1
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Thor S. Indirect neurogenesis in space and time. Nat Rev Neurosci 2024; 25:519-534. [PMID: 38951687 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-024-00833-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
During central nervous system (CNS) development, neural progenitor cells (NPCs) generate neurons and glia in two different ways. In direct neurogenesis, daughter cells differentiate directly into neurons or glia, whereas in indirect neurogenesis, neurons or glia are generated after one or more daughter cell divisions. Intriguingly, indirect neurogenesis is not stochastically deployed and plays instructive roles during CNS development: increased generation of cells from specific lineages; increased generation of early or late-born cell types within a lineage; and increased cell diversification. Increased indirect neurogenesis might contribute to the anterior CNS expansion evident throughout the Bilateria and help to modify brain-region size without requiring increased NPC numbers or extended neurogenesis. Increased indirect neurogenesis could be an evolutionary driver of the gyrencephalic (that is, folded) cortex that emerged during mammalian evolution and might even have increased during hominid evolution. Thus, selection of indirect versus direct neurogenesis provides a powerful developmental and evolutionary instrument that drives not only the evolution of CNS complexity but also brain expansion and modulation of brain-region size, and thereby the evolution of increasingly advanced cognitive abilities. This Review describes indirect neurogenesis in several model species and humans, and highlights some of the molecular genetic mechanisms that control this important process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Thor
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia.
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2
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Cui Y, Rolova T, Fagerholm SC. The role of integrins in brain health and neurodegenerative diseases. Eur J Cell Biol 2024; 103:151441. [PMID: 39002282 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2024.151441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Integrins are heterodimeric membrane proteins expressed on the surface of most cells. They mediate adhesion and signaling processes relevant for a wealth of physiological processes, including nervous system development and function. Interestingly, integrins are also recognized therapeutic targets for inflammatory diseases, such as multiple sclerosis. Here, we discuss the role of integrins in brain development and function, as well as in neurodegenerative diseases affecting the brain (Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, stroke). Furthermore, we discuss therapeutic targeting of these adhesion receptors in inflammatory diseases of the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunhao Cui
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00790, Finland
| | - Taisia Rolova
- Neuroscience Center, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00290, Finland
| | - Susanna C Fagerholm
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00790, Finland.
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3
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Jones HE, Robertson GL, Romero-Morales A, O’Rourke R, Siegenthaler JA, Gama V. Leptomeningeal Neural Organoid (LMNO) Fusions as Models to Study Meninges-Brain Signaling. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-3694849. [PMID: 38168409 PMCID: PMC10760226 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3694849/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Neural organoids derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) provide a model to study the earliest stages of human brain development, including neurogenesis, neural differentiation, and synaptogenesis. However, neural organoids lack supportive tissues and some non-neural cell types that are key regulators of brain development. Neural organoids have instead been co-cultured with non-neural structures and cell types to promote their maturation and model interactions with neuronal cells. One structure that does not form de novo with neural organoids is the meninges, a tri-layered structure that surrounds the CNS and secretes key signaling molecules required for mammalian brain development. Most studies of meninges-brain signaling have been performed in mice or using two-dimensional (2D) cultures of human cells, the latter not recapitulating the architecture and cellular diversity of the tissue. To overcome this, we developed a co-culture system of neural organoids generated from human iPSCs fused with fetal leptomeninges from mice with fluorescently labeled meninges (Col1a1-GFP). These proof-of-concept studies test the stability of the different cell types in the leptomeninges (fibroblast and macrophage) and the fused brain organoid (progenitor and neuron), as well as the interface between the organoid and meningeal tissue. We test the longevity of the fusion pieces after 30 days and 60 days in culture, describe best practices for preparing the meninges sample prior to fusion, and examine the feasibility of single or multiple meninges pieces fused to a single organoid. We discuss potential uses of the current version of the LMNO fusion model and opportunities to improve the system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah E Jones
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Department of Pediatrics, Section of Developmental Biology, Aurora, CO 80045 USA
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Cell Biology, Stem Cells and Development Graduate Program, Aurora, CO 80045 USA
| | - Gabriella L Robertson
- Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Nashville, TN 37232 USA
| | - Alejandra Romero-Morales
- Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Nashville, TN 37232 USA
| | - Rebecca O’Rourke
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Department of Pediatrics, Section of Developmental Biology, Aurora, CO 80045 USA
| | - Julie A Siegenthaler
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Department of Pediatrics, Section of Developmental Biology, Aurora, CO 80045 USA
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Cell Biology, Stem Cells and Development Graduate Program, Aurora, CO 80045 USA
| | - Vivian Gama
- Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Nashville, TN 37232 USA
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4
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Jones HE, Robertson GL, Romero-Morales A, O’Rourke R, Siegenthaler JA, Gama V. Leptomeningeal Neural Organoid (LMNO) Fusions as Models to Study Meninges-Brain Signaling. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.12.01.569648. [PMID: 38077064 PMCID: PMC10705555 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.01.569648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Neural organoids derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) provide a model to study the earliest stages of human brain development, including neurogenesis, neural differentiation, and synaptogenesis. However, neural organoids lack supportive tissues and some non-neural cell types that are key regulators of brain development. Neural organoids have instead been co-cultured with non-neural structures and cell types to promote their maturation and model interactions with neuronal cells. One structure that does not form de novo with neural organoids is the meninges, a tri-layered structure that surrounds the CNS and secretes key signaling molecules required for mammalian brain development. Most studies of meninges-brain signaling have been performed in mice or using two-dimensional (2D) cultures of human cells, the latter not recapitulating the architecture and cellular diversity of the tissue. To overcome this, we developed a co-culture system of neural organoids generated from human iPSCs fused with fetal leptomeninges from mice with fluorescently labeled meninges (Col1a1-GFP). These proof-of-concept studies test the stability of the different cell types in the leptomeninges (fibroblast and macrophage) and the fused brain organoid (progenitor and neuron), as well as the interface between the organoid and meningeal tissue. We test the longevity of the fusion pieces after 30 days and 60 days in culture, describe best practices for preparing the meninges sample prior to fusion, and examine the feasibility of single or multiple meninges pieces fused to a single organoid. We discuss potential uses of the current version of the LMNO fusion model and opportunities to improve the system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah E Jones
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Department of Pediatrics, Section of Developmental Biology, Aurora, CO 80045 USA
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Cell Biology, Stem Cells and Development Graduate Program, Aurora, CO 80045 USA
| | - Gabriella L Robertson
- Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Nashville, TN 37232 USA
| | - Alejandra Romero-Morales
- Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Nashville, TN 37232 USA
| | - Rebecca O’Rourke
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Department of Pediatrics, Section of Developmental Biology, Aurora, CO 80045 USA
| | - Julie A Siegenthaler
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Department of Pediatrics, Section of Developmental Biology, Aurora, CO 80045 USA
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Cell Biology, Stem Cells and Development Graduate Program, Aurora, CO 80045 USA
| | - Vivian Gama
- Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Nashville, TN 37232 USA
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5
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Valamparamban GF, Spéder P. Homemade: building the structure of the neurogenic niche. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1275963. [PMID: 38107074 PMCID: PMC10722289 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1275963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Neural stem/progenitor cells live in an intricate cellular environment, the neurogenic niche, which supports their function and enables neurogenesis. The niche is made of a diversity of cell types, including neurons, glia and the vasculature, which are able to signal to and are structurally organised around neural stem/progenitor cells. While the focus has been on how individual cell types signal to and influence the behaviour of neural stem/progenitor cells, very little is actually known on how the niche is assembled during development from multiple cellular origins, and on the role of the resulting topology on these cells. This review proposes to draw a state-of-the art picture of this emerging field of research, with the aim to expose our knowledge on niche architecture and formation from different animal models (mouse, zebrafish and fruit fly). We will span its multiple aspects, from the existence and importance of local, adhesive interactions to the potential emergence of larger-scale topological properties through the careful assembly of diverse cellular and acellular components.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pauline Spéder
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3738, Structure and Signals in the Neurogenic Niche, Paris, France
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6
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Moffat A, Schuurmans C. The Control of Cortical Folding: Multiple Mechanisms, Multiple Models. Neuroscientist 2023:10738584231190839. [PMID: 37621149 DOI: 10.1177/10738584231190839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
The cerebral cortex develops through a carefully conscripted series of cellular and molecular events that culminate in the production of highly specialized neuronal and glial cells. During development, cortical neurons and glia acquire a precise cellular arrangement and architecture to support higher-order cognitive functioning. Decades of study using rodent models, naturally gyrencephalic animal models, human pathology specimens, and, recently, human cerebral organoids, reveal that rodents recapitulate some but not all the cellular and molecular features of human cortices. Whereas rodent cortices are smooth-surfaced or lissencephalic, larger mammals, including humans and nonhuman primates, have highly folded/gyrencephalic cortices that accommodate an expansion in neuronal mass and increase in surface area. Several genes have evolved to drive cortical gyrification, arising from gene duplications or de novo origins, or by alterations to the structure/function of ancestral genes or their gene regulatory regions. Primary cortical folds arise in stereotypical locations, prefigured by a molecular "blueprint" that is set up by several signaling pathways (e.g., Notch, Fgf, Wnt, PI3K, Shh) and influenced by the extracellular matrix. Mutations that affect neural progenitor cell proliferation and/or neurogenesis, predominantly of upper-layer neurons, perturb cortical gyrification. Below we review the molecular drivers of cortical folding and their roles in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Moffat
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Biological Sciences Platform, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Carol Schuurmans
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Biological Sciences Platform, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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7
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Stoufflet J, Tielens S, Nguyen L. Shaping the cerebral cortex by cellular crosstalk. Cell 2023; 186:2733-2747. [PMID: 37352835 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Abstract
The cerebral cortex is the brain's outermost layer. It is responsible for processing motor and sensory information that support high-level cognitive abilities and shape personality. Its development and functional organization strongly rely on cell communication that is established via an intricate system of diffusible signals and physical contacts during development. Interfering with this cellular crosstalk can cause neurodevelopmental disorders. Here, we review how crosstalk between migrating cells and their environment influences cerebral cortex development, ranging from neurogenesis to synaptogenesis and assembly of cortical circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Stoufflet
- Laboratory of Molecular Regulation of Neurogenesis, GIGA-Stem Cells and GIGA-Neurosciences, Interdisciplinary Cluster for Applied Genoproteomics (GIGA-R), University of Liège, CHU Sart Tilman, Liège 4000, Belgium
| | - Sylvia Tielens
- Laboratory of Molecular Regulation of Neurogenesis, GIGA-Stem Cells and GIGA-Neurosciences, Interdisciplinary Cluster for Applied Genoproteomics (GIGA-R), University of Liège, CHU Sart Tilman, Liège 4000, Belgium
| | - Laurent Nguyen
- Laboratory of Molecular Regulation of Neurogenesis, GIGA-Stem Cells and GIGA-Neurosciences, Interdisciplinary Cluster for Applied Genoproteomics (GIGA-R), University of Liège, CHU Sart Tilman, Liège 4000, Belgium; Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and Biotechnology (WELBIO), Wavres, Belgium.
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8
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Pilaz LJ, Liu J, Joshi K, Tsunekawa Y, Musso CM, D'Arcy BR, Suzuki IK, Alsina FC, Kc P, Sethi S, Vanderhaeghen P, Polleux F, Silver DL. Subcellular mRNA localization and local translation of Arhgap11a in radial glial progenitors regulates cortical development. Neuron 2023; 111:839-856.e5. [PMID: 36924763 PMCID: PMC10132781 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2023.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
mRNA localization and local translation enable exquisite spatial and temporal control of gene expression, particularly in polarized, elongated cells. These features are especially prominent in radial glial cells (RGCs), which are neural and glial precursors of the developing cerebral cortex and scaffolds for migrating neurons. Yet the mechanisms by which subcellular RGC compartments accomplish their diverse functions are poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that mRNA localization and local translation of the RhoGAP ARHGAP11A in the basal endfeet of RGCs control their morphology and mediate neuronal positioning. Arhgap11a transcript and protein exhibit conserved localization to RGC basal structures in mice and humans, conferred by the 5' UTR. Proper RGC morphology relies upon active Arhgap11a mRNA transport and localization to the basal endfeet, where ARHGAP11A is locally synthesized. This translation is essential for positioning interneurons at the basement membrane. Thus, local translation spatially and acutely activates Rho signaling in RGCs to compartmentalize neural progenitor functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis-Jan Pilaz
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Pediatrics and Rare Diseases Group, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD 57104, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, SD 57105, USA
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Kaumudi Joshi
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Yuji Tsunekawa
- Laboratory for Cell Asymmetry, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan
| | - Camila M Musso
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Brooke R D'Arcy
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Ikuo K Suzuki
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fernando C Alsina
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Pratiksha Kc
- Pediatrics and Rare Diseases Group, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD 57104, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, SD 57105, USA
| | - Sahil Sethi
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Pierre Vanderhaeghen
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences & Leuven Brain Institute, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Université Libre de Bruxelles (U.L.B.), Institut de Recherches en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire (IRIBHM), and ULB Neuroscience Institute (UNI), 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Franck Polleux
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, New York, NY 10027, USA; Kavli Institute for Brain Sciences, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Debra L Silver
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Departments of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Duke Institute for Brain Sciences and Duke Regeneration Center, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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9
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D’Arcy BR, Lennox AL, Manso Musso C, Bracher A, Escobar-Tomlienovich C, Perez-Sanchez S, Silver DL. Non-muscle myosins control radial glial basal endfeet to mediate interneuron organization. PLoS Biol 2023; 21:e3001926. [PMID: 36854011 PMCID: PMC9974137 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Radial glial cells (RGCs) are essential for the generation and organization of neurons in the cerebral cortex. RGCs have an elongated bipolar morphology with basal and apical endfeet that reside in distinct niches. Yet, how this subcellular compartmentalization of RGCs controls cortical development is largely unknown. Here, we employ in vivo proximity labeling, in the mouse, using unfused BirA to generate the first subcellular proteome of RGCs and uncover new principles governing local control of cortical development. We discover a cohort of proteins that are significantly enriched in RGC basal endfeet, with MYH9 and MYH10 among the most abundant. Myh9 and Myh10 transcripts also localize to endfeet with distinct temporal dynamics. Although they each encode isoforms of non-muscle myosin II heavy chain, Myh9 and Myh10 have drastically different requirements for RGC integrity. Myh9 loss from RGCs decreases branching complexity and causes endfoot protrusion through the basement membrane. In contrast, Myh10 controls endfoot adhesion, as mutants have unattached apical and basal endfeet. Finally, we show that Myh9- and Myh10-mediated regulation of RGC complexity and endfoot position non-cell autonomously controls interneuron number and organization in the marginal zone. Our study demonstrates the utility of in vivo proximity labeling for dissecting local control of complex systems and reveals new mechanisms for dictating RGC integrity and cortical architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke R. D’Arcy
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Ashley L. Lennox
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Camila Manso Musso
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Annalise Bracher
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Carla Escobar-Tomlienovich
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Stephany Perez-Sanchez
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Debra L. Silver
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Duke Institute for Brain Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Duke Regeneration Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
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10
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Massimo M, Long KR. Orchestrating human neocortex development across the scales; from micro to macro. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2022; 130:24-36. [PMID: 34583893 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
How our brains have developed to perform the many complex functions that make us human has long remained a question of great interest. Over the last few decades, many scientists from a wide range of fields have tried to answer this question by aiming to uncover the mechanisms that regulate the development of the human neocortex. They have approached this on different scales, focusing microscopically on individual cells all the way up to macroscopically imaging entire brains within living patients. In this review we will summarise these key findings and how they fit together.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Massimo
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom; MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom
| | - Katherine R Long
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom; MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom.
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11
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Lendahl U. 100 plus years of stem cell research-20 years of ISSCR. Stem Cell Reports 2022; 17:1248-1267. [PMID: 35705014 PMCID: PMC9213821 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2022.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The International Society for Stem Cell Research (ISSCR) celebrates its 20th anniversary in 2022. This review looks back at some of the key developments in stem cell research as well as the evolution of the ISSCR as part of that field. Important discoveries from stem cell research are described, and how the improved understanding of basic stem cell biology translates into new clinical therapies and insights into disease mechanisms is discussed. Finally, the birth and growth of ISSCR into a leading stem cell society and a respected voice for ethics, advocacy, education and policy in stem cell research are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urban Lendahl
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden.
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12
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Vogenstahl J, Parrilla M, Acker-Palmer A, Segarra M. Vascular Regulation of Developmental Neurogenesis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:890852. [PMID: 35573692 PMCID: PMC9099230 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.890852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Evolutionary studies indicate that the nervous system evolved prior to the vascular system, but the increasing complexity of organisms prompted the vascular system to emerge in order to meet the growing demand for oxygen and nutrient supply. In recent years, it has become apparent that the symbiotic communication between the nervous and the vascular systems goes beyond the exclusive covering of the demands on nutrients and oxygen carried by blood vessels. Indeed, this active interplay between both systems is crucial during the development of the central nervous system (CNS). Several neural-derived signals that initiate and regulate the vascularization of the CNS have been described, however less is known about the vascular signals that orchestrate the development of the CNS cytoarchitecture. Here, we focus on reviewing the effects of blood vessels in the process of neurogenesis during CNS development in vertebrates. In mammals, we describe the spatiotemporal features of vascular-driven neurogenesis in two brain regions that exhibit different neurogenic complexity in their germinal zone, the hindbrain and the forebrain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Vogenstahl
- Neuro and Vascular Guidance Group, Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS) and Institute of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Brain Research, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Marta Parrilla
- Neuro and Vascular Guidance Group, Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS) and Institute of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Amparo Acker-Palmer
- Neuro and Vascular Guidance Group, Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS) and Institute of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Brain Research, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- *Correspondence: Amparo Acker-Palmer, ; Marta Segarra,
| | - Marta Segarra
- Neuro and Vascular Guidance Group, Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS) and Institute of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- *Correspondence: Amparo Acker-Palmer, ; Marta Segarra,
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13
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Sokpor G, Brand-Saberi B, Nguyen HP, Tuoc T. Regulation of Cell Delamination During Cortical Neurodevelopment and Implication for Brain Disorders. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:824802. [PMID: 35281509 PMCID: PMC8904418 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.824802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cortical development is dependent on key processes that can influence apical progenitor cell division and progeny. Pivotal among such critical cellular processes is the intricate mechanism of cell delamination. This indispensable cell detachment process mainly entails the loss of apical anchorage, and subsequent migration of the mitotic derivatives of the highly polarized apical cortical progenitors. Such apical progenitor derivatives are responsible for the majority of cortical neurogenesis. Many factors, including transcriptional and epigenetic/chromatin regulators, are known to tightly control cell attachment and delamination tendency in the cortical neurepithelium. Activity of these molecular regulators principally coordinate morphogenetic cues to engender remodeling or disassembly of tethering cellular components and external cell adhesion molecules leading to exit of differentiating cells in the ventricular zone. Improper cell delamination is known to frequently impair progenitor cell fate commitment and neuronal migration, which can cause aberrant cortical cell number and organization known to be detrimental to the structure and function of the cerebral cortex. Indeed, some neurodevelopmental abnormalities, including Heterotopia, Schizophrenia, Hydrocephalus, Microcephaly, and Chudley-McCullough syndrome have been associated with cell attachment dysregulation in the developing mammalian cortex. This review sheds light on the concept of cell delamination, mechanistic (transcriptional and epigenetic regulation) nuances involved, and its importance for corticogenesis. Various neurodevelopmental disorders with defective (too much or too little) cell delamination as a notable etiological underpinning are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Godwin Sokpor
- Department of Human Genetics, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- Department of Anatomy and Molecular Embryology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- *Correspondence: Godwin Sokpor,
| | - Beate Brand-Saberi
- Department of Anatomy and Molecular Embryology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Huu Phuc Nguyen
- Department of Human Genetics, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Tran Tuoc
- Department of Human Genetics, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- Tran Tuoc,
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14
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Long KR, Huttner WB. The Role of the Extracellular Matrix in Neural Progenitor Cell Proliferation and Cortical Folding During Human Neocortex Development. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 15:804649. [PMID: 35140590 PMCID: PMC8818730 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.804649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular matrix (ECM) has long been known to regulate many aspects of neural development in many different species. However, the role of the ECM in the development of the human neocortex is not yet fully understood. In this review we discuss the role of the ECM in human neocortex development and the different model systems that can be used to investigate this. In particular, we will focus on how the ECM regulates human neural stem and progenitor cell proliferation and differentiation, how the ECM regulates the architecture of the developing human neocortex and the effect of mutations in ECM and ECM-associated genes in neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine R. Long
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Wieland B. Huttner
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
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15
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Niari SA, Rahbarghazi R, Geranmayeh MH, Karimipour M. Biomaterials patterning regulates neural stem cells fate and behavior: The interface of biology and material science. J Biomed Mater Res A 2021; 110:725-737. [PMID: 34751503 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.37321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The combination of nanotechnology and stem cell biology is one of the most promising advances in the field of regenerative medicine. This novel combination has widely been utilized in vitro settings in an attempt to develop efficient therapeutic strategies to overcome the limited capacity of the central nervous system (CNS) in replacing degenerating neural cells with functionally normal cells after the onset of acute and chronic neurological disorders. Importantly, biomaterials, not only, enhance the endogenous CNS neurogenesis and plasticity, but also, could provide a desirable supportive microenvironment to harness the full potential of the in vitro expanded neural stem cells (NSCs) for regenerative purposes. Here, first, we discuss how the physical and biochemical properties of biomaterials, such as their stiffness and elasticity, could influence the behavior of NSCs. Then, since the NSCs niche or microenvironment is of fundamental importance in controlling the dynamic destiny of NSCs such as their quiescent and proliferative states, topographical effects of surface diversity in biomaterials, that is, the micro-and nano-patterned surfaces will be discussed in detail. Finally, the influence of biomaterials as artificial microenvironments on the behavior of NSCs through the specific mechanotransduction signaling pathway mediated by focal adhesion formation will be reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabnam Asghari Niari
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Reza Rahbarghazi
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Applied Cell Sciences, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Geranmayeh
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Neurosciences Research Center (NSRC), Imam Reza Medical Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Karimipour
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Applied Cell Sciences, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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16
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Tsukada T, Sakata-Haga H, Shimada H, Shoji H, Hatta T. Mid-pregnancy maternal immune activation increases Pax6-positive and Tbr2-positive neural progenitor cells and causes integrated stress response in the fetal brain in a mouse model of maternal viral infection. IBRO Neurosci Rep 2021; 11:73-80. [PMID: 34409402 PMCID: PMC8363822 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibneur.2021.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal immune activation (MIA) in midpregnancy is a risk factor for neurodevelopmental disorders. Improper brain development may cause malformations of the brain; maldevelopment induced by MIA may lead to a pathology-related phenotype. In this study, a single intraperitoneal injection of 20 mg/kg polyriboinosinic–polyribocytidylic acid [poly(I:C)] was administered to C57BL/6J mice on embryonic day (E) 12.5 to mimic maternal viral infection. Histopathological analysis of neurogenesis was performed using markers for Pax6, Tbr2, and Tbr1. In these fetuses, significant increases were observed in the proportion of Pax6-positive neural progenitor cells and Pax6/Tbr2 double-positive cells 24 h after poly(I:C) injection. There were no differences in the proportion of Tbr1-positive postmitotic neurons 48 h after poly(I:C) injection. At E18.5, there were more Pax6-positive and Tbr2-positive neural progenitor cells in the poly(I:C)-injected group than in the saline-injected group. Gene ontology enrichment analysis of poly(I:C)-induced differentially expressed genes in the fetal brain at E12.5 demonstrated that these genes were enriched in terms including response to cytokine, response to decreased oxygen levels in the category of biological process. At E13.5, activating transcription factor 4 (Atf4), which is an effector of integrated stress response, was significantly upregulated in the fetal brain. Our results show that poly(I:C)-induced MIA at E12.5 leads to dysregulated neurogenesis and upregulates Atf4 in the fetal brain. These findings provide a new insight in the mechanism of MIA causing improper brain development and subsequent neurodevelopmental disorders. MIA increases Pax6-positive and Tbr2-positive neural progenitor cells. MIA impaired the process of neurogenesis from as early as the acute stage. MIA upregulated Atf4, an effector of integrated stress response, in the fetal brain.
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Key Words
- ASD, autism spectrum disorders
- Activating transcription factor 4
- Atf4, activating transcription factor 4
- CP, cortical plate
- DEG, differentially expressed gene
- ISR, integrated stress response
- Integrated stress response
- MIA, Maternal immune activation
- Maternal immune activation
- NPCs, neural progenitor cells
- Neurogenesis
- Polyriboinosinic–polyribocytidylic acid
- SVZ, subventricular zone
- UPR, unfolded protein response
- Unfolded protein response
- VZ, ventricular zone
- [polyI:C], polyriboinosinic–polyribocytidylic acid
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Tsukada
- Department of Anatomy, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan
- Corresponding author at: Department of Anatomy, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan.
| | - Hiromi Sakata-Haga
- Department of Anatomy, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan
| | - Hiroki Shimada
- Department of Medical Science, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan
| | - Hiroki Shoji
- Department of Biology, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan
| | - Toshihisa Hatta
- Department of Anatomy, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan
- Corresponding author.
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17
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Ravi K, Paidas MJ, Saad A, Jayakumar AR. Astrocytes in rare neurological conditions: Morphological and functional considerations. J Comp Neurol 2021; 529:2676-2705. [PMID: 33496339 DOI: 10.1002/cne.25118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytes are a population of central nervous system (CNS) cells with distinctive morphological and functional characteristics that differ within specific areas of the brain and are widely distributed throughout the CNS. There are mainly two types of astrocytes, protoplasmic and fibrous, which differ in morphologic appearance and location. Astrocytes are important cells of the CNS that not only provide structural support, but also modulate synaptic activity, regulate neuroinflammatory responses, maintain the blood-brain barrier, and supply energy to neurons. As a result, astrocytic disruption can lead to widespread detrimental effects and can contribute to the pathophysiology of several neurological conditions. The characteristics of astrocytes in more common neuropathologies such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease have significantly been described and continue to be widely studied. However, there still exist numerous rare neurological conditions in which astrocytic involvement is unknown and needs to be explored. Accordingly, this review will summarize functional and morphological changes of astrocytes in various rare neurological conditions based on current knowledge thus far and highlight remaining neuropathologies where astrocytic involvement has yet to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthik Ravi
- University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Michael J Paidas
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Ali Saad
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Arumugam R Jayakumar
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.,South Florida VA Foundation for Research and Education Inc, Miami, Florida, USA.,General Medical Research Neuropathology Section, R&D Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Centre, Miami, Florida, USA
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18
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Abstract
The mammalian cerebral cortex is the pinnacle of brain evolution, reaching its maximum complexity in terms of neuron number, diversity and functional circuitry. The emergence of this outstanding complexity begins during embryonic development, when a limited number of neural stem and progenitor cells manage to generate myriads of neurons in the appropriate numbers, types and proportions, in a process called neurogenesis. Here we review the current knowledge on the regulation of cortical neurogenesis, beginning with a description of the types of progenitor cells and their lineage relationships. This is followed by a review of the determinants of neuron fate, the molecular and genetic regulatory mechanisms, and considerations on the evolution of cortical neurogenesis in vertebrates leading to humans. We finish with an overview on how dysregulation of neurogenesis is a leading cause of human brain malformations and functional disabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Villalba
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas & Universidad Miguel Hernández, Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain
| | - Magdalena Götz
- Institute for Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München & Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians Universitaet, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Víctor Borrell
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas & Universidad Miguel Hernández, Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain.
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19
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Meyerink BL, Tiwari NK, Pilaz LJ. Ariadne's Thread in the Developing Cerebral Cortex: Mechanisms Enabling the Guiding Role of the Radial Glia Basal Process during Neuron Migration. Cells 2020; 10:E3. [PMID: 33375033 PMCID: PMC7822038 DOI: 10.3390/cells10010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Radial neuron migration in the developing cerebral cortex is a complex journey, starting in the germinal zones and ending in the cortical plate. In mice, migratory distances can reach several hundreds of microns, or millimeters in humans. Along the migratory path, radially migrating neurons slither through cellularly dense and complex territories before they reach their final destination in the cortical plate. This task is facilitated by radial glia, the neural stem cells of the developing cortex. Indeed, radial glia have a unique bipolar morphology, enabling them to serve as guides for neuronal migration. The key guiding structure of radial glia is the basal process, which traverses the entire thickness of the developing cortex. Neurons recognize the basal process as their guide and maintain physical interactions with this structure until the end of migration. Thus, the radial glia basal process plays a key role during radial migration. In this review, we highlight the pathways enabling neuron-basal process interactions during migration, as well as the known mechanisms regulating the morphology of the radial glia basal process. Throughout, we describe how dysregulation of these interactions and of basal process morphology can have profound effects on cortical development, and therefore lead to neurodevelopmental diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon L. Meyerink
- Pediatrics and Rare Diseases Group, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD 57104, USA; (B.L.M.); (N.K.T.)
- Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD 57069, USA
| | - Neeraj K. Tiwari
- Pediatrics and Rare Diseases Group, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD 57104, USA; (B.L.M.); (N.K.T.)
| | - Louis-Jan Pilaz
- Pediatrics and Rare Diseases Group, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD 57104, USA; (B.L.M.); (N.K.T.)
- Department of Pediatrics, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD 57069, USA
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20
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Amin S, Borrell V. The Extracellular Matrix in the Evolution of Cortical Development and Folding. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:604448. [PMID: 33344456 PMCID: PMC7744631 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.604448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The evolution of the mammalian cerebral cortex leading to humans involved a remarkable sophistication of developmental mechanisms. Specific adaptations of progenitor cell proliferation and neuronal migration mechanisms have been proposed to play major roles in this evolution of neocortical development. One of the central elements influencing neocortex development is the extracellular matrix (ECM). The ECM provides both a structural framework during tissue formation and to present signaling molecules to cells, which directly influences cell behavior and movement. Here we review recent advances in the understanding of the role of ECM molecules on progenitor cell proliferation and neuronal migration, and how these contribute to cerebral cortex expansion and folding. We discuss how transcriptomic studies in human, ferret and mouse identify components of ECM as being candidate key players in cortex expansion during development and evolution. Then we focus on recent functional studies showing that ECM components regulate cortical progenitor cell proliferation, neuron migration and the mechanical properties of the developing cortex. Finally, we discuss how these features differ between lissencephalic and gyrencephalic species, and how the molecular evolution of ECM components and their expression profiles may have been fundamental in the emergence and evolution of cortex folding across mammalian phylogeny.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Víctor Borrell
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Miguel Hernández, Sant Joan d’Alacant, Spain
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21
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Ferent J, Zaidi D, Francis F. Extracellular Control of Radial Glia Proliferation and Scaffolding During Cortical Development and Pathology. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:578341. [PMID: 33178693 PMCID: PMC7596222 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.578341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
During the development of the cortex, newly generated neurons migrate long-distances in the expanding tissue to reach their final positions. Pyramidal neurons are produced from dorsal progenitors, e.g., radial glia (RGs) in the ventricular zone, and then migrate along RG processes basally toward the cortex. These neurons are hence dependent upon RG extensions to support their migration from apical to basal regions. Several studies have investigated how intracellular determinants are required for RG polarity and subsequent formation and maintenance of their processes. Fewer studies have identified the influence of the extracellular environment on this architecture. This review will focus on extracellular factors which influence RG morphology and pyramidal neuronal migration during normal development and their perturbations in pathology. During cortical development, RGs are present in different strategic positions: apical RGs (aRGs) have their cell bodies located in the ventricular zone with an apical process contacting the ventricle, while they also have a basal process extending radially to reach the pial surface of the cortex. This particular conformation allows aRGs to be exposed to long range and short range signaling cues, whereas basal RGs (bRGs, also known as outer RGs, oRGs) have their cell bodies located throughout the cortical wall, limiting their access to ventricular factors. Long range signals impacting aRGs include secreted molecules present in the embryonic cerebrospinal fluid (e.g., Neuregulin, EGF, FGF, Wnt, BMP). Secreted molecules also contribute to the extracellular matrix (fibronectin, laminin, reelin). Classical short range factors include cell to cell signaling, adhesion molecules and mechano-transduction mechanisms (e.g., TAG1, Notch, cadherins, mechanical tension). Changes in one or several of these components influencing the RG extracellular environment can disrupt the development or maintenance of RG architecture on which neuronal migration relies, leading to a range of cortical malformations. First, we will detail the known long range signaling cues impacting RG. Then, we will review how short range cell contacts are also important to instruct the RG framework. Understanding how RG processes are structured by their environment to maintain and support radial migration is a critical part of the investigation of neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Ferent
- Inserm, U 1270, Paris, France.,Sorbonne University, UMR-S 1270, IFM, Paris, France.,Institut du Fer á Moulin, Paris, France
| | - Donia Zaidi
- Inserm, U 1270, Paris, France.,Sorbonne University, UMR-S 1270, IFM, Paris, France.,Institut du Fer á Moulin, Paris, France
| | - Fiona Francis
- Inserm, U 1270, Paris, France.,Sorbonne University, UMR-S 1270, IFM, Paris, France.,Institut du Fer á Moulin, Paris, France
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22
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Hao J, Kohler C, van den Dorpel H, Scholl HPN, Meyer P, Killer HE, Neutzner A. The extracellular matrix composition of the optic nerve subarachnoid space. Exp Eye Res 2020; 200:108250. [PMID: 32956686 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2020.108250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The meninges not only surround the brain and the spinal cord but also the optic nerve. Meningeal-derived extracellular matrix (ECM) is a crucial component of the pial basement membrane, glia limitans and important for maintenance of optic nerve axon integrity, homeostasis and retinal ganglion cell health. To get closer insight into optic nerve meningeal-derived ECM composition, we performed proteomic analysis of the sheep optic nerve subarachnoid space (SAS). Candidate components were confirmed in cultures of primary human meningothelial cells (phMECs) and human optic nerve samples. Sheep optic nerve SAS samples were analysed by LC-MS, identified proteins were matched to their human orthologs and filtered using gene lists representing all major ECM components. To validate these findings digital droplet PCR (ddPCR) to evaluate mRNA expression of all candidate components identified was performed on cultures of phMECs. In addition, one protein per major ECM group was stained on human optic nerve sections and on phMEC cultures. Employing LC-MS, 1273 proteins were identified and subjected to bioinformatic analysis. Gene ontology analysis revealed six out of forty-four collagen types (1A1, 1A2, 3A1, 6A2, 6A3 and 14A1), three out of eleven laminin subunits (A4, B2, C1) and six out of twenty-seven hyaluronan binding proteins (CD44, versican (VCAN), C1q binding protein, neurocan (NCAN), brevican (BCAN) and hyalaluronan proteoglycan link protein 2 (HAPLN2)) were present in our cohort. DdPCR in phMEC cell culture confirmed presence of all candidate components except NCAN, BCAN and HAPLN2. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining on human optic nerve sections and immunofluorescence (IF) staining on in vitro cultured phMECs showed strong immunopositivity for collagen-typeI-α1 (COL1A1), lamininγ1 (LAMC1), and VCAN. Fibronectin (FN1) was exclusively present in cultures of phMECs. Using a combined bioinformatics and immunohistological approach, we describe the ECM composition of the optic nerve subarachnoid space. As this space plays an important role in maintaining optic nerve function, a better understanding of ECM composition in this delicate environment might be key to further pathophysiological insight into optic nerve degeneration and associated disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Hao
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel & University Basel, Hebelstr.20, 4031, Basel, Switzerland; Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
| | - Corina Kohler
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel & University Basel, Hebelstr.20, 4031, Basel, Switzerland; Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Basel & University Basel, Mittlere Str.91, 4056, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Hubrecht van den Dorpel
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel & University Basel, Hebelstr.20, 4031, Basel, Switzerland; Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Basel & University Basel, Mittlere Str.91, 4056, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Hendrik P N Scholl
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel & University Basel, Hebelstr.20, 4031, Basel, Switzerland; Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Basel & University Basel, Mittlere Str.91, 4056, Basel, Switzerland; Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology, Mittlere Str.91, 4056, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Peter Meyer
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Basel & University Basel, Mittlere Str.91, 4056, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Hanspeter E Killer
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel & University Basel, Hebelstr.20, 4031, Basel, Switzerland; Department of Ophthalmology, Kantonsspital Aarau, Herzogstrasse 15, 5000, Aarau, Switzerland.
| | - Albert Neutzner
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel & University Basel, Hebelstr.20, 4031, Basel, Switzerland; Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Basel & University Basel, Mittlere Str.91, 4056, Basel, Switzerland.
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23
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Decimo I, Dolci S, Panuccio G, Riva M, Fumagalli G, Bifari F. Meninges: A Widespread Niche of Neural Progenitors for the Brain. Neuroscientist 2020; 27:506-528. [PMID: 32935634 PMCID: PMC8442137 DOI: 10.1177/1073858420954826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Emerging evidence highlights the several roles that meninges play in
relevant brain functions as they are a protective membrane for the
brain, produce and release several trophic factors important for
neural cell migration and survival, control cerebrospinal fluid
dynamics, and embrace numerous immune interactions affecting neural
parenchymal functions. Furthermore, different groups have identified
subsets of neural progenitors residing in the meninges during
development and in the adulthood in different mammalian species,
including humans. Interestingly, these immature neural cells are able
to migrate from the meninges to the neural parenchyma and
differentiate into functional cortical neurons or oligodendrocytes.
Immature neural cells residing in the meninges promptly react to brain
disease. Injury-induced expansion and migration of meningeal neural
progenitors have been observed following experimental demyelination,
traumatic spinal cord and brain injury, amygdala lesion, stroke, and
progressive ataxia. In this review, we summarize data on the function
of meninges as stem cell niche and on the presence of immature neural
cells in the meninges, and discuss their roles in brain health and
disease. Furthermore, we consider the potential exploitation of
meningeal neural progenitors for the regenerative medicine to treat
neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Decimo
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Sissi Dolci
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Gabriella Panuccio
- Enhanced Regenerative Medicine, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy
| | - Marco Riva
- Unit of Neurosurgery, Fondazione IRCCS Ca'Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Guido Fumagalli
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Francesco Bifari
- Laboratory of Cell Metabolism and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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24
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Glotzbach K, Stamm N, Weberskirch R, Faissner A. Hydrogels Derivatized With Cationic Moieties or Functional Peptides as Efficient Supports for Neural Stem Cells. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:475. [PMID: 32508574 PMCID: PMC7251306 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing incidence of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's or Parkinson's disease represents a significant burden for patients and national health systems. The conditions are primarily caused by the death of neurons and other neural cell types. One important aim of current stem cell research is to find a way to replace the lost cells. In this perspective, neural stem cells (NSCs) have been considered as a promising tool in the field of regenerative medicine. The behavior of NSCs is modulated by environmental influences, for example hormones, growth factors, cytokines, and extracellular matrix molecules or biomechanics. These factors can be studied by using well-defined hydrogels, which are polymeric networks of synthetic or natural origin with the ability to swell in water. These gels can be modified with a variety of molecules and optimized with regard to their mechanical properties to mimic the natural extracellular environment. In particular modifications applying distinct units such as functional domains and peptides can modulate the development of NSCs with regard to proliferation, differentiation and migration. One well-known peptide sequence that affects the behavior of NSCs is the integrin recognition sequence RGD that has originally been derived from fibronectin. In the present review we provide an overview concerning the applications of modified hydrogels with an emphasis on synthetic hydrogels based on poly(acrylamides), as modified with either cationic moieties or the peptide sequence RGD. This knowledge might be used in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine for the therapy of spinal cord injuries, neurodegenerative diseases and traumata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Glotzbach
- Department of Cell Morphology and Molecular Neurobiology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Nils Stamm
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Ralf Weberskirch
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Andreas Faissner
- Department of Cell Morphology and Molecular Neurobiology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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25
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Communication, Cross Talk, and Signal Integration in the Adult Hippocampal Neurogenic Niche. Neuron 2020; 105:220-235. [PMID: 31972145 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2019.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Radial glia-like neural stem cells (RGLs) in the dentate gyrus subregion of the hippocampus give rise to dentate granule cells (DGCs) and astrocytes throughout life, a process referred to as adult hippocampal neurogenesis. Adult hippocampal neurogenesis is sensitive to experiences, suggesting that it may represent an adaptive mechanism by which hippocampal circuitry is modified in response to environmental demands. Experiential information is conveyed to RGLs, progenitors, and adult-born DGCs via the neurogenic niche that is composed of diverse cell types, extracellular matrix, and afferents. Understanding how the niche performs its functions may guide strategies to maintain its health span and provide a permissive milieu for neurogenesis. Here, we first discuss representative contributions of niche cell types to regulation of neural stem cell (NSC) homeostasis and maturation of adult-born DGCs. We then consider mechanisms by which the activity of multiple niche cell types may be coordinated to communicate signals to NSCs. Finally, we speculate how NSCs integrate niche-derived signals to govern their regulation.
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26
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Penisson M, Ladewig J, Belvindrah R, Francis F. Genes and Mechanisms Involved in the Generation and Amplification of Basal Radial Glial Cells. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:381. [PMID: 31481878 PMCID: PMC6710321 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of the cerebral cortex relies on different types of progenitor cell. Among them, the recently described basal radial glial cell (bRG) is suggested to be of critical importance for the development of the brain in gyrencephalic species. These cells are highly numerous in primate and ferret brains, compared to lissencephalic species such as the mouse in which they are few in number. Their somata are located in basal subventricular zones in gyrencephalic brains and they generally possess a basal process extending to the pial surface. They sometimes also have an apical process directed toward the ventricular surface, similar to apical radial glial cells (aRGs) from which they are derived, and whose somata are found more apically in the ventricular zone. bRGs share similarities with aRGs in terms of gene expression (SOX2, PAX6, and NESTIN), whilst also expressing a range of more specific genes (such as HOPX). In primate brains, bRGs can divide multiple times, self-renewing and/or generating intermediate progenitors and neurons. They display a highly specific cytokinesis behavior termed mitotic somal translocation. We focus here on recently identified molecular mechanisms associated with the generation and amplification of bRGs, including bRG-like cells in the rodent. These include signaling pathways such as the FGF-MAPK cascade, SHH, PTEN/AKT, PDGF pathways, and proteins such as INSM, GPSM2, ASPM, TRNP1, ARHGAP11B, PAX6, and HIF1α. A number of these proteins were identified through transcriptome comparisons in human aRGs vs. bRGs, and validated by modifying their activities or expression levels in the mouse. This latter experiment often revealed enhanced bRG-like cell production, even in some cases generating folds (gyri) on the surface of the mouse cortex. We compare the features of the identified cells and methods used to characterize them in each model. These important data converge to indicate pathways essential for the production and expansion of bRGs, which may help us understand cortical development in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Penisson
- Inserm, Institut du Fer à Moulin, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.,Inserm UMR-S 1270, Paris, France.,Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris, France
| | - Julia Ladewig
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.,Hector Institute for Translational Brain Research (gGmbH), Mannheim, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Richard Belvindrah
- Inserm, Institut du Fer à Moulin, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.,Inserm UMR-S 1270, Paris, France.,Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris, France
| | - Fiona Francis
- Inserm, Institut du Fer à Moulin, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.,Inserm UMR-S 1270, Paris, France.,Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris, France
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27
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Neutzner A, Power L, Dürrenberger M, Scholl HPN, Meyer P, Killer HE, Wendt D, Kohler C. A perfusion bioreactor-based 3D model of the subarachnoid space based on a meningeal tissue construct. Fluids Barriers CNS 2019; 16:17. [PMID: 31189484 PMCID: PMC6563372 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-019-0137-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Altered flow of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) within the subarachnoid space (SAS) is connected to brain, but also optic nerve degenerative diseases. To overcome the lack of suitable in vitro models that faithfully recapitulate the intricate three-dimensional architecture, complex cellular interactions, and fluid dynamics within the SAS, we have developed a perfusion bioreactor-based 3D in vitro model using primary human meningothelial cells (MECs) to generate meningeal tissue constructs. We ultimately employed this model to evaluate the impact of impaired CSF flow as evidenced during optic nerve compartment syndrome on the transcriptomic landscape of MECs. METHODS Primary human meningothelial cells (phMECs) were seeded and cultured on collagen scaffolds in a perfusion bioreactor to generate engineered meningeal tissue constructs. Engineered constructs were compared to human SAS and assessed for specific cell-cell interaction markers as well as for extracellular matrix proteins found in human meninges. Using the established model, meningeal tissue constructs were exposed to physiological and pathophysiological flow conditions simulating the impaired CSF flow associated with optic nerve compartment syndrome and RNA sequencing was performed. RESULTS Engineered constructs displayed similar microarchitecture compared to human SAS with regards to pore size, geometry as well as interconnectivity. They stained positively for specific cell-cell interaction markers indicative of a functional meningeal tissue, as well as extracellular matrix proteins found in human meninges. Analysis by RNA sequencing revealed altered expression of genes associated with extracellular matrix remodeling, endo-lysosomal processing, and mitochondrial energy metabolism under pathophysiological flow conditions. CONCLUSIONS Alterations of these biological processes may not only interfere with critical MEC functions impacting CSF and hence optic nerve homeostasis, but may likely alter SAS structure, thereby further impeding cerebrospinal fluid flow. Future studies based on the established 3D model will lead to new insights into the role of MECs in the pathogenesis of optic nerve but also brain degenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Neutzner
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel & University Basel, Hebelstr. 20, 4031, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Basel & University Basel, Hebelstr. 20, 4031, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Laura Power
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel & University Basel, Hebelstr. 20, 4031, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Surgery, University Hospital Basel & University Basel, Hebelstr. 20, 4031, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University Hospital Basel & University Basel, Hebelstr. 20, 4031, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Markus Dürrenberger
- Swiss Nanoscience Institute, University Basel, Klingelbergstr. 50, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Hendrik P N Scholl
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Basel & University Basel, Mittlere Str. 91, 4056, Basel, Switzerland.,Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology, Mittlere Str. 91, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Peter Meyer
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Basel & University Basel, Mittlere Str. 91, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Hanspeter E Killer
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kantonsspital Aarau, Tellstrasse 25, 5001, Aarau, Switzerland
| | - David Wendt
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel & University Basel, Hebelstr. 20, 4031, Basel, Switzerland. .,Department of Surgery, University Hospital Basel & University Basel, Hebelstr. 20, 4031, Basel, Switzerland. .,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University Hospital Basel & University Basel, Hebelstr. 20, 4031, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Corina Kohler
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel & University Basel, Hebelstr. 20, 4031, Basel, Switzerland. .,Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Basel & University Basel, Hebelstr. 20, 4031, Basel, Switzerland.
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28
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Cheyuo C, Aziz M, Wang P. Neurogenesis in Neurodegenerative Diseases: Role of MFG-E8. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:569. [PMID: 31213977 PMCID: PMC6558065 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are devastating medical conditions with no effective treatments. Restoration of impaired neurogenesis represents a promising therapeutic strategy for neurodegenerative diseases. Milk fat globule-epidermal growth factor-factor VIII (MFG-E8) is a secretory glycoprotein that plays a wide range of cellular functions including phagocytosis of apoptotic cells, anti-inflammation, tissue regeneration, and homeostasis. The beneficial role of MFG-E8 has been shown in cerebral ischemia (stroke), neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease, and traumatic brain injury. In stroke, MFG-E8 promotes neural stem cell proliferation and their migration toward the ischemic brain tissues. These novel functions of MFG-E8 are primarily mediated through its receptor αvβ3-integrin. Here, we focus on the pivotal role of MFG-E8 in protecting against neuronal diseases by promoting neurogenesis. We also discuss the mechanisms of MFG-E8-mediated neural stem/progenitor cell (NSPC) proliferation and migration, and the potential of MFG-E8 for neural stem cell niche maintenance via angiogenesis. We propose further investigation of the molecular pathways for MFG-E8 signaling in NSPC and effective strategies for MFG-E8 delivery across the blood–brain barrier, which will help develop MFG-E8 as a future drug candidate for the bedside management of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cletus Cheyuo
- Department of Neurosurgery, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Monowar Aziz
- Center for Immunology and Inflammation, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Ping Wang
- Center for Immunology and Inflammation, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States.,Department of Surgery and Molecular Medicine, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Manhasset, NY, United States
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29
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Kalebic N, Gilardi C, Stepien B, Wilsch-Bräuninger M, Long KR, Namba T, Florio M, Langen B, Lombardot B, Shevchenko A, Kilimann MW, Kawasaki H, Wimberger P, Huttner WB. Neocortical Expansion Due to Increased Proliferation of Basal Progenitors Is Linked to Changes in Their Morphology. Cell Stem Cell 2019; 24:535-550.e9. [PMID: 30905618 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2019.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The evolutionary expansion of the mammalian neocortex (Ncx) is thought to be linked to increased proliferative capacity of basal progenitors (BPs) and their neurogenic capacity. Here, by quantifying BP morphology in the developing Ncx of mouse, ferret, and human, we show that increased BP proliferative capacity is linked to an increase in BP process number. We identify human membrane-bound PALMDELPHIN (PALMD-Caax) as an underlying factor, and we show that it drives BP process growth and proliferation when expressed in developing mouse and ferret Ncx. Conversely, CRISPR/Cas9-mediated disruption of PALMD or its binding partner ADDUCIN-γ in fetal human Ncx reduces BP process numbers and proliferation. We further show that PALMD-induced processes enable BPs to receive pro-proliferative integrin-dependent signals. These findings provide a link between BP morphology and proliferation, suggesting that changes in BP morphology may have contributed to the evolutionary expansion of the Ncx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nereo Kalebic
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Carlotta Gilardi
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Barbara Stepien
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Katherine R Long
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Takashi Namba
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Marta Florio
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Barbara Langen
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Benoit Lombardot
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Anna Shevchenko
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Hiroshi Kawasaki
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Pauline Wimberger
- Technische Universität Dresden, Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus, Klinik und Poliklinik für Frauenheilkunde und Geburtshilfe, Dresden, Germany
| | - Wieland B Huttner
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany.
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30
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Cell migration promotes dynamic cellular interactions to control cerebral cortex morphogenesis. Nat Rev Neurosci 2019; 20:318-329. [DOI: 10.1038/s41583-019-0148-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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31
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Long KR, Huttner WB. How the extracellular matrix shapes neural development. Open Biol 2019; 9:180216. [PMID: 30958121 PMCID: PMC6367132 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.180216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
During development, both cells and tissues must acquire the correct shape to allow their proper function. This is especially relevant in the nervous system, where the shape of individual cell processes, such as the axons and dendrites, and the shape of entire tissues, such as the folding of the neocortex, are highly specialized. While many aspects of neural development have been uncovered, there are still several open questions concerning the mechanisms governing cell and tissue shape. In this review, we discuss the role of the extracellular matrix (ECM) in these processes. In particular, we consider how the ECM regulates cell shape, proliferation, differentiation and migration, and more recent work highlighting a key role of ECM in the morphogenesis of neural tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine R. Long
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstraße 108, D-01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Wieland B. Huttner
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstraße 108, D-01307 Dresden, Germany
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32
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Segarra M, Aburto MR, Cop F, Llaó-Cid C, Härtl R, Damm M, Bethani I, Parrilla M, Husainie D, Schänzer A, Schlierbach H, Acker T, Mohr L, Torres-Masjoan L, Ritter M, Acker-Palmer A. Endothelial Dab1 signaling orchestrates neuro-glia-vessel communication in the central nervous system. Science 2018; 361:361/6404/eaao2861. [PMID: 30139844 DOI: 10.1126/science.aao2861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The architecture of the neurovascular unit (NVU) is controlled by the communication of neurons, glia, and vascular cells. We found that the neuronal guidance cue reelin possesses proangiogenic activities that ensure the communication of endothelial cells (ECs) with the glia to control neuronal migration and the establishment of the blood-brain barrier in the mouse brain. Apolipoprotein E receptor 2 (ApoER2) and Disabled1 (Dab1) expressed in ECs are required for vascularization of the retina and the cerebral cortex. Deletion of Dab1 in ECs leads to a reduced secretion of laminin-α4 and decreased activation of integrin-β1 in glial cells, which in turn control neuronal migration and barrier properties of the NVU. Thus, reelin signaling in the endothelium is an instructive and integrative cue essential for neuro-glia-vascular communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Segarra
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neuroscience and Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, University of Frankfurt, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Maria R Aburto
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neuroscience and Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, University of Frankfurt, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Focus Program Translational Neurosciences, University of Mainz, D-55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Florian Cop
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neuroscience and Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, University of Frankfurt, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Cecília Llaó-Cid
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neuroscience and Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, University of Frankfurt, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Ricarda Härtl
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neuroscience and Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, University of Frankfurt, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Miriam Damm
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neuroscience and Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, University of Frankfurt, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Focus Program Translational Neurosciences, University of Mainz, D-55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Ioanna Bethani
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neuroscience and Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, University of Frankfurt, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Marta Parrilla
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neuroscience and Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, University of Frankfurt, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Brain Research, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Dewi Husainie
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neuroscience and Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, University of Frankfurt, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Brain Research, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Anne Schänzer
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Giessen, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Hannah Schlierbach
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Giessen, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Till Acker
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Giessen, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Laura Mohr
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neuroscience and Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, University of Frankfurt, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Laia Torres-Masjoan
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neuroscience and Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, University of Frankfurt, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Mathias Ritter
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neuroscience and Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, University of Frankfurt, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Amparo Acker-Palmer
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neuroscience and Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, University of Frankfurt, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany. .,Focus Program Translational Neurosciences, University of Mainz, D-55131 Mainz, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Brain Research, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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33
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A patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cell model for West syndrome caused by ST3GAL3 deficiency. Eur J Hum Genet 2018; 26:1773-1783. [PMID: 30089820 DOI: 10.1038/s41431-018-0220-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
ST3GAL3 encodes the Golgi enzyme beta-galactoside-alpha-2,3-sialyltransferase-III that in humans forms, among others, the sialyl Lewis a (sLea) epitope on proteins. Functionally deleterious variants in this gene were previously identified in patients with either non-syndromic or syndromic intellectual disability such as West syndrome, an age-dependent epileptic encephalopathic syndrome associated with developmental arrest or regression. The aim of this study was to further elucidate the molecular and cellular mechanisms causing West syndrome by lack of ST3GAL3 function. For this purpose we generated induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) lines from fibroblasts obtained from a patient with West syndrome, carrying a variant in exon 12 (c.958G>C, p.(Ala320Pro)) of ST3GAL3, and a healthy sibling, using lentiviral reprogramming. iPSCs and cortical neurons derived thereof were analysed by lectin blots, mRNA sequencing, adherence assays, and FACS. While no significant difference was observed at stem cell or fibroblast level between patient and control cells, patient-derived cortical neurons displayed an altered lectin blot staining pattern, enhanced adherence to a poly-L-ornithine/laminin-coated surface and decreased levels of neurons expressing T-box transcription factor brain 1. Our results suggest that changes in the sialylation pattern on the surface of specific neuronal cell types affect adhesive interactions during development, which in turn may cause subtle changes in tissue composition that could result in the occurrence of epilepsy and might impair neural development to an extent that is detrimental to the development and maintenance of normal cognitive functions.
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34
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Kridsada K, Niu J, Haldipur P, Wang Z, Ding L, Li JJ, Lindgren AG, Herrera E, Thomas GM, Chizhikov VV, Millen KJ, Luo W. Roof Plate-Derived Radial Glial-like Cells Support Developmental Growth of Rapidly Adapting Mechanoreceptor Ascending Axons. Cell Rep 2018; 23:2928-2941. [PMID: 29874580 PMCID: PMC6174691 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord longitudinal axons comprise some of the longest axons in our body. However, mechanisms that drive this extra long-distance axonal growth are largely unclear. We found that ascending axons of rapidly adapting (RA) mechanoreceptors closely abut a previously undescribed population of roof plate-derived radial glial-like cells (RGLCs) in the spinal cord dorsal column, which form a network of processes enriched with growth-promoting factors. In dreher mutant mice that lack RGLCs, the lengths of ascending RA mechanoreceptor axon branches are specifically reduced, whereas their descending and collateral branches, and other dorsal column and sensory pathways, are largely unaffected. Because the number and intrinsic growth ability of RA mechanoreceptors are normal in dreher mice, our data suggest that RGLCs provide critical non-cell autonomous growth support for the ascending axons of RA mechanoreceptors. Together, our work identifies a developmental mechanism specifically required for long-range spinal cord longitudinal axons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Kridsada
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jingwen Niu
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Shriners Hospital's Pediatric Research Center (Center for Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair), Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, 3500 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Parthiv Haldipur
- Seattle Children's Hospital Research Institute, Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Zhiping Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Long Ding
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jian J Li
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | | | - Eloisa Herrera
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Miguel Hernández, CSIC-UMH), Campus San Juan, Av. Ramón y Cajal s/n, Alicante 03550, Spain
| | - Gareth M Thomas
- Shriners Hospital's Pediatric Research Center (Center for Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair), Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, 3500 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Victor V Chizhikov
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Health Science Center, University of Tennessee, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Kathleen J Millen
- Seattle Children's Hospital Research Institute, Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle, WA 98105, USA.
| | - Wenqin Luo
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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35
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Andreopoulou E, Arampatzis A, Patsoni M, Kazanis I. Being a Neural Stem Cell: A Matter of Character But Defined by the Microenvironment. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1041:81-118. [PMID: 29204830 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-69194-7_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The cells that build the nervous system, either this is a small network of ganglia or a complicated primate brain, are called neural stem and progenitor cells. Even though the very primitive and the very recent neural stem cells (NSCs) share common basic characteristics that are hard-wired within their character, such as the expression of transcription factors of the SoxB family, their capacity to give rise to extremely different neural tissues depends significantly on instructions from the microenvironment. In this chapter we explore the nature of the NSC microenvironment, looking through evolution, embryonic development, maturity and even disease. Experimental work undertaken over the last 20 years has revealed exciting insight into the NSC microcosmos. NSCs are very capable in producing their own extracellular matrix and in regulating their behaviour in an autocrine and paracrine manner. Nevertheless, accumulating evidence indicates an important role for the vasculature, especially within the NSC niches of the postnatal brain; while novel results reveal direct links between the metabolic state of the organism and the function of NSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelia Andreopoulou
- Lab of Developmental Biology, Department of Biology, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Asterios Arampatzis
- Wellcome Trust- MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Biology Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Melina Patsoni
- Lab of Developmental Biology, Department of Biology, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Ilias Kazanis
- Lab of Developmental Biology, Department of Biology, University of Patras, Patras, Greece.
- Wellcome Trust- MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Biology Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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36
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Da Fonte DF, Xing L, Mikwar M, Trudeau VL. Secretoneurin-A inhibits aromatase B (cyp19a1b) expression in female goldfish (Carassius auratus) radial glial cells. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2018; 257:106-112. [PMID: 28487180 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2017.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In the teleost brain, radial glial cells (RGCs) are the main macroglia and are stem-like progenitors that express key steroidogenic enzymes, including the estrogen-synthesizing enzyme, aromatase B (cyp19a1b). As a result, RGCs are integral to neurogenesis and neurosteroidogenesis, however little is known about the regulatory factors and signaling mechanisms that control these functions. A potential new role of the secretogranin II-derived neuropeptide secretoneurin A (SNa) in the control of goldfish (Carassius auratus) RGC function is the subject of this study. Immunohistochemistry revealed a close neuroanatomical relationship between RGCs and soma of SNa-immunoreactive magnocellular and parvocellular neurons in the preoptic nucleus of female goldfish. Five hours following intracerebroventricular injection of 0.2ng/g SNa cyp19a1b mRNA levels were decreased by 86% (P<0.05) in the hypothalamus and by 88% (P<0.05) in the telencephalon. In vitro, 24 h incubation with 500nM SNa decreased cyp19a1b mRNA by 51% (P<0.05) in cultured RGCs. These data provide evidence that SNa can regulate aromatase expression in goldfish RGCs. By regulating neuroestrogen production in RGCs SNa may therefore be implicated in the control of major estrogen-dependent functions of the preoptic region such as reproductive behavior and osmoregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dillon F Da Fonte
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Lei Xing
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Myy Mikwar
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Vance L Trudeau
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada.
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37
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Kask K, Tikker L, Ruisu K, Lulla S, Oja EM, Meier R, Raid R, Velling T, Tõnissoo T, Pooga M. Targeted deletion of RIC8A in mouse neural precursor cells interferes with the development of the brain, eyes, and muscles. Dev Neurobiol 2018; 78:374-390. [PMID: 29380551 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Autosomal recessive disorders such as Fukuyama congenital muscular dystrophy, Walker-Warburg syndrome, and the muscle-eye-brain disease are characterized by defects in the development of patient's brain, eyes, and skeletal muscles. These syndromes are accompanied by brain malformations like type II lissencephaly in the cerebral cortex with characteristic overmigrations of neurons through the breaches of the pial basement membrane. The signaling pathways activated by laminin receptors, dystroglycan and integrins, control the integrity of the basement membrane, and their malfunctioning may underlie the pathologies found in the rise of defects reminiscent of these syndromes. Similar defects in corticogenesis and neuromuscular disorders were found in mice when RIC8A was specifically removed from neural precursor cells. RIC8A regulates a subset of G-protein α subunits and in several model organisms, it has been reported to participate in the control of cell division, signaling, and migration. Here, we studied the role of RIC8A in the development of the brain, muscles, and eyes of the neural precursor-specific conditional Ric8a knockout mice. The absence of RIC8A severely affected the attachment and positioning of radial glial processes, Cajal-Retzius' cells, and the arachnoid trabeculae, and these mice displayed additional defects in the lens, skeletal muscles, and heart development. All the discovered defects might be linked to aberrancies in cell adhesion and migration, suggesting that RIC8A has a crucial role in the regulation of cell-extracellular matrix interactions and that its removal leads to the phenotype characteristic to type II lissencephaly-associated diseases. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 78: 374-390, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiu Kask
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, 23 Riia St, Tartu, 51010, Estonia
| | - Laura Tikker
- Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, Viikinkaari 9, FIN-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Katrin Ruisu
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, 23 Riia St, Tartu, 51010, Estonia
| | - Sirje Lulla
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, 23 Riia St, Tartu, 51010, Estonia
| | - Eva-Maria Oja
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, 23 Riia St, Tartu, 51010, Estonia
| | - Riho Meier
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, 23 Riia St, Tartu, 51010, Estonia
| | - Raivo Raid
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, 23 Riia St, Tartu, 51010, Estonia
| | - Teet Velling
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, 23 Riia St, Tartu, 51010, Estonia
| | - Tambet Tõnissoo
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, 23 Riia St, Tartu, 51010, Estonia
| | - Margus Pooga
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, 23 Riia St, Tartu, 51010, Estonia.,Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, Tartu, 50411, Estonia
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Ulhaq ZS, Kishida M. Brain Aromatase Modulates Serotonergic Neuron by Regulating Serotonin Levels in Zebrafish Embryos and Larvae. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:230. [PMID: 29867763 PMCID: PMC5954033 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Teleost fish are known to express two isoforms of P450 aromatase, a key enzyme for estrogen synthesis. One of the isoforms, brain aromatase (AroB), cyp19a1b, is highly expressed during early development of zebrafish, thereby suggesting its role in brain development. On the other hand, early development of serotonergic neuron, one of the major monoamine neurons, is considered to play an important role in neurogenesis. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the role of AroB in development of serotonergic neuron by testing the effects of (1) estradiol (E2) exposure and (2) morpholino (MO)-mediated AroB knockdown. When embryos were exposed to E2, the effects were biphasic. The low dose of E2 (0.005 µM) significantly increased serotonin (5-HT) positive area at 48 hour post-fertilization (hpf) detected by immunohistochemistry and relative mRNA levels of tryptophan hydroxylase isoforms (tph1a, tph1b, and tph2) at 96 hpf measured by semi-quantitative PCR. To test the effects on serotonin transmission, heart rate and thigmotaxis, an indicator of anxiety, were analyzed. The low dose also significantly increased heart rate at 48 hpf and decreased thigmotaxis. The high dose of E2 (1 µM) exhibited opposite effects in all parameters. The effects of both low and high doses were reversed by addition of estrogen receptor (ER) blocker, ICI 182,780, thereby suggesting that the effects were mediated through ER. When AroB MO was injected to fertilized eggs, 5-HT-positive area was significantly decreased, while the significant decrease in relative tph mRNA levels was found only with tph2 but not with two other isoforms. AroB MO also decreased heart rate and increased thigmotaxis. All the effects were rescued by co-injection with AroB mRNA and by exposure to E2. Taken together, this study demonstrates the role of brain aromatase in development of serotonergic neuron in zebrafish embryos and larvae, implying that brain-formed estrogen is an important factor to sustain early development of serotonergic neuron.
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Da Fonte DF, Martyniuk CJ, Xing L, Trudeau VL. Secretoneurin A Directly Regulates the Proteome of Goldfish Radial Glial Cells In Vitro. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:68. [PMID: 29559953 PMCID: PMC5845582 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Radial glial cells (RGCs) are the main macroglia in the teleost brain and have established roles in neurogenesis and neurosteroidogenesis. They are the only brain cell type expressing aromatase B (cyp19a1b), the enzyme that synthesizes estrogens from androgen precursors. There are few studies on the regulation of RGC functions, but our previous investigations demonstrated that dopamine stimulates cyp19a1b expression in goldfish RGCs, while secretoneurin A (SNa) inhibits the expression of this enzyme. Here, we determine the range of proteins and cellular processes responsive to SNa treatments in these steroidogenic cells. The focus here is on SNa, because this peptide is derived from selective processing of secretogranin II in magnocellular cells embedded within the RGC-rich preoptic nucleus. Primary cultures of RGCs were treated (24 h) with 10, 100, or 1,000 nM SNa. By using isobaric tagging for relative and absolute quantitation and a Hybrid Quadrupole Obritrap Mass Spectrometry system, a total of 1,363 unique proteins were identified in RGCs, and 609 proteins were significantly regulated by SNa at one or more concentrations. Proteins that showed differential expression with all three concentrations of SNa included H1 histone, glutamyl-prolyl-tRNA synthetase, Rho GDP dissociation inhibitor γ, vimentin A2, and small nuclear ribonucleoprotein-associated protein. At 10, 100, and 1,000 nM SNa, there were 5, 195, and 489 proteins that were downregulated, respectively, whereas the number of upregulated proteins were 72, 44, and 51, respectively. Subnetwork enrichment analysis of differentially regulated proteins revealed that processes such as actin organization, cytoskeleton organization and biogenesis, apoptosis, mRNA processing, RNA splicing, translation, cell growth, and proliferation are regulated by SNa based on the proteomic response. Moreover, we observed that, at the low concentration of SNa, there was an increase in the abundance of proteins involved in cell growth, proliferation, and migration, whereas higher concentration of SNa appeared to downregulate proteins involved in these processes, indicating a dose-dependent proteome response. At the highest concentration of SNa, proteins linked to the etiology of diseases of the central nervous system (brain injuries, Alzheimer disease, Parkinson's disease, cerebral infraction, brain ischemia) were also differentially regulated. These data implicate SNa in the control of cell proliferation and neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chris J. Martyniuk
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, UF Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Lei Xing
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Vance L. Trudeau
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- *Correspondence: Vance L. Trudeau,
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Agirman G, Broix L, Nguyen L. Cerebral cortex development: an outside‐in perspective. FEBS Lett 2017; 591:3978-3992. [DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gulistan Agirman
- GIGA‐Neurosciences Interdisciplinary Cluster for Applied Genoproteomics (GIGA‐R) Liège Belgium
| | - Loïc Broix
- GIGA‐Neurosciences Interdisciplinary Cluster for Applied Genoproteomics (GIGA‐R) Liège Belgium
| | - Laurent Nguyen
- GIGA‐Neurosciences Interdisciplinary Cluster for Applied Genoproteomics (GIGA‐R) Liège Belgium
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Suter TACS, DeLoughery ZJ, Jaworski A. Meninges-derived cues control axon guidance. Dev Biol 2017; 430:1-10. [PMID: 28784295 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Revised: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The axons of developing neurons travel long distances along stereotyped pathways under the direction of extracellular cues sensed by the axonal growth cone. Guidance cues are either secreted proteins that diffuse freely or bind the extracellular matrix, or membrane-anchored proteins. Different populations of axons express distinct sets of receptors for guidance cues, which results in differential responses to specific ligands. The full repertoire of axon guidance cues and receptors and the identity of the tissues producing these cues remain to be elucidated. The meninges are connective tissue layers enveloping the vertebrate brain and spinal cord that serve to protect the central nervous system (CNS). The meninges also instruct nervous system development by regulating the generation and migration of neural progenitors, but it has not been determined whether they help guide axons to their targets. Here, we investigate a possible role for the meninges in neuronal wiring. Using mouse neural tissue explants, we show that developing spinal cord meninges produce secreted attractive and repulsive cues that can guide multiple types of axons in vitro. We find that motor and sensory neurons, which project axons across the CNS-peripheral nervous system (PNS) boundary, are attracted by meninges. Conversely, axons of both ipsi- and contralaterally projecting dorsal spinal cord interneurons are repelled by meninges. The responses of these axonal populations to the meninges are consistent with their trajectories relative to meninges in vivo, suggesting that meningeal guidance factors contribute to nervous system wiring and control which axons are able to traverse the CNS-PNS boundary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracey A C S Suter
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, United States
| | - Zachary J DeLoughery
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, United States
| | - Alexander Jaworski
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, United States.
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In Vivo Analysis of the Neurovascular Niche in the Developing Xenopus Brain. eNeuro 2017; 4:eN-NWR-0030-17. [PMID: 28795134 PMCID: PMC5548361 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0030-17.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Revised: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The neurovascular niche is a specialized microenvironment formed by the interactions between neural progenitor cells (NPCs) and the vasculature. While it is thought to regulate adult neurogenesis by signaling through vascular-derived soluble cues or contacted-mediated cues, less is known about the neurovascular niche during development. In Xenopus laevis tadpole brain, NPCs line the ventricle and extend radial processes tipped with endfeet to the vascularized pial surface. Using in vivo labeling and time-lapse imaging in tadpoles, we find that intracardial injection of fluorescent tracers rapidly labels Sox2/3-expressing NPCs and that vascular-circulating molecules are endocytosed by NPC endfeet. Confocal imaging indicates that about half of the endfeet appear to appose the vasculature, and time-lapse analysis of NPC proliferation and endfeet-vascular interactions suggest that proliferative activity does not correlate with stable vascular apposition. Together, these findings characterize the neurovascular niche in the developing brain and suggest that, while signaling to NPCs may occur through vascular-derived soluble cues, stable contact between NPC endfeet and the vasculature is not required for developmental neurogenesis.
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43
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Pilaz LJ, Silver DL. Moving messages in the developing brain-emerging roles for mRNA transport and local translation in neural stem cells. FEBS Lett 2017; 591:1526-1539. [PMID: 28304078 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian cerebral cortex is a complex brain structure integral to our higher cognition. During embryonic cortical development, radial glial progenitors (RGCs) produce neurons and serve as physical structures for migrating neurons. Recent discoveries highlight new roles for RNA localization and local translation in RGCs, both at the cell body and at distal structures called basal endfeet. By implementing technologies from the field of RNA research to brain development, investigators can manipulate RNA-binding proteins as well as visualize single-molecule RNAs, live movement of mRNAs and their binding proteins, and translation. Going forward, these studies establish a framework for investigating how post-transcriptional RNA regulation helps shape RGC function and triggers neurodevelopmental diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis-Jan Pilaz
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Regeneration Next, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Debra L Silver
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Regeneration Next, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.,Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.,Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.,Duke Institute for Brain Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
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44
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Dynamic mRNA Transport and Local Translation in Radial Glial Progenitors of the Developing Brain. Curr Biol 2016; 26:3383-3392. [PMID: 27916527 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2016.10.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Revised: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In the developing brain, neurons are produced from neural stem cells termed radial glia [1, 2]. Radial glial progenitors span the neuroepithelium, extending long basal processes to form endfeet hundreds of micrometers away from the soma. Basal structures influence neuronal migration, tissue integrity, and proliferation [3-7]. Yet, despite the significance of these distal structures, their cell biology remains poorly characterized, impeding our understanding of how basal processes and endfeet influence neurogenesis. Here we use live imaging of embryonic brain tissue to visualize, for the first time, rapid mRNA transport in radial glia, revealing that the basal process is a highway for directed molecular transport. RNA- and mRNA-binding proteins, including the syndromic autism protein FMRP, move in basal processes at velocities consistent with microtubule-based transport, accumulating in endfeet. We develop an ex vivo tissue preparation to mechanically isolate radial glia endfeet from the soma, and we use photoconvertible proteins to demonstrate that mRNA is locally translated. Using RNA immunoprecipitation and microarray analyses of endfeet, we discover FMRP-bound transcripts, which encode signaling and cytoskeletal regulators, including many implicated in autism and neurogenesis. We show FMRP controls transport and localization of one target, Kif26a. These discoveries reveal a rich, regulated local transcriptome in radial glia, far from the soma, and establish a tractable mammalian model for studying mRNA transport and local translation in vivo. We conclude that cytoskeletal and signaling events at endfeet may be controlled through translation of specific mRNAs transported from the soma, exposing new mechanistic layers within stem cells of the developing brain.
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45
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McMurtrey RJ. Multi-compartmental biomaterial scaffolds for patterning neural tissue organoids in models of neurodevelopment and tissue regeneration. J Tissue Eng 2016; 7:2041731416671926. [PMID: 27766141 PMCID: PMC5056621 DOI: 10.1177/2041731416671926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Biomaterials are becoming an essential tool in the study and application of stem cell research. Various types of biomaterials enable three-dimensional culture of stem cells, and, more recently, also enable high-resolution patterning and organization of multicellular architectures. Biomaterials also hold potential to provide many additional advantages over cell transplants alone in regenerative medicine. This article describes novel designs for functionalized biomaterial constructs that guide tissue development to targeted regional identities and structures. Such designs comprise compartmentalized regions in the biomaterial structure that are functionalized with molecular factors that form concentration gradients through the construct and guide stem cell development, axis patterning, and tissue architecture, including rostral/caudal, ventral/dorsal, or medial/lateral identities of the central nervous system. The ability to recapitulate innate developmental processes in a three-dimensional environment and under specific controlled conditions has vital application to advanced models of neurodevelopment and for repair of specific sites of damaged or diseased neural tissue.
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46
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Bock HH, May P. Canonical and Non-canonical Reelin Signaling. Front Cell Neurosci 2016; 10:166. [PMID: 27445693 PMCID: PMC4928174 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2016.00166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Reelin is a large secreted glycoprotein that is essential for correct neuronal positioning during neurodevelopment and is important for synaptic plasticity in the mature brain. Moreover, Reelin is expressed in many extraneuronal tissues; yet the roles of peripheral Reelin are largely unknown. In the brain, many of Reelin's functions are mediated by a molecular signaling cascade that involves two lipoprotein receptors, apolipoprotein E receptor-2 (Apoer2) and very low density-lipoprotein receptor (Vldlr), the neuronal phosphoprotein Disabled-1 (Dab1), and members of the Src family of protein tyrosine kinases as crucial elements. This core signaling pathway in turn modulates the activity of adaptor proteins and downstream protein kinase cascades, many of which target the neuronal cytoskeleton. However, additional Reelin-binding receptors have been postulated or described, either as coreceptors that are essential for the activation of the "canonical" Reelin signaling cascade involving Apoer2/Vldlr and Dab1, or as receptors that activate alternative or additional signaling pathways. Here we will give an overview of canonical and alternative Reelin signaling pathways, molecular mechanisms involved, and their potential physiological roles in the context of different biological settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans H Bock
- Clinic of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Petra May
- Clinic of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf Düsseldorf, Germany
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47
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Brooker SM, Bond AM, Peng CY, Kessler JA. β1-integrin restricts astrocytic differentiation of adult hippocampal neural stem cells. Glia 2016; 64:1235-51. [PMID: 27145730 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Revised: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Integrins are transmembrane receptors that mediate cell-extracellular matrix and cell-cell interactions. The β1-integrin subunit is highly expressed by embryonic neural stem cells (NSCs) and is critical for NSC maintenance in the developing nervous system, but its role in the adult hippocampal niche remains unexplored. We show that β1-integrin expression in the adult mouse dentate gyrus (DG) is localized to radial NSCs and early progenitors, but is lost in more mature progeny. Although NSCs in the hippocampal subgranular zone (SGZ) normally only infrequently differentiate into astrocytes, deletion of β1-integrin significantly enhanced astrocyte differentiation. Ablation of β1-integrin also led to reduced neurogenesis as well as depletion of the radial NSC population. Activation of integrin-linked kinase (ILK) in cultured adult NSCs from β1-integrin knockout mice reduced astrocyte differentiation, suggesting that at least some of the inhibitory effects of β1-integrin on astrocytic differentiation are mediated through ILK. In addition, β1-integrin conditional knockout also resulted in extensive cellular disorganization of the SGZ as well as non-neurogenic regions of the DG. The effects of β1-integrin ablation on DG structure and astrogliogenesis show sex-specific differences, with the effects following a substantially slower time-course in males. β1-integrin thus plays a dual role in maintaining the adult hippocampal NSC population by supporting the structural integrity of the NSC niche and by inhibiting astrocytic lineage commitment. GLIA 2016;64:1235-1251.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Brooker
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University's Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, 60611
| | - Allison M Bond
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University's Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, 60611
| | - Chian-Yu Peng
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University's Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, 60611
| | - John A Kessler
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University's Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, 60611
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48
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Shah B, Lutter D, Bochenek ML, Kato K, Tsytsyura Y, Glyvuk N, Sakakibara A, Klingauf J, Adams RH, Püschel AW. C3G/Rapgef1 Is Required in Multipolar Neurons for the Transition to a Bipolar Morphology during Cortical Development. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0154174. [PMID: 27111087 PMCID: PMC4844105 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The establishment of a polarized morphology is essential for the development and function of neurons. During the development of the mammalian neocortex, neurons arise in the ventricular zone (VZ) from radial glia cells (RGCs) and leave the VZ to generate the cortical plate (CP). During their migration, newborn neurons first assume a multipolar morphology in the subventricular zone (SVZ) and lower intermediate zone (IZ). Subsequently, they undergo a multi-to-bipolar (MTB) transition to become bipolar in the upper IZ by developing a leading process and a trailing axon. The small GTPases Rap1A and Rap1B act as master regulators of neural cell polarity in the developing mouse neocortex. They are required for maintaining the polarity of RGCs and directing the MTB transition of multipolar neurons. Here we show that the Rap1 guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) C3G (encoded by the Rapgef1 gene) is a crucial regulator of the MTB transition in vivo by conditionally inactivating the Rapgef1 gene in the developing mouse cortex at different time points during neuronal development. Inactivation of C3G results in defects in neuronal migration, axon formation and cortical lamination. Live cell imaging shows that C3G is required in cortical neurons for both the specification of an axon and the initiation of radial migration by forming a leading process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavin Shah
- Institut für Molekulare Zellbiologie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Schloßplatz 5, D-48149 Münster, Germany
- Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence, University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Daniela Lutter
- Institut für Molekulare Zellbiologie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Schloßplatz 5, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Magdalena L. Bochenek
- Max-Planck-Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Tissue Morphogenesis, and University of Münster, Faculty of Medicine, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Katsuhiro Kato
- Max-Planck-Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Tissue Morphogenesis, and University of Münster, Faculty of Medicine, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Yaroslav Tsytsyura
- Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Robert-Koch Straße 31, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Natalia Glyvuk
- Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Robert-Koch Straße 31, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Akira Sakakibara
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University, Kasugai 487–8501, Japan
| | - Jürgen Klingauf
- Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Robert-Koch Straße 31, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Ralf H. Adams
- Max-Planck-Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Tissue Morphogenesis, and University of Münster, Faculty of Medicine, D-48149 Münster, Germany
- Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence, University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Andreas W. Püschel
- Institut für Molekulare Zellbiologie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Schloßplatz 5, D-48149 Münster, Germany
- Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence, University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
- * E-mail:
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49
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Long K, Moss L, Laursen L, Boulter L, Ffrench-Constant C. Integrin signalling regulates the expansion of neuroepithelial progenitors and neurogenesis via Wnt7a and Decorin. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10354. [PMID: 26838601 PMCID: PMC4742793 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Development of the cerebral cortex requires regulation of proliferation and differentiation of neural stem cells and a diverse range of progenitors. Recent work suggests a role for extracellular matrix (ECM) and the major family of ECM receptors, the integrins. Here we show that enhancing integrin beta-1 signalling, by expressing a constitutively active integrin beta-1 (CA*β1) in the embryonic chick mesencephalon, enhances neurogenesis and increases the number of mitotic cells dividing away from the ventricular surface, analogous to sub-apical progenitors in mouse. Only non-integrin-expressing neighbouring cells (lacking CA*β1) contributed to the increased neurogenesis. Transcriptome analysis reveals upregulation of Wnt7a within the CA*β1 cells and upregulation of the ECM protein Decorin in the neighbouring non-expressing cells. Experiments using inhibitors in explant models and genetic knock-downs in vivo reveal an integrin-Wnt7a-Decorin pathway that promotes proliferation and differentiation of neuroepithelial cells, and identify Decorin as a novel neurogenic factor in the central nervous system. The extracellular matrix is suggested to play a role in neurogenesis, but it is unclear what role integrin signalling may play in the developing neuroepithelium. Here, in chick, Long et al. show that expression of constitutively active integrin beta-1 enhances neurogenesis via a novel Wnt7 and decorin pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Long
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
| | - L Moss
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
| | - L Laursen
- Department of Molecular biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10 C, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - L Boulter
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute for Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Crewe Road, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - C Ffrench-Constant
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
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Varshney S, Hunter DD, Brunken WJ. Extracellular Matrix Components Regulate Cellular Polarity and Tissue Structure in the Developing and Mature Retina. J Ophthalmic Vis Res 2016; 10:329-39. [PMID: 26730321 PMCID: PMC4687269 DOI: 10.4103/2008-322x.170354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
While genetic networks and other intrinsic mechanisms regulate much of retinal development, interactions with the extracellular environment shape these networks and modify their output. The present review has focused on the role of one family of extracellular matrix molecules and their signaling pathways in retinal development. In addition to their effects on the developing retina, laminins play a role in maintaining Müller cell polarity and compartmentalization, thereby contributing to retinal homeostasis. This article which is intended for the clinical audience, reviews the fundamentals of retinal development, extracellular matrix organization and the role of laminins in retinal development. The role of laminin in cortical development is also briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Varshney
- Department of Ophthalmology and Cell Biology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn NY, USA; SUNY Eye Institute, NY, USA
| | - Dale D Hunter
- Department of Ophthalmology and Cell Biology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn NY, USA; SUNY Eye Institute, NY, USA; Department of Ophthalmology and Neuroscience and Physiology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - William J Brunken
- Department of Ophthalmology and Cell Biology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn NY, USA; SUNY Eye Institute, NY, USA; Department of Ophthalmology and Neuroscience and Physiology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
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