Revazyan A, Klucharev V. Electrophysiological correlates of third-party punishment: ERP study. Neurosci Lett 2023; 808:137276. [PMID: 37116575 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2023.137276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
Human societies benefit from social norms that increase cooperation and support social order. Hence, the understanding of effective mechanisms enforcing norms is crucial. One of such mechanisms is "third-party punishment" (TPP) - a form of social punishment that could be delivered by a third-party, not directly affected by the actions of the norm violator. Previous electrophysiological studies (ERP) reported that perceived violations of norms evoked the medial frontal negativity in third-parties. The current study further probed the link between the medial frontal negativity (MFN) and actual TPP of norm violation, as it was not shown directly before. Participants played a dictator game as third-parties, being able to select different levels of punishment of an unfair violator's decisions. We replicated previous findings and showed the amplitude of the MFN correlated with the intensity of TPP (Fz, r = -0.516, p = 0.034, FCz, r = -0.509; p = 0.037). Overall, our findings further support the direct link between the MFN and the intensity of TPP.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Zinchenko
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Centre for Cognition and Decision Making, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Russia.
| | - A Gorin
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Centre for Cognition and Decision Making, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Russia
| | - A Revazyan
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Centre for Cognition and Decision Making, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Russia
| | - V Klucharev
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Centre for Cognition and Decision Making, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Russia; Amsterdam School of Economics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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De Nadai AS, Fitzgerald KD, Norman LJ, Russman Block SR, Mannella KA, Himle JA, Taylor SF. Defining brain-based OCD patient profiles using task-based fMRI and unsupervised machine learning. Neuropsychopharmacology 2023; 48:402-409. [PMID: 35681047 PMCID: PMC9751092 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-022-01353-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
While much research has highlighted phenotypic heterogeneity in obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), less work has focused on heterogeneity in neural activity. Conventional neuroimaging approaches rely on group averages that assume homogenous patient populations. If subgroups are present, these approaches can increase variability and can lead to discrepancies in the literature. They can also obscure differences between various subgroups. To address this issue, we used unsupervised machine learning to identify subgroup clusters of patients with OCD who were assessed by task-based fMRI. We predominantly focused on activation of cognitive control and performance monitoring neurocircuits, including three large-scale brain networks that have been implicated in OCD (the frontoparietal network, cingulo-opercular network, and default mode network). Participants were patients with OCD (n = 128) that included both adults (ages 24-45) and adolescents (ages 12-17), as well as unaffected controls (n = 64). Neural assessments included tests of cognitive interference and error processing. We found three patient clusters, reflecting a "normative" cluster that shared a brain activation pattern with unaffected controls (65.9% of clinical participants), as well as an "interference hyperactivity" cluster (15.2% of clinical participants) and an "error hyperactivity" cluster (18.9% of clinical participants). We also related these clusters to demographic and clinical correlates. After post-hoc correction for false discovery rates, the interference hyperactivity cluster showed significantly longer reaction times than the other patient clusters, but no other between-cluster differences in covariates were detected. These findings increase precision in patient characterization, reframe prior neurobehavioral research in OCD, and provide a starting point for neuroimaging-guided treatment selection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kate D Fitzgerald
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Luke J Norman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | | | - Joseph A Himle
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- School of Social Work, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Stephan F Taylor
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Liu Q, Ely BA, Stern ER, Xu J, Kim JW, Pick DG, Alonso CM, Gabbay V. Neural function underlying reward expectancy and attainment in adolescents with diverse psychiatric symptoms. Neuroimage Clin 2022; 36:103258. [PMID: 36451362 PMCID: PMC9668660 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2022.103258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Reward dysfunction has been hypothesized to play a key role in the development of psychiatric conditions during adolescence. To help capture the complexity of reward function in youth, we used the Reward Flanker fMRI Task, which enabled us to examine neural activity during expectancy and attainment of both certain and uncertain rewards. Participants were 84 psychotropic-medication-free adolescents, including 67 with diverse psychiatric conditions and 17 healthy controls. Functional MRI used high-resolution acquisition and high-fidelity processing techniques modeled after the Human Connectome Project. Analyses examined neural activation during reward expectancy and attainment, and their associations with clinical measures of depression, anxiety, and anhedonia severity, with results controlled for family-wise errors using non-parametric permutation tests. As anticipated, reward expectancy activated regions within the fronto-striatal reward network, thalamus, occipital lobe, superior parietal lobule, temporoparietal junction, and cerebellum. Unexpectedly, however, reward attainment was marked by widespread deactivation in many of these same regions, which we further explored using cosine similarity analysis. Across all subjects, striatum and thalamus activation during reward expectancy negatively correlated with anxiety severity, while activation in numerous cortical and subcortical regions during reward attainment positively correlated with both anxiety and depression severity. These findings highlight the complexity and dynamic nature of neural reward processing in youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Liu
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Science, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Benjamin A Ely
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Science, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Emily R Stern
- Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, United States; Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Junqian Xu
- Departments of Radiology and Psychiatry, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Joo-Won Kim
- Departments of Radiology and Psychiatry, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Danielle G Pick
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Science, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Carmen M Alonso
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Science, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Vilma Gabbay
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Science, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States; Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, United States.
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Yun JY, Lee YI, Park S, Choi JM, Choi SH, Jang JH. Functional activation of insula and dorsal anterior cingulate for conflict control against larger monetary loss in young adults with subthreshold depression: a preliminary study. Sci Rep 2022; 12:6956. [PMID: 35484391 PMCID: PMC9050651 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-10989-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Subthreshold depression (StD) is associated with higher risk of later developing major depressive disorder (MDD). Deficits of goal-directed behaviors regarding the motional, motivational, and conflict control are found in MDD. The current study examined neural underpinning of conflict control against monetary punishment in StD compared to MDD and healthy controls (HC). Seventy-one participants (HC, n = 27; StD, n = 21; MDD, n = 23) in their mid-20's completed self-reports. Preprocessing of functional magnetic resonance imaging acquired for the Simon task against larger or smaller monetary punishment was conducted using ENIGMA HALFpipe version 1.2.1. Neural correlates of conflict control against monetary punishment that could vary with either diagnosis or PHQ-9 total score were examined using a general linear model of FSL. Simon effect was effective for reaction time and accuracy in every subgroup of diagnosis and regardless of the size of monetary punishment. Conflict control against larger monetary loss was associated with higher functional activation of left insula in StD than HC and MDD. StD showed lower functional activation of left dorsal anterior cingulate (dACC) than MDD for conflict control against larger monetary loss. For conflict control against smaller monetary loss, StD demonstrated higher functional activation of left paracentral lobule and right putamen compared to HC. Directed acyclic graphs showed directional associations from suicidal ideation, sadness, and concentration difficulty to functional activation of paracentral lobule, ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC), and thalamus for conflict control against monetary loss. Differential functional activation of insula and dACC for conflict control against larger monetary loss could be a brain phenotype of StD. Item-level depressive symptoms of suicidal ideation, sadness, and concentration difficulty could be reflected in the conflict control-related functional activation of paracentral lobule (against smaller monetary loss), vmPFC and thalamus (against larger monetary loss), respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Je-Yeon Yun
- Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Yeongeon Student Support Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoonji Irene Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Susan Park
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Moon Choi
- Department of Psychology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, USA
| | - Soo-Hee Choi
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon Hwan Jang
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University Health Service Center, Gwanak-ro 1, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Human Systems Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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8
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BMRMI Reduces Depressive Rumination Possibly through Improving Abnormal FC of Dorsal ACC. Neural Plast 2022; 2022:8068988. [PMID: 35419051 PMCID: PMC9001100 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8068988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Rumination is a common symptom of major depressive disorder (MDD) and has been characterized as a vulnerability factor for the onset or recurrence of MDD. However, the neurobiological mechanisms underlying rumination and appropriate treatment strategies remain unclear. In the current study, we used resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging to investigate the effects of body-mind relaxation meditation induction (BMRMI) intervention in MDD with rumination. To this aim, we have recruited 25 MDD and 24 healthy controls (HCs). Changes in functional connectivity (FC) of the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) subregion and the scores of clinical measurements were examined using correlation analysis. At baseline, MDD showed stronger FC between the right dorsal ACC (dACC) and right superior frontal gyrus than did the HC group. Compared to baseline, the HC group showed a significantly enhanced FC between the right dACC and right superior frontal gyrus, and the MDD group demonstrated a significantly weaker FC between the left dACC and right middle frontal gyrus (MFG) after the intervention. Furthermore, the FC between the right dACC and right superior frontal gyrus was positively associated with rumination scores across all participants at baseline. The above results indicate that BMRMI may regulate self-referential processing and cognitive function through modulating FC of the dACC in MDD with rumination.
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Lindenmuth M, Herd T, Brieant A, Lee J, Deater-Deckard K, Bickel WK, King-Casas B, Kim-Spoon J. Neural Cognitive Control Moderates the Longitudinal Link between Hedonia and Substance Use across Adolescence. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2022; 55:101111. [PMID: 35472691 PMCID: PMC9061620 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2022.101111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Hedonic dysregulation is evident in addiction and substance use disorders, but it is not clearly understood how hedonic processes may interact with brain development related to cognitive control to influence risky decision making and substance use during adolescence. The present study used prospective longitudinal data to clarify the role of cognitive control in the link between hedonic experiences and the development of substance use during adolescence. Participants included 167 adolescents (53% male) assessed at four time points, annually. Adolescents participated in a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) session where blood-oxygen level dependent (BOLD) response was monitored during the Multi-Source- Interference Task to assess cognitive control. Substance use and hedonia were assessed using self-report. A two-group growth curve model of substance use with hedonia as a time-varying covariate indicated that higher levels of hedonia predicted higher substance use, but only in adolescents with higher activation in the frontoparietal regions and in the rostral anterior cingulate cortex during cognitive control. Results elucidate the moderating effects of neural cognitive control on associations between hedonia and adolescent substance use, suggesting that lower cognitive control functioning in the brain may exacerbate risk for substance use promoted by hedonia. Increased risk-taking in adolescence may be due to immature cognitive processes combined with heightened reward seeking. The role of hedonia in the development of substance use behavior is not clearly understood. Using RDoC framework, the roles positive valence and cognitive systems in the development of substance use were examined. Results suggest that less efficient neural cognitive functioning may serve as risk for substance use promoted by hedonia. Implications include promoting cognitive control related to risky decision making in the presence of potential rewards.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Toria Herd
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Alexis Brieant
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jacob Lee
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute, Roanoke, VA, USA
| | - Kirby Deater-Deckard
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Warren K Bickel
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA; Fralin Biomedical Research Institute, Roanoke, VA, USA
| | - Brooks King-Casas
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA; Fralin Biomedical Research Institute, Roanoke, VA, USA
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Alderson Myers AB, Arienzo D, Molnar SM, Marinkovic K. Local and network-level dysregulation of error processing is associated with binge drinking. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2021; 32:102879. [PMID: 34768146 PMCID: PMC8591397 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2021.102879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Go/NoGo performance does not differ between binge (BDs) and light drinkers. BDs show greater BOLD activity to inhibition errors primarily in prefrontal areas. Greater functional connectivity in the frontal cortex correlates with drinking. Observed increase in error-related activity may serve a compensatory role. This is consistent with allostatic hyperexcitability reflecting neuroadaptation.
Binge drinking refers to the pattern of alcohol consumption that brings blood alcohol levels to or above legal intoxication levels. Commonly practiced by young adults, it is associated with neurofunctional alterations, raising health-related concerns. Executive deficits may contribute to the inability to refrain from excessive alcohol intake. As a facet of cognitive control, error processing allows for flexible modification of behavior to optimize future outcomes. It is highly relevant to addiction research, as a failure to inhibit excessive drinking results in relapses, which is a hallmark of alcohol use disorder. However, research on local and system-level neural underpinnings of inhibition failures as a function of binge drinking is limited. To address these gaps, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used to examine local changes and interregional functional connectivity during response inhibition errors on a Go/NoGo task. Young adult binge drinkers (BDs) performed equally well as light drinkers (LDs), a group of demographically matched individuals who drink regularly but in low-risk patterns. In contrast, BDs exhibited greater fMRI activity to inhibition errors contrasted with correct NoGo trials in the rostral anterior (rACC) and posterior cingulate cortices (PCC), as well as right middle frontal gyrus (R-MFG). Furthermore, BDs showed increased connectivity between the rACC and right lateral prefrontal cortex, in addition to greater connectivity between the R-MFG and the left ventrolateral and superior frontal cortices. Imaging indices were positively correlated only with alcohol-related measures, but not with those related to moods, disposition, or cognitive capacity. Taken together, greater error-related activity and expanded functional connectivity among prefrontal regions may serve a compensatory role to maintain efficiency of inhibitory control. Aligned with prominent models of addiction, these findings accentuate the importance of top-down control in maintaining low-risk drinking levels. They provide insight into potentially early signs of deteriorating cognitive control functions in BDs and may help guide intervention strategies aimed at preventing excessive drinking habits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin B Alderson Myers
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Dr., San Diego, CA 92182, USA.
| | - Donatello Arienzo
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Dr., San Diego, CA 92182, USA.
| | - Sean M Molnar
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Dr., San Diego, CA 92182, USA.
| | - Ksenija Marinkovic
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Dr., San Diego, CA 92182, USA; Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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11
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Peng X, Wu X, Gong R, Yang R, Wang X, Zhu W, Lin P. Sub-regional anterior cingulate cortex functional connectivity revealed default network subsystem dysfunction in patients with major depressive disorder. Psychol Med 2021; 51:1687-1695. [PMID: 32151293 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291720000434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a prevalent mental disorder characterized by impairments in affect, behaviour and cognition. Previous studies have indicated that the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) may play an essential role in the pathophysiology of depression. In this study, we systematically identified changes in functional connectivity (FC) for ACC subdivisions that manifest in MDD and further investigated the relationship between these changes and the clinical symptoms of depression. METHODS Sub-regional ACC FC was estimated in 41 first-episode medication-naïve MDD patients compared to 43 healthy controls. The relationships between depressive symptom severity and aberrant FC of ACC subdivisions were investigated. In addition, we conducted a meta-analysis to generate the distributions of MDD-related abnormal regions from previously reported results and compared them to FC deficits revealed in this study. RESULTS In MDD patients, the subgenual and perigenual ACC demonstrated decreased FC with the posterior regions of the default network (DN), including the posterior inferior parietal lobule and posterior cingulate cortex. FC of these regions was negatively associated with the Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire scores and largely overlapped with previously reported abnormal regions. In addition, reduced FC between the caudal ACC and precuneus was negatively correlated with the Hamilton Anxiety Scale scores. We also found increased FC between the rostral ACC and dorsal medial prefrontal cortex. CONCLUSIONS Our findings confirmed that functional interaction changes in different ACC sub-regions are specific and associated with distinct symptoms of depression. Our findings provide new insights into the role of ACC sub-regions and DN in the pathophysiology of MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Peng
- Department of Radiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, USA
| | - Xiaoping Wu
- Department of Radiology, The Affiliated Xi'an Central Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ruxue Gong
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Rui Yang
- Department of Psychiatry, The Affiliated Xi'an Central Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiang Wang
- Medical Psychological Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wenzhen Zhu
- Department of Radiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Pan Lin
- Department of Psychology, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
- Cognition and Human Behavior Key Laboratory of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
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12
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Willinger D, Karipidis II, Neuer S, Emery S, Rauch C, Häberling I, Berger G, Walitza S, Brem S. Maladaptive Avoidance Learning in the Orbitofrontal Cortex in Adolescents With Major Depression. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY: COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2021; 7:293-301. [PMID: 34144217 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2021.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding the mechanisms in the brain's incentive network that give rise to symptoms of major depressive disorder (MDD) during adolescence provides new perspectives to address MDD in early stages of development. This functional magnetic resonance imaging study determines whether instrumental vigor and brain responses to appetitive and aversive monetary incentives are altered in adolescent MDD and associated with symptom severity. METHODS Adolescents with moderate to severe MDD (n = 30, mean age [SD] = 16.1 [1.4] years) and healthy control subjects (n = 33, mean age = 16.2 [1.9] years) matched for age, sex, and IQ performed a monetary incentive delay task. During outcome presentation, prediction error signals were used to study the response and coupling of the incentive network during learning of cue-outcome associations. A computational reinforcement model was used to assess adaptation of response vigor. Brain responses and effective connectivity to model-derived prediction errors were assessed and related to depression severity and anhedonia levels. RESULTS Participants with MDD behaved according to a more simplistic learning model and exhibited slower learning. Effective connectivity analysis of functional magnetic resonance imaging data revealed that impaired loss error processing in the orbitofrontal cortex was associated with aberrant gain control. Anhedonia scores correlated with loss-related error signals in the posterior insula and habenula. CONCLUSIONS Adolescent MDD is selectively related to impaired processing of error signals during loss, but not reward, in the orbitofrontal cortex. Aberrant evaluation of loss outcomes might reflect an early mechanism of how negative bias and helplessness manifest in the brain. This approach sheds light on pathomechanisms in MDD and may improve early diagnosis and treatment selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Willinger
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Iliana I Karipidis
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Center for Interdisciplinary Brain Sciences Research, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Selina Neuer
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sophie Emery
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Carolina Rauch
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Isabelle Häberling
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gregor Berger
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Susanne Walitza
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Silvia Brem
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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13
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Kim-Spoon J, Herd T, Brieant A, Elder J, Lee J, Deater-Deckard K, King-Casas B. A 4-year longitudinal neuroimaging study of cognitive control using latent growth modeling: developmental changes and brain-behavior associations. Neuroimage 2021; 237:118134. [PMID: 33951508 PMCID: PMC8316755 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite theoretical models suggesting developmental changes in neural substrates of cognitive control in adolescence, empirical research has rarely examined intraindividual changes in cognitive control-related brain activation using multi-wave multivariate longitudinal data. We used longitudinal repeated measures of brain activation and behavioral performance during the multi-source interference task (MSIT) from 167 adolescents (53% male) who were assessed annually over four years from ages 13 to 17 years. We applied latent growth modeling to delineate the pattern of brain activation changes over time and to examine longitudinal associations between brain activation and behavioral performance. We identified brain regions that showed differential change patterns: (1) the fronto-parietal regions that involved bilateral insula, bilateral middle frontal gyrus, left pre-supplementary motor area, left inferior parietal lobule, and right precuneus; and (2) the rostral anterior cingulate cortex (rACC) region. Longitudinal confirmatory factor analyses of the fronto-parietal regions revealed strong measurement invariance across time implying that multivariate functional magnetic resonance imaging data during cognitive control can be measured reliably over time. Latent basis growth models indicated that fronto-parietal activation decreased over time, whereas rACC activation increased over time. In addition, behavioral performance data, age-related improvement was indicated by a decreasing trajectory of intraindividual variability in response time across four years. Testing longitudinal brain-behavior associations using multivariate growth models revealed that better behavioral cognitive control was associated with lower fronto-parietal activation, but the change in behavioral performance was not related to the change in brain activation. The current findings suggest that reduced effects of cognitive interference indicated by fronto-parietal recruitment may be a marker of a maturing brain that underlies better cognitive control performance during adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Toria Herd
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Alexis Brieant
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Jacob Elder
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Jacob Lee
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC, Roanoke, VA 24016, USA
| | - Kirby Deater-Deckard
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Brooks King-Casas
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC, Roanoke, VA 24016, USA
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14
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Zhang X, Chye Y, Braganza L, Fontenelle LF, Harrison BJ, Parkes L, Sabaroedin K, Maleki S, Yücel M, Suo C. Severity related neuroanatomical alteration across symptom dimensions in obsessive-compulsive disorder. JOURNAL OF AFFECTIVE DISORDERS REPORTS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jadr.2021.100129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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15
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fMRI evidence reveals emotional biases in bilingual decision making. Brain Struct Funct 2021; 226:1405-1421. [PMID: 33675396 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-021-02246-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Research indicates that the foreign language effect on decision making can be partially explained by a reduction in emotional response in the second language. In this fMRI study, we aimed at elucidating the neural mechanisms underpinning the interaction between language and emotion in decision making. Across multiple trials, Chinese-English bilinguals were asked to decide whether to gamble in a Gambling task, and received feedbacks either in L1 (Chinese) or in L2 (English). If they gambled, feedbacks were either positively or negatively valenced words; if they did not gamble, feedback was the word 'safe'. We assessed how emotionally valenced words were processed in the two languages, and how this processing influenced subsequent decision making. Overall, we found evidence that in L2 context, but not in L1 context, loss aversion was mediated by the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) which also showed strong functional connectivity with the visual cortex, suggesting an avoidance mechanism for negative stimuli in L2. However, we also found an enhanced response to positive feedbacks in L2 compared to L1, as evidenced by greater activation of the hippocampus for win feedbacks compared to safe feedbacks in L2, eventually resulting in a greater tendency to gamble. Thus, foreign language influenced decision making by both regulating emotional response to negative stimuli and enhancing emotional response to positive stimuli. This study helps unveiling the neural bases of the interaction between language and emotion in the foreign language context.
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16
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Huang MX, Huang CW, Harrington DL, Robb-Swan A, Angeles-Quinto A, Nichols S, Huang JW, Le L, Rimmele C, Matthews S, Drake A, Song T, Ji Z, Cheng CK, Shen Q, Foote E, Lerman I, Yurgil KA, Hansen HB, Naviaux RK, Dynes R, Baker DG, Lee RR. Resting-state magnetoencephalography source magnitude imaging with deep-learning neural network for classification of symptomatic combat-related mild traumatic brain injury. Hum Brain Mapp 2021; 42:1987-2004. [PMID: 33449442 PMCID: PMC8046098 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.25340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Combat‐related mild traumatic brain injury (cmTBI) is a leading cause of sustained physical, cognitive, emotional, and behavioral disabilities in Veterans and active‐duty military personnel. Accurate diagnosis of cmTBI is challenging since the symptom spectrum is broad and conventional neuroimaging techniques are insensitive to the underlying neuropathology. The present study developed a novel deep‐learning neural network method, 3D‐MEGNET, and applied it to resting‐state magnetoencephalography (rs‐MEG) source‐magnitude imaging data from 59 symptomatic cmTBI individuals and 42 combat‐deployed healthy controls (HCs). Analytic models of individual frequency bands and all bands together were tested. The All‐frequency model, which combined delta‐theta (1–7 Hz), alpha (8–12 Hz), beta (15–30 Hz), and gamma (30–80 Hz) frequency bands, outperformed models based on individual bands. The optimized 3D‐MEGNET method distinguished cmTBI individuals from HCs with excellent sensitivity (99.9 ± 0.38%) and specificity (98.9 ± 1.54%). Receiver‐operator‐characteristic curve analysis showed that diagnostic accuracy was 0.99. The gamma and delta‐theta band models outperformed alpha and beta band models. Among cmTBI individuals, but not controls, hyper delta‐theta and gamma‐band activity correlated with lower performance on neuropsychological tests, whereas hypo alpha and beta‐band activity also correlated with lower neuropsychological test performance. This study provides an integrated framework for condensing large source‐imaging variable sets into optimal combinations of regions and frequencies with high diagnostic accuracy and cognitive relevance in cmTBI. The all‐frequency model offered more discriminative power than each frequency‐band model alone. This approach offers an effective path for optimal characterization of behaviorally relevant neuroimaging features in neurological and psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Xiong Huang
- Radiology, Research, and Psychiatry Services, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, USA.,Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Charles W Huang
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Deborah L Harrington
- Radiology, Research, and Psychiatry Services, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, USA.,Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Ashley Robb-Swan
- Radiology, Research, and Psychiatry Services, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, USA.,Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Annemarie Angeles-Quinto
- Radiology, Research, and Psychiatry Services, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, USA.,Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Sharon Nichols
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Jeffrey W Huang
- Department of Computer Science, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Lu Le
- ASPIRE Center, VASDHS Residential Rehabilitation Treatment Program, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Carl Rimmele
- ASPIRE Center, VASDHS Residential Rehabilitation Treatment Program, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Scott Matthews
- ASPIRE Center, VASDHS Residential Rehabilitation Treatment Program, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Angela Drake
- Cedar Sinai Medical Group Chronic Pain Program, Beverly Hills, California, USA
| | - Tao Song
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Zhengwei Ji
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Chung-Kuan Cheng
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Qian Shen
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Ericka Foote
- Radiology, Research, and Psychiatry Services, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Imanuel Lerman
- Radiology, Research, and Psychiatry Services, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Kate A Yurgil
- Radiology, Research, and Psychiatry Services, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, USA.,Department of Psychological Sciences, Loyola University New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Hayden B Hansen
- Radiology, Research, and Psychiatry Services, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Robert K Naviaux
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, California, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, California, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Robert Dynes
- Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Dewleen G Baker
- Radiology, Research, and Psychiatry Services, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, USA.,VA Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, San Diego, California, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Roland R Lee
- Radiology, Research, and Psychiatry Services, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, USA.,Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
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17
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Liu Q, Ely BA, Schwartz JJ, Alonso CM, Stern ER, Gabbay V. Reward function as an outcome predictor in youth with mood and anxiety symptoms. J Affect Disord 2021; 278:433-442. [PMID: 33010568 PMCID: PMC7704618 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.09.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adolescent depression varies considerably in its course. However, there remain no biobehavioral predictors of illness trajectory, and follow-up studies in depressed youth are sparse. Here, we sought to examine whether reward function would predict future clinical outcomes in adolescents with depressive symptoms. We utilized the reward flanker fMRI task to assess brain function during distinct reward processes of anticipation, attainment, and positive prediction error (PPE, i.e. receiving uncertain rewards). METHODS Subjects were 29 psychotropic-medication-free adolescents with mood and anxiety symptoms and 14 healthy controls (HC). All had psychiatric evaluations at baseline and approximately 24-month follow-up. Thirty-two participants (10 HC) had usable fMRI data. Correlation and hierarchical regression models examined baseline symptom severity measures as predictors of follow-up clinical outcomes. Whole-brain analyses examined relationships between neural reward processes and follow-up outcomes. RESULTS Clinically, anhedonia, but not irritability, predicted future depression and suicidal ideation. Among reward processes, only baseline neural activation during PPE correlated with follow-up depression and anhedonia severity. Specifically, activation in the left angular gyrus-a component of the default mode network-was associated with future depression, while activation in the dorsal anterior cingulate, operculum, and left insula-key salience and pain network regions-was associated with future anhedonia, even when controlling for baseline anhedonia. LIMITATIONS The small sample size and variable follow-up intervals limit the generalizability of conclusions. CONCLUSIONS This research suggests that reward dysfunction, indexed by anhedonia, may predict worse clinical trajectories in depressed youth. Adolescents presenting with significant anhedonia should be carefully monitored for illness progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Liu
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Benjamin A. Ely
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Joshua J. Schwartz
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Carmen M. Alonso
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Emily R. Stern
- Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY,New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Vilma Gabbay
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States; Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, United States.
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18
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Li J, Xu N, Zhong Y. Monetary payoffs modulate reciprocity expectations in outcome evaluations: An event-related potential study. Eur J Neurosci 2020; 53:902-915. [PMID: 33378098 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Choosing cooperation or aggression relies on reciprocity preferences which refer to the tendency of an individual to return cooperative or aggressive action for cooperative or aggressive action (i.e., positive or negative reciprocity preference). The reciprocity preference is positively correlated with reciprocity expectation, wherein individuals with stronger reciprocity preferences may have higher expectations than future cooperative or aggressive behavior should be delivered by beneficiaries (positive reciprocity expectation) or victims (negative reciprocity expectation). Although previous studies have demonstrated that the presence of monetary payoffs enhances reciprocity preferences, the modulation of monetary payoffs in reciprocity expectations remains unclear. Using event-related potentials (ERPs), we examined how monetary payoffs modulated reciprocity expectations by adopting the Chicken game. Participants were asked to choose between cooperation and aggression with a putative opponent in the Chicken game involving the monetary (vs. non-monetary) payoffs. Participants' electroencephalogram (EEG) was recorded when they saw the opponent's cooperative or aggressive decision. Results showed that compared to the non-monetary payoff trials, the feedback-related negativity (FRN) effect in response to the opponent's decisions was stronger following the participant's aggressive decision in the monetary payoff trials, whereas P3 was insensitive to monetary payoffs. These findings suggest that monetary payoffs heighten expectations of negative reciprocity at the earlier and automatic outcome processing stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Li
- Department of Psychology, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China.,Cognition and Human Behavior Key Laboratory of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Nian Xu
- Department of Psychology, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Yiping Zhong
- Department of Psychology, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China.,Cognition and Human Behavior Key Laboratory of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
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19
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Cao CC, Reimann M. Data Triangulation in Consumer Neuroscience: Integrating Functional Neuroimaging With Meta-Analyses, Psychometrics, and Behavioral Data. Front Psychol 2020; 11:550204. [PMID: 33224048 PMCID: PMC7674591 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.550204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This article reviews a wide range of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies conducted in the field of consumer neuroscience to (1) highlight common interpretative approaches of neuroimaging data (i.e., forward inference and reverse inference), (2) discuss potential interpretative issues associated with these approaches, and (3) provide a framework that employs a multi-method approach aimed to possibly raise the explanatory power and, thus, the validity of functional neuroimaging research in consumer neuroscience. Based on this framework, we argue that the validity of fMRI studies can be improved by the triangulation of (1) careful design of neuroimaging studies and analyses of data, (2) meta-analyses, and (3) the integration of psychometric and behavioral data with neuroimaging data. Guidelines on when and how to employ triangulation methods on neuroimaging data are included. Moreover, we also included discussions on practices and research directions that validate fMRI studies in consumer neuroscience beyond data triangulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Clark Cao
- Department of Marketing and International Business, Lingnan University, Tuen Mun, Hong Kong
| | - Martin Reimann
- Department of Marketing, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
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20
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Ketamine normalizes subgenual cingulate cortex hyper-activity in depression. Neuropsychopharmacology 2020; 45:975-981. [PMID: 31896116 PMCID: PMC7162851 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-019-0591-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Mounting evidence supports the rapid antidepressant efficacy of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist, ketamine, for treating major depressive disorder (MDD); however, its neural mechanism of action remains poorly understood. Subgenual anterior cingulate cortex (sgACC) hyper-activity during rest has been consistently implicated in the pathophysiology of MDD, potentially driven in part by excessive hippocampal gluatmatergic efferents to sgACC. Reduction of sgACC activity has been associated with successful antidepressant treatment. This study aimed to examine whether task-based sgACC activity was higher in patients with MDD compared to controls and to determine whether this activity was altered by single-dose ketamine. In Study 1, patients with MDD (N = 28) and healthy controls (N = 20) completed task-based functional magnetic resonance imaging using an established incentive-processing task. In Study 2, a second cohort of patients with MDD (N = 14) completed the same scanning protocol at baseline and following a 40 min infusion of ketamine (0.5 mg/kg). Task-based activation of sgACC was examined with a seed-driven analysis assessing group differences and changes from pre to post treatment. Patients with MDD showed higher sgACC activation to positive and negative monetary incentives compared to controls, associated with anhedonia and anxiety, respectively. In addition, patients with MDD had higher resting-state functional connectivity between hippocampus and sgACC, associated with sgACC hyper-activation to positive incentives, but not negative incentives. Finally, ketamine reduced sgACC hyper-activation to positive incentives, but not negative incentives. These findings suggest a neural mechanism by which ketamine exerts its antidepressant efficacy, via rapid blunting of aberrant sgACC hyper-reactivity to positive incentives.
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21
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Cubillo A, Makwana AB, Hare TA. Differential modulation of cognitive control networks by monetary reward and punishment. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2020; 14:305-317. [PMID: 30690563 PMCID: PMC6399610 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsz006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 12/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Incentives are primary determinants of if and how well an organism will perform a given behavior. Here, we examined how incentive valence and magnitude influence task switching, a critical cognitive control process, and test the predictions that the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and the ventral striatum (vStr) function as key nodes linking motivation and control systems in the brain. Our results indicate that reward and punishment incentives have both common and distinct effects on cognitive control at the behavioral and neurobiological levels. For example, reward incentives led to greater activity in the ACC during the engagement of control relative to punishments. Furthermore, the neural responses to reward and punishment differed as a function of individual sensitivity to each incentive valence. Functional connectivity analyses suggest a role for vStr in signaling motivational value during cognitive control and as a potential link between motivation and control networks. Overall, our findings suggest that similar changes in observed behavior (e.g. response accuracy) under reward and punishment incentives are mediated by, at least partially, distinct neurobiological substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Cubillo
- Department of Economics, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Aidan B Makwana
- Department of Economics, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Todd A Hare
- Department of Economics, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
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22
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Duehlmeyer L, Hester R. Impaired learning from punishment of errors in smokers: Differences in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and sensorimotor cortex blood-oxygen-level dependent responses. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2019; 23:101819. [PMID: 31009885 PMCID: PMC6477654 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2019.101819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Cigarette smokers have shown hypersensitivity to reward and hyposensitivity to punishment, along with impairments in learning from errors. The underlying neural mechanism for this failure to adapt performance following an error, particularly when receiving negative feedback, are unclear. Smokers were hypothesized to have poorer error-learning following monetary punishment, associated with hypoactivation in the insula, dorsal anterior cingulate, and hippocampal cortical regions. Twenty-three smokers (8 females, mean age = 25.48, SD = 4.46) and twenty-three healthy controls (13 females, mean age = 24.83, SD = 5.99) were administered an associative learning task, providing monetary reward and punishment for recall performance, during fMRI data collection. Compared with controls, smokers had a lower error-correction rate and were less sensitive to punishment magnitude. Hyperactivity during recall was independent of future error correction, but smokers' successful re-encoding appeared related to higher dorsolateral prefrontal cortex activity while controls had equivalent activation for corrected and repeated errors. While controls showed higher deactivation of the sensorimotor cortex during high punishment, smokers showed higher deactivation during low punishment. The present results support smokers having poorer learning from errors and decreased attentional control associated with hyperactivity in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Additionally, smokers exhibited decreased punishment sensitivity that appeared to limit their ability to adapt learning in the face of repeated negative feedback. Smokers show impaired learning from punished errors. Controls are more sensitive to differences in punishment magnitude than smokers. Smokers show dorsolateral prefrontal cortex hyperactivity during recall. Smokers rely more on dorsolateral prefrontal cortex for correct re-encoding than controls. Smokers show aberrant sensorimotor cortex deactivation compared with controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonie Duehlmeyer
- School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, 12th floor Redmond Barry Building, Parkville Campus, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia.
| | - Robert Hester
- School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, 12th floor Redmond Barry Building, Parkville Campus, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia.
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23
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Zhang X, Li S, Liu Y, Chen X, Shang X, Qi F, Wang X, Guo X, Chen J. Gain-loss situation modulates neural responses to self-other decision making under risk. Sci Rep 2019; 9:632. [PMID: 30679764 PMCID: PMC6345784 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-37236-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Although self-other behavioral differences in decision making under risk have been observed in some contexts, little is known about the neural mechanisms underlying such differences. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and the cups task, in which participants choose between risky and sure options for themselves and others in gain and loss situations, we found that people were more risk-taking when making decisions for themselves than for others in loss situations but were equally risk-averse in gain situations. Significantly stronger activations were observed in the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC) and anterior insula (AI) when making decisions for the self than for others in loss situations but not in gain situations. Furthermore, the activation in the dmPFC was stronger when people made sure choices for others than for themselves in gain situations but not when they made risky choices, and was both stronger when people made sure and risky choices for themselves than for others in loss situations. These findings suggest that gain-loss situation modulates self-other differences in decision making under risk, and people are highly likely to differentiate the self from others when making decisions in loss situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyi Zhang
- School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Shijia Li
- School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Yongfang Liu
- School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China. .,Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China.
| | - Xiyou Chen
- Changsha Experimental Middle School, Changsha, 410001, Hunan, China
| | - Xuesong Shang
- School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Fangzhu Qi
- School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Xiaoyan Wang
- School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Xiuyan Guo
- School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China.,Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Cognition and Human Behavior Key Laboratory of Hunan Province and Department of Psychology, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, Hunan, China.
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24
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Huang Y, Yu R. Common and distinct neural substrates of the money illusion in win and loss domains. Neuroimage 2019; 184:109-118. [PMID: 30219291 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
People often evaluate money based on its face value and overlook its real purchasing power, a phenomenon known as the money illusion. In the present study, using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) combined with a gambling task, we examined the neural signatures of the money illusion in both win and loss domains. Behavioral results showed that self-reported satisfaction with outcomes was modulated by the face value but not the true value of money in both win and loss domains. At the neural level, activity in the posterior insula was associated with the true value of money in the win domain, but not in the loss domain. Importantly, we found that the ventral striatum, ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) and amygdala encoded the money illusion in both domains, indicating a domain-general rather than domain-specific neural signature. Moreover, participants with a larger degree of money illusion at the behavioral level showed stronger functional connectivity between the ventral striatum and ventral anterior cingulate cortex (vACC) in the win domain, but stronger functional connectivity between the ventral striatum and amygdala in the loss domain. Our findings highlight the overlapping and distinct neural substrates underlying the money illusion in the context of wins and losses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Huang
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Rongjun Yu
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Department of Psychology, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
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25
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Hu X, Xu Z, Mai X. Social value orientation modulates the processing of outcome evaluation involving others. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2018; 12:1730-1739. [PMID: 28981906 PMCID: PMC5691550 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsx102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Social value orientation (SVO) is a stable personality trait that reflects how people evaluate interdependent outcomes for themselves and others in social environments. Generally, people can be classified into two types: proselfs and prosocials. The present study examined how SVO affects the processing of outcome evaluation temporally using the event-related potential (ERP). Young adults with two different SVO types participated in a simple gambling task in which they received outcome distributions for themselves and others. The results showed that for the self outcomes, the feedback-related negativity (FRN) was more negative for self-loss than self-gain, and the P3 and late positive component (LPC) was larger for self-gain than self-loss in both prosocial and proself groups. For the other outcomes, however, the FRN, P3 and LPC were sensitive to other’s gain and loss only in the prosocial group but not in the proself group. These findings suggest that outcomes for oneself and others are processed differently at different stages of evaluation processing in the brains of individuals with distinct SVOs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinmu Hu
- Department of Psychology, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Zhenhua Xu
- Department of Psychology, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Xiaoqin Mai
- Department of Psychology, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
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26
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Identifying Functional Subdivisions in the Medial Frontal Cortex. J Neurosci 2018; 36:11168-11170. [PMID: 27807160 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2584-16.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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27
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Weiss AR, Gillies MJ, Philiastides MG, Apps MA, Whittington MA, FitzGerald JJ, Boccard SG, Aziz TZ, Green AL. Dorsal Anterior Cingulate Cortices Differentially Lateralize Prediction Errors and Outcome Valence in a Decision-Making Task. Front Hum Neurosci 2018; 12:203. [PMID: 29872384 PMCID: PMC5972193 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2018.00203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) is proposed to facilitate learning by signaling mismatches between the expected outcome of decisions and the actual outcomes in the form of prediction errors. The dACC is also proposed to discriminate outcome valence-whether a result has positive (either expected or desirable) or negative (either unexpected or undesirable) value. However, direct electrophysiological recordings from human dACC to validate these separate, but integrated, dimensions have not been previously performed. We hypothesized that local field potentials (LFPs) would reveal changes in the dACC related to prediction error and valence and used the unique opportunity offered by deep brain stimulation (DBS) surgery in the dACC of three human subjects to test this hypothesis. We used a cognitive task that involved the presentation of object pairs, a motor response, and audiovisual feedback to guide future object selection choices. The dACC displayed distinctly lateralized theta frequency (3-8 Hz) event-related potential responses-the left hemisphere dACC signaled outcome valence and prediction errors while the right hemisphere dACC was involved in prediction formation. Multivariate analyses provided evidence that the human dACC response to decision outcomes reflects two spatiotemporally distinct early and late systems that are consistent with both our lateralized electrophysiological results and the involvement of the theta frequency oscillatory activity in dACC cognitive processing. Further findings suggested that dACC does not respond to other phases of action-outcome-feedback tasks such as the motor response which supports the notion that dACC primarily signals information that is crucial for behavioral monitoring and not for motor control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander R Weiss
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Neurophysiological Pharmacology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Martin J Gillies
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Marios G Philiastides
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew A Apps
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - James J FitzGerald
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Sandra G Boccard
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Tipu Z Aziz
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander L Green
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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28
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Zhang D, Gu R. Behavioral preference in sequential decision-making and its association with anxiety. Hum Brain Mapp 2018; 39:2482-2499. [PMID: 29468778 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.24016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Revised: 12/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In daily life, people often make consecutive decisions before the ultimate goal is reached (i.e., sequential decision-making). However, this kind of decision-making has been largely overlooked in the literature. The current study investigated whether behavioral preference would change during sequential decisions, and the neural processes underlying the potential changes. For this purpose, we revised the classic balloon analogue risk task and recorded the electroencephalograph (EEG) signals associated with each step of decision-making. Independent component analysis performed on EEG data revealed that four EEG components elicited by periodic feedback in the current step predicted participants' decisions (gamble vs. no gamble) in the next step. In order of time sequence, these components were: bilateral occipital alpha rhythm, bilateral frontal theta rhythm, middle frontal theta rhythm, and bilateral sensorimotor mu rhythm. According to the information flows between these EEG oscillations, we proposed a brain model that describes the temporal dynamics of sequential decision-making. Finally, we found that the tendency to gamble (as well as the power intensity of bilateral frontal theta rhythms) was sensitive to the individual level of trait anxiety in certain steps, which may help understand the role of emotion in decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Zhang
- Department of Psychology, College of Psychology and Sociology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.,Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Affective and Social Cognitive Science, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ruolei Gu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York
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29
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Scherling CS, Zakrzewski J, Datta S, Levenson RW, Shimamura AP, Sturm VE, Miller BL, Rosen HJ. Mistakes, Too Few to Mention? Impaired Self-conscious Emotional Processing of Errors in the Behavioral Variant of Frontotemporal Dementia. Front Behav Neurosci 2017; 11:189. [PMID: 29089874 PMCID: PMC5651000 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2017.00189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Anosognosia, or lack of awareness of one's deficits, is a core feature of the behavioral variant of frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD). We hypothesized that this deficit has its origins in failed emotional processing of errors. We studied autonomic and facial emotional reactivity to errors in patients with bvFTD (n = 17), Alzheimer's disease (AD, n = 20), and healthy controls (HC, n = 35) during performance of a timed two-alternative-choice button press task. Performance-related behavioral responses to errors were quantified using rates of error correction and post-error slowing of reaction times. Facial emotional responses were measured by monitoring facial reactivity via video and subsequently coding the type, duration and intensity of all emotional reactions. Skin conductance response (SCR) was measured via noninvasive sensors. SCR and total score for each facial emotion expression were quantified for each trial. Facial emotions were grouped into self-conscious (amusement, embarrassment) and negative (fear, sadness, anger, disgust, contempt) emotions. HCs corrected 99.4% of their errors. BvFTD patients corrected 94% (not statistically different compared with HC) and AD corrected 74.8% of their errors (p < 0.05 compared with HC and bvFTD). All groups showed similar post-error slowing. Errors in HCs were associated with greater facial reactivity and SCRs compared with non-error trials, including both negative and self-conscious emotions. BvFTD patients failed to produce self-conscious emotions or an increase in SCR for errors, although they did produce negative emotional responses to a similar degree as HCs. AD showed no deficit in facial reactivity to errors. Although, SCR was generally reduced in AD during error trials, they showed a preserved increase in SCR for errors relative to correct trials. These results demonstrate a specific deficit in emotional responses to errors in bvFTD, encompassing both physiological response and a specific deficit in self-conscious emotions, despite intact awareness and correction of errors. The findings provide a potential mechanism for anosognosia and possibly other behavioral abnormalities in bvFTD and highlight the importance of studying multiple channels of reactivity to errors, including performance related responses and emotional responses, in order to understand how impaired error processing could influence behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carole S Scherling
- Department of Neurology, UCSF Memory and Aging Center San Francisco, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Jessica Zakrzewski
- Department of Neurology, UCSF Memory and Aging Center San Francisco, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Samir Datta
- Department of Neurology, UCSF Memory and Aging Center San Francisco, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Robert W Levenson
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Arthur P Shimamura
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Virginia E Sturm
- Department of Neurology, UCSF Memory and Aging Center San Francisco, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Bruce L Miller
- Department of Neurology, UCSF Memory and Aging Center San Francisco, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Howard J Rosen
- Department of Neurology, UCSF Memory and Aging Center San Francisco, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
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30
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Murao E, Sugihara G, Isobe M, Noda T, Kawabata M, Matsukawa N, Takahashi H, Murai T, Noma S. Differences in neural responses to reward and punishment processing between anorexia nervosa subtypes: An fMRI study. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2017; 71:647-658. [PMID: 28459134 DOI: 10.1111/pcn.12537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM Anorexia nervosa (AN) includes the restricting (AN-r) and binge-eating/purging (AN-bp) subtypes, which have been reported to differ regarding their underlying pathophysiologies as well as their behavioral patterns. However, the differences in neural mechanisms of reward systems between AN subtypes remain unclear. The aim of the present study was to explore differences in the neural processing of reward and punishment between AN subtypes. METHODS Twenty-three female patients with AN (11 AN-r and 12 AN-bp) and 20 healthy women underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging while performing a monetary incentive delay task. Whole-brain one-way analysis of variance was conducted to test between-group differences. RESULTS There were significant group differences in brain activation in the rostral anterior cingulate cortex and right posterior insula during loss anticipation, with increased brain activation in the AN-bp group relative to the AN-r and healthy women groups. No significant differences were found during gain anticipation. CONCLUSION AN-bp patients showed altered neural responses to punishment in brain regions implicated in emotional arousal. Our findings suggest that individuals with AN-bp are more sensitive to potential punishment than individuals with AN-r and healthy individuals at the neural level. The present study provides preliminary evidence that there are neurobiological differences between AN subtypes with regard to the reward system, especially punishment processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ema Murao
- Department of Psychiatry, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Genichi Sugihara
- Department of Psychiatry, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masanori Isobe
- Department of Psychiatry, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tomomi Noda
- Department of Psychiatry, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Michiko Kawabata
- Department of Psychiatry, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | - Hidehiko Takahashi
- Department of Psychiatry, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Toshiya Murai
- Department of Psychiatry, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shun'ichi Noma
- Department of Psychiatry, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
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31
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Bradley KAL, Case JAC, Freed RD, Stern ER, Gabbay V. Neural correlates of RDoC reward constructs in adolescents with diverse psychiatric symptoms: A Reward Flanker Task pilot study. J Affect Disord 2017; 216:36-45. [PMID: 27923496 PMCID: PMC5453853 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2016.11.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There has been growing interest under the Research Domain Criteria initiative to investigate behavioral constructs and their underlying neural circuitry. Abnormalities in reward processes are salient across psychiatric conditions and may precede future psychopathology in youth. However, the neural circuitry underlying such deficits has not been well defined. Therefore, in this pilot, we studied youth with diverse psychiatric symptoms and examined the neural underpinnings of reward anticipation, attainment, and positive prediction error (PPE, unexpected reward gain). Clinically, we focused on anhedonia, known to reflect deficits in reward function. METHODS Twenty-two psychotropic medication-free youth, 16 with psychiatric symptoms, exhibiting a full range of anhedonia, were scanned during the Reward Flanker Task. Anhedonia severity was quantified using the Snaith-Hamilton Pleasure Scale. Functional magnetic resonance imaging analyses were false discovery rate corrected for multiple comparisons. RESULTS Anticipation activated a broad network, including the medial frontal cortex and ventral striatum, while attainment activated memory and emotion-related regions such as the hippocampus and parahippocampal gyrus, but not the ventral striatum. PPE activated a right-dominant fronto-temporo-parietal network. Anhedonia was only correlated with activation of the right angular gyrus during anticipation and the left precuneus during PPE at an uncorrected threshold. LIMITATIONS Findings are preliminary due to the small sample size. CONCLUSIONS This pilot characterized the neural circuitry underlying different aspects of reward processing in youth with diverse psychiatric symptoms. These results highlight the complexity of the neural circuitry underlying reward anticipation, attainment, and PPE. Furthermore, this study underscores the importance of RDoC research in youth.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julia A. C. Case
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Rachel D. Freed
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Emily R. Stern
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY,Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Vilma Gabbay
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA.
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32
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Zhang S, Hu S, Sinha R, Potenza MN, Malison RT, Li CSR. Cocaine dependence and thalamic functional connectivity: a multivariate pattern analysis. Neuroimage Clin 2016; 12:348-58. [PMID: 27556009 PMCID: PMC4986538 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2016.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Cocaine dependence is associated with deficits in cognitive control. Previous studies demonstrated that chronic cocaine use affects the activity and functional connectivity of the thalamus, a subcortical structure critical for cognitive functioning. However, the thalamus contains nuclei heterogeneous in functions, and it is not known how thalamic subregions contribute to cognitive dysfunctions in cocaine dependence. To address this issue, we used multivariate pattern analysis (MVPA) to examine how functional connectivity of the thalamus distinguishes 100 cocaine-dependent participants (CD) from 100 demographically matched healthy control individuals (HC). We characterized six task-related networks with independent component analysis of fMRI data of a stop signal task and employed MVPA to distinguish CD from HC on the basis of voxel-wise thalamic connectivity to the six independent components. In an unbiased model of distinct training and testing data, the analysis correctly classified 72% of subjects with leave-one-out cross-validation (p < 0.001), superior to comparison brain regions with similar voxel counts (p < 0.004, two-sample t test). Thalamic voxels that form the basis of classification aggregate in distinct subclusters, suggesting that connectivities of thalamic subnuclei distinguish CD from HC. Further, linear regressions provided suggestive evidence for a correlation of the thalamic connectivities with clinical variables and performance measures on the stop signal task. Together, these findings support thalamic circuit dysfunction in cognitive control as an important neural marker of cocaine dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
- Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
| | - Sien Hu
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
- Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
| | - Rajita Sinha
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
- Child Study Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Marc N. Potenza
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
- Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
- Child Study Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- CASAColumbia, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
| | - Robert T. Malison
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
- Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
| | - Chiang-shan R. Li
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
- Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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33
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Post-error adjustments and ADHD symptoms in adults: The effect of laterality and state regulation. Brain Cogn 2016; 108:11-9. [PMID: 27429094 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2016.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Revised: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Evidence is accumulating that individuals with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) do not adjust their responses after committing errors. Post-error response adjustments are taken to reflect, among others, error monitoring that is essential for learning, flexible behavioural adaptation, and achieving future goals. Many behavioural studies have suggested that atypical lateral brain functions and difficulties in allocating effort to protect performance against stressors (i.e., state regulation) are key factors in ADHD. Whether these factors contribute to the absence of post-error response adjustments in ADHD is unknown. The aim of the present study is to investigate the contribution of the left and right hemispheres and the deficiency in effort allocation to deviant post-error processing in adults with high ADHD symptoms. From a pool of 87 university students, two groups were formed: a group with higher (n=30) and a group with lower (n=26) scores on the ADHD index subscale of the Conners' Adult ADHD Rating Scales. The groups performed a lateralized lexical decision task with a fast and slower stimulus presentation rate. Post-error slowing and post-error response accuracy to stimuli presented in the left and right visual field were measured in each stimulus presentation rate. Results indicated that subjects with the lower ADHD scores slowed down and improved their response accuracy after errors, especially when stimuli were presented in the right visual field at the slower rate. In contrast, subjects with the higher ADHD scores showed no post-error adjustments. Results suggest that during lexical decision performance, impaired error processing in adults with ADHD is associated with affected ability of the left hemisphere to compensate for errors, especially when extra effort allocation is needed to meet task demands.
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Abstract
Complex behavior requires a flexible system that maintains task performance in the context of specific goals, evaluating behavioral progress, adjusting behavior as needed, and adapting to changing contingencies. Generically referred to as performance monitoring, a key component concerns the identification and correction of differences between an intended and an executed response (i.e., an error). Brain mapping experiments have now identified the temporal and spatial components of a putative error-processing system in the large-scale networks of the human brain. Most of this work has focused on the medial frontal cortex and an associated electrophysiological component known as the error-related negativity (or error negativity). Although the precise role, or roles, of this region still remain unknown, investigations of error processing have identified a cluster of modules in the medial frontal cortex involved in monitoring/maintaining ongoing behavior and motivating task sets. Other regions include bilateral anterior insula/inferior operculum and lateral prefrontal cortex. Recent work has begun to uncover how individual differences might affect the modules recruited for a task, in addition to the identification of associations between pathological states and aberrant error signals, leading to insights about possible mechanisms of neuropsychiatric illness. NEUROSCIENTIST 13(2):160—172, 2007.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan F Taylor
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
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Tang H, Yu HY, Chou CC, Crone NE, Madsen JR, Anderson WS, Kreiman G. Cascade of neural processing orchestrates cognitive control in human frontal cortex. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 26888070 PMCID: PMC4811762 DOI: 10.7554/elife.12352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid and flexible interpretation of conflicting sensory inputs in the context of current goals is a critical component of cognitive control that is orchestrated by frontal cortex. The relative roles of distinct subregions within frontal cortex are poorly understood. To examine the dynamics underlying cognitive control across frontal regions, we took advantage of the spatiotemporal resolution of intracranial recordings in epilepsy patients while subjects resolved color-word conflict. We observed differential activity preceding the behavioral responses to conflict trials throughout frontal cortex; this activity was correlated with behavioral reaction times. These signals emerged first in anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) before dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC), followed by medial frontal cortex (mFC) and then by orbitofrontal cortex (OFC). These results disassociate the frontal subregions based on their dynamics, and suggest a temporal hierarchy for cognitive control in human cortex. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.12352.001 The brain adapts to control our behavior in different ways depending on the specific situation, which is particularly useful when deciding how to interpret conflicting sets of information. The 'Stroop task' is a classic demonstration of this process. In this task, individuals are shown words where the color and the meaning of the text conflict – for example, the word 'green' is written in blue. When asked what the color of the text is, individuals must suppress the instinct to read the word. This causes them to make more mistakes and take longer to decide on an answer than when they perform the same task using words that have no conflict (for example, when “red” is written in red). Previous work has suggested that several regions within part of the brain called the frontal cortex play a role in this cognitive control process. However, the relative contributions of each of these regions, and the order in which they are activated, remain unclear. This is in part due to the fact that accurately measuring the electrical activity of the frontal cortex requires implanting electrodes into the brain. Tang et al. took advantage of a rare opportunity to record this activity from a group of patients who had electrodes implanted in their frontal cortex to treat epilepsy. The electrical signals recorded by these electrodes as the subjects performed the Stroop task revealed that four regions in the frontal cortex altered their activity during trials where the color and the meaning of a word conflicted. These responses corresponded with the subject’s reaction time, changed depending on the exact nature of the task, and even reflected the subjects’ errors. These responses arose at different times in different regions, allowing Tang et al. to suggest how signals flow through the frontal cortex during cognitive control. In the future it will be important to further understand how the regions of the frontal cortex identified by Tang et al. interact with each other and to establish their roles in cognitive control. These observations could then be used to produce a theoretical framework that describes how the brain adapts behavior to different circumstances. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.12352.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanlin Tang
- Program in Biophysics, Harvard University, Boston, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Hsiang-Yu Yu
- Department of Neurology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Chen Chou
- Department of Neurology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Nathan E Crone
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
| | - Joseph R Madsen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - William S Anderson
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins Medical School, Baltimore, United States
| | - Gabriel Kreiman
- Program in Biophysics, Harvard University, Boston, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States.,Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Boston, United States
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Zeuner KE, Knutzen A, Granert O, Sablowsky S, Götz J, Wolff S, Jansen O, Dressler D, Schneider SA, Klein C, Deuschl G, van Eimeren T, Witt K. Altered brain activation in a reversal learning task unmasks adaptive changes in cognitive control in writer's cramp. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2015; 10:63-70. [PMID: 26702397 PMCID: PMC4669532 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2015.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Revised: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Previous receptor binding studies suggest dopamine function is altered in the basal ganglia circuitry in task-specific dystonia, a condition characterized by contraction of agonist and antagonist muscles while performing specific tasks. Dopamine plays a role in reward-based learning. Using fMRI, this study compared 31 right-handed writer's cramp patients to 35 controls in reward-based learning of a probabilistic reversal-learning task. All subjects chose between two stimuli and indicated their response with their left or right index finger. One stimulus response was rewarded 80%, the other 20%. After contingencies reversal, the second stimulus response was rewarded in 80%. We further linked the DRD2/ANKK1-TaqIa polymorphism, which is associated with 30% reduction of the striatal dopamine receptor density with reward-based learning and assumed impaired reversal learning in A + subjects. Feedback learning in patients was normal. Blood-oxygen level dependent (BOLD) signal in controls increased with negative feedback in the insula, rostral cingulate cortex, middle frontal gyrus and parietal cortex (pFWE < 0.05). In comparison to controls, patients showed greater increase in BOLD activity following negative feedback in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (BA32). The genetic status was not correlated with the BOLD activity. The Brodmann area 32 (BA32) is part of the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) that plays an important role in coordinating and integrating information to guide behavior and in reward-based learning. The dACC is connected with the basal ganglia-thalamo-loop modulated by dopaminergic signaling. This finding suggests disturbed integration of reinforcement history in decision making and implicate that the reward system might contribute to the pathogenesis in writer's cramp.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Arne Knutzen
- Department of Neurology, Kiel University, Germany
| | | | | | - Julia Götz
- Department of Neurology, Kiel University, Germany
| | - Stephan Wolff
- Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology, Kiel University, Germany
| | - Olav Jansen
- Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology, Kiel University, Germany
| | - Dirk Dressler
- Movement Disorders Section, Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Karsten Witt
- Department of Neurology, Kiel University, Germany
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Quan X, Ye TH, Lin SF, Zou L, Tian SY. Propofol Affects Different Human Brain Regions Depending on Depth of Sedation(△). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 30:135-42. [PMID: 26564411 DOI: 10.1016/s1001-9294(15)30037-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of propofol on brain regions at different sedation levels and the association between changes in brain region activity and loss of consciousness using blood oxygen level-dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging (BOLD-fMRI) and bispectral index (BIS) monitoring. METHODS Forty-eight participants were enrolled at Peking Union Medical College Hospital from October 2011 to March 2012 and randomly assigned to a mild or a deep sedation group using computer- generated random numbers. Preliminary tests were performed a week prior to scanning to determine target effect site concentrations based on BIS and concomitant Observer's Assessment of Alertness/Sedation scores while under propofol. Within one week of the preliminary tests where propofol dose-response was established, BOLD-fMRI was conducted to examine brain activation with the subject awake, and with propofol infusion at the sedation level. RESULTS Mild propofol sedation inhibited left inferior parietal lobe activation. Deep sedation inhibited activation of the left insula, left superior temporal gyrus, and right middle temporal gyrus. Compared with mild sedation, deep propofol sedation inhibited activation of the left thalamus, precentral gyrus, anterior cingulate, and right basal nuclei. CONCLUSION Mild and deep propofol sedation are associated with inhibition of different brain regions, possibly explaining differences in the respective loss of consciousness processes.
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Kamarajan C, Pandey AK, Chorlian DB, Manz N, Stimus AT, Bauer LO, Hesselbrock VM, Schuckit MA, Kuperman S, Kramer J, Porjesz B. Reward processing deficits and impulsivity in high-risk offspring of alcoholics: A study of event-related potentials during a monetary gambling task. Int J Psychophysiol 2015; 98:182-200. [PMID: 26388585 PMCID: PMC4898464 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2015.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Revised: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individuals at high risk to develop alcoholism often manifest neurocognitive deficits as well as increased impulsivity. The goal of the present study is to elucidate reward processing deficits, externalizing disorders, and impulsivity as elicited by electrophysiological, clinical and behavioral measures in subjects at high risk for alcoholism from families densely affected by alcoholism in the context of brain maturation across age groups and gender. METHODS Event-related potentials (ERPs) and current source density (CSD) during a monetary gambling task (MGT) were measured in 12-25 year old offspring (N=1864) of families in the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism (COGA) Prospective study; the high risk (HR, N=1569) subjects were from families densely affected with alcoholism and the low risk (LR, N=295) subjects were from community families. Externalizing disorders and impulsivity scores were also compared between LR and HR groups. RESULTS HR offspring from older (16-25 years) male and younger (12-15 years) female subgroups showed lower P3 amplitude than LR subjects. The amplitude decrement was most prominent in HR males during the loss condition. Overall, P3 amplitude increase at anterior sites and decrease at posterior areas were seen in older compared to younger subjects, suggesting frontalization during brain maturation. The HR subgroups also exhibited hypofrontality manifested as weaker CSD activity during both loss and gain conditions at frontal regions. Further, the HR subjects had higher impulsivity scores and increased prevalence of externalizing disorders. P3 amplitudes during the gain condition were negatively correlated with impulsivity scores. CONCLUSIONS Older male and younger female HR offspring, compared to their LR counterparts, manifested reward processing deficits as indexed by lower P3 amplitude and weaker CSD activity, along with higher prevalence of externalizing disorders and higher impulsivity scores. SIGNIFICANCE Reward related P3 is a valuable measure reflecting neurocognitive dysfunction in subjects at risk for alcoholism, as well as to characterize reward processing and brain maturation across gender and age group.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Niklas Manz
- SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | | | - Lance O Bauer
- University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
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Greater anterior cingulate activation and connectivity in response to visual and auditory high-calorie food cues in binge eating: Preliminary findings. Appetite 2015; 96:195-202. [PMID: 26275334 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2015.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Revised: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Obese individuals show altered neural responses to high-calorie food cues. Individuals with binge eating [BE], who exhibit heightened impulsivity and emotionality, may show a related but distinct pattern of irregular neural responses. However, few neuroimaging studies have compared BE and non-BE groups. To examine neural responses to food cues in BE, 10 women with BE and 10 women without BE (non-BE) who were matched for obesity (5 obese and 5 lean in each group) underwent fMRI scanning during presentation of visual (picture) and auditory (spoken word) cues representing high energy density (ED) foods, low-ED foods, and non-foods. We then compared regional brain activation in BE vs. non-BE groups for high-ED vs. low-ED foods. To explore differences in functional connectivity, we also compared psychophysiologic interactions [PPI] with dorsal anterior cingulate cortex [dACC] for BE vs. non-BE groups. Region of interest (ROI) analyses revealed that the BE group showed more activation than the non-BE group in the dACC, with no activation differences in the striatum or orbitofrontal cortex [OFC]. Exploratory PPI analyses revealed a trend towards greater functional connectivity with dACC in the insula, cerebellum, and supramarginal gyrus in the BE vs. non-BE group. Our results suggest that women with BE show hyper-responsivity in the dACC as well as increased coupling with other brain regions when presented with high-ED cues. These differences are independent of body weight, and appear to be associated with the BE phenotype.
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Abstract
Anxiety and obsessive compulsive disorders are among the earliest occurring psychopathology and may derive from atypical maturation of neural networks for error processing. Psychological models have alternately suggested that over-detection of errors, excessive caring about errors, or failure of errors to elicit regulatory control could associate with the expression of anxiety. In this review article, the potential relevance of error processing for anxiety and obsessive compulsive disorders is described in the context of neurophysiological and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) research demonstrating altered brain response to errors in pediatric and adult patients. Finally, hypotheses about developmentally sensitive mechanisms of anxiety and obsessive compulsive disorders are drawn from the extant literature, and avenues for clinical translation are discussed.
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Horowitz-Kraus T, Holland SK. Greater functional connectivity between reading and error-detection regions following training with the reading acceleration program in children with reading difficulties. ANNALS OF DYSLEXIA 2015; 65:1-23. [PMID: 25680742 DOI: 10.1007/s11881-015-0096-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The Reading Acceleration Program is a computerized program that improves reading and the activation of the error-detection mechanism in individuals with reading difficulty (RD) and typical readers (TRs). The current study aims to find the neural correlates for this effect in English-speaking 8-12-year-old children with RD and TRs using a functional connectivity analysis. Functional magnetic resonance imaging data were collected during a lexical decision task before and after 4 weeks of training with the program, together with reading and executive functions measures. Results indicated improvement in reading, visual attention, and speed of processing in children with RD. Following training, greater functional connectivity was observed between the left fusiform gyrus and the right anterior cingulate cortex in children with RD and between the left fusiform gyrus and the left anterior cingulate cortex in TRs. The change in functional connectivity after training was correlated with increased behavioral scores for word reading and visual attention in both groups. The results support previous findings of improved monitoring and mental lexicon after training with the Reading Acceleration Program in children with RD and TRs. The differences in laterality of the anterior cingulate cortex in children with RD and the presumable role of the cingulo-opercular control network in language processing are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzipi Horowitz-Kraus
- Pediatric Neuroimaging Research Consortium, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA,
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Moderating effect of working memory capacity on acute alcohol effects on BOLD response during inhibition and error monitoring in male heavy drinkers. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2015; 232:765-76. [PMID: 25127927 PMCID: PMC4310804 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-014-3711-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE While alcohol intoxication is known to increase disinhibited behavior, the degree to which disinhibition occurs appears to depend on a number of factors including executive functioning ability. However, the neural mechanisms by which individual differences in executive functioning lead to variable degrees of disinhibition remain unclear. OBJECTIVES The aim of the current study was to examine the neural mechanisms by which individual differences in working memory (WM) capacity moderate alcohol-induced disinhibition. METHODS Seventeen heavy-drinking males participated in a within-subjects design in which two sessions were completed: an alcohol session (.82 g/kg) and a control session. Participants completed a go/no-go task while undergoing functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) after ingestion of the control or alcohol beverage. WM capacity was measured using an operation span task. RESULTS Significant interactions of session and WM capacity emerged in contrasts examining successful response inhibition within superior temporal gyrus and unsuccessful inhibition in regions within the default mode network. In all cases, individuals with low WM capacity demonstrated a relative decrease in blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) response during the alcohol compared to control session, whereas the high-WM-capacity group demonstrated relative increases in BOLD response in the alcohol compared to control session. CONCLUSIONS Low WM capacity appears to be associated with decreased neural response to signals indicating a need for behavioral control, an effect that may lead to increased difficulty with inhibiting responses and increased negative consequences from alcohol intoxication.
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Murray RJ, Debbané M, Fox PT, Bzdok D, Eickhoff SB. Functional connectivity mapping of regions associated with self- and other-processing. Hum Brain Mapp 2014; 36:1304-24. [PMID: 25482016 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.22703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Revised: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroscience literature increasingly suggests a conceptual self composed of interacting neural regions, rather than independent local activations, yet such claims have yet to be investigated. We, thus, combined task-dependent meta-analytic connectivity modeling (MACM) with task-independent resting-state (RS) connectivity analysis to delineate the neural network of the self, across both states. Given psychological evidence implicating the self's interdependence on social information, we also delineated the neural network underlying conceptual other-processing. To elucidate the relation between the self-/other-networks and their function, we mined the MACM metadata to generate a cognitive-behavioral profile for an empirically identified region specific to conceptual self, the pregenual anterior cingulate (pACC), and conceptual other, posterior cingulate/precuneus (PCC/PC). Mining of 7,200 published, task-dependent, neuroimaging studies, using healthy human subjects, yielded 193 studies activating the self-related seed and were conjoined with RS connectivity analysis to delineate a differentiated self-network composed of the pACC (seed) and anterior insula, relative to other functional connectivity. Additionally, 106 studies activating the other-related seed were conjoined with RS connectivity analysis to delineate a differentiated other-network of PCC/PC (seed) and angular gyrus/temporoparietal junction, relative to self-functional connectivity. The self-network seed related to emotional conflict resolution and motivational processing, whereas the other-network seed related to socially oriented processing and contextual information integration. Notably, our findings revealed shared RS connectivity between ensuing self-/other-networks within the ventromedial prefrontal cortex and medial orbitofrontal cortex, suggesting self-updating via integration of self-relevant social information. We, therefore, present initial neurobiological evidence corroborating the increasing claims of an intricate self-network, the architecture of which may promote social value processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J Murray
- Developmental Clinical Psychology Research Unit, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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Abstract
Research on cognitive control and executive function has long recognized the relevance of motivational factors. Recently, however, the topic has come increasingly to center stage, with a surge of new studies examining the interface of motivation and cognitive control. In the present article we survey research situated at this interface, considering work from cognitive and social psychology and behavioral economics, but with a particular focus on neuroscience research. We organize existing findings into three core areas, considering them in the light of currently vying theoretical perspectives. Based on the accumulated evidence, we advocate for a view of control function that treats it as a domain of reward-based decision making. More broadly, we argue that neuroscientific evidence plays a critical role in understanding the mechanisms by which motivation and cognitive control interact. Opportunities for further cross-fertilization between behavioral and neuroscientific research are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Botvinick
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute and Department of Psychology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08540;
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Abstract
Cognitive neuroscience investigates neural responses to cognitive and emotional probes, an approach that has yielded critical insights into the neurobiological mechanisms of psychiatric disorders. This article reviews some of the major findings from neuroimaging studies using a cognitive neuroscience approach to investigate obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). It evaluates the consistency of results and interprets findings within the context of OCD symptoms, and proposes a model of OCD involving inflexibility of internally focused cognition. Although further research is needed, this body of work probing cognitive-emotional processes in OCD has already shed considerable light on the underlying mechanisms of the disorder.
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Macoveanu J, Fisher PM, Haahr ME, Frokjaer VG, Knudsen GM, Siebner HR. Effects of selective serotonin reuptake inhibition on neural activity related to risky decisions and monetary rewards in healthy males. Neuroimage 2014; 99:434-42. [PMID: 24857827 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) such as fluoxetine are commonly prescribed antidepressant drugs targeting the dysfunctional serotonin (5-HT) system, yet little is known about the functional effects of prolonged serotonin reuptake inhibition in healthy individuals. Here we used functional MRI (fMRI) to investigate how a three-week fluoxetine intervention influences neural activity related to risk taking and reward processing. Employing a double-blinded parallel-group design, 29 healthy young males were randomly assigned to receive 3 weeks of a daily dose of 40 mg fluoxetine or placebo. Participants underwent task-related fMRI prior to and after the three-week intervention while performing a card gambling task. The task required participants to choose between two decks of cards. Choices were associated with different risk levels and potential reward magnitudes. Relative to placebo, the SSRI intervention did not alter individual risk-choice preferences, but modified neural activity during decision-making and reward processing: During the choice phase, SSRI reduced the neural response to increasing risk in lateral orbitofrontal cortex, a key structure for value-based decision-making. During the outcome phase, a midbrain region showed an independent decrease in the responsiveness to rewarding outcomes. This midbrain cluster included the raphe nuclei from which serotonergic modulatory projections originate to both cortical and subcortical regions. The findings corroborate the involvement of the normally functioning 5HT-system in decision-making under risk and processing of monetary rewards. The data suggest that prolonged SSRI treatment might reduce emotional engagement by reducing the impact of risk during decision-making or the impact of reward during outcome evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Macoveanu
- Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Denmark; Center for Integrated Molecular Brain Imaging, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Patrick M Fisher
- Center for Integrated Molecular Brain Imaging, Copenhagen, Denmark; Neurobiology Research Unit, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mette E Haahr
- Center for Integrated Molecular Brain Imaging, Copenhagen, Denmark; Neurobiology Research Unit, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Vibe G Frokjaer
- Center for Integrated Molecular Brain Imaging, Copenhagen, Denmark; Neurobiology Research Unit, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gitte M Knudsen
- Center for Integrated Molecular Brain Imaging, Copenhagen, Denmark; Neurobiology Research Unit, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hartwig R Siebner
- Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Denmark; Center for Integrated Molecular Brain Imaging, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Moeller SJ, Konova AB, Parvaz MA, Tomasi D, Lane RD, Fort C, Goldstein RZ. Functional, structural, and emotional correlates of impaired insight in cocaine addiction. JAMA Psychiatry 2014; 71:61-70. [PMID: 24258223 PMCID: PMC4193926 DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.2833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Individuals with cocaine use disorder (CUD) have difficulty monitoring ongoing behavior, possibly stemming from dysfunction of brain regions mediating insight and self-awareness. OBJECTIVE To investigate the neural correlates of impaired insight in addiction using a combined functional magnetic resonance imaging and voxel-based morphometry approach. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This multimodal imaging study was performed at the Clinical Research Center at Brookhaven National Laboratory. The study included 33 CUD cases and 20 healthy controls. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Functional magnetic resonance imaging, voxel-based morphometry, Levels of Emotional Awareness Scale, and drug use variables. RESULTS Compared with the other 2 study groups, the impaired insight CUD group had lower error-induced rostral anterior cingulate cortex (rACC) activity as associated with more frequent cocaine use, less gray matter within the rACC, and lower Levels of Emotional Awareness Scale scores. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE These results point to rACC functional and structural abnormalities and diminished emotional awareness in a subpopulation of CUD cases characterized by impaired insight. Because the rACC has been implicated in appraising the affective and motivational significance of errors and other types of self-referential processing, functional and structural abnormalities in this region could result in lessened concern (frequently ascribed to minimization and denial) about behavioral outcomes that could potentially culminate in increased drug use. Treatments that target this CUD subgroup could focus on enhancing the salience of errors (eg, lapses).
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott J. Moeller
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Anna B. Konova
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029,Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794
| | - Muhammad A. Parvaz
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Dardo Tomasi
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Richard D. Lane
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Arizona, Tuscon, AZ 85724
| | - Carolyn Fort
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Arizona, Tuscon, AZ 85724
| | - Rita Z. Goldstein
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029,Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to: Rita Z. Goldstein, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1230, New York, NY 10029-6574; tel. (212) 659-8838; fax (212) 996-8931;
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MacKay DG, Johnson LW. Errors, error detection, error correction and hippocampal-region damage: Data and theories. Neuropsychologia 2013; 51:2633-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2013.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2013] [Revised: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 08/03/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Schenk LA, Sprenger C, Geuter S, Büchel C. Expectation requires treatment to boost pain relief: an fMRI study. Pain 2013; 155:150-157. [PMID: 24076046 DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2013.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2013] [Revised: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the effect of a possible interaction between topical analgesic treatment and treatment expectation on pain at the behavioral and neuronal level by combining topical lidocaine/prilocaine treatment with an expectancy manipulation in a 2 by 2 within-subject design (open treatment, hidden treatment, placebo, control). Thirty-two healthy subjects received heat pain stimuli on capsaicin-pretreated skin and rated their experienced pain during functional magnetic resonance imaging. This allowed us to separate drug- and expectancy-related effects at the behavioral and neuronal levels and to test whether they interact during the processing of painful stimuli. Pain ratings were reduced during active treatment and were associated with reduced activity in the anterior insular cortex. Pain ratings were lower in open treatment compared with hidden treatment and were related to reduced activity in the anterior insular cortex, the anterior cingulate cortex, the secondary somatosensory cortex, and the thalamus. Testing for an interaction revealed that the expectation effect was significantly larger in the active treatment conditions compared with the no-treatment conditions and was associated with signal changes in the anterior insular cortex, the anterior cingulate cortex, and the ventral striatum. In conclusion, this study shows that even in the case of a topical analgesic, expectation interacts with treatment at the level of pain ratings and neuronal responses in placebo-related brain regions. Our results are highly relevant in the clinical context as they show (i) that expectation can boost treatment and (ii) that expectation and treatment are not necessarily additive as assumed in placebo-controlled clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lieven A Schenk
- Department of Systems Neuroscience, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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The neural mechanism of encountering misjudgment by the justice system. PLoS One 2013; 8:e75434. [PMID: 24086531 PMCID: PMC3783387 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Although misjudgment is an issue of primary concern to the justice system and public safety, the response to misjudgment by the human brain remains unclear. We used fMRI to record neural activity in participants that encountered four possible judgments by the justice system with two basic components: whether the judgment was right or wrong [accuracy: right vs. wrong (misjudgment)] and whether the judgment was positive or negative [valence: positive vs. negative]. As hypothesized, the rostral ACC specifically processes the accuracy of judgment, being more active for misjudgment than for right judgment, while the striatum was uniquely responsible for the valence of judgment, being recruited to a larger extent by positive judgment compared to negative judgment. Furthermore, the activity in the rACC for positive misjudgments was positively correlated with that for negative misjudgments, which confirmed the misjudgment-specificity of the rACC. These results demonstrate that the brain can distinguish a misjudgment from a right judgment and regard a misjudgment as an emotionally arousing stimulus, independent of whether it is positive or negative, while positive judgment is considered as hedonic information, regardless of whether it is right or wrong. Our study is the first to reveal the neural mechanism that underlies judgment processing. This mechanism may constitute the basis of future studies to develop a novel marker for the detection of lies.
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