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Lorenzo JP, Molla L, Amro EM, Ibarra IL, Ruf S, Neber C, Gkougkousis C, Ridani J, Subramani PG, Boulais J, Harjanto D, Vonica A, Di Noia JM, Dieterich C, Zaugg JB, Papavasiliou FN. APOBEC2 safeguards skeletal muscle cell fate through binding chromatin and regulating transcription of non-muscle genes during myoblast differentiation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2312330121. [PMID: 38625936 PMCID: PMC11047093 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2312330121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/18/2024] Open
Abstract
The apolipoprotein B messenger RNA editing enzyme, catalytic polypeptide (APOBEC) family is composed of nucleic acid editors with roles ranging from antibody diversification to RNA editing. APOBEC2, a member of this family with an evolutionarily conserved nucleic acid-binding cytidine deaminase domain, has neither an established substrate nor function. Using a cellular model of muscle differentiation where APOBEC2 is inducibly expressed, we confirmed that APOBEC2 does not have the attributed molecular functions of the APOBEC family, such as RNA editing, DNA demethylation, and DNA mutation. Instead, we found that during muscle differentiation APOBEC2 occupied a specific motif within promoter regions; its removal from those regions resulted in transcriptional changes. Mechanistically, these changes reflect the direct interaction of APOBEC2 with histone deacetylase (HDAC) transcriptional corepressor complexes. We also found that APOBEC2 could bind DNA directly, in a sequence-specific fashion, suggesting that it functions as a recruiter of HDAC to specific genes whose promoters it occupies. These genes are normally suppressed during muscle cell differentiation, and their suppression may contribute to the safeguarding of muscle cell fate. Altogether, our results reveal a unique role for APOBEC2 within the APOBEC family.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Paulo Lorenzo
- Division of Immune Diversity, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg69120, Germany
- Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg69120, Germany
| | - Linda Molla
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY10065
| | - Elias Moris Amro
- Division of Immune Diversity, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg69120, Germany
| | - Ignacio L. Ibarra
- Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg69117, Germany
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg85764, Germany
| | - Sandra Ruf
- Division of Immune Diversity, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg69120, Germany
| | - Cedrik Neber
- Division of Immune Diversity, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg69120, Germany
| | - Christos Gkougkousis
- Division of Immune Diversity, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg69120, Germany
| | - Jana Ridani
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, QCH2W 1R7, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, QCH4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Poorani Ganesh Subramani
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, QCH2W 1R7, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, QCH4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Jonathan Boulais
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, QCH2W 1R7, Canada
| | - Dewi Harjanto
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY10065
| | - Alin Vonica
- Department of Biology, Nazareth University, Rochester, NY14618
| | - Javier M. Di Noia
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, QCH2W 1R7, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, QCH4A 3J1, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QCH3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Christoph Dieterich
- Klaus Tschira Institute for Integrative Computational Cardiology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg69120, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK) - Partner site Heidelberg/Mannheim, Heidelberg69120, Germany
| | - Judith B. Zaugg
- Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg69117, Germany
| | - F. Nina Papavasiliou
- Division of Immune Diversity, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg69120, Germany
- Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg69120, Germany
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY10065
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2
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Lee J, Lee BK, Gross JM. Brd activity regulates Müller glia-dependent retinal regeneration in zebrafish. Glia 2023; 71:2866-2883. [PMID: 37584502 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
The zebrafish retina possesses tremendous regenerative potential. Müller glia underlie retinal regeneration through their ability to reprogram and generate multipotent neuronal progenitors that re-differentiate into lost neurons. Many factors required for Müller glia reprogramming and proliferation have been identified; however, we know little about the epigenetic and transcriptional regulation of these genes during regeneration. Here, we determined whether transcriptional regulation by members of the Bromodomain (Brd) family is required for Müller glia-dependent retinal regeneration. Our data demonstrate that three brd genes were expressed in Müller glia upon injury. brd2a and brd2b were expressed in all Müller glia and brd4 was expressed only in reprogramming Müller glia. Utilizing (+)-JQ1, a pharmacological inhibitor of Brd function, we demonstrate that transcriptional regulation by Brds plays a critical role in Müller glia reprogramming and regeneration. (+)-JQ1 treatment prevented cell cycle re-entry of Müller glia and the generation of neurogenic progenitors. Modulating the (+)-JQ1 exposure window, we identified the first 48 h post-injury as the time-period during which Müller glia reprogramming occurs. (+)-JQ1 treatments after 48 h post-injury had no effect on the re-differentiation of UV cones, indicating that Brd function is required only for Müller glia reprogramming and not subsequent specification/differentiation events. Brd inhibition also prevented the expression of reprogramming genes like ascl1a and lepb in Müller glia, but not effector genes like mmp9, nor did it affect microglial recruitment after injury. These results demonstrate that transcriptional regulation by Brds plays a critical role during Müller glia-dependent retinal regeneration in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiwoon Lee
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Developmental Biology, Louis J. Fox Center for Vision Restoration, The University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Bum-Kyu Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cancer Research Center, University at Albany, State University of New York, Rensselaer, New York, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Gross
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Developmental Biology, Louis J. Fox Center for Vision Restoration, The University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
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3
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Hu M, Veldman MB. Intraocular Axon Regeneration in a Model of Penetrating Eye Injury. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2023; 39:563-571. [PMID: 37486664 PMCID: PMC10616938 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2023.0048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Penetrating eye injuries commonly cause permanent loss of vision in patients. Unlike mammals, zebrafish can regenerate both damaged tissue and severed axons in the central nervous system. Here, we present a tractable adult zebrafish model to study intraocular axon regeneration after penetrating eye injury. Methods: To create consistent penetrating intraocular injuries, pins of standardized diameters were inserted into the eye through the cornea and penetrating the retina but not the underlying sclera. Transgenic gap43:GFP reporter fish were used to preferentially label retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) that respond to injury with regenerating axons. Retinas were fixed and flat mounted at various times postinjury to examine injury size, number of green fluorescent protein (GFP)-positive cells and axons, axonal varicosities, and rate of regeneration to the optic nerve head. Intraocular injection of colchicine was used to inhibit axon outgrow as a proof of principle that this method can be used to screen effects of pharmacological agents on intraocular axon regeneration. Results: Penetrating injury to the zebrafish retina results in robust axon regeneration by RGCs around and beyond the site of injury. The gap43:GFP transgene allows visualization of individual or small bundles of axons with varicosities and growth cones easily observable. Regeneration proceeded with most, if not all, axons reaching the optic nerve head by 3-day postinjury. A single intraocular injection of colchicine a day after injury was sufficient to delay axon regeneration at 2-days postinjury. Surprisingly, we identified a stereotypically located population of circumferential projecting neurons within the retina that upregulate gap43:GFP expression after injury. Conclusions: Penetrating injury to the adult gap43:GFP transgenic zebrafish eye is a model of successful intraocular axon regeneration. The pharmacological and genetic tools available for this organism should make it a powerful tool for dissecting the cellular, molecular, and genetic mechanisms of axon regeneration in the intraocular environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengming Hu
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy and Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Matthew B. Veldman
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy and Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
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Xiao X, Liao Z, Zou J. Genetic and epigenetic regulators of retinal Müller glial cell reprogramming. ADVANCES IN OPHTHALMOLOGY PRACTICE AND RESEARCH 2023; 3:126-133. [PMID: 37846362 PMCID: PMC10577857 DOI: 10.1016/j.aopr.2023.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Background Retinal diseases characterized with irreversible loss of retinal nerve cells, such as optic atrophy and retinal degeneration, are the main causes of blindness. Current treatments for these diseases are very limited. An emerging treatment strategy is to induce the reprogramming of Müller glial cells to generate new retinal nerve cells, which could potentially restore vision. Main text Müller glial cells are the predominant glial cells in retinae and play multiple roles to maintain retinal homeostasis. In lower vertebrates, such as in zebrafish, Müller glial cells can undergo cell reprogramming to regenerate new retinal neurons in response to various damage factors, while in mammals, this ability is limited. Interestingly, with proper treatments, Müller glial cells can display the potential for regeneration of retinal neurons in mammalian retinae. Recent studies have revealed that dozens of genetic and epigenetic regulators play a vital role in inducing the reprogramming of Müller glial cells in vivo. This review summarizes these critical regulators for Müller glial cell reprogramming and highlights their differences between zebrafish and mammals. Conclusions A number of factors have been identified as the important regulators in Müller glial cell reprogramming. The early response of Müller glial cells upon acute retinal injury, such as the regulation in the exit from quiescent state, the initiation of reactive gliosis, and the re-entry of cell cycle of Müller glial cells, displays significant difference between mouse and zebrafish, which may be mediated by the diverse regulation of Notch and TGFβ (transforming growth factor-β) isoforms and different chromatin accessibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueqi Xiao
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Water Environment and Marine Biological Resources Protection, College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zhiyong Liao
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Water Environment and Marine Biological Resources Protection, College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jian Zou
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- The Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Cen LP, Park KK, So KF. Optic nerve diseases and regeneration: How far are we from the promised land? Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2023; 51:627-641. [PMID: 37317890 PMCID: PMC10519420 DOI: 10.1111/ceo.14259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) are the sole output neurons that connect information from the retina to the brain. Optic neuropathies such as glaucoma, trauma, inflammation, ischemia and hereditary optic neuropathy can cause RGC loss and axon damage, and lead to partial or total loss of vision, which is an irreversible process in mammals. The accurate diagnoses of optic neuropathies are crucial for timely treatments to prevent irrevocable RGCs loss. After severe ON damage in optic neuropathies, promoting RGC axon regeneration is vital for restoring vision. Clearance of neuronal debris, decreased intrinsic growth capacity, and the presence of inhibitory factors have been shown to contribute to the failure of post-traumatic CNS regeneration. Here, we review the current understanding of manifestations and treatments of various common optic neuropathies. We also summarise the current known mechanisms of RGC survival and axon regeneration in mammals, including specific intrinsic signalling pathways, key transcription factors, reprogramming genes, inflammation-related regeneration factors, stem cell therapy, and combination therapies. Significant differences in RGC subtypes in survival and regenerative capacity after injury have also been found. Finally, we highlight the developmental states and non-mammalian species that are capable of regenerating RGC axons after injury, and cellular state reprogramming for neural repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Ping Cen
- Department of Neuro-Ophthalmology, Joint Shantou International Eye Centre of Shantou University and The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, Guangdong, China
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Kevin K. Park
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Kowk-Fai So
- Guangzhou-HongKong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Aier School of Ophthalmology, Changsha Aier Hospital of Ophthalmology, Changsha, China
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6
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Si TE, Li Z, Zhang J, Su S, Liu Y, Chen S, Peng GH, Cao J, Zang W. Epigenetic mechanisms of Müller glial reprogramming mediating retinal regeneration. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1157893. [PMID: 37397254 PMCID: PMC10309042 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1157893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinal degenerative diseases, characterized by retinal neuronal death and severe vision loss, affect millions of people worldwide. One of the most promising treatment methods for retinal degenerative diseases is to reprogram non-neuronal cells into stem or progenitor cells, which then have the potential to re-differentiate to replace the dead neurons, thereby promoting retinal regeneration. Müller glia are the major glial cell type and play an important regulatory role in retinal metabolism and retinal cell regeneration. Müller glia can serve as a source of neurogenic progenitor cells in organisms with the ability to regenerate the nervous system. Current evidence points toward the reprogramming process of Müller glia, involving changes in the expression of pluripotent factors and other key signaling molecules that may be regulated by epigenetic mechanisms. This review summarizes recent knowledge of epigenetic modifications involved in the reprogramming process of Müller glia and the subsequent changes to gene expression and the outcomes. In living organisms, epigenetic mechanisms mainly include DNA methylation, histone modification, and microRNA-mediated miRNA degradation, all of which play a crucial role in the reprogramming process of Müller glia. The information presented in this review will improve the understanding of the mechanisms underlying the Müller glial reprogramming process and provide a research basis for the development of Müller glial reprogramming therapy for retinal degenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-En Si
- Department of Anatomy, Basic Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhixiao Li
- Department of Anatomy, Basic Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- Department of Anatomy, Basic Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Songxue Su
- Department of Anatomy, Basic Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yupeng Liu
- Department of Anatomy, Basic Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shiyue Chen
- Department of Anatomy, Basic Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Guang-Hua Peng
- Department of Pathophysiology, Basic Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Laboratory of Visual Cell Differentiation and Regulation, Basic Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jing Cao
- Department of Anatomy, Basic Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Weidong Zang
- Department of Anatomy, Basic Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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Mitchell DM, Stenkamp DL. Generating Widespread and Scalable Retinal Lesions in Adult Zebrafish by Intraocular Injection of Ouabain. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2636:221-235. [PMID: 36881303 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3012-9_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
Zebrafish regenerate functional retinal neurons after injury. Regeneration takes place following photic, chemical, mechanical, surgical, or cryogenic lesions, as well as after lesions that selectively target specific neuronal cell populations. An advantage of chemical retinal lesion for studying the process of regeneration is that the lesion is topographically widespread. This results in the loss of visual function as well as a regenerative response that engages nearly all stem cells (Müller glia). Such lesions can therefore be used to further our understanding of the process and mechanisms underlying re-establishment of neuronal wiring patterns, retinal function, and visually mediated behaviors. Widespread chemical lesions also permit the quantitative analysis of gene expression throughout the retina during the period of initial damage and over the duration of regeneration, as well as the study of growth and targeting of axons of regenerated retinal ganglion cells. The neurotoxic Na+/K+ ATPase inhibitor ouabain specifically offers a further advantage over other types of chemical lesions in that it is scalable; the extent of damage can be targeted to include only inner retinal neurons, or all retinal neurons, simply by adjusting the intraocular concentration of ouabain that is used. Here we describe the procedure through which these "selective" vs. "extensive" retinal lesions can be generated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana M Mitchell
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA.
| | - Deborah L Stenkamp
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA.
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Barrett LM, Meighan PC, Mitchell DM, Varnum MD, Stenkamp DL. Assessing Rewiring of the Retinal Circuitry by Electroretinogram (ERG) After Inner Retinal Lesion in Adult Zebrafish. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2636:421-435. [PMID: 36881314 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3012-9_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
Adult zebrafish respond to retinal injury with a regenerative response that replaces damaged neurons with Müller glia-derived regenerated neurons. The regenerated neurons are functional, appear to make appropriate synaptic connections, and support visually mediated reflexes and more complex behaviors. Curiously, the electrophysiology of damaged, regenerating, and regenerated zebrafish retina has only recently been examined. In our previous work, we demonstrated that electroretinogram (ERG) recordings of damaged zebrafish retina correlate with the extent of the inflicted damage and that the regenerated retina at 80 days post-injury exhibited ERG waveforms consistent with functional visual processing. In this paper we describe the procedure for obtaining and analyzing ERG recordings from adult zebrafish previously subjected to widespread lesions that destroy inner retinal neurons and engage a regenerative response that restores retinal function, in particular the synaptic connections between photoreceptor axon terminals and the dendritic trees of retinal bipolar neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey M Barrett
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA
| | - Peter C Meighan
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Diana M Mitchell
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA
| | - Michael D Varnum
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Deborah L Stenkamp
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA.
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Reprogramming neurons for regeneration: The fountain of youth. Prog Neurobiol 2022; 214:102284. [PMID: 35533809 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2022.102284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Neurons in the central nervous system (CNS) are terminally differentiated cells that gradually lose their ability to support regeneration during maturation due to changes in transcriptomic and chromatin landscape. Similar transcriptomic changes also occur during development when stem cells differentiate into different types of somatic cells. Importantly, differentiated cells can be reprogrammed back to induced pluripotent stems cells (iPSCs) via global epigenetic remodeling by combined overexpression of pluripotent reprogramming factors, including Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, c-Myc, Nanog, and/or Lin28. Moreover, recent findings showed that many proneural transcription factors were able to convert non-neural somatic cells into neurons bypassing the pluripotent stage via direct reprogramming. Interestingly, many of these factors have recently been identified as key regulators of CNS neural regeneration. Recent studies indicated that these factors could rejuvenate mature CNS neurons back to a younger state through cellular state reprogramming, thus favoring regeneration. Here we will review some recent findings regarding the roles of genetic cellular state reprogramming in regulation of neural regeneration and explore the potential underlying molecular mechanisms. Moreover, by using newly emerging techniques, such as multiomics sequencing with big data analysis and Crispr-based gene editing, we will discuss future research directions focusing on better revealing cellular state reprogramming-induced remodeling of chromatin landscape and potential translational application.
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10
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Becker T, Becker CG. Regenerative neurogenesis: the integration of developmental, physiological and immune signals. Development 2022; 149:275248. [PMID: 35502778 PMCID: PMC9124576 DOI: 10.1242/dev.199907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In fishes and salamanders, but not mammals, neural stem cells switch back to neurogenesis after injury. The signalling environment of neural stem cells is strongly altered by the presence of damaged cells and an influx of immune, as well as other, cells. Here, we summarise our recently expanded knowledge of developmental, physiological and immune signals that act on neural stem cells in the zebrafish central nervous system to directly, or indirectly, influence their neurogenic state. These signals act on several intracellular pathways, which leads to changes in chromatin accessibility and gene expression, ultimately resulting in regenerative neurogenesis. Translational approaches in non-regenerating mammals indicate that central nervous system stem cells can be reprogrammed for neurogenesis. Understanding signalling mechanisms in naturally regenerating species show the path to experimentally promoting neurogenesis in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Becker
- Center for Regenerative Therapies at the TU Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany.,Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh Medical School, Biomedical Science, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, Scotland
| | - Catherina G Becker
- Center for Regenerative Therapies at the TU Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany.,Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh Medical School, Biomedical Science, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, Scotland
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Abstract
The retina was historically considered as an “approachable part of the brain”; advantageous, for its simplicity, to use as a model organ for deciphering cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying physiology and pathology of the nervous system. However, the most relevant discoveries arise precisely from unveiling the complexity of the retina. A complexity that partially relies on the layered organization of an extended variety of specialized neuronal and glial cellular types and subtypes. Based on functional, morphological or transcriptome data, over 40 subtypes of retinal ganglion cells or 60 subtypes of retinal amacrine cells have been described. A high degree of specialization, that may lead to segregation into functionally diverse subtypes, is also conceivable for Müller cells, a pleiotropic glial component of all vertebrate retinas. The essential role of Müller glia in retinal homeostasis maintenance involves participation in structural, metabolic and intercellular communication processes. Additionally, they are the only retinal cells that possess regenerative potential in response to injury or disease, and thus may be considered as therapeutic tools. In the assumption that functional heterogeneity might be driven by molecular heterogeneity this review aims to compile emerging evidence that could broaden our understanding of Müller cell biology and retinal physiology. Summary statement Müller glial cells exert multiple essential functions in retinal physiology and retinopathies reflecting perhaps the existence of distinct Müller cellular subpopulations. Harnessing Müller cell heterogeneity may serve to enhance new therapeutic approaches for retinal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Lamas
- Departamento de Farmacobiología. CINVESTAV-Sede Sur. México D.F. México
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12
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Zhuang Y, Cui W. Biomaterial-based delivery of nucleic acids for tissue regeneration. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 176:113885. [PMID: 34324886 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.113885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Gene therapy is a promising novel method of tissue regeneration by stimulating or inhibiting key signaling pathways. However, their therapeutic applications in vivo are largely limited by several physiological obstacles, such as degradation of nucleases, impermeability of cell membranes, and transport to the desired intracellular compartments. Biomaterial-based gene delivery systems can overcome the problems of stability and local drug delivery, and can temporarily control the overexpression of therapeutic genes, leading to the local production of physiologically relevant levels of regulatory factors. But the gene delivery of biomaterials for tissue regeneration relies on multi-factor design. This review aims to outline the impact of gene delivery methods, therapeutic genes and biomaterials selection on this strategy, emphatically introduce the latest developments in the design of gene delivery vehicles based on biomaterials, summarize the mechanism of nucleic acid for tissue regeneration, and explore the strategies of nucleic acid delivery vehicles for various tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaping Zhuang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention, Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai 200025, PR China
| | - Wenguo Cui
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention, Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai 200025, PR China.
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13
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Florkowska A, Meszka I, Nowacka J, Granica M, Jablonska Z, Zawada M, Truszkowski L, Ciemerych MA, Grabowska I. PAX7 Balances the Cell Cycle Progression via Regulating Expression of Dnmt3b and Apobec2 in Differentiating PSCs. Cells 2021; 10:2205. [PMID: 34571854 PMCID: PMC8472244 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
PAX7 transcription factor plays a crucial role in embryonic myogenesis and in adult muscles in which it secures proper function of satellite cells, including regulation of their self renewal. PAX7 downregulation is necessary for the myogenic differentiation of satellite cells induced after muscle damage, what is prerequisite step for regeneration. Using differentiating pluripotent stem cells we documented that the absence of functional PAX7 facilitates proliferation. Such action is executed by the modulation of the expression of two proteins involved in the DNA methylation, i.e., Dnmt3b and Apobec2. Increase in Dnmt3b expression led to the downregulation of the CDK inhibitors and facilitated cell cycle progression. Changes in Apobec2 expression, on the other hand, differently impacted proliferation/differentiation balance, depending on the experimental model used.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Iwona Grabowska
- Department of Cytology, Institute of Developmental Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland; (A.F.); (I.M.); (J.N.); (M.G.); (Z.J.); (M.Z.); (L.T.); (M.A.C.)
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14
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Wu J, Liu LL, Cao M, Hu A, Hu D, Luo Y, Wang H, Zhong JN. DNA methylation plays important roles in retinal development and diseases. Exp Eye Res 2021; 211:108733. [PMID: 34418429 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2021.108733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
DNA methylation is important in developing and post-mitotic cells in various tissues. Recent studies have shown that DNA methylation is highly dynamic, and plays important roles during retinal development and aging. In addition, the dynamic regulation of DNA methylation is involved in the occurrence and development of age-related macular degeneration and diabetic retinopathy and shows potential in disease diagnoses and prognoses. This review introduces the epigenetic concepts of DNA methylation and demethylation with an emphasis on their regulatory roles in retinal development and related diseases. Moreover, we propose exciting ideas such as its crosstalk with other epigenetic modifications and retinal regeneration, to provide a potential direction for understanding retinal diseases from the epigenetic perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wu
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases of Ministry of Education, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000, Jiangxi Province, China; Department of Ophthalmology, Lishui Municipal Central Hospital, Lishui, 323000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Lin-Lin Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Miao Cao
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases of Ministry of Education, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000, Jiangxi Province, China; Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Ang Hu
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases of Ministry of Education, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Die Hu
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases of Ministry of Education, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000, Jiangxi Province, China; Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Yan Luo
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases of Ministry of Education, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000, Jiangxi Province, China.
| | - Jia-Ning Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases of Ministry of Education, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000, Jiangxi Province, China.
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15
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Qian C, Dong B, Wang XY, Zhou FQ. In vivo glial trans-differentiation for neuronal replacement and functional recovery in central nervous system. FEBS J 2021; 288:4773-4785. [PMID: 33351267 PMCID: PMC8217397 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The adult mammalian central nervous system (CNS) is deficient in intrinsic machineries to replace neurons lost in injuries or progressive degeneration. Various types of these neurons constitute neural circuitries wired to support vital sensory, motor, and cognitive functions. Based on the pioneer studies in cell lineage conversion, one promising strategy is to convert in vivo glial cells into neural progenitors or directly into neurons that can be eventually rewired for functional recovery. We first briefly summarize the well-studied regeneration-capable CNS in the zebrafish, focusing on their postinjury spontaneous reprogramming of the retinal Müller glia (MG). We then compare the signaling transductions, and transcriptional and epigenetic regulations in the zebrafish MGs with their mammalian counterparts, which perpetuate certain barriers against proliferation and neurogenesis and thus fail in MG-to-progenitor conversion. Next, we discuss emerging evidence from mouse studies, in which the in vivo glia-to-neuron conversion could be achieved with sequential or one-step genetic manipulations, such as the conversions from retinal MGs to interneurons, photoreceptors, or retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), as well as the conversions from midbrain astrocytes to dopaminergic or GABAergic neurons. Some of these in vivo studies showed considerable coverage of subtypes in the newly induced neurons and partial reestablishment in neural circuits and functions. Importantly, we would like to point out some crucial technical concerns that need to be addressed to convincingly show successful glia-to-neuron conversion. Finally, we present challenges and future directions in the field for better neural function recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Qian
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287
| | - Bryan Dong
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287
| | - Xu-Yang Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287
| | - Feng-Quan Zhou
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287,The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287,Corresponding author: Feng-Quan Zhou, Ph.D., , Phone: 443-287-5649, Address: The John G. Rangos Building, Room 291, 855 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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16
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Advances in Regeneration of Retinal Ganglion Cells and Optic Nerves. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094616. [PMID: 33924833 PMCID: PMC8125313 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma, the second leading cause of blindness worldwide, is an incurable neurodegenerative disorder due to the dysfunction of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). RGCs function as the only output neurons conveying the detected light information from the retina to the brain, which is a bottleneck of vision formation. RGCs in mammals cannot regenerate if injured, and RGC subtypes differ dramatically in their ability to survive and regenerate after injury. Recently, novel RGC subtypes and markers have been uncovered in succession. Meanwhile, apart from great advances in RGC axon regeneration, some degree of experimental RGC regeneration has been achieved by the in vitro differentiation of embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells or in vivo somatic cell reprogramming, which provides insights into the future therapy of myriad neurodegenerative disorders. Further approaches to the combination of different factors will be necessary to develop efficacious future therapeutic strategies to promote ultimate axon and RGC regeneration and functional vision recovery following injury.
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17
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Konar GJ, Ferguson C, Flickinger Z, Kent MR, Patton JG. miRNAs and Müller Glia Reprogramming During Retina Regeneration. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 8:632632. [PMID: 33537319 PMCID: PMC7848101 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.632632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of model systems that are capable of robust, spontaneous retina regeneration has allowed for the identification of genetic pathways and components that are required for retina regeneration. Complemented by mouse models in which retina regeneration can be induced after forced expression of key factors, altered chromatin accessibility, or inhibition of kinase/signaling cascades, a clearer picture of the key regulatory events that control retina regeneration is emerging. In all cases, Müller glia (MG) serve as an adult retinal stem cell that must be reprogrammed to allow for regeneration, with the end goal being to understand why regenerative pathways are blocked in mammals, but spontaneous in other vertebrates such as zebrafish. miRNAs have emerged as key gene regulatory molecules that control both development and regeneration in vertebrates. Here, we focus on a small subset of miRNAs that control MG reprogramming during retina regeneration and have the potential to serve as therapeutic targets for treatment of visual disorders and damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory J Konar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Claire Ferguson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Zachary Flickinger
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Matthew R Kent
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - James G Patton
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
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18
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Gao H, A L, Huang X, Chen X, Xu H. Müller Glia-Mediated Retinal Regeneration. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:2342-2361. [PMID: 33417229 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-02274-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Müller glia originate from neuroepithelium and are the principal glial cells in the retina. During retinal development, Müller glia are one of the last cell types to be born. In lower vertebrates, such as zebrafish, Müller glia possess a remarkable capacity for retinal regeneration following various forms of injury through a reprogramming process in which endogenous Müller glia proliferate and differentiate into all types of retinal cells. In mammals, Müller glia become reactive in response to damage to protect or to further impair retinal function. Although mammalian Müller glia have regenerative potential, it is limited as far as repairing damaged retina. Lessons learned from zebrafish will help reveal the critical mechanisms involved in Müller glia reprogramming. Progress has been made in triggering Müller glia to reprogram and generate functional neurons to restore vision in mammals indicating that Müller glia reprogramming may be a promising therapeutic strategy for human retinal diseases. This review comprehensively summarizes the mechanisms related to retinal regeneration in model animals and the critical advanced progress made in Müller glia reprogramming in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Gao
- Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
- Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Luodan A
- Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
- Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Xiaona Huang
- Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
- Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Haiwei Xu
- Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China.
- Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing, 400038, China.
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19
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Luz-Madrigal A, Grajales-Esquivel E, Tangeman J, Kosse S, Liu L, Wang K, Fausey A, Liang C, Tsonis PA, Del Rio-Tsonis K. DNA demethylation is a driver for chick retina regeneration. Epigenetics 2020; 15:998-1019. [PMID: 32290791 PMCID: PMC7518676 DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2020.1747742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular reprogramming resets the epigenetic landscape to drive shifts in transcriptional programmes and cell identity. The embryonic chick can regenerate a complete neural retina, after retinectomy, via retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) reprogramming in the presence of FGF2. In this study, we systematically analysed the reprogramming competent chick RPE prior to injury, and during different stages of reprogramming. In addition to changes in the expression of genes associated with epigenetic modifications during RPE reprogramming, we observed dynamic changes in histone marks associated with bivalent chromatin (H3K27me3/H3K4me3) and intermediates of the process of DNA demethylation including 5hmC and 5caC. Comprehensive analysis of the methylome by whole-genome bisulphite sequencing (WGBS) confirmed extensive rearrangements of DNA methylation patterns including differentially methylated regions (DMRs) found at promoters of genes associated with chromatin organization and fibroblast growth factor production. We also identified Tet methylcytosine dioxygenase 3 (TET3) as an important factor for DNA demethylation and retina regeneration, capable of reprogramming RPE in the absence of exogenous FGF2. In conclusion, we demonstrate that injury early in RPE reprogramming triggers genome-wide dynamic changes in chromatin, including bivalent chromatin and DNA methylation. In the presence of FGF2, these dynamic modifications are further sustained in the commitment to form a new retina. Our findings reveal active DNA demethylation as an important process that may be applied to remove the epigenetic barriers in order to regenerate retina in mammals. ABBREVIATIONS bp: Base pair; DMR: Differentially methylated region; DMC: Differentially methylated cytosines; GFP: Green fluorescent protein; PCR: Polymerase chain reaction. TET: Ten-eleven translocation; RPE: retinal pigment epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agustín Luz-Madrigal
- Department of Biology and Center for Visual Sciences at Miami University, Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
- Department of Biology and Center for Stem Cell & Organoid Medicine (CuSTOM), Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Erika Grajales-Esquivel
- Department of Biology and Center for Visual Sciences at Miami University, Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
| | - Jared Tangeman
- Department of Biology and Center for Visual Sciences at Miami University, Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
| | - Sarah Kosse
- Department of Biology and Center for Visual Sciences at Miami University, Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
| | - Lin Liu
- Department of Biology and Center for Visual Sciences at Miami University, Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of Biology and Center for Visual Sciences at Miami University, Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
| | - Andrew Fausey
- Department of Biology and Center for Visual Sciences at Miami University, Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
| | - Chun Liang
- Department of Biology and Center for Visual Sciences at Miami University, Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
- Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering, Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
| | - Panagiotis A. Tsonis
- Department of Biology, University of Dayton and Center for Tissue Regeneration and Engineering at the University of Dayton (TREND), Dayton, OH, USA
| | - Katia Del Rio-Tsonis
- Department of Biology and Center for Visual Sciences at Miami University, Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
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20
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Abstract
In humans, various genetic defects or age-related diseases, such as diabetic retinopathies, glaucoma, and macular degeneration, cause the death of retinal neurons and profound vision loss. One approach to treating these diseases is to utilize stem and progenitor cells to replace neurons in situ, with the expectation that new neurons will create new synaptic circuits or integrate into existing ones. Reprogramming non-neuronal cells in vivo into stem or progenitor cells is one strategy for replacing lost neurons. Zebrafish have become a valuable model for investigating cellular reprogramming and retinal regeneration. This review summarizes our current knowledge regarding spontaneous reprogramming of Müller glia in zebrafish and compares this knowledge to research efforts directed toward reprogramming Müller glia in mammals. Intensive research using these animal models has revealed shared molecular mechanisms that make Müller glia attractive targets for cellular reprogramming and highlighted the potential for curing degenerative retinal diseases from intrinsic cellular sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Lahne
- Center for Zebrafish Research, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA; , .,Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
| | - Mikiko Nagashima
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105, USA; ,
| | - David R Hyde
- Center for Zebrafish Research, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA; , .,Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
| | - Peter F Hitchcock
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105, USA; , .,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105, USA
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21
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Lin S, Guo J, Chen S. Transcriptome and DNA Methylome Signatures Associated With Retinal Müller Glia Development, Injury Response, and Aging. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 60:4436-4450. [DOI: 10.1167/iovs.19-27361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingyi Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuyi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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22
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Camilleri-Robles C, Serras F, Corominas M. Role of D-GADD45 in JNK-Dependent Apoptosis and Regeneration in Drosophila. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:E378. [PMID: 31109086 PMCID: PMC6562583 DOI: 10.3390/genes10050378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The GADD45 proteins are induced in response to stress and have been implicated in the regulation of several cellular functions, including DNA repair, cell cycle control, senescence, and apoptosis. In this study, we investigate the role of D-GADD45 during Drosophila development and regeneration of the wing imaginal discs. We find that higher expression of D-GADD45 results in JNK-dependent apoptosis, while its temporary expression does not have harmful effects. Moreover, D-GADD45 is required for proper regeneration of wing imaginal discs. Our findings demonstrate that a tight regulation of D-GADD45 levels is required for its correct function both, in development and during the stress response after cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Camilleri-Robles
- Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Facultat de Biologia and Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain.
| | - Florenci Serras
- Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Facultat de Biologia and Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain.
| | - Montserrat Corominas
- Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Facultat de Biologia and Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain.
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23
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Epigenetics in neuronal regeneration. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2019; 97:63-73. [PMID: 30951894 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2019.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Damage to neuronal tissues in mammals leads to permanent loss of tissue function that can have major health consequences. While mammals have no inherent regenerative capacity to functionally repair neuronal tissue, other species such as amphibians and teleost fish readily replace damaged tissue. The exploration of development and native regeneration can thus inform the process of inducing regeneration in non-regenerative systems, which can be used to develop new therapeutics. Increasing evidence points to an epigenetic component in the regulation of the changes in cellular gene expression necessary for regeneration. In this review, we compare evidence of epigenetic roles in development and regeneration of neuronal tissue. We have focused on three key systems of important clinical significance: the neural retina, the inner ear, and the spinal cord in regenerative and non-regenerative species. While evidence for epigenetic regulation of regeneration is still limited, changes in DNA accessibility, histone acetylation and DNA methylation have all emerged as key elements in this process. To date, most studies have used broadly acting experimental manipulations to establish a role for epigenetics in regeneration, but the advent of more targeted approaches to modify the epigenome will be critical to dissecting the relative contributions of these regulatory factors in this process and the development of methods to stimulate the regeneration in those organisms like ourselves where only limited regeneration occurs in these neural systems.
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24
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Martinez-Redondo P, Izpisua Belmonte JC. Tailored chromatin modulation to promote tissue regeneration. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2019; 97:3-15. [PMID: 31028854 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2019.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetic regulation of gene expression is fundamental in the maintenance of cellular identity and the regulation of cellular plasticity during tissue repair. In fact, epigenetic modulation is associated with the processes of cellular de-differentiation, proliferation, and re-differentiation that takes place during tissue regeneration. In here we explore the epigenetic events that coordinate tissue repair in lower vertebrates with high regenerative capacity, and in mammalian adult stem cells, which are responsible for the homeostasis maintenance of most of our tissues. Finally we summarize promising CRISPR-based editing technologies developed during the last years, which look as promising tools to not only study but also promote specific events during tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paloma Martinez-Redondo
- Gene Expression Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, United States
| | - Juan Carlos Izpisua Belmonte
- Gene Expression Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, United States.
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25
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Mitra S, Sharma P, Kaur S, Khursheed MA, Gupta S, Chaudhary M, Kurup AJ, Ramachandran R. Dual regulation of lin28a by Myc is necessary during zebrafish retina regeneration. J Cell Biol 2019; 218:489-507. [PMID: 30606747 PMCID: PMC6363449 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201802113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular reprogramming leading to induction of Muller glia-derived progenitor cells (MGPCs) with stem cell characteristics is essential for zebrafish retina regeneration. Although several regeneration-specific genes are characterized, the significance of MGPC-associated Mycb induction remains unknown. Here, we show that early expression of Mycb induces expression of genes like ascl1a, a known activator of lin28a in MGPCs. Notably, mycb is simultaneously activated by Ascl1a and repressed by Insm1a in regenerating retina. Here, we unravel a dual role of Mycb in lin28a expression, both as an activator through Ascl1a in MGPCs and a repressor in combination with Hdac1 in neighboring cells. Myc inhibition reduces the number of MGPCs and abolishes normal regeneration. Myc in collaboration with Hdac1 inhibits her4.1, an effector of Delta-Notch signaling. Further, we also show the repressive role of Delta-Notch signaling on lin28a expression in post-injured retina. Our studies reveal mechanistic understanding of Myc pathway during zebrafish retina regeneration, which could pave way for therapeutic intervention during mammalian retina regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumitra Mitra
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohali, Knowledge City, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Manauli, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Poonam Sharma
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohali, Knowledge City, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Manauli, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Simran Kaur
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohali, Knowledge City, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Manauli, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Mohammad Anwar Khursheed
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohali, Knowledge City, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Manauli, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Shivangi Gupta
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohali, Knowledge City, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Manauli, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Mansi Chaudhary
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohali, Knowledge City, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Manauli, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Akshai J Kurup
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohali, Knowledge City, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Manauli, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Rajesh Ramachandran
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohali, Knowledge City, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Manauli, Mohali, Punjab, India
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26
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Epigenetic Regulation of Organ Regeneration in Zebrafish. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2018; 5:jcdd5040057. [PMID: 30558240 PMCID: PMC6306890 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd5040057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The zebrafish is broadly used for investigating de novo organ regeneration, because of its strong regenerative potential. Over the past two decades of intense study, significant advances have been made in identifying both the regenerative cell sources and molecular signaling pathways in a variety of organs in adult zebrafish. Epigenetic regulation has gradually moved into the center-stage of this research area, aided by comprehensive work demonstrating that DNA methylation, histone modifications, chromatin remodeling complexes, and microRNAs are essential for organ regeneration. Here, we present a brief review of how these epigenetic components are induced upon injury, and how they are involved in sophisticated organ regeneration. In addition, we highlight several prospective research directions and their potential implications for regenerative medicine.
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27
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Mitra S, Sharma P, Kaur S, Khursheed MA, Gupta S, Ahuja R, Kurup AJ, Chaudhary M, Ramachandran R. Histone Deacetylase-Mediated Müller Glia Reprogramming through Her4.1-Lin28a Axis Is Essential for Retina Regeneration in Zebrafish. iScience 2018; 7:68-84. [PMID: 30267687 PMCID: PMC6135741 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2018.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone deacetylases (Hdacs) play significant roles in cellular homeostasis and tissue differentiation. Hdacs are well characterized in various systems for their physiological and epigenetic relevance. However, their significance during retina regeneration remains unclear. Here we show that inhibition of Hdac1 causes a decline in regenerative ability, and injury-dependent regulation of hdacs is essential for regulating regeneration-associated genes like ascl1a, lin28a, and repressors like her4.1 at the injury site. We show selective seclusion of Hdac1 from the proliferating Müller glia-derived progenitor cells (MGPCs) and its upregulation in the neighboring cells. Hdacs negatively regulate her4.1, which also represses lin28a and essential cytokines to control MGPCs proliferation. Interestingly, Hdacs' inhibition reversibly blocks regeneration through the repression of critical cytokines and other regeneration-specific genes, which is also revealed by whole-retina RNA sequence analysis. Our study shows mechanistic understanding of the Hdac pathway during zebrafish retina regeneration. Hdac1, along with other Hdacs, is a key regulator of retina regeneration in zebrafish Hdacs regulate MGPCs' formation through Her4.1/Lin28a/let-7 miRNA axis Hdacs' inhibition reversibly blocks MGPCs' proliferation and retina regeneration Hdacs/Her4.1 interplay regulates essential cytokines during retina regeneration
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumitra Mitra
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohali, Knowledge City, Room 3F10, Academic Block-1, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Manauli PO, Mohali, Punjab 140306, India
| | - Poonam Sharma
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohali, Knowledge City, Room 3F10, Academic Block-1, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Manauli PO, Mohali, Punjab 140306, India
| | - Simran Kaur
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohali, Knowledge City, Room 3F10, Academic Block-1, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Manauli PO, Mohali, Punjab 140306, India
| | - Mohammad Anwar Khursheed
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohali, Knowledge City, Room 3F10, Academic Block-1, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Manauli PO, Mohali, Punjab 140306, India
| | - Shivangi Gupta
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohali, Knowledge City, Room 3F10, Academic Block-1, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Manauli PO, Mohali, Punjab 140306, India
| | - Riya Ahuja
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohali, Knowledge City, Room 3F10, Academic Block-1, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Manauli PO, Mohali, Punjab 140306, India
| | - Akshai J Kurup
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohali, Knowledge City, Room 3F10, Academic Block-1, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Manauli PO, Mohali, Punjab 140306, India
| | - Mansi Chaudhary
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohali, Knowledge City, Room 3F10, Academic Block-1, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Manauli PO, Mohali, Punjab 140306, India
| | - Rajesh Ramachandran
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohali, Knowledge City, Room 3F10, Academic Block-1, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Manauli PO, Mohali, Punjab 140306, India.
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Corso-Díaz X, Jaeger C, Chaitankar V, Swaroop A. Epigenetic control of gene regulation during development and disease: A view from the retina. Prog Retin Eye Res 2018; 65:1-27. [PMID: 29544768 PMCID: PMC6054546 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Complex biological processes, such as organogenesis and homeostasis, are stringently regulated by genetic programs that are fine-tuned by epigenetic factors to establish cell fates and/or to respond to the microenvironment. Gene regulatory networks that guide cell differentiation and function are modulated and stabilized by modifications to DNA, RNA and proteins. In this review, we focus on two key epigenetic changes - DNA methylation and histone modifications - and discuss their contribution to retinal development, aging and disease, especially in the context of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and diabetic retinopathy. We highlight less-studied roles of DNA methylation and provide the RNA expression profiles of epigenetic enzymes in human and mouse retina in comparison to other tissues. We also review computational tools and emergent technologies to profile, analyze and integrate epigenetic information. We suggest implementation of editing tools and single-cell technologies to trace and perturb the epigenome for delineating its role in transcriptional regulation. Finally, we present our thoughts on exciting avenues for exploring epigenome in retinal metabolism, disease modeling, and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ximena Corso-Díaz
- Neurobiology-Neurodegeneration & Repair Laboratory, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Catherine Jaeger
- Neurobiology-Neurodegeneration & Repair Laboratory, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Vijender Chaitankar
- Neurobiology-Neurodegeneration & Repair Laboratory, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Anand Swaroop
- Neurobiology-Neurodegeneration & Repair Laboratory, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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Yoo S, Blackshaw S. Regulation and function of neurogenesis in the adult mammalian hypothalamus. Prog Neurobiol 2018; 170:53-66. [PMID: 29631023 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2018.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Over the past two decades, evidence has accumulated that neurogenesis can occur in both the juvenile and adult mammalian hypothalamus. Levels of hypothalamic neurogenesis can be regulated by dietary, environmental and hormonal signals. Since the hypothalamus has a central role in controlling a broad range of homeostatic physiological processes, these findings may have far ranging behavioral and medical implications. However, many questions in the field remain unresolved, including the cells of origin of newborn hypothalamic neurons and the extent to which these cells actually regulate hypothalamic-controlled behaviors. In this manuscript, we conduct a critical review of the literature on postnatal hypothalamic neurogenesis in mammals, lay out the main outstanding controversies in the field, and discuss how best to advance our knowledge of this fascinating but still poorly understood process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sooyeon Yoo
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Seth Blackshaw
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA; Center for Human Systems Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA; Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
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30
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Sato Y, Ohtsubo H, Nihei N, Kaneko T, Sato Y, Adachi SI, Kondo S, Nakamura M, Mizunoya W, Iida H, Tatsumi R, Rada C, Yoshizawa F. Apobec2 deficiency causes mitochondrial defects and mitophagy in skeletal muscle. FASEB J 2018; 32:1428-1439. [PMID: 29127187 PMCID: PMC5892721 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201700493r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Apobec2 is a member of the activation-induced deaminase/apolipoprotein B mRNA editing enzyme catalytic polypeptide cytidine deaminase family expressed in differentiated skeletal and cardiac muscle. We previously reported that Apobec2 deficiency in mice leads to a shift in muscle fiber type, myopathy, and diminished muscle mass. However, the mechanisms of myopathy caused by Apobec2 deficiency and its physiologic functions are unclear. Here we show that, although Apobec2 localizes to the sarcomeric Z-lines in mouse tissue and cultured myotubes, the sarcomeric structure is not affected in Apobec2-deficient muscle. In contrast, electron microscopy reveals enlarged mitochondria and mitochondria engulfed by autophagic vacuoles, suggesting that Apobec2 deficiency causes mitochondrial defects leading to increased mitophagy in skeletal muscle. Indeed, Apobec2 deficiency results in increased reactive oxygen species generation and depolarized mitochondria, leading to mitophagy as a defensive response. Furthermore, the exercise capacity of Apobec2-/- mice is impaired, implying Apobec2 deficiency results in ongoing muscle dysfunction. The presence of rimmed vacuoles in myofibers from 10-mo-old mice suggests that the chronic muscle damage impairs normal autophagy. We conclude that Apobec2 deficiency causes mitochondrial defects that increase muscle mitophagy, leading to myopathy and atrophy. Our findings demonstrate that Apobec2 is required for mitochondrial homeostasis to maintain normal skeletal muscle function.-Sato, Y., Ohtsubo, H., Nihei, N., Kaneko, T., Sato, Y., Adachi, S.-I., Kondo, S., Nakamura, M., Mizunoya, W., Iida, H., Tatsumi, R., Rada, C., Yoshizawa, F. Apobec2 deficiency causes mitochondrial defects and mitophagy in skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Sato
- Department of Agrobiology and Bioresources, Utsunomiya University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Hideaki Ohtsubo
- Department of Animal and Marine Bioresource Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Naohiro Nihei
- Department of Agrobiology and Bioresources, Utsunomiya University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Takane Kaneko
- Department of Animal and Marine Bioresource Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yoriko Sato
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Adachi
- Department of Agrobiology and Bioresources, Utsunomiya University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Shinji Kondo
- Department of Agrobiology and Bioresources, Utsunomiya University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Mako Nakamura
- Department of Animal and Marine Bioresource Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Wataru Mizunoya
- Department of Animal and Marine Bioresource Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Iida
- Department of Animal and Marine Bioresource Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Tatsumi
- Department of Animal and Marine Bioresource Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Cristina Rada
- Medical Research Council, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Fumiaki Yoshizawa
- Department of Agrobiology and Bioresources, Utsunomiya University, Tochigi, Japan.,United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
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Damsteegt EL, Davie A, Lokman PM. The evolution of apolipoprotein B and its mRNA editing complex. Does the lack of editing contribute to hypertriglyceridemia? Gene 2017; 641:46-54. [PMID: 29031774 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2017.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The evolution of apolipoprotein B (Apob) has been intensely researched due to its importance during lipid transport. Mammalian full-length apob100 can be post-transcriptionally edited by the enzyme apolipoprotein B mRNA editing enzyme, catalytic polypeptide-like complex-one (Apobec1) resulting in a truncated Apob, known as Apob48. Whilst both full-length and truncated forms of Apob are important for normal lipid homeostasis in mammals, there is no evidence for the presence of apob mRNA editing prior to the divergence of the mammals, yet, non-mammalian vertebrates appear to function normally with only Apob100. To date, the majority of the research carried out in non-mammalian vertebrates has focused on chickens with only a very limited number examining apob mRNA editing in fish. This study focused on the molecular evolution of Apobec1 and Apob in order to ascertain if apob mRNA editing occurs in eels, a basal teleost which represents an evolutionarily important animal group. No evidence for the presence of Apobec1 or the ability for eel apob to be edited was found. However, an important link between mutant mice and the evident hypertriglyceridemia in the plasma of non-mammalian vertebrates was made. This study has provided imperative evidence to help bridge the evolutionary gap between fish and mammals and provides further support for the lack of apob mRNA editing in non-mammalian vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin L Damsteegt
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, 340 Great King Street, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand.
| | - Andrew Davie
- Institute of Aquaculture, School of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, United Kingdom
| | - P Mark Lokman
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, 340 Great King Street, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
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Sifuentes CJ, Kim JW, Swaroop A, Raymond PA. Rapid, Dynamic Activation of Müller Glial Stem Cell Responses in Zebrafish. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2017; 57:5148-5160. [PMID: 27699411 PMCID: PMC5054728 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.16-19973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Zebrafish neurons regenerate from Müller glia following retinal lesions. Genes and signaling pathways important for retinal regeneration in zebrafish have been described, but our understanding of how Müller glial stem cell properties are regulated is incomplete. Mammalian Müller glia possess a latent neurogenic capacity that might be enhanced in regenerative therapies to treat degenerative retinal diseases. Methods To identify transcriptional changes associated with stem cell properties in zebrafish Müller glia, we performed a comparative transcriptome analysis from isolated cells at 8 and 16 hours following an acute photic lesion, prior to the asymmetric division that produces retinal progenitors. Results We report a rapid, dynamic response of zebrafish Müller glia, characterized by activation of pathways related to stress, nuclear factor–κB (NF-κB) signaling, cytokine signaling, immunity, prostaglandin metabolism, circadian rhythm, and pluripotency, and an initial repression of Wnt signaling. When we compared publicly available transcriptomes of isolated mouse Müller glia from two retinal degeneration models, we found that mouse Müller glia showed evidence of oxidative stress, variable responses associated with immune regulation, and repression of pathways associated with pluripotency, development, and proliferation. Conclusions Categories of biological processes/pathways activated following photoreceptor loss in regeneration-competent zebrafish Müller glia, which distinguished them from mouse Müller glia in retinal degeneration models, included cytokine signaling (notably NF-κB), prostaglandin E2 synthesis, expression of core clock genes, and pathways/metabolic states associated with pluripotency. These regulatory mechanisms are relatively unexplored as potential mediators of stem cell properties likely to be important in Müller glial cells for successful retinal regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Sifuentes
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Jung-Woong Kim
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea 3Neurobiology-Neurodegeneration and Repair Laboratory, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Anand Swaroop
- Neurobiology-Neurodegeneration and Repair Laboratory, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Pamela A Raymond
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
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Ohtsubo H, Sato Y, Suzuki T, Mizunoya W, Nakamura M, Tatsumi R, Ikeuchi Y. APOBEC2 negatively regulates myoblast differentiation in muscle regeneration. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2017; 85:91-101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2017.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Xiao J, Li X, Chen L, Han X, Zhao W, Li L, Chen JG. Apobec1 Promotes Neurotoxicity-Induced Dedifferentiation of Müller Glial Cells. Neurochem Res 2017; 42:1151-1164. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-016-2151-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Revised: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Wilken MS, Reh TA. Retinal regeneration in birds and mice. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2016; 40:57-64. [PMID: 27379897 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2016.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Revised: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Retinal regeneration from resident Müller glia cells is robust in teleost fish, but is severely limited in birds and mammals. After neurotoxic injury, chick Müller glia can proliferate, and activate neurogenic genes, but they display limited capacity to differentiate into neurons. Developmental signaling molecules enhance this process. Regeneration of retinal neurons in rodents is even more limited. However, studies show evidence of proliferation and neurogenic gene expression after injury, with stronger effects in rats than mice, and differences between mouse strains. Mitogenic growth factors and Wnt signaling potentiate the proliferative response, while misexpression of the proneural transcription factor, Ascl1, reprograms to generate neurons from Müller glial in vitro, and stimulates neuronal regeneration in young mice, in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S Wilken
- Department of Biological Structure, Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States
| | - Thomas A Reh
- Department of Biological Structure, Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States.
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36
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Powell C, Cornblath E, Elsaeidi F, Wan J, Goldman D. Zebrafish Müller glia-derived progenitors are multipotent, exhibit proliferative biases and regenerate excess neurons. Sci Rep 2016; 6:24851. [PMID: 27094545 PMCID: PMC4837407 DOI: 10.1038/srep24851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Unlike mammals, zebrafish can regenerate a damaged retina. Key to this regenerative response are Müller glia (MG) that respond to injury by reprogramming and adopting retinal stem cell properties. These reprogrammed MG divide to produce a proliferating population of retinal progenitors that migrate to areas of retinal damage and regenerate lost neurons. Previous studies have suggested that MG-derived progenitors may be biased to produce that are lost with injury. Here we investigated MG multipotency using injury paradigms that target different retinal nuclear layers for cell ablation. Our data indicate that regardless of which nuclear layer was damaged, MG respond by generating multipotent progenitors that migrate to all nuclear layers and differentiate into layer-specific cell types, suggesting that MG-derived progenitors in the injured retina are intrinsically multipotent. However, our analysis of progenitor proliferation reveals a proliferative advantage in nuclear layers where neurons were ablated. This suggests that feedback inhibition from surviving neurons may skew neuronal regeneration towards ablated cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Curtis Powell
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| | - Eli Cornblath
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| | - Fairouz Elsaeidi
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| | - Jin Wan
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| | - Daniel Goldman
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
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Carrió E, Magli A, Muñoz M, Peinado MA, Perlingeiro R, Suelves M. Muscle cell identity requires Pax7-mediated lineage-specific DNA demethylation. BMC Biol 2016; 14:30. [PMID: 27075038 PMCID: PMC4831197 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-016-0250-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Skeletal muscle stem cells enable the formation, growth, maintenance, and regeneration of skeletal muscle throughout life. The regeneration process is compromised in several pathological conditions, and muscle progenitors derived from pluripotent stem cells have been suggested as a potential therapeutic source for tissue replacement. DNA methylation is an important epigenetic mechanism in the setting and maintenance of cellular identity, but its role in stem cell determination towards the myogenic lineage is unknown. Here we addressed the DNA methylation dynamics of the major genes orchestrating the myogenic determination and differentiation programs in embryonic stem (ES) cells, their Pax7-induced myogenic derivatives, and muscle stem cells in proliferating and differentiating conditions. Results Our data showed a common muscle-specific DNA demethylation signature required to acquire and maintain the muscle-cell identity. This specific-DNA demethylation is Pax7-mediated, and it is a prime event in muscle stem cells gene activation. Notably, downregulation of the demethylation-related enzyme Apobec2 in ES-derived myogenic precursors reduced myogenin-associated DNA demethylation and dramatically impaired the expression of differentiation markers and, ultimately, muscle differentiation. Conclusions Our results underscore DNA demethylation as a key mechanism driving myogenesis and identify specific Pax7-mediated DNA demethylation signatures to acquire and maintain the muscle-cell identity. Additionally, we provide a panel of epigenetic markers for the efficient and safe generation of ES- and induced pluripotent stem cell (iPS)-derived myogenic progenitors for therapeutic applications. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12915-016-0250-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvira Carrió
- Institut de Medicina Predictiva i Personalizada del Càncer (IMPPC) and Institut Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Campus Can Ruti, 08916, Badalona, Spain
| | - Alessandro Magli
- Lillehei Heart Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, 55455, USA
| | - Mar Muñoz
- Institut de Medicina Predictiva i Personalizada del Càncer (IMPPC) and Institut Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Campus Can Ruti, 08916, Badalona, Spain
| | - Miguel A Peinado
- Institut de Medicina Predictiva i Personalizada del Càncer (IMPPC) and Institut Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Campus Can Ruti, 08916, Badalona, Spain
| | - Rita Perlingeiro
- Lillehei Heart Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, 55455, USA
| | - Mònica Suelves
- Institut de Medicina Predictiva i Personalizada del Càncer (IMPPC) and Institut Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Campus Can Ruti, 08916, Badalona, Spain.
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Knisbacher BA, Gerber D, Levanon EY. DNA Editing by APOBECs: A Genomic Preserver and Transformer. Trends Genet 2016; 32:16-28. [PMID: 26608778 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2015.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2015] [Revised: 10/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Information warfare is not limited to the cyber world because it is waged within our cells as well. The unique AID (activation-induced cytidine deaminase)/APOBEC (apolipoprotein B mRNA editing enzyme, catalytic polypeptide) family comprises proteins that alter DNA sequences by converting deoxycytidines to deoxyuridines through deamination. This C-to-U DNA editing enables them to inhibit parasitic viruses and retrotransposons by disrupting their genomic content. In addition to attacking genomic invaders, APOBECs can target their host genome, which can be beneficial by initiating processes that create antibody diversity needed for the immune system or by accelerating the rate of evolution. AID can also alter gene regulation by removing epigenetic modifications from genomic DNA. However, when uncontrolled, these powerful agents of change can threaten genome stability and eventually lead to cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binyamin A Knisbacher
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, 52900 Israel
| | - Doron Gerber
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, 52900 Israel
| | - Erez Y Levanon
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, 52900 Israel.
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40
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Ramiro AR, Barreto VM. Activation-induced cytidine deaminase and active DNA demethylation. Trends Biochem Sci 2015; 40:172-81. [PMID: 25661247 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2015.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Revised: 01/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The regulation of demethylation in vertebrates has begun to be elucidated in the past decade. However, a possible involvement of activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) in this process remains uncertain. We survey the data supporting or casting doubt on such a role, and propose that there is no strong evidence for an involvement of AID in genome-wide active demethylation processes. Conversely, we present evidence that favors AID involvement in gene-specific demethylation events underlying cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Almudena R Ramiro
- B Cell Biology Lab, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Calle de Melchor Fernandez Almagro 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Vasco M Barreto
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande 6, Oeiras, Portugal.
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Dehghan S, Asadi S, Hajikaram M, Soleimani M, Mowla SJ, Fathollahi Y, Ahmadiani A, Javan M. Exogenous Oct4 in combination with valproic acid increased neural progenitor markers: An approach for enhancing the repair potential of the brain. Life Sci 2015; 122:108-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2014.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2014] [Revised: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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42
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Zhao XF, Wan J, Powell C, Ramachandran R, Myers MG, Goldman D. Leptin and IL-6 family cytokines synergize to stimulate Müller glia reprogramming and retina regeneration. Cell Rep 2014; 9:272-284. [PMID: 25263554 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.08.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2014] [Revised: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Unlike mammals, zebrafish can regenerate a damaged retina. This remarkable regenerative response is mediated by Müller glia (MG) that undergo a reprogramming event that drives their proliferation and the generation of multipotent progenitors for retinal repair. The mechanisms that drive MG reprogramming are poorly understood. Here, we report that Leptin and Gp130-coupled receptors, acting via a Jak/Stat signaling pathway, stimulate MG reprogramming and progenitor formation in the injured retina. Importantly, we find that ascl1a gene expression, which drives MG reprogramming in fish and mammals, is regulated in a Jak/Stat-dependent manner and requires consensus Stat-binding sites for injury-dependent activation. Finally, we identify cytokines that are induced by retinal injury and exhibit a remarkable synergy in their ability to activate Jak/Stat signaling and MG reprogramming in the uninjured retina. Our study not only furthers our understanding of retina regeneration in zebrafish but also suggests new strategies for awakening retina regeneration in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Feng Zhao
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jin Wan
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Curtis Powell
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Rajesh Ramachandran
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Martin G Myers
- Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Daniel Goldman
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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Liu B, Hunter DJ, Smith AA, Chen S, Helms JA. The capacity of neural crest-derived stem cells for ocular repair. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 102:299-308. [DOI: 10.1002/bdrc.21077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Liu
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery; Department of Surgery School of Medicine; Stanford University; Stanford California
| | - Daniel J. Hunter
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery; Department of Surgery School of Medicine; Stanford University; Stanford California
| | - Andrew A. Smith
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery; Department of Surgery School of Medicine; Stanford University; Stanford California
| | - Serafine Chen
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery; Department of Surgery School of Medicine; Stanford University; Stanford California
| | - Jill A. Helms
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery; Department of Surgery School of Medicine; Stanford University; Stanford California
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Powell C, Cornblath E, Goldman D. Zinc-binding domain-dependent, deaminase-independent actions of apolipoprotein B mRNA-editing enzyme, catalytic polypeptide 2 (Apobec2), mediate its effect on zebrafish retina regeneration. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:28924-41. [PMID: 25190811 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.603043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The Apobec/AID family of cytosine deaminases can deaminate cytosine and thereby contribute to adaptive and innate immunity, DNA demethylation, and the modification of cellular mRNAs. Unique among this family is Apobec2, whose enzymatic activity has been questioned and whose function remains poorly explored. We recently reported that zebrafish Apobec2a and Apobec2b (Apobec2a,2b) regulate retina regeneration; however, their mechanism of action remained unknown. Here we show that although Apobec2a,2b lack cytosine deaminase activity, they require a conserved zinc-binding domain to stimulate retina regeneration. Interestingly, we found that human APOBEC2 is able to functionally substitute for Apobec2a,2b during retina regeneration. By identifying Apobec2-interacting proteins, including ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme 9 (Ubc9); topoisomerase I-binding, arginine/serine-rich, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase (Toporsa); and POU class 6 homeobox 2 (Pou6f2), we uncovered that sumoylation regulates Apobec2 subcellular localization and that nuclear Apobec2 controls Pou6f2 binding to DNA. Importantly, mutations in the zinc-binding domain of Apobec2 diminished its ability to stimulate Pou6f2 binding to DNA, and knockdown of Ubc9 or Pou6f2 suppressed retina regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Curtis Powell
- From the Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute and Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Eli Cornblath
- From the Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute and Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Daniel Goldman
- From the Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute and Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
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Franchini DM, Petersen-Mahrt SK. AID and APOBEC deaminases: balancing DNA damage in epigenetics and immunity. Epigenomics 2014; 6:427-43. [DOI: 10.2217/epi.14.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA mutations and genomic recombinations are the origin of oncogenesis, yet parts of developmental programs as well as immunity are intimately linked to, or even depend on, such DNA damages. Therefore, the balance between deleterious DNA damages and organismal survival utilizing DNA editing (modification and repair) is in continuous flux. The cytosine deaminases AID/APOBEC are a DNA editing family and actively participate in various biological processes. In conjunction with altered DNA repair, the mutagenic potential of the family allows for APOBEC3 proteins to restrict viral infection and transposons propagation, while AID can induce somatic hypermutation and class switch recombination in antibody genes. On the other hand, the synergy between effective DNA repair and the nonmutagenic potential of the DNA deaminases can induce local DNA demethylation to support epigenetic cellular identity. Here, we review the current state of knowledge on the mechanisms of action of the AID/APOBEC family in immunity and epigenetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Don-Marc Franchini
- DNA Editing in Immunity and Epigenetics, IFOM-Fondazione Instituto FIRC di Oncologia Molecolare, Via Adamello 16, 20139 Milano, Italy
| | - Svend K Petersen-Mahrt
- DNA Editing in Immunity and Epigenetics, IFOM-Fondazione Instituto FIRC di Oncologia Molecolare, Via Adamello 16, 20139 Milano, Italy
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Abstract
Müller glia are the major glial component of the retina. They are one of the last retinal cell types to be born during development, and they function to maintain retinal homeostasis and integrity. In mammals, Müller glia respond to retinal injury in various ways that can be either protective or detrimental to retinal function. Although these cells can be coaxed to proliferate and generate neurons under special circumstances, these responses are meagre and insufficient for repairing a damaged retina. By contrast, in teleost fish (such as zebrafish), the response of Müller glia to retinal injury involves a reprogramming event that imparts retinal stem cell characteristics and enables them to produce a proliferating population of progenitors that can regenerate all major retinal cell types and restore vision. Recent studies have revealed several important mechanisms underlying Müller glial cell reprogramming and retina regeneration in fish that may lead to new strategies for stimulating retina regeneration in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Goldman
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute and Department of
Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
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Avesson L, Barry G. The emerging role of RNA and DNA editing in cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2014; 1845:308-16. [PMID: 24607277 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2014.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Revised: 01/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Nucleotide sequence modification through single base editing in animals is emerging as an important player in tumorigenesis. RNA editing especially has increased greatly during mammalian evolution and modulates diverse cellular functions presumably in a context-dependent manner. Sequence editing impacts development, including pluripotency and hematopoiesis, and multiple recent studies have shown that dysregulation of editing is associated with tumor biology. Much is yet to be learned about the role of sequence editing in human biology but this process is a critical modulator of cell regulation and may present an attractive option for therapeutic intervention in cancer in the future. SIGNIFICANCE Sequence editing provides an additional regulatory layer of cancer initiation and progression that may be amenable to therapeutic design. Although editing of both RNA and DNA substrates has been known to occur for some time, the extent and implications of these modifications have been grossly underappreciated until recent genome-wide and disease-association studies were reported. This review highlights the cellular processes controlled by sequence editing, their implications in normal and cancerous states and considers potential targeted therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lotta Avesson
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Guy Barry
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia.
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Sun L, Li P, Carr AL, Gorsuch R, Yarka C, Li J, Bartlett M, Pfister D, Hyde DR, Li L. Transcription of the SCL/TAL1 interrupting Locus (Stil) is required for cell proliferation in adult Zebrafish Retinas. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:6934-6940. [PMID: 24469449 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.506295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The human oncogene SCL/TAL1 interrupting locus (Stil) is highly conserved in vertebrate species. Previously, we identified a homolog of the Stil gene in zebrafish mutant (night blindness b, nbb), which showed neural defects in the retina (e.g. dopaminergic cell degeneration and/or lack of regeneration). In this research, we examined the roles of Stil in cell proliferation after degeneration in adult zebrafish retinas. We demonstrated that knockdown of Stil gene expression or inhibition of Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling transduction decreases the rate of cell proliferation. In contrast, activation of Shh signal transduction promotes cell proliferation. In nbb(+/-) retinas, inhibition of SUFU (a repressor in the Shh pathway) rescues the defects in cell proliferation due to down-regulation of Stil gene expression. The latter data suggest that Stil play a role in cell proliferation through the Shh signal transduction pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Sun
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556; Department of Physiology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China 370001
| | - Ping Li
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556
| | - Aprell L Carr
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556; Center for Zebrafish Research, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556
| | - Ryne Gorsuch
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556; Center for Zebrafish Research, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556
| | - Clare Yarka
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556
| | - Jingling Li
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556; Center for Zebrafish Research, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556
| | - Michael Bartlett
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556
| | - Delaney Pfister
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556
| | - David R Hyde
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556; Center for Zebrafish Research, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556; Center for Zebrafish Research, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556.
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Lenkowski JR, Raymond PA. Müller glia: Stem cells for generation and regeneration of retinal neurons in teleost fish. Prog Retin Eye Res 2014; 40:94-123. [PMID: 24412518 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2013.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Revised: 12/28/2013] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Adult zebrafish generate new neurons in the brain and retina throughout life. Growth-related neurogenesis allows a vigorous regenerative response to damage, and fish can regenerate retinal neurons, including photoreceptors, and restore functional vision following photic, chemical, or mechanical destruction of the retina. Müller glial cells in fish function as radial-glial-like neural stem cells. During adult growth, Müller glial nuclei undergo sporadic, asymmetric, self-renewing mitotic divisions in the inner nuclear layer to generate a rod progenitor that migrates along the radial fiber of the Müller glia into the outer nuclear layer, proliferates, and differentiates exclusively into rod photoreceptors. When retinal neurons are destroyed, Müller glia in the immediate vicinity of the damage partially and transiently dedifferentiate, re-express retinal progenitor and stem cell markers, re-enter the cell cycle, undergo interkinetic nuclear migration (characteristic of neuroepithelial cells), and divide once in an asymmetric, self-renewing division to generate a retinal progenitor. This daughter cell proliferates rapidly to form a compact neurogenic cluster surrounding the Müller glia; these multipotent retinal progenitors then migrate along the radial fiber to the appropriate lamina to replace missing retinal neurons. Some aspects of the injury-response in fish Müller glia resemble gliosis as observed in mammals, and mammalian Müller glia exhibit some neurogenic properties, indicative of a latent ability to regenerate retinal neurons. Understanding the specific properties of fish Müller glia that facilitate their robust capacity to generate retinal neurons will inform and inspire new clinical approaches for treating blindness and visual loss with regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny R Lenkowski
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, College of Literature, Science, and the Arts, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Pamela A Raymond
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, College of Literature, Science, and the Arts, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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Glutamate-induced epigenetic and morphological changes allow rat Müller cell dedifferentiation but not further acquisition of a photoreceptor phenotype. Neuroscience 2013; 254:347-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.09.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Revised: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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