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Buchan MJ, Gothard G, Mahfooz K, van Rheede JJ, Avery SV, Vourvoukelis A, Demby A, Ellender TJ, Newey SE, Akerman CJ. Higher-order thalamocortical circuits are specified by embryonic cortical progenitor types in the mouse brain. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114157. [PMID: 38678557 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
The sensory cortex receives synaptic inputs from both first-order and higher-order thalamic nuclei. First-order inputs relay simple stimulus properties from the periphery, whereas higher-order inputs relay more complex response properties, provide contextual feedback, and modulate plasticity. Here, we reveal that a cortical neuron's higher-order input is determined by the type of progenitor from which it is derived during embryonic development. Within layer 4 (L4) of the mouse primary somatosensory cortex, neurons derived from intermediate progenitors receive stronger higher-order thalamic input and exhibit greater higher-order sensory responses. These effects result from differences in dendritic morphology and levels of the transcription factor Lhx2, which are specified by the L4 neuron's progenitor type. When this mechanism is disrupted, cortical circuits exhibit altered higher-order responses and sensory-evoked plasticity. Therefore, by following distinct trajectories, progenitor types generate diversity in thalamocortical circuitry and may provide a general mechanism for differentially routing information through the cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gemma Gothard
- Department of Pharmacology, Mansfield Road, OX1 3QT Oxford, UK
| | - Kashif Mahfooz
- Department of Pharmacology, Mansfield Road, OX1 3QT Oxford, UK
| | | | - Sophie V Avery
- Department of Pharmacology, Mansfield Road, OX1 3QT Oxford, UK
| | | | - Alexander Demby
- Department of Pharmacology, Mansfield Road, OX1 3QT Oxford, UK
| | - Tommas J Ellender
- Department of Pharmacology, Mansfield Road, OX1 3QT Oxford, UK; Experimental Neurobiology Unit, Universiteitsplein, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Sarah E Newey
- Department of Pharmacology, Mansfield Road, OX1 3QT Oxford, UK
| | - Colin J Akerman
- Department of Pharmacology, Mansfield Road, OX1 3QT Oxford, UK.
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2
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Stepien BK, Wielockx B. From Vessels to Neurons-The Role of Hypoxia Pathway Proteins in Embryonic Neurogenesis. Cells 2024; 13:621. [PMID: 38607059 PMCID: PMC11012138 DOI: 10.3390/cells13070621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Embryonic neurogenesis can be defined as a period of prenatal development during which divisions of neural stem and progenitor cells give rise to neurons. In the central nervous system of most mammals, including humans, the majority of neocortical neurogenesis occurs before birth. It is a highly spatiotemporally organized process whose perturbations lead to cortical malformations and dysfunctions underlying neurological and psychiatric pathologies, and in which oxygen availability plays a critical role. In case of deprived oxygen conditions, known as hypoxia, the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) signaling pathway is activated, resulting in the selective expression of a group of genes that regulate homeostatic adaptations, including cell differentiation and survival, metabolism and angiogenesis. While a physiological degree of hypoxia is essential for proper brain development, imbalanced oxygen levels can adversely affect this process, as observed in common obstetrical pathologies such as prematurity. This review comprehensively explores and discusses the current body of knowledge regarding the role of hypoxia and the HIF pathway in embryonic neurogenesis of the mammalian cortex. Additionally, it highlights existing gaps in our understanding, presents unanswered questions, and provides avenues for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara K. Stepien
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Ben Wielockx
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Experimental Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
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3
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Baur K, Carrillo-García C, Şan Ş, von Hahn M, Strelau J, Hölzl-Wenig G, Mandl C, Ciccolini F. Growth/differentiation factor 15 controls ependymal and stem cell number in the V-SVZ. Stem Cell Reports 2024; 19:351-365. [PMID: 38366596 PMCID: PMC10937156 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2024.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024] Open
Abstract
The expression of growth/differentiation factor (GDF) 15 increases in the ganglionic eminence (GE) late in neural development, especially in neural stem cells (NSCs). However, GDF15 function in this region remains unknown. We report that GDF15 receptor is expressed apically in the GE and that GDF15 ablation promotes proliferation and cell division in the embryonic GE and in the adult ventricular-subventricular zone (V-SVZ). This causes a transient generation of additional neuronal progenitors, compensated by cell death, and a lasting increase in the number of ependymal cells and apical NSCs. Finally, both GDF15 receptor and the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) were expressed in progenitors and mutation of GDF15 affected EGFR signaling. However, only exposure to exogenous GDF15, but not to EGF, normalized proliferation and the number of apical progenitors. Thus, GDF15 regulates proliferation of apical progenitors in the GE, thereby affecting the number of ependymal cells and NSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Baur
- Department of Neurobiology, Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences (IZN), University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 366, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Carmen Carrillo-García
- Department of Neurobiology, Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences (IZN), University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 366, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Şeydanur Şan
- Department of Neurobiology, Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences (IZN), University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 366, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Sorbonne University, 21 Rue de l'École de Médecine, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Manja von Hahn
- Department of Neurobiology, Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences (IZN), University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 366, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jens Strelau
- University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 307, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Gabriele Hölzl-Wenig
- Department of Neurobiology, Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences (IZN), University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 366, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Claudia Mandl
- Department of Neurobiology, Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences (IZN), University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 366, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Francesca Ciccolini
- Department of Neurobiology, Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences (IZN), University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 366, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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4
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Kurabayashi N, Fujii K, Otobe Y, Hiroki S, Hiratsuka M, Yoshitane H, Kazuki Y, Takao K. Neocortical neuronal production and maturation defects in the TcMAC21 mouse model of Down syndrome. iScience 2023; 26:108379. [PMID: 38025769 PMCID: PMC10679816 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) results from trisomy of human chromosome 21 (HSA21), and DS research has been conducted by the use of mouse models. We previously generated a humanized mouse model of DS, TcMAC21, which carries the long arm of HSA21. These mice exhibit learning and memory deficits, and may reproduce neurodevelopmental alterations observed in humans with DS. Here, we performed histologic studies of the TcMAC21 forebrain from embryonic to adult stages. The TcMAC21 neocortex showed reduced proliferation of neural progenitors and delayed neurogenesis. These abnormalities were associated with a smaller number of projection neurons and interneurons. Further, (phospho-)proteomic analysis of adult TcMAC21 cortex revealed alterations in the phosphorylation levels of a series of synaptic proteins. The TcMAC21 mouse model shows similar brain development abnormalities as DS, and will be a valuable model to investigate prenatal and postnatal causes of intellectual disability in humans with DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuhiro Kurabayashi
- Department of Behavioral Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Sugitani 2630, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
- Circadian Clock Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Kamikitazawa 2-1-6, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
- Research Center for Idling Brain Science, University of Toyama, Sugitani 2630, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Kazuki Fujii
- Department of Behavioral Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Sugitani 2630, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
- Research Center for Idling Brain Science, University of Toyama, Sugitani 2630, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Yuta Otobe
- Circadian Clock Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Kamikitazawa 2-1-6, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Shingo Hiroki
- Circadian Clock Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Kamikitazawa 2-1-6, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
| | - Masaharu Hiratsuka
- Department of Chromosome Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Science, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503, Japan
- Chromosome Engineering Research Center, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503, Japan
| | - Hikari Yoshitane
- Circadian Clock Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Kamikitazawa 2-1-6, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kazuki
- Department of Chromosome Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Science, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503, Japan
- Chromosome Engineering Research Center, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503, Japan
- Chromosome Engineering Research Group, The Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
| | - Keizo Takao
- Department of Behavioral Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Sugitani 2630, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
- Research Center for Idling Brain Science, University of Toyama, Sugitani 2630, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
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5
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Iegiani G, Ferraro A, Pallavicini G, Di Cunto F. The impact of TP53 activation and apoptosis in primary hereditary microcephaly. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1220010. [PMID: 37457016 PMCID: PMC10338886 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1220010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Autosomal recessive primary microcephaly (MCPH) is a constellation of disorders that share significant brain size reduction and mild to moderate intellectual disability, which may be accompanied by a large variety of more invalidating clinical signs. Extensive neural progenitor cells (NPC) proliferation and differentiation are essential to determine brain final size. Accordingly, the 30 MCPH loci mapped so far (MCPH1-MCPH30) encode for proteins involved in microtubule and spindle organization, centriole biogenesis, nuclear envelope, DNA replication and repair, underscoring that a wide variety of cellular processes is required for sustaining NPC expansion during development. Current models propose that altered balance between symmetric and asymmetric division, as well as premature differentiation, are the main mechanisms leading to MCPH. Although studies of cellular alterations in microcephaly models have constantly shown the co-existence of high DNA damage and apoptosis levels, these mechanisms are less considered as primary factors. In this review we highlight how the molecular and cellular events produced by mutation of the majority of MCPH genes may converge on apoptotic death of NPCs and neurons, via TP53 activation. We propose that these mechanisms should be more carefully considered in the alterations of the sophisticated equilibrium between proliferation, differentiation and death produced by MCPH gene mutations. In consideration of the potential druggability of cell apoptotic pathways, a better understanding of their role in MCPH may significantly facilitate the development of translational approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Iegiani
- Department of Neuroscience ‘Rita Levi Montalcini’, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, Turin, Italy
| | - Alessia Ferraro
- Department of Neuroscience ‘Rita Levi Montalcini’, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, Turin, Italy
| | - Gianmarco Pallavicini
- Department of Neuroscience ‘Rita Levi Montalcini’, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, Turin, Italy
| | - Ferdinando Di Cunto
- Department of Neuroscience ‘Rita Levi Montalcini’, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, Turin, Italy
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6
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Krivega M, Stiefel CM, Storchova Z. Consequences of chromosome gain: A new view on trisomy syndromes. Am J Hum Genet 2022; 109:2126-2140. [PMID: 36459979 PMCID: PMC9808507 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2022.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromosome gains are detrimental for the development of the human embryo. As such, autosomal trisomies almost always result in spontaneous abortion, and the rare embryos surviving until live birth suffer from a plethora of pathological defects. There is no treatment currently available to ameliorate the consequences of trisomies, such as Down syndrome (trisomy of chromosome 21). Identifying the source of the phenotypes observed in cells with extra chromosomes is crucial for understanding the underlying molecular causes of trisomy syndromes. Although increased expression of the genes localized on the extra chromosome triggers several pathological phenotypes, an alternative model suggests that global, aneuploidy-associated changes in cellular physiology also contribute to the pathology. Here, we compare the molecular consequences of trisomy syndromes in vivo against engineered cell lines carrying various chromosome gains in vitro. We point out several phenotypes that are shared by variable trisomies and, therefore, might be caused by the presence of an extra chromosome per se, independent of its identity. This alternative view may provide useful insights for understanding Down syndrome pathology and open additional opportunities for diagnostics and treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Krivega
- Reproduction Genetics, Department of Endocrinology and Infertility Disorders, Women Hospital, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 440, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Clara M Stiefel
- Department of Radiation Oncology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Zuzana Storchova
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biology, TU Kaiserslautern, Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 24, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
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7
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Li Z, Klein JA, Rampam S, Kurzion R, Campbell NB, Patel Y, Haydar TF, Zeldich E. Asynchronous excitatory neuron development in an isogenic cortical spheroid model of Down syndrome. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:932384. [PMID: 36161168 PMCID: PMC9504873 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.932384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The intellectual disability (ID) in Down syndrome (DS) is thought to result from a variety of developmental deficits such as alterations in neural progenitor division, neurogenesis, gliogenesis, cortical architecture, and reduced cortical volume. However, the molecular processes underlying these neurodevelopmental changes are still elusive, preventing an understanding of the mechanistic basis of ID in DS. In this study, we used a pair of isogenic (trisomic and euploid) induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) lines to generate cortical spheroids (CS) that model the impact of trisomy 21 on brain development. Cortical spheroids contain neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes and they are widely used to approximate early neurodevelopment. Using single cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq), we uncovered cell type-specific transcriptomic changes in the trisomic CS. In particular, we found that excitatory neuron populations were most affected and that a specific population of cells with a transcriptomic profile resembling layer IV cortical neurons displayed the most profound divergence in developmental trajectory between trisomic and euploid genotypes. We also identified candidate genes potentially driving the developmental asynchrony between trisomic and euploid excitatory neurons. Direct comparison between the current isogenic CS scRNA-seq data and previously published datasets revealed several recurring differentially expressed genes between DS and control samples. Altogether, our study highlights the power and importance of cell type-specific analyses within a defined genetic background, coupled with broader examination of mixed samples, to comprehensively evaluate cellular phenotypes in the context of DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Li
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children’s National Hospital, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Jenny A. Klein
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children’s National Hospital, Washington, DC, United States
- Graduate Program for Neuroscience, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Sanjeev Rampam
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Ronni Kurzion
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
| | | | - Yesha Patel
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, United States
| | - Tarik F. Haydar
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children’s National Hospital, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Ella Zeldich
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
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8
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Klein JA, Haydar TF. Neurodevelopment in Down syndrome: Concordance in humans and models. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:941855. [PMID: 35910249 PMCID: PMC9334873 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.941855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Great strides have been made over the past 30 years in understanding the neurodevelopmental changes underlying the intellectual disability (ID) in Down syndrome (DS). Detailed studies of human tissue coupled with findings from rodent and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) model systems have uncovered the changes in neurogenesis, synaptic connectivity, and myelination that drive the anatomical and physiological changes resulting in the disability. However, there remain significant conflicting data between human studies and the models. To fully understand the development of ID in DS, these inconsistencies need to be reconciled. Here, we review the well documented neurodevelopmental phenotypes found in individuals with DS and examine the degree to which widely used models recapitulate these phenotypes. Resolving these areas of discord will further research on the molecular underpinnings and identify potential treatments to improve the independence and quality of life of people with DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny A. Klein
- Graduate Program for Neuroscience, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Tarik F. Haydar
- Children’s National Hospital, Center for Neuroscience Research, Washington, DC, United States
- Departments of Pediatrics, Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
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9
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Salamon I, Rasin MR. Evolution of the Neocortex Through RNA-Binding Proteins and Post-transcriptional Regulation. Front Neurosci 2022; 15:803107. [PMID: 35082597 PMCID: PMC8784817 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.803107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The human neocortex is undoubtedly considered a supreme accomplishment in mammalian evolution. It features a prenatally established six-layered structure which remains plastic to the myriad of changes throughout an organism’s lifetime. A fundamental feature of neocortical evolution and development is the abundance and diversity of the progenitor cell population and their neuronal and glial progeny. These evolutionary upgrades are partially enabled due to the progenitors’ higher proliferative capacity, compartmentalization of proliferative regions, and specification of neuronal temporal identities. The driving force of these processes may be explained by temporal molecular patterning, by which progenitors have intrinsic capacity to change their competence as neocortical neurogenesis proceeds. Thus, neurogenesis can be conceptualized along two timescales of progenitors’ capacity to (1) self-renew or differentiate into basal progenitors (BPs) or neurons or (2) specify their fate into distinct neuronal and glial subtypes which participate in the formation of six-layers. Neocortical development then proceeds through sequential phases of proliferation, differentiation, neuronal migration, and maturation. Temporal molecular patterning, therefore, relies on the precise regulation of spatiotemporal gene expression. An extensive transcriptional regulatory network is accompanied by post-transcriptional regulation that is frequently mediated by the regulatory interplay between RNA-binding proteins (RBPs). RBPs exhibit important roles in every step of mRNA life cycle in any system, from splicing, polyadenylation, editing, transport, stability, localization, to translation (protein synthesis). Here, we underscore the importance of RBP functions at multiple time-restricted steps of early neurogenesis, starting from the cell fate transition of transcriptionally primed cortical progenitors. A particular emphasis will be placed on RBPs with mostly conserved but also divergent evolutionary functions in neural progenitors across different species. RBPs, when considered in the context of the fascinating process of neocortical development, deserve to be main protagonists in the story of the evolution and development of the neocortex.
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10
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Meharena HS, Marco A, Dileep V, Lockshin ER, Akatsu GY, Mullahoo J, Watson LA, Ko T, Guerin LN, Abdurob F, Rengarajan S, Papanastasiou M, Jaffe JD, Tsai LH. Down-syndrome-induced senescence disrupts the nuclear architecture of neural progenitors. Cell Stem Cell 2022; 29:116-130.e7. [PMID: 34995493 PMCID: PMC8805993 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2021.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) is a genetic disorder driven by the triplication of chromosome 21 (T21) and characterized by a wide range of neurodevelopmental and physical disabilities. Transcriptomic analysis of tissue samples from individuals with DS has revealed that T21 induces a genome-wide transcriptional disruption. However, the consequences of T21 on the nuclear architecture and its interplay with the transcriptome remain unknown. In this study, we find that unlike human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), iPSC-derived neural progenitor cells (NPCs) exhibit genome-wide "chromosomal introversion," disruption of lamina-associated domains, and global chromatin accessibility changes in response to T21, consistent with the transcriptional and nuclear architecture changes characteristic of senescent cells. Treatment of T21-harboring NPCs with senolytic drugs alleviates the transcriptional, molecular, and cellular dysfunctions associated with DS. Our findings provide a mechanistic link between T21 and global transcriptional disruption and indicate that senescence-associated phenotypes may play a key role in the neurodevelopmental pathogenesis of DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiruy S. Meharena
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA,Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA,Correspondence: Hiruy Meharena (), Li-Huei Tsai () – Lead Contact
| | - Asaf Marco
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA,Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Vishnu Dileep
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA,Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Elana R. Lockshin
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA,Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Grace Y. Akatsu
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA,Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - James Mullahoo
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - L. Ashley Watson
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA,Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Tak Ko
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Lindsey N. Guerin
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA,Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Fatema Abdurob
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA,Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Shruthi Rengarajan
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | | | - Jacob D. Jaffe
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Li-Huei Tsai
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA,Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA,Correspondence: Hiruy Meharena (), Li-Huei Tsai () – Lead Contact
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11
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Abstract
In this review, Phan et al. discuss the different models that have been proposed to explain how centrosome dysfunction impairs cortical development, and review the evidence supporting a unified model in which centrosome defects reduce cell proliferation in the developing cortex by prolonging mitosis and activating a mitotic surveillance pathway. Last, they also extend their discussion to centrosome-independent microcephaly mutations, such as those involved in DNA replication and repair Primary microcephaly is a brain growth disorder characterized by a severe reduction of brain size and thinning of the cerebral cortex. Many primary microcephaly mutations occur in genes that encode centrosome proteins, highlighting an important role for centrosomes in cortical development. Centrosomes are microtubule organizing centers that participate in several processes, including controlling polarity, catalyzing spindle assembly in mitosis, and building primary cilia. Understanding which of these processes are altered and how these disruptions contribute to microcephaly pathogenesis is a central unresolved question. In this review, we revisit the different models that have been proposed to explain how centrosome dysfunction impairs cortical development. We review the evidence supporting a unified model in which centrosome defects reduce cell proliferation in the developing cortex by prolonging mitosis and activating a mitotic surveillance pathway. Finally, we also extend our discussion to centrosome-independent microcephaly mutations, such as those involved in DNA replication and repair.
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12
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Knowles R, Dehorter N, Ellender T. From Progenitors to Progeny: Shaping Striatal Circuit Development and Function. J Neurosci 2021; 41:9483-9502. [PMID: 34789560 PMCID: PMC8612473 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0620-21.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding how neurons of the striatum are formed and integrate into complex synaptic circuits is essential to provide insight into striatal function in health and disease. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of the development of striatal neurons and associated circuits with a focus on their embryonic origin. Specifically, we address the role of distinct types of embryonic progenitors, found in the proliferative zones of the ganglionic eminences in the ventral telencephalon, in the generation of diverse striatal interneurons and projection neurons. Indeed, recent evidence would suggest that embryonic progenitor origin dictates key characteristics of postnatal cells, including their neurochemical content, their location within striatum, and their long-range synaptic inputs. We also integrate recent observations regarding embryonic progenitors in cortical and other regions and discuss how this might inform future research on the ganglionic eminences. Last, we examine how embryonic progenitor dysfunction can alter striatal formation, as exemplified in Huntington's disease and autism spectrum disorder, and how increased understanding of embryonic progenitors can have significant implications for future research directions and the development of improved therapeutic options.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT This review highlights recently defined novel roles for embryonic progenitor cells in shaping the functional properties of both projection neurons and interneurons of the striatum. It outlines the developmental mechanisms that guide neuronal development from progenitors in the embryonic ganglionic eminences to progeny in the striatum. Where questions remain open, we integrate observations from cortex and other regions to present possible avenues for future research. Last, we provide a progenitor-centric perspective onto both Huntington's disease and autism spectrum disorder. We suggest that future investigations and manipulations of embryonic progenitor cells in both research and clinical settings will likely require careful consideration of their great intrinsic diversity and neurogenic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhys Knowles
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra 2601, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Nathalie Dehorter
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra 2601, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Tommas Ellender
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QT, United Kingdom
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
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13
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Yang L, Li Z, Liu G, Li X, Yang Z. Developmental Origins of Human Cortical Oligodendrocytes and Astrocytes. Neurosci Bull 2021; 38:47-68. [PMID: 34374948 PMCID: PMC8783027 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-021-00759-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cortical radial glial cells are primary neural stem cells that give rise to cortical glutaminergic projection pyramidal neurons, glial cells (oligodendrocytes and astrocytes) and olfactory bulb GABAergic interneurons. One of prominent features of the human cortex is enriched with glial cells, but there are major gaps in understanding how these glial cells are generated. Herein, by integrating analysis of published human cortical single-cell RNA-Seq datasets with our immunohistochemistical analyses, we show that around gestational week 18, EGFR-expressing human cortical truncated radial glial cells (tRGs) give rise to basal multipotent intermediate progenitors (bMIPCs) that express EGFR, ASCL1, OLIG2 and OLIG1. These bMIPCs undergo several rounds of mitosis and generate cortical oligodendrocytes, astrocytes and olfactory bulb interneurons. We also characterized molecular features of the cortical tRG. Integration of our findings suggests a general picture of the lineage progression of cortical radial glial cells, a fundamental process of the developing human cerebral cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Institute for Translational Brain Research, and Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Zhenmeiyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Institute for Translational Brain Research, and Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Guoping Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Institute for Translational Brain Research, and Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xiaosu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Institute for Translational Brain Research, and Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Zhengang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Institute for Translational Brain Research, and Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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14
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Pinson A, Huttner WB. Neocortex expansion in development and evolution-from genes to progenitor cell biology. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2021; 73:9-18. [PMID: 34098196 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2021.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The evolutionary expansion of the neocortex, the seat of higher cognitive functions in humans, is primarily due to an increased and prolonged proliferation of neural progenitor cells during development. Basal progenitors, and in particular basal radial glial cells, are thought to have a key role in the increased generation of neurons that constitutes a foundation of neocortex expansion. Recent studies have identified primate-specific and human-specific genes and changes in gene expression that promote increased proliferative capacity of cortical progenitors. In many cases, the cell biological basis underlying this increase has been uncovered. Model systems such as mouse, ferret, nonhuman primates, and cerebral organoids have been used to establish the relevance of these genes for neocortex expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anneline Pinson
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Wieland B Huttner
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany.
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15
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Stepien BK, Vaid S, Huttner WB. Length of the Neurogenic Period-A Key Determinant for the Generation of Upper-Layer Neurons During Neocortex Development and Evolution. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:676911. [PMID: 34055808 PMCID: PMC8155536 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.676911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The neocortex, a six-layer neuronal brain structure that arose during the evolution of, and is unique to, mammals, is the seat of higher order brain functions responsible for human cognitive abilities. Despite its recent evolutionary origin, it shows a striking variability in size and folding complexity even among closely related mammalian species. In most mammals, cortical neurogenesis occurs prenatally, and its length correlates with the length of gestation. The evolutionary expansion of the neocortex, notably in human, is associated with an increase in the number of neurons, particularly within its upper layers. Various mechanisms have been proposed and investigated to explain the evolutionary enlargement of the human neocortex, focussing in particular on changes pertaining to neural progenitor types and their division modes, driven in part by the emergence of human-specific genes with novel functions. These led to an amplification of the progenitor pool size, which affects the rate and timing of neuron production. In addition, in early theoretical studies, another mechanism of neocortex expansion was proposed—the lengthening of the neurogenic period. A critical role of neurogenic period length in determining neocortical neuron number was subsequently supported by mathematical modeling studies. Recently, we have provided experimental evidence in rodents directly supporting the mechanism of extending neurogenesis to specifically increase the number of upper-layer cortical neurons. Moreover, our study examined the relationship between cortical neurogenesis and gestation, linking the extension of the neurogenic period to the maternal environment. As the exact nature of factors promoting neurogenic period prolongation, as well as the generalization of this mechanism for evolutionary distinct lineages, remain elusive, the directions for future studies are outlined and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara K Stepien
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Max Planck Society (MPG), Munich, Germany.,Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, School of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Samir Vaid
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Max Planck Society (MPG), Munich, Germany
| | - Wieland B Huttner
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Max Planck Society (MPG), Munich, Germany
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16
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van Heusden F, Macey-Dare A, Gordon J, Krajeski R, Sharott A, Ellender T. Diversity in striatal synaptic circuits arises from distinct embryonic progenitor pools in the ventral telencephalon. Cell Rep 2021; 35:109041. [PMID: 33910016 PMCID: PMC8097690 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Synaptic circuits in the brain are precisely organized, but the processes that govern this precision are poorly understood. Here, we explore how distinct embryonic neural progenitor pools in the lateral ganglionic eminence contribute to neuronal diversity and synaptic circuit connectivity in the mouse striatum. In utero labeling of Tα1-expressing apical intermediate progenitors (aIP), as well as other progenitors (OP), reveals that both progenitors generate direct and indirect pathway spiny projection neurons (SPNs) with similar electrophysiological and anatomical properties and are intermingled in medial striatum. Subsequent optogenetic circuit-mapping experiments demonstrate that progenitor origin significantly impacts long-range excitatory input strength, with medial prefrontal cortex preferentially driving aIP-derived SPNs and visual cortex preferentially driving OP-derived SPNs. In contrast, the strength of local inhibitory inputs among SPNs is controlled by birthdate rather than progenitor origin. Combined, these results demonstrate distinct roles for embryonic progenitor origin in shaping neuronal and circuit properties of the postnatal striatum. The Tα1 promoter distinguishes two embryonic progenitor pools in the LGE Both pools generate intermixed spiny projection neurons in dorsomedial striatum Excitatory cortical inputs are biased toward SPNs of different embryonic origin Neurogenic stage rather impacts local inhibitory connections among SPNs
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Affiliation(s)
- Fran van Heusden
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Anežka Macey-Dare
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Jack Gordon
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Rohan Krajeski
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QT, UK
| | | | - Tommas Ellender
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QT, UK.
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17
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Abstract
Mouse cortical radial glial cells (RGCs) are primary neural stem cells that give rise to cortical oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, and olfactory bulb (OB) GABAergic interneurons in late embryogenesis. There are fundamental gaps in understanding how these diverse cell subtypes are generated. Here, by combining single-cell RNA-Seq with intersectional lineage analyses, we show that beginning at around E16.5, neocortical RGCs start to generate ASCL1+EGFR+ apical multipotent intermediate progenitors (MIPCs), which then differentiate into basal MIPCs that express ASCL1, EGFR, OLIG2, and MKI67. These basal MIPCs undergo several rounds of divisions to generate most of the cortical oligodendrocytes and astrocytes and a subpopulation of OB interneurons. Finally, single-cell ATAC-Seq supported our model for the genetic logic underlying the specification and differentiation of cortical glial cells and OB interneurons. Taken together, this work reveals the process of cortical radial glial cell lineage progression and the developmental origins of cortical astrocytes and oligodendrocytes.
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18
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Li Z, Tyler WA, Zeldich E, Santpere Baró G, Okamoto M, Gao T, Li M, Sestan N, Haydar TF. Transcriptional priming as a conserved mechanism of lineage diversification in the developing mouse and human neocortex. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:6/45/eabd2068. [PMID: 33158872 PMCID: PMC7673705 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abd2068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
How the rich variety of neurons in the nervous system arises from neural stem cells is not well understood. Using single-cell RNA-sequencing and in vivo confirmation, we uncover previously unrecognized neural stem and progenitor cell diversity within the fetal mouse and human neocortex, including multiple types of radial glia and intermediate progenitors. We also observed that transcriptional priming underlies the diversification of a subset of ventricular radial glial cells in both species; genetic fate mapping confirms that the primed radial glial cells generate specific types of basal progenitors and neurons. The different precursor lineages therefore diversify streams of cell production in the developing murine and human neocortex. These data show that transcriptional priming is likely a conserved mechanism of mammalian neural precursor lineage specialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Li
- Department of Neuroscience and Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's Research Institute, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| | - William A Tyler
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's Research Institute, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ella Zeldich
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gabriel Santpere Baró
- Department of Neuroscience and Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Neurogenomics group, Research Programme on Biomedical Informatics (GRIB), Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), DCEXS, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mayumi Okamoto
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Aichi 466-8550, Japan
| | - Tianliuyun Gao
- Department of Neuroscience and Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Mingfeng Li
- Department of Neuroscience and Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Nenad Sestan
- Department of Neuroscience and Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Departments of Genetics, of Psychiatry and of Comparative Medicine, Program in Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration and Repair, Child Study Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Tarik F Haydar
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's Research Institute, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA.
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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19
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Llorca A, Marín O. Orchestrated freedom: new insights into cortical neurogenesis. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2020; 66:48-56. [PMID: 33096393 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2020.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In mammals, the construction of the cerebral cortex involves the coordinated output of large populations of apical progenitor cells. Cortical progenitor cells use intrinsic molecular programs and complex regulatory mechanisms to generate a large diversity of excitatory projection neurons in appropriate numbers. In this review, we summarize recent findings regarding the neurogenic behavior of cortical progenitors during neurogenesis. We describe alternative models explaining the generation of neuronal diversity among excitatory projection neurons and the role of intrinsic and extrinsic signals in the modulation of the individual output of apical progenitor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Llorca
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom; MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom
| | - Oscar Marín
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom; MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom.
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20
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Ramos SI, Makeyev EV, Salierno M, Kodama T, Kawakami Y, Sahara S. Tuba8 Drives Differentiation of Cortical Radial Glia into Apical Intermediate Progenitors by Tuning Modifications of Tubulin C Termini. Dev Cell 2020; 52:477-491.e8. [PMID: 32097653 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2020.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Most adult neurons and glia originate from radial glial progenitors (RGs), a type of stem cell typically extending from the apical to the basal side of the developing cortex. Precise regulation of the choice between RG self-renewal and differentiation is critical for normal development, but the mechanisms underlying this transition remain elusive. We show that the non-canonical tubulin Tuba8, transiently expressed in cortical progenitors, drives differentiation of RGs into apical intermediate progenitors, a more restricted progenitor type lacking attachment to the basal lamina. This effect depends on the unique C-terminal sequence of Tuba8 that antagonizes tubulin tyrosination and Δ2 cleavage, two post-translational modifications (PTMs) essential for RG fiber maintenance and the switch between direct and indirect neurogenesis and ultimately distinct neuronal lineage outcomes. Our work uncovers an instructive role of a developmentally regulated tubulin isotype in progenitor differentiation and provides new insights into biological functions of the cellular tubulin PTM "code."
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana I Ramos
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Eugene V Makeyev
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Marcelo Salierno
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Takashi Kodama
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Yasuhiko Kawakami
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, Stem Cell Institute, Developmental Biology Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Setsuko Sahara
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK; MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King's College London, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK.
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21
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A common rule governing differentiation kinetics of mouse cortical progenitors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:15221-15229. [PMID: 32546524 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1916665117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The balance between proliferation and differentiation of stem cells and progenitors determines the size of an adult brain region. While the molecular mechanisms regulating proliferation and differentiation of cortical progenitors have been intensively studied, an analysis of the kinetics of progenitor choice between self-renewal and differentiation in vivo is, due to the technical difficulties, still unknown. Here we established a descriptive mathematical model to estimate the probability of self-renewal or differentiation of cortical progenitor behaviors in vivo, a variable we have termed the expansion coefficient. We have applied the model, one which depends only on experimentally measured parameters, to the developing mouse cortex where the expansive neuroepithelial cells and neurogenic radial glial progenitors are coexisting. Surprisingly, we found that the expansion coefficients of both neuroepithelium cells and radial glial progenitors follow the same developmental trajectory during cortical development, suggesting a common rule governing self-renewal/differentiation behaviors in mouse cortical progenitor differentiation.
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22
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Hamburg S, Rosch R, Startin CM, Friston KJ, Strydom A. Dynamic Causal Modeling of the Relationship between Cognition and Theta-alpha Oscillations in Adults with Down Syndrome. Cereb Cortex 2020; 29:2279-2290. [PMID: 30877793 PMCID: PMC6458903 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhz043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 02/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Individuals with Down syndrome (DS) show high inter-subject variability in cognitive ability and have an ultra-high risk of developing dementia (90% lifetime prevalence). Elucidating factors underlying variability in cognitive function can inform us about intellectual disability (ID) and may improve our understanding of factors associated with later cognitive decline. Increased neuronal inhibition has been posited to contribute to ID in DS. Combining electroencephalography (EEG) with dynamic causal modeling (DCM) provides a non-invasive method for investigating excitatory/inhibitory mechanisms. Resting-state EEG recordings were obtained from 36 adults with DS with no evidence of cognitive decline. Theta–alpha activity (4–13 Hz) was characterized in relation to general cognitive ability (raw Kaufmann’s Brief Intelligence Test second Edition (KBIT-2) score). Higher KBIT-2 was associated with higher frontal alpha peak amplitude and higher theta–alpha band power across distributed regions. Modeling this association with DCM revealed intrinsic self-inhibition was the key network parameter underlying observed differences in 4–13 Hz power in relation to KBIT-2 and age. In particular, intrinsic self-inhibition in right V1 was negatively correlated with KBIT-2. Results suggest intrinsic self-inhibition within the alpha network is associated with individual differences in cognitive ability in adults with DS, and may provide a potential therapeutic target for cognitive enhancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Hamburg
- Division of Psychiatry, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, 149 Tottenham Court Road, London, UK.,Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Kings College London, London, UK.,The London Down Syndrome Consortium (LonDownS), London, UK
| | - Richard Rosch
- MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.,Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, University College London, 12 Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Carla Marie Startin
- Division of Psychiatry, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, 149 Tottenham Court Road, London, UK.,Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Kings College London, London, UK.,The London Down Syndrome Consortium (LonDownS), London, UK
| | - Karl John Friston
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, University College London, 12 Queen Square, London, UK
| | - André Strydom
- Division of Psychiatry, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, 149 Tottenham Court Road, London, UK.,Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Kings College London, London, UK.,The London Down Syndrome Consortium (LonDownS), London, UK
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23
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Guillamon-Vivancos T, Tyler WA, Medalla M, Chang WWE, Okamoto M, Haydar TF, Luebke JI. Distinct Neocortical Progenitor Lineages Fine-tune Neuronal Diversity in a Layer-specific Manner. Cereb Cortex 2020; 29:1121-1138. [PMID: 29415216 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhy019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
How the variety of neurons that organize into neocortical layers and functional areas arises is a central question in the study of cortical development. While both intrinsic and extrinsic cues are known to influence this process, whether distinct neuronal progenitor groups contribute to neuron diversity and allocation is poorly understood. Using in vivo genetic fate-mapping combined with whole-cell patch clamp recording, we show that the firing pattern and apical dendritic morphology of excitatory neurons in layer 4 of the barrel cortex are specified in part by their neural precursor lineage. Further, we show that separate precursors contribute to unique features of barrel cortex topography including the intralaminar position and thalamic innervation of the neurons they generate. Importantly, many of these lineage-specified characteristics are different from those previously measured for pyramidal neurons in layers 2-3 of the frontal cortex. Collectively, our data elucidate a dynamic temporal program in neuronal precursors that fine-tunes the properties of their progeny according to the lamina of destination.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - William A Tyler
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Maria Medalla
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Wayne Wei-En Chang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mayumi Okamoto
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tarik F Haydar
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jennifer I Luebke
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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24
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Yin C, Zhou X, Yao YG, Wang W, Wu Q, Wang X. Abundant Self-Amplifying Intermediate Progenitors in the Subventricular Zone of the Chinese Tree Shrew Neocortex. Cereb Cortex 2020; 30:3370-3380. [DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhz315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
During evolution, neural progenitor cells in the subventricular zone (SVZ) have fundamental functions, ranging from brain volume expansion to the generation of a six-layered neocortex. In lissencephalic animal models, such as rodents, the majority of neural progenitors in the SVZ are intermediate progenitor cells (IPCs). Most IPCs in rodents undergo neurogenic division, and only a small portion of them divide a very limited number of times to generate a few neurons. Meanwhile, in gyrencephalic animals, such as primates, IPCs are able to self-renew for up to five successive divisions. However, abundant IPCs with successive proliferative capacity have not been directly observed in nonprimate species. In this study, we examined the development of neural progenitors in the Chinese tree shrew (Tupaia belangeri chinensis), a lissencephalic animal with closer affinity than rodents to primates. We identified an expansion of the SVZ and the presence of outer radial glial (oRG) cells in the neocortex. We also found that IPCs have the capacity to self-amplify multiple times and therefore serve as major proliferative progenitors. To our knowledge, our study provides the first direct evidence of abundant IPCs with proliferative potential in a nonprimate species, further supporting the key role of IPCs in brain expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chonghai Yin
- School of Life Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Institute of Brain-Intelligence Technology (Shanghai), Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Xin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Institute of Brain-Intelligence Technology (Shanghai), Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Yong-Gang Yao
- Kunming Primate Research Center of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Institute of Brain-Intelligence Technology (Shanghai), Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Qian Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
- IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Xiaoqun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Institute of Brain-Intelligence Technology (Shanghai), Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing 100069, China
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25
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Qiu R, Murai K, Lu Q. Spindle Orientation-Independent Control of Cell Fate Determination by RGS3 and KIF20A. Cereb Cortex Commun 2020; 1:tgaa003. [PMID: 32864611 PMCID: PMC7446295 DOI: 10.1093/texcom/tgaa003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
It was proposed that similar to its role in the invertebrate nervous system, mitotic spindle orientation (or cell cleavage plane orientation) of a dividing neural progenitor cell specifies the fate of daughter cells in the mammalian brain, modulating the production of neurons via symmetric versus asymmetric cell divisions during the course of neurogenesis. Experimental tests of the sufficiency of spindle/cleavage plane orientation in mammalian cell fate determination have yielded conflicting results. On the other hand, the necessity of spindle/cleavage plane orientation in mammalian cell fate determination has not yet been addressed. Here we examined the necessity of spindle/cleavage plane orientation during cortical neurogenesis in mice with loss-of-function of the RGS3-KIF20A interaction axis. We present evidence that while inactivation of RGS3 or KIF20A was linked to a shift in neural progenitor cells from proliferative to differentiative divisions in the developing cortex, these genetic mutations did not lead to anticipated alteration in the orientation of spindle/cleavage plane. Our results indicate that the RGS3-KIF20A axis regulates the balance between proliferation and differentiation in the mammalian cortex employing a mechanism independent of spindle/cleavage plane orientation. These data also caution against using spindle/cleavage plane orientation as the synonym for cell fate determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runxiang Qiu
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Kiyohito Murai
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA.,Department of Macroscopic Anatomy, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Qiang Lu
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
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26
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Ellender TJ, Avery SV, Mahfooz K, Scaber J, von Klemperer A, Nixon SL, Buchan MJ, van Rheede JJ, Gatti A, Waites C, Pavlou HJ, Sims D, Newey SE, Akerman CJ. Embryonic progenitor pools generate diversity in fine-scale excitatory cortical subnetworks. Nat Commun 2019; 10:5224. [PMID: 31745093 PMCID: PMC6863870 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13206-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian neocortex is characterized by a variety of neuronal cell types and precise arrangements of synaptic connections, but the processes that generate this diversity are poorly understood. Here we examine how a pool of embryonic progenitor cells consisting of apical intermediate progenitors (aIPs) contribute to diversity within the upper layers of mouse cortex. In utero labeling combined with single-cell RNA-sequencing reveals that aIPs can generate transcriptionally defined glutamatergic cell types, when compared to neighboring neurons born from other embryonic progenitor pools. Whilst sharing layer-associated morphological and functional properties, simultaneous patch clamp recordings and optogenetic studies reveal that aIP-derived neurons exhibit systematic biases in both their intralaminar monosynaptic connectivity and the post-synaptic partners that they target within deeper layers of cortex. Multiple cortical progenitor pools therefore represent an important factor in establishing diversity amongst local and long-range fine-scale glutamatergic connectivity, which generates subnetworks for routing excitatory synaptic information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommas J Ellender
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Sophie V Avery
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Kashif Mahfooz
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Jakub Scaber
- MRC Computational Genomics Analysis and Training Programme (CGAT), MRC WIMM Centre for Computational Biology, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
| | | | - Sophie L Nixon
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Matthew J Buchan
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Joram J van Rheede
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Aleksandra Gatti
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Cameron Waites
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Hania J Pavlou
- MRC Computational Genomics Analysis and Training Programme (CGAT), MRC WIMM Centre for Computational Biology, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
| | - David Sims
- MRC Computational Genomics Analysis and Training Programme (CGAT), MRC WIMM Centre for Computational Biology, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Sarah E Newey
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Colin J Akerman
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3QT, UK.
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27
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Sobol M, Klar J, Laan L, Shahsavani M, Schuster J, Annerén G, Konzer A, Mi J, Bergquist J, Nordlund J, Hoeber J, Huss M, Falk A, Dahl N. Transcriptome and Proteome Profiling of Neural Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells from Individuals with Down Syndrome Disclose Dynamic Dysregulations of Key Pathways and Cellular Functions. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 56:7113-7127. [PMID: 30989628 PMCID: PMC6728280 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-1585-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) or trisomy 21 (T21) is a leading genetic cause of intellectual disability. To gain insights into dynamics of molecular perturbations during neurogenesis in DS, we established a model using induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) with transcriptome profiles comparable to that of normal fetal brain development. When applied on iPSCs with T21, transcriptome and proteome signatures at two stages of differentiation revealed strong temporal dynamics of dysregulated genes, proteins and pathways belonging to 11 major functional clusters. DNA replication, synaptic maturation and neuroactive clusters were disturbed at the early differentiation time point accompanied by a skewed transition from the neural progenitor cell stage and reduced cellular growth. With differentiation, growth factor and extracellular matrix, oxidative phosphorylation and glycolysis emerged as major perturbed clusters. Furthermore, we identified a marked dysregulation of a set of genes encoded by chromosome 21 including an early upregulation of the hub gene APP, supporting its role for disturbed neurogenesis, and the transcription factors OLIG1, OLIG2 and RUNX1, consistent with deficient myelination and neuronal differentiation. Taken together, our findings highlight novel sequential and differentiation-dependent dynamics of disturbed functions, pathways and elements in T21 neurogenesis, providing further insights into developmental abnormalities of the DS brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Sobol
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 815, SE-751 08, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Joakim Klar
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 815, SE-751 08, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Loora Laan
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 815, SE-751 08, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mansoureh Shahsavani
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet Solna, SE-171 65, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jens Schuster
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 815, SE-751 08, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Göran Annerén
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 815, SE-751 08, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anne Konzer
- Department of Chemistry - BMC, Analytical Chemistry, Uppsala University, Box 599, SE-751 24, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jia Mi
- Department of Chemistry - BMC, Analytical Chemistry, Uppsala University, Box 599, SE-751 24, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jonas Bergquist
- Department of Chemistry - BMC, Analytical Chemistry, Uppsala University, Box 599, SE-751 24, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jessica Nordlund
- Department of Medical Sciences and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 1432, SE-751 44, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jan Hoeber
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 815, SE-751 08, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mikael Huss
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, National Bioinformatics Infrastructure Sweden, Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm University, Box 1031, SE-171 21, Solna, Sweden
| | - Anna Falk
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet Solna, SE-171 65, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Niklas Dahl
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 815, SE-751 08, Uppsala, Sweden.
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28
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Down syndrome: Neurobiological alterations and therapeutic targets. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2019; 98:234-255. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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29
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Freret-Hodara B, Cui Y, Griveau A, Vigier L, Arai Y, Touboul J, Pierani A. Enhanced Abventricular Proliferation Compensates Cell Death in the Embryonic Cerebral Cortex. Cereb Cortex 2018; 27:4701-4718. [PMID: 27620979 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhw264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss of neurons in the neocortex is generally thought to result in a final reduction of cerebral volume. Yet, little is known on how the developing cerebral cortex copes with death of early-born neurons. Here, we tackled this issue by taking advantage of a transgenic mouse model in which, from early embryonic stages to mid-corticogenesis, abundant apoptosis is induced in the postmitotic compartment. Unexpectedly, the thickness of the mutant cortical plate at E18.5 was normal, due to an overproduction of upper layer neurons at E14.5. We developed and simulated a mathematical model to investigate theoretically the recovering capacity of the system and found that a minor increase in the probability of proliferative divisions of intermediate progenitors (IPs) is a powerful compensation lever. We confirmed experimentally that mutant mice showed an enhanced number of abventricular progenitors including basal radial glia-like cells and IPs. The latter displayed increased proliferation rate, sustained Pax6 expression and shorter cell cycle duration. Altogether, these results demonstrate the remarkable plasticity of neocortical progenitors to adapt to major embryonic insults via the modulation of abventricular divisions thereby ensuring the production of an appropriate number of neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betty Freret-Hodara
- Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS UMR 7592, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 15 Rue Hélène Brion , 75205Paris Cedex, France
| | - Yi Cui
- Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS UMR 7592, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 15 Rue Hélène Brion, 75205 Paris Cedex, France.,Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB)-Collège de France and INRIA Paris, EPI MYCENAE, 11, Place Marcelin Berthelot, 75005 Paris, France.,Ecole Doctorale Cerveau Cognition Comportement (ED3C, ED n°158), Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 7 Quai Saint Bernard, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Amélie Griveau
- Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS UMR 7592, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 15 Rue Hélène Brion , 75205Paris Cedex, France
| | - Lisa Vigier
- Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS UMR 7592, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 15 Rue Hélène Brion , 75205Paris Cedex, France
| | - Yoko Arai
- Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS UMR 7592, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 15 Rue Hélène Brion , 75205Paris Cedex, France
| | - Jonathan Touboul
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB)-Collège de France and INRIA Paris, EPI MYCENAE, 11, Place Marcelin Berthelot , 75005Paris, France
| | - Alessandra Pierani
- Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS UMR 7592, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 15 Rue Hélène Brion , 75205Paris Cedex, France
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30
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Agirman G, Broix L, Nguyen L. Cerebral cortex development: an outside‐in perspective. FEBS Lett 2017; 591:3978-3992. [DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gulistan Agirman
- GIGA‐Neurosciences Interdisciplinary Cluster for Applied Genoproteomics (GIGA‐R) Liège Belgium
| | - Loïc Broix
- GIGA‐Neurosciences Interdisciplinary Cluster for Applied Genoproteomics (GIGA‐R) Liège Belgium
| | - Laurent Nguyen
- GIGA‐Neurosciences Interdisciplinary Cluster for Applied Genoproteomics (GIGA‐R) Liège Belgium
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31
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Arai Y, Taverna E. Neural Progenitor Cell Polarity and Cortical Development. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:384. [PMID: 29259543 PMCID: PMC5723293 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurons populating the cerebral cortex are generated during embryonic development from neural stem and progenitor cells in a process called neurogenesis. Neural stem and progenitor cells are classified into several classes based on the different location of mitosis (apical or basal) and polarity features (bipolar, monopolar and non-polar). The polarized architecture of stem cells is linked to the asymmetric localization of proteins, mRNAs and organelles, such as the centrosome and the Golgi apparatus (GA). Polarity affects stem cell function and allows stem cells to integrate environmental cues from distinct niches in the developing cerebral cortex. The crucial role of polarity in neural stem and progenitor cells is highlighted by the fact that impairment of cell polarity is linked to neurodevelopmental disorders such as Down syndrome, Fragile X syndrome, autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Arai
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), Collège de France, CNRS UMR 7241/INSERM U1050, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Elena Taverna
- Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology (MPG), Leipzig, Germany
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32
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Popovitchenko T, Rasin MR. Transcriptional and Post-Transcriptional Mechanisms of the Development of Neocortical Lamination. Front Neuroanat 2017; 11:102. [PMID: 29170632 PMCID: PMC5684109 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2017.00102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The neocortex is a laminated brain structure that is the seat of higher cognitive capacity and responses, long-term memory, sensory and emotional functions, and voluntary motor behavior. Proper lamination requires that progenitor cells give rise to a neuron, that the immature neuron can migrate away from its mother cell and past other cells, and finally that the immature neuron can take its place and adopt a mature identity characterized by connectivity and gene expression; thus lamination proceeds through three steps: genesis, migration, and maturation. Each neocortical layer contains pyramidal neurons that share specific morphological and molecular characteristics that stem from their prenatal birth date. Transcription factors are dynamic proteins because of the cohort of downstream factors that they regulate. RNA-binding proteins are no less dynamic, and play important roles in every step of mRNA processing. Indeed, recent screens have uncovered post-transcriptional mechanisms as being integral regulatory mechanisms to neocortical development. Here, we summarize major aspects of neocortical laminar development, emphasizing transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms, with the aim of spurring increased understanding and study of its intricacies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Popovitchenko
- Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
| | - Mladen-Roko Rasin
- Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
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33
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Govindan S, Jabaudon D. Coupling progenitor and neuronal diversity in the developing neocortex. FEBS Lett 2017; 591:3960-3977. [PMID: 28895133 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The adult neocortex is composed of several types of glutamatergic neurons, which are sequentially born from progenitors during development. The extent and nature of progenitor diversity, and how it relates to neuronal diversity, is still poorly understood. In this review, we discuss key features of neocortical progenitors across several species, including their morphological properties, cell cycling behaviour and molecular signatures, and how these features relate to the competence of these cells to generate distinct types of progenies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Denis Jabaudon
- Department of Basic Neuroscience, University of Geneva, Switzerland
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34
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Falk S, Bugeon S, Ninkovic J, Pilz GA, Postiglione MP, Cremer H, Knoblich JA, Götz M. Time-Specific Effects of Spindle Positioning on Embryonic Progenitor Pool Composition and Adult Neural Stem Cell Seeding. Neuron 2017; 93:777-791.e3. [PMID: 28231465 PMCID: PMC5338691 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2017.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Revised: 11/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The developmental mechanisms regulating the number of adult neural stem cells (aNSCs) are largely unknown. Here we show that the cleavage plane orientation in murine embryonic radial glia cells (RGCs) regulates the number of aNSCs in the lateral ganglionic eminence (LGE). Randomizing spindle orientation in RGCs by overexpression of Insc or a dominant-negative form of Lgn (dnLgn) reduces the frequency of self-renewing asymmetric divisions while favoring symmetric divisions generating two SNPs. Importantly, these changes during embryonic development result in reduced seeding of aNSCs. Interestingly, no effects on aNSC numbers were observed when Insc was overexpressed in postnatal RGCs or aNSCs. These data suggest a new mechanism for controlling aNSC numbers and show that the role of spindle orientation during brain development is highly time and region dependent. Randomization of the spindle orientation changes the progenitor pool composition Overexpression of Insc or dnLgn reduces asymmetric self-renewing division of aRGCs The change in embryonic progenitor pool leads to reduced seeding of adult NSCs Insc influences the seeding of adult NSCs in a narrow developmental time window
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Falk
- Institute for Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Physiological Genomics, Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilian University Munich, 82152 Planegg/Munich, Germany
| | - Stéphane Bugeon
- Aix-Marseille Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, IBDM, UMR7288, 13284 Marseille, France
| | - Jovica Ninkovic
- Institute for Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Physiological Genomics, Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilian University Munich, 82152 Planegg/Munich, Germany
| | - Gregor-Alexander Pilz
- Institute for Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Maria Pia Postiglione
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Science (IMBA), 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Harold Cremer
- Aix-Marseille Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, IBDM, UMR7288, 13284 Marseille, France
| | - Jürgen A Knoblich
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Science (IMBA), 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Magdalena Götz
- Institute for Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Physiological Genomics, Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilian University Munich, 82152 Planegg/Munich, Germany; SYNERGY, Excellence Cluster of Systems Neurology, Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilian University Munich, 82152 Planegg/Munich, Germany.
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35
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Dillon GM, Tyler WA, Omuro KC, Kambouris J, Tyminski C, Henry S, Haydar TF, Beffert U, Ho A. CLASP2 Links Reelin to the Cytoskeleton during Neocortical Development. Neuron 2017; 93:1344-1358.e5. [PMID: 28285824 PMCID: PMC5405870 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2017.02.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Revised: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The Reelin signaling pathway plays a crucial role in regulating neocortical development. However, little is known about how Reelin controls the cytoskeleton during neuronal migration. Here, we identify CLASP2 as a key cytoskeletal effector in the Reelin signaling pathway. We demonstrate that CLASP2 has distinct roles during neocortical development regulating neuron production and controlling neuron migration, polarity, and morphogenesis. We found downregulation of CLASP2 in migrating neurons leads to mislocalized cells in deeper cortical layers, abnormal positioning of the centrosome-Golgi complex, and aberrant length/orientation of the leading process. We discovered that Reelin regulates several phosphorylation sites within the positively charged serine/arginine-rich region that constitute consensus GSK3β phosphorylation motifs of CLASP2. Furthermore, phosphorylation of CLASP2 regulates its interaction with the Reelin adaptor Dab1 and this association is required for CLASP2 effects on neurite extension and motility. Together, our data reveal that CLASP2 is an essential Reelin effector orchestrating cytoskeleton dynamics during brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory M Dillon
- Department of Biology, Boston University, 24 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - William A Tyler
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, 72 East Concord Street, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Kerilyn C Omuro
- Department of Biology, Boston University, 24 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - John Kambouris
- Department of Biology, Boston University, 24 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Camila Tyminski
- Department of Biology, Boston University, 24 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Shawna Henry
- Department of Biology, Boston University, 24 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Tarik F Haydar
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, 72 East Concord Street, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Uwe Beffert
- Department of Biology, Boston University, 24 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| | - Angela Ho
- Department of Biology, Boston University, 24 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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36
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Contestabile A, Magara S, Cancedda L. The GABAergic Hypothesis for Cognitive Disabilities in Down Syndrome. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:54. [PMID: 28326014 PMCID: PMC5339239 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) is a genetic disorder caused by the presence of a third copy of chromosome 21. DS affects multiple organs, but it invariably results in altered brain development and diverse degrees of intellectual disability. A large body of evidence has shown that synaptic deficits and memory impairment are largely determined by altered GABAergic signaling in trisomic mouse models of DS. These alterations arise during brain development while extending into adulthood, and include genesis of GABAergic neurons, variation of the inhibitory drive and modifications in the control of neural-network excitability. Accordingly, different pharmacological interventions targeting GABAergic signaling have proven promising preclinical approaches to rescue cognitive impairment in DS mouse models. In this review, we will discuss recent data regarding the complex scenario of GABAergic dysfunctions in the trisomic brain of DS mice and patients, and we will evaluate the state of current clinical research targeting GABAergic signaling in individuals with DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Contestabile
- Department of Neuroscience and Brain Technologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT) Genova, Italy
| | - Salvatore Magara
- Department of Neuroscience and Brain Technologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT) Genova, Italy
| | - Laura Cancedda
- Department of Neuroscience and Brain Technologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT)Genova, Italy; Dulbecco Telethon InstituteGenova, Italy
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37
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Dynamic behaviour of human neuroepithelial cells in the developing forebrain. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14167. [PMID: 28139695 PMCID: PMC5290330 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
To understand how diverse progenitor cells contribute to human neocortex development, we examined forebrain progenitor behaviour using timelapse imaging. Here we find that cell cycle dynamics of human neuroepithelial (NE) cells differ from radial glial (RG) cells in both primary tissue and in stem cell-derived organoids. NE cells undergoing proliferative, symmetric divisions retract their basal processes, and both daughter cells regrow a new process following cytokinesis. The mitotic retraction of the basal process is recapitulated by NE cells in cerebral organoids generated from human-induced pluripotent stem cells. In contrast, RG cells undergoing vertical cleavage retain their basal fibres throughout mitosis, both in primary tissue and in older organoids. Our findings highlight developmentally regulated changes in mitotic behaviour that may relate to the role of RG cells to provide a stable scaffold for neuronal migration, and suggest that the transition in mitotic dynamics can be studied in organoid models. The dynamics of progenitor cells in human neocortex development has not been studied directly. Here, the authors timelapse image human neuroepithelial (NE) and radial glial (RG) cells in embryonic brain slices and find properties of NE cells and RG that are mimicked in cerebral organoids.
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38
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Namba T, Huttner WB. Neural progenitor cells and their role in the development and evolutionary expansion of the neocortex. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2016; 6. [PMID: 27865053 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2016] [Revised: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The evolutionary expansion of the mammalian brain, notably the neocortex, provides a platform for the higher cognitive abilities that characterize humans. Cortical expansion is accompanied by increased folding of the pial surface, which gives rise to a gyrencephalic (folded) rather than lissencephalic (unfolded) neocortex. This expansion reflects the prolonged and increased proliferation of neural stem and progenitor cells (NPCs). Distinct classes of NPCs can be distinguished based on either cell biological criteria (apical progenitors [APs], basal progenitors [BPs]) or lineage (primary progenitors and secondary progenitors). Cortical expansion in development and evolution is linked to an increased abundance and proliferative capacity of BPs, notably basal radial glial cells, a recently characterized type of secondary progenitor derived from apical radial glial cells, the primary progenitors. To gain insight into the molecular basis underlying the prolonged and increased proliferation of NPCs and in particular BPs, comparative genomic and transcriptomic approaches, mostly for human versus mouse, have been employed and applied to specific NPC types and subpopulations. These have revealed two principal sets of molecular changes. One concerns differences in the expression of common genes between species with different degrees of cortical expansion. The other comprises human-specific genes or genomic regulatory sequences. Various systems that allow functional testing of these genomic and gene expression differences between species have emerged, including transient and stable transgenesis, genome editing, cerebral organoids, and organotypic slice cultures. These provide future avenues for uncovering the molecular basis of cortical expansion. WIREs Dev Biol 2017, 6:e256. doi: 10.1002/wdev.256 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Namba
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Wieland B Huttner
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
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Apical Polarization of SVCT2 in Apical Radial Glial Cells and Progenitors During Brain Development. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:5449-5467. [PMID: 27596508 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0081-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
During brain development, radial glial (RG) cells and the different progenitor subtypes are characterized by their bipolar morphology that includes an ovoid cell body and one or two radial processes that span across the developing cerebral wall. Different cells transport the reduced form of vitamin C, ascorbic acid (AA), using sodium-dependent ascorbic acid cotransporters (SVCT1 or SVCT2). SVCT2 is mainly expressed in the nervous system (CNS); however, its localization in the central nervous system during embryonic development along with the mechanism by which RG take up vitamin C and its intracellular effects is unknown. Thus, we sought to determine the expression and localization of SVCT2 during CNS development. SVCT2 is preferentially localized in the RG body at the ventricular edge of the cortex during the neurogenic stage (E12 to E17). The localization of SVCT2 overexpressed by in utero electroporation of E14 embryos is consistent with ventricular polarization. A similar distribution pattern was observed in human brain tissue sections at 9 weeks of gestation; however, SVCT2 immunoreaction was also detected in the inner and outer subventricular zone (SVZ). Finally, we used C17.2 neural stem cell line, J1ES cells and primary cell cultures derived from the brain cortex to analyze functional SVCT2 activity, AA effects in progenitor cells bipolar morphology, and SVCT2 expression levels in different culture conditions. Our results indicate that basal RG cells and apical intermediate and subapical progenitors are the main cell types expressing SVCT2 in the lissencephalic brain. SVCT2 was mainly detected in the apical region of the ventricular zone cells, contacting the cerebrospinal fluid. In gyrencephalic brains, SVCT2 was also detected in progenitor cells located in the inner and outer SVZ. Finally, we defined that AA has a strong radializing (bipolar morphology) effect in progenitor cells in culture and the differentiation condition modulates SVCT2 expression.
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40
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Guedj F, Pennings JLA, Massingham LJ, Wick HC, Siegel AE, Tantravahi U, Bianchi DW. An Integrated Human/Murine Transcriptome and Pathway Approach To Identify Prenatal Treatments For Down Syndrome. Sci Rep 2016; 6:32353. [PMID: 27586445 PMCID: PMC5009456 DOI: 10.1038/srep32353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Anatomical and functional brain abnormalities begin during fetal life in Down syndrome (DS). We hypothesize that novel prenatal treatments can be identified by targeting signaling pathways that are consistently perturbed in cell types/tissues obtained from human fetuses with DS and mouse embryos. We analyzed transcriptome data from fetuses with trisomy 21, age and sex-matched euploid controls, and embryonic day 15.5 forebrains from Ts1Cje, Ts65Dn, and Dp16 mice. The new datasets were compared to other publicly available datasets from humans with DS. We used the human Connectivity Map (CMap) database and created a murine adaptation to identify FDA-approved drugs that can rescue affected pathways. USP16 and TTC3 were dysregulated in all affected human cells and two mouse models. DS-associated pathway abnormalities were either the result of gene dosage specific effects or the consequence of a global cell stress response with activation of compensatory mechanisms. CMap analyses identified 56 molecules with high predictive scores to rescue abnormal gene expression in both species. Our novel integrated human/murine systems biology approach identified commonly dysregulated genes and pathways. This can help to prioritize therapeutic molecules on which to further test safety and efficacy. Additional studies in human cells are ongoing prior to pre-clinical prenatal treatment in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faycal Guedj
- Mother Infant Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center and the Floating Hospital for Children, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Jeroen LA Pennings
- Center for Health Protection (GZB), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Lauren J Massingham
- Mother Infant Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center and the Floating Hospital for Children, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Heather C Wick
- Department of Computer Science, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States
| | - Ashley E Siegel
- Mother Infant Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center and the Floating Hospital for Children, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Umadevi Tantravahi
- Department of Pathology, Women and Infants' Hospital, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Diana W Bianchi
- Mother Infant Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center and the Floating Hospital for Children, Boston, MA, United States
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41
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Betizeau M, Dehay C. From stem cells to comparative corticogenesis: a bridge too far? Stem Cell Investig 2016; 3:39. [PMID: 27668246 DOI: 10.21037/sci.2016.08.02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
It has been hypothesized that the higher number of neurons in human cortex compared to the chimpanzee and other primate species is key to high cognitive function. Are human cortical precursors endowed with specific properties that drive greater neuronal expansion than in other non-human primates? Otani et al. 2016 addressed this issue taking advantage of comparative in vitro corticogenesis models based on human, chimpanzee and macaque pluripotent stem cells. Clonal analysis revealed a heterochrony of early developmental events possibly leading to a relatively higher expansion of human cortical precursor population. In absence of evidence going beyond putative correlation, the claim that stem cell models of cortical development indicate mechanism of cortical size regulation needs to be further examined notably with respect to in vivo observations of cortical precursor lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Betizeau
- Institute of Neuroinformatics, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Colette Dehay
- Univ Lyon, Universite Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute U1208, 69500 Bron, France
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42
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Wilsch-Bräuninger M, Florio M, Huttner WB. Neocortex expansion in development and evolution — from cell biology to single genes. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2016; 39:122-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2016.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Abstract
Studies in humans with Down syndrome (DS) show that alterations in fetal brain development are followed by postnatal deficits in neuronal numbers, synaptic plasticity, and cognitive and motor function. This same progression is replicated in several mouse models of DS. Dp(16)1Yey/+ (hereafter called Dp16) is a recently developed mouse model of DS in which the entire region of mouse chromosome 16 that is homologous to human chromosome 21 has been triplicated. As such, Dp16 mice may more closely reproduce neurodevelopmental changes occurring in humans with DS. Here, we present the first comprehensive cellular and behavioral study of the Dp16 forebrain from embryonic to adult stages. Unexpectedly, our results demonstrate that Dp16 mice do not have prenatal brain defects previously reported in human fetal neocortex and in the developing forebrains of other mouse models, including microcephaly, reduced neurogenesis, and abnormal cell proliferation. Nevertheless, we found impairments in postnatal developmental milestones, fewer inhibitory forebrain neurons, and deficits in motor and cognitive performance in Dp16 mice. Therefore, although this new model does not express prenatal morphological phenotypes associated with DS, abnormalities in the postnatal period appear sufficient to produce significant cognitive deficits in Dp16.
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Olmos-Serrano JL, Kang HJ, Tyler WA, Silbereis JC, Cheng F, Zhu Y, Pletikos M, Jankovic-Rapan L, Cramer NP, Galdzicki Z, Goodliffe J, Peters A, Sethares C, Delalle I, Golden JA, Haydar TF, Sestan N. Down Syndrome Developmental Brain Transcriptome Reveals Defective Oligodendrocyte Differentiation and Myelination. Neuron 2016; 89:1208-1222. [PMID: 26924435 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2016.01.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Revised: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Trisomy 21, or Down syndrome (DS), is the most common genetic cause of developmental delay and intellectual disability. To gain insight into the underlying molecular and cellular pathogenesis, we conducted a multi-region transcriptome analysis of DS and euploid control brains spanning from mid-fetal development to adulthood. We found genome-wide alterations in the expression of a large number of genes, many of which exhibited temporal and spatial specificity and were associated with distinct biological processes. In particular, we uncovered co-dysregulation of genes associated with oligodendrocyte differentiation and myelination that were validated via cross-species comparison to Ts65Dn trisomy mice. Furthermore, we show that hypomyelination present in Ts65Dn mice is in part due to cell-autonomous effects of trisomy on oligodendrocyte differentiation and results in slower neocortical action potential transmission. Together, these results identify defects in white matter development and function in DS, and they provide a transcriptional framework for further investigating DS neuropathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Luis Olmos-Serrano
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hyo Jung Kang
- Department of Neuroscience and Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - William A Tyler
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - John C Silbereis
- Department of Neuroscience and Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Feng Cheng
- Department of Neuroscience and Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Ying Zhu
- Department of Neuroscience and Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Mihovil Pletikos
- Department of Neuroscience and Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Lucija Jankovic-Rapan
- Department of Neuroscience and Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Nathan P Cramer
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Genetics, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Zygmunt Galdzicki
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Genetics, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Joseph Goodliffe
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alan Peters
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Claire Sethares
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ivana Delalle
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Golden
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Tarik F Haydar
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Nenad Sestan
- Department of Neuroscience and Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Departments of Genetic and Psychiatry, Program in Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration and Repair, Section of Comparative Medicine and Child Study Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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45
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Pfeiffer M, Betizeau M, Waltispurger J, Pfister SS, Douglas RJ, Kennedy H, Dehay C. Unsupervised lineage-based characterization of primate precursors reveals high proliferative and morphological diversity in the OSVZ. J Comp Neurol 2016; 524:535-63. [PMID: 26053631 PMCID: PMC4758405 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Revised: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Generation of the primate cortex is characterized by the diversity of cortical precursors and the complexity of their lineage relationships. Recent studies have reported miscellaneous precursor types based on observer classification of cell biology features including morphology, stemness, and proliferative behavior. Here we use an unsupervised machine learning method for Hidden Markov Trees (HMTs), which can be applied to large datasets to classify precursors on the basis of morphology, cell-cycle length, and behavior during mitosis. The unbiased lineage analysis automatically identifies cell types by applying a lineage-based clustering and model-learning algorithm to a macaque corticogenesis dataset. The algorithmic results validate previously reported observer classification of precursor types and show numerous advantages: It predicts a higher diversity of progenitors and numerous potential transitions between precursor types. The HMT model can be initialized to learn a user-defined number of distinct classes of precursors. This makes it possible to 1) reveal as yet undetected precursor types in view of exploring the significant features of precursors with respect to specific cellular processes; and 2) explore specific lineage features. For example, most precursors in the experimental dataset exhibit bidirectional transitions. Constraining the directionality in the HMT model leads to a reduction in precursor diversity following multiple divisions, thereby suggesting that one impact of bidirectionality in corticogenesis is to maintain precursor diversity. In this way we show that unsupervised lineage analysis provides a valuable methodology for investigating fundamental features of corticogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Pfeiffer
- Institute of NeuroinformaticsUniversity of Zurich and ETH Zurich8057ZurichSwitzerland
| | - Marion Betizeau
- Stem Cell and Brain Research InstituteINSERM U84669500BronFrance
- University of LyonUniversity of Lyon I69003LyonFrance
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering (D‐BSSE)ETH Zurich4058BaselSwitzerland
| | - Julie Waltispurger
- Stem Cell and Brain Research InstituteINSERM U84669500BronFrance
- University of LyonUniversity of Lyon I69003LyonFrance
| | - Sabina Sara Pfister
- Institute of NeuroinformaticsUniversity of Zurich and ETH Zurich8057ZurichSwitzerland
- Stem Cell and Brain Research InstituteINSERM U84669500BronFrance
- University of LyonUniversity of Lyon I69003LyonFrance
| | - Rodney J. Douglas
- Institute of NeuroinformaticsUniversity of Zurich and ETH Zurich8057ZurichSwitzerland
| | - Henry Kennedy
- Stem Cell and Brain Research InstituteINSERM U84669500BronFrance
- University of LyonUniversity of Lyon I69003LyonFrance
| | - Colette Dehay
- Stem Cell and Brain Research InstituteINSERM U84669500BronFrance
- University of LyonUniversity of Lyon I69003LyonFrance
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Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) is a relatively common genetic condition caused by the triplication of human chromosome 21. No therapies currently exist for the rescue of neurocognitive impairment in DS. This review presents exciting findings showing that it is possible to restore brain development and cognitive performance in mouse models of DS with therapies that can also apply to humans. This knowledge provides a potential breakthrough for the prevention of intellectual disability in DS.
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47
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Ohtaka-Maruyama C, Okado H. Molecular Pathways Underlying Projection Neuron Production and Migration during Cerebral Cortical Development. Front Neurosci 2015; 9:447. [PMID: 26733777 PMCID: PMC4682034 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutamatergic neurons of the mammalian cerebral cortex originate from radial glia (RG) progenitors in the ventricular zone (VZ). During corticogenesis, neuroblasts migrate toward the pial surface using two different migration modes. One is multipolar (MP) migration with random directional movement, and the other is locomotion, which is a unidirectional movement guided by the RG fiber. After reaching their final destination, the neurons finalize their migration by terminal translocation, which is followed by maturation via dendrite extension to initiate synaptogenesis and thereby complete neural circuit formation. This switching of migration modes during cortical development is unique in mammals, which suggests that the RG-guided locomotion mode may contribute to the evolution of the mammalian neocortical 6-layer structure. Many factors have been reported to be involved in the regulation of this radial neuronal migration process. In general, the radial migration can be largely divided into four steps; (1) maintenance and departure from the VZ of neural progenitor cells, (2) MP migration and transition to bipolar cells, (3) RG-guided locomotion, and (4) terminal translocation and dendrite maturation. Among these, many different gene mutations or knockdown effects have resulted in failure of the MP to bipolar transition (step 2), suggesting that it is a critical step, particularly in radial migration. Moreover, this transition occurs at the subplate layer. In this review, we summarize recent advances in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying each of these steps. Finally, we discuss the evolutionary aspects of neuronal migration in corticogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiaki Ohtaka-Maruyama
- Neural Network Project, Department of Brain Development and Neural Regeneration, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science Tokyo, Japan
| | - Haruo Okado
- Neural Development Project, Department of Brain Development and Neural Regeneration, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science Tokyo, Japan
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48
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Asai H, Ikezu S, Tsunoda S, Medalla M, Luebke J, Haydar T, Wolozin B, Butovsky O, Kügler S, Ikezu T. Depletion of microglia and inhibition of exosome synthesis halt tau propagation. Nat Neurosci 2015; 18:1584-93. [PMID: 26436904 DOI: 10.1038/nn.4132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1094] [Impact Index Per Article: 121.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Accumulation of pathological tau protein is a major hallmark of Alzheimer's disease. Tau protein spreads from the entorhinal cortex to the hippocampal region early in the disease. Microglia, the primary phagocytes in the brain, are positively correlated with tau pathology, but their involvement in tau propagation is unknown. We developed an adeno-associated virus-based model exhibiting rapid tau propagation from the entorhinal cortex to the dentate gyrus in 4 weeks. We found that depleting microglia dramatically suppressed the propagation of tau and reduced excitability in the dentate gyrus in this mouse model. Moreover, we demonstrate that microglia spread tau via exosome secretion, and inhibiting exosome synthesis significantly reduced tau propagation in vitro and in vivo. These data suggest that microglia and exosomes contribute to the progression of tauopathy and that the exosome secretion pathway may be a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirohide Asai
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Seiko Ikezu
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Satoshi Tsunoda
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Maria Medalla
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jennifer Luebke
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Tarik Haydar
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Benjamin Wolozin
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Alzheimer's Disease Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Oleg Butovsky
- Department of Neurology, Center of Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sebastian Kügler
- Center of Nanoscale Microscopy and Physiology of the Brain at Department of Neurology, University Medicine Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tsuneya Ikezu
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Alzheimer's Disease Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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49
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Wong FK, Fei JF, Mora-Bermúdez F, Taverna E, Haffner C, Fu J, Anastassiadis K, Stewart AF, Huttner WB. Sustained Pax6 Expression Generates Primate-like Basal Radial Glia in Developing Mouse Neocortex. PLoS Biol 2015; 13:e1002217. [PMID: 26252244 PMCID: PMC4529158 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1002217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolutionary expansion of the neocortex in mammals has been linked to enlargement of the subventricular zone (SVZ) and increased proliferative capacity of basal progenitors (BPs), notably basal radial glia (bRG). The transcription factor Pax6 is known to be highly expressed in primate, but not mouse, BPs. Here, we demonstrate that sustaining Pax6 expression selectively in BP-genic apical radial glia (aRG) and their BP progeny of embryonic mouse neocortex suffices to induce primate-like progenitor behaviour. Specifically, we conditionally expressed Pax6 by in utero electroporation using a novel, Tis21–CreERT2 mouse line. This expression altered aRG cleavage plane orientation to promote bRG generation, increased cell-cycle re-entry of BPs, and ultimately increased upper-layer neuron production. Upper-layer neuron production was also increased in double-transgenic mouse embryos with sustained Pax6 expression in the neurogenic lineage. Strikingly, increased BPs existed not only in the SVZ but also in the intermediate zone of the neocortex of these double-transgenic mouse embryos. In mutant mouse embryos lacking functional Pax6, the proportion of bRG among BPs was reduced. Our data identify specific Pax6 effects in BPs and imply that sustaining this Pax6 function in BPs could be a key aspect of SVZ enlargement and, consequently, the evolutionary expansion of the neocortex. "Humanizing" the expression of the transcription factor Pax6 in cortical progenitors in the developing mouse brain is sufficient to endow these progenitors with a primate-like proliferative capacity. During development, neural progenitors generate all cells that make up the mammalian brain. Differences in brain size among the various mammalian species are attributed to differences in the abundance and proliferative capacity of a specific class of neural progenitors called basal progenitors. Among these, a specific progenitor type called basal radial glia is thought to have played an important role during evolution in the expansion of the neocortex, the part of the brain associated with higher cognitive functions like conscious thought and language. In the neocortex, the expression of the transcription factor Pax6 in basal progenitors is low in rodents, but high in primates, including humans. In this study, we aimed to mimic the elevated expression pattern of Pax6 seen in humans in basal progenitors of the embryonic mouse neocortex. To this end, we generated a novel, transgenic mouse line that allows sustained expression of the Pax6 gene in basal progenitors. This elevated expression resulted in an increase in the generation of basal radial glia, in the proliferative capacity of basal progenitors, and, ultimately, in the number of neurons produced. Our findings demonstrate that altering the expression of a single transcription factor from a mouse to a human-like pattern suffices to induce a primate-like proliferative behaviour in neural progenitors, which is thought to underlie the evolutionary expansion of the neocortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fong Kuan Wong
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ji-Feng Fei
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Elena Taverna
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Christiane Haffner
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jun Fu
- Biotechnology Center of the Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - A. Francis Stewart
- Biotechnology Center of the Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Wieland B. Huttner
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
- * E-mail:
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50
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De Juan Romero C, Borrell V. Coevolution of radial glial cells and the cerebral cortex. Glia 2015; 63:1303-19. [PMID: 25808466 PMCID: PMC5008138 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Radial glia cells play fundamental roles in the development of the cerebral cortex, acting both as the primary stem and progenitor cells, as well as the guides for neuronal migration and lamination. These critical functions of radial glia cells in cortical development have been discovered mostly during the last 15 years and, more recently, seminal studies have demonstrated the existence of a remarkable diversity of additional cortical progenitor cell types, including a variety of basal radial glia cells with key roles in cortical expansion and folding, both in ontogeny and phylogeny. In this review, we summarize the main cellular and molecular mechanisms known to be involved in cerebral cortex development in mouse, as the currently preferred animal model, and then compare these with known mechanisms in other vertebrates, both mammal and nonmammal, including human. This allows us to present a global picture of how radial glia cells and the cerebral cortex seem to have coevolved, from reptiles to primates, leading to the remarkable diversity of vertebrate cortical phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camino De Juan Romero
- Instituto De Neurociencias, Consejo Superior De Investigaciones Científicas & Universidad Miguel Hernández, Sant Joan D'alacant, Spain
| | - Víctor Borrell
- Instituto De Neurociencias, Consejo Superior De Investigaciones Científicas & Universidad Miguel Hernández, Sant Joan D'alacant, Spain
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