1
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Guédez G, Loers G, Jeffries CM, Kozak S, Meijers R, Svergun DI, Schachner M, Löw C. X-ray structure and function of fibronectin domains two and three of the neural cell adhesion molecule L1. FASEB J 2023; 37:e22823. [PMID: 36809668 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202201511r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
The cell adhesion molecule L1 (L1CAM, L1 in short) plays crucial roles during neural development, regeneration after injury, synapse formation, synaptic plasticity and tumor cell migration. L1 belongs to the immunoglobulin superfamily and comprises in its extracellular part six immunoglobulin (Ig)-like domains and five fibronectin type III homologous repeats (FNs). The second Ig-like domain has been validated for self- (so-called homophilic) binding between cells. Antibodies against this domain inhibit neuronal migration in vitro and in vivo. The fibronectin type III homologous repeats FN2 and FN3 bind small molecule agonistic L1 mimetics and contribute to signal transduction. FN3 has a stretch of 25 amino acids that can be triggered with a monoclonal antibody, or the L1 mimetics, to enhance neurite outgrowth and neuronal cell migration in vitro and in vivo. To correlate the structural features of these FNs with function, we determined a high-resolution crystal structure of a FN2FN3 fragment, which is functionally active in cerebellar granule cells and binds several mimetics. The structure illustrates that both domains are connected by a short linker sequence allowing a flexible and largely independent organization of both domains. This becomes further evident by comparing the X-ray crystal structure with models derived from Small-Angle X-ray Scattering (SAXS) data for FN2FN3 in solution. Based on the X-ray crystal structure, we identified five glycosylation sites which we believe are crucial for folding and stability of these domains. Our study signifies an advance in the understanding of structure-functional relationships of L1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Guédez
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology (CSSB), Hamburg, Germany.,European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Hamburg Unit c/o Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron (DESY), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Gabriele Loers
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Cy M Jeffries
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Hamburg Unit c/o Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron (DESY), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sandra Kozak
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Hamburg Unit c/o Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron (DESY), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Rob Meijers
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Hamburg Unit c/o Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron (DESY), Hamburg, Germany.,Institute for Protein Innovation, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Dmitri I Svergun
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Hamburg Unit c/o Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron (DESY), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Melitta Schachner
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience, Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Christian Löw
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology (CSSB), Hamburg, Germany.,European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Hamburg Unit c/o Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron (DESY), Hamburg, Germany
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2
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Congiu L, Granato V, Loers G, Kleene R, Schachner M. Mitochondrial and Neuronal Dysfunctions in L1 Mutant Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23084337. [PMID: 35457156 PMCID: PMC9026747 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23084337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Adhesion molecules regulate cell proliferation, migration, survival, neuritogenesis, synapse formation and synaptic plasticity during the nervous system’s development and in the adult. Among such molecules, the neural cell adhesion molecule L1 contributes to these functions during development, and in synapse formation, synaptic plasticity and regeneration after trauma. Proteolytic cleavage of L1 by different proteases is essential for these functions. A proteolytic fragment of 70 kDa (abbreviated L1-70) comprising part of the extracellular domain and the transmembrane and intracellular domains was shown to interact with mitochondrial proteins and is suggested to be involved in mitochondrial functions. To further determine the role of L1-70 in mitochondria, we generated two lines of gene-edited mice expressing full-length L1, but no or only low levels of L1-70. We showed that in the absence of L1-70, mitochondria in cultured cerebellar neurons move more retrogradely and exhibit reduced mitochondrial membrane potential, impaired Complex I activity and lower ATP levels compared to wild-type littermates. Neither neuronal migration, neuronal survival nor neuritogenesis in these mutants were stimulated with a function-triggering L1 antibody or with small agonistic L1 mimetics. These results suggest that L1-70 is important for mitochondrial homeostasis and that its absence contributes to the L1 syndrome phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludovica Congiu
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Falkenried 94, 20251 Hamburg, Germany; (L.C.); (V.G.); (G.L.); (R.K.)
| | - Viviana Granato
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Falkenried 94, 20251 Hamburg, Germany; (L.C.); (V.G.); (G.L.); (R.K.)
| | - Gabriele Loers
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Falkenried 94, 20251 Hamburg, Germany; (L.C.); (V.G.); (G.L.); (R.K.)
| | - Ralf Kleene
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Falkenried 94, 20251 Hamburg, Germany; (L.C.); (V.G.); (G.L.); (R.K.)
| | - Melitta Schachner
- Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience, Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08554, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-848-445-1780
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3
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Loers G, Kleene R, Girbes Minguez M, Schachner M. The Cell Adhesion Molecule L1 Interacts with Methyl CpG Binding Protein 2 via Its Intracellular Domain. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073554. [PMID: 35408913 PMCID: PMC8998178 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell adhesion molecule L1 regulates multiple cell functions, and L1 deficiency is linked to several neural diseases. Recently, we have identified methyl CpG binding protein 2 (MeCP2) as a potential binding partner of the intracellular L1 domain. By ELISA we show here that L1's intracellular domain binds directly to MeCP2 via the sequence motif KDET. Proximity ligation assay with cultured cerebellar and cortical neurons suggests a close association between L1 and MeCP2 in nuclei of neurons. Immunoprecipitation using MeCP2 antibodies and nuclear mouse brain extracts indicates that MeCP2 interacts with an L1 fragment of ~55 kDa (L1-55). Proximity ligation assay indicates that metalloproteases, β-site of amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme (BACE1) and ɣ-secretase, are involved in the generation of L1-55. Reduction in MeCP2 expression by siRNA decreases L1-dependent neurite outgrowth from cultured cortical neurons as well as the migration of L1-expressing HEK293 cells. Moreover, L1 siRNA, MeCP2 siRNA, or a cell-penetrating KDET-containing L1 peptide leads to reduced levels of myocyte enhancer factor 2C (Mef2c) mRNA and protein in cortical neurons, suggesting that the MeCP2/L1 interaction regulates Mef2c expression. Altogether, the present findings indicate that the interaction of the novel fragment L1-55 with MeCP2 affects L1-dependent functions, such as neurite outgrowth and neuronal migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Loers
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (G.L.); (R.K.); (M.G.M.)
| | - Ralf Kleene
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (G.L.); (R.K.); (M.G.M.)
| | - Maria Girbes Minguez
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (G.L.); (R.K.); (M.G.M.)
| | - Melitta Schachner
- Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience, Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, 604 Allison Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-848-445-1780
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4
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Exogenous mitochondrial transfer and endogenous mitochondrial fission facilitate AML resistance to OxPhos inhibition. Blood Adv 2021; 5:4233-4255. [PMID: 34507353 PMCID: PMC8945617 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2020003661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells are highly dependent on oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos) for survival, and they continually adapt to fluctuations in nutrient and oxygen availability in the bone marrow (BM) microenvironment. We investigated how the BM microenvironment affects the response to OxPhos inhibition in AML by using a novel complex I OxPhos inhibitor, IACS-010759. Cellular adhesion, growth, and apoptosis assays, along with measurements of expression of mitochondrial DNA and generation of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species indicated that direct interactions with BM stromal cells triggered compensatory activation of mitochondrial respiration and resistance to OxPhos inhibition in AML cells. Mechanistically, inhibition of OxPhos induced transfer of mitochondria derived from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to AML cells via tunneling nanotubes under direct-contact coculture conditions. Inhibition of OxPhos also induced mitochondrial fission and increased functional mitochondria and mitophagy in AML cells. Mitochondrial fission is known to enhance cell migration, so we used electron microscopy to observe mitochondrial transport to the leading edge of protrusions of AML cells migrating toward MSCs. We further demonstrated that cytarabine, a commonly used antileukemia agent, increased mitochondrial transfer of MSCs to AML cells triggered by OxPhos inhibition. Our findings indicate an important role of exogenous mitochondrial trafficking from BM stromal cells to AML cells as well as endogenous mitochondrial fission and mitophagy in the compensatory adaptation of leukemia cells to energetic stress in the BM microenvironment.
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5
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Yergöz F, Friebel J, Kränkel N, Rauch-Kroehnert U, Schultheiss HP, Landmesser U, Dörner A. Adenine Nucleotide Translocase 1 Expression Modulates the Immune Response in Ischemic Hearts. Cells 2021; 10:cells10082130. [PMID: 34440901 PMCID: PMC8393693 DOI: 10.3390/cells10082130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenine nucleotide translocase 1 (ANT1) transfers ATP and ADP over the mitochondrial inner membrane and thus supplies the cell with energy. This study analyzed the role of ANT1 in the immune response of ischemic heart tissue. Ischemic ANT1 overexpressing hearts experienced a shift toward an anti-inflammatory immune response. The shift was characterized by low interleukin (IL)-1β expression and M1 macrophage infiltration, whereas M2 macrophage infiltration and levels of IL-10, IL-4, and transforming growth factor (TGFβ) were increased. The modulated immune response correlated with high mitochondrial integrity, reduced oxidative stress, low left ventricular end-diastolic heart pressure, and a high survival rate. Isolated ANT1-transgenic (ANT1-TG) cardiomyocytes expressed low levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1α, tumor necrosis factor α, and TGFβ. However, they showed increased expression and cellular release of anti-inflammatory immunomodulators such as vascular endothelial growth factor. The secretome from ANT1-TG cardiomyocytes initiated stress resistance when applied to ischemic wild-type cardiomyocytes and endothelial cells. It additionally prevented macrophages from expressing pro-inflammatory cytokines. Additionally, ANT1 expression correlated with genes that are related to cytokine and growth factor pathways in hearts of patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy. In conclusion, ANT1-TG cardiomyocytes secrete soluble factors that influence ischemic cardiac cells and initiate an anti-inflammatory immune response in ischemic hearts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatih Yergöz
- Department of Cardiology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, 12200 Berlin, Germany; (F.Y.); (J.F.); (N.K.); (U.R.-K.); (U.L.)
- Institute of Health Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Julian Friebel
- Department of Cardiology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, 12200 Berlin, Germany; (F.Y.); (J.F.); (N.K.); (U.R.-K.); (U.L.)
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, 10785 Berlin, Germany
| | - Nicolle Kränkel
- Department of Cardiology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, 12200 Berlin, Germany; (F.Y.); (J.F.); (N.K.); (U.R.-K.); (U.L.)
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, 10785 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ursula Rauch-Kroehnert
- Department of Cardiology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, 12200 Berlin, Germany; (F.Y.); (J.F.); (N.K.); (U.R.-K.); (U.L.)
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, 10785 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Ulf Landmesser
- Department of Cardiology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, 12200 Berlin, Germany; (F.Y.); (J.F.); (N.K.); (U.R.-K.); (U.L.)
- Institute of Health Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, 10785 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andrea Dörner
- Department of Cardiology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, 12200 Berlin, Germany; (F.Y.); (J.F.); (N.K.); (U.R.-K.); (U.L.)
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, 10785 Berlin, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-30-450-513-727
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6
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Moracho N, Learte AIR, Muñoz-Sáez E, Marchena MA, Cid MA, Arroyo AG, Sánchez-Camacho C. Emerging roles of MT-MMPs in embryonic development. Dev Dyn 2021; 251:240-275. [PMID: 34241926 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Membrane-type matrix metalloproteinases (MT-MMPs) are cell membrane-tethered proteinases that belong to the family of the MMPs. Apart from their roles in degradation of the extracellular milieu, MT-MMPs are able to activate through proteolytic processing at the cell surface distinct molecules such as receptors, growth factors, cytokines, adhesion molecules, and other pericellular proteins. Although most of the information regarding these enzymes comes from cancer studies, our current knowledge about their contribution in distinct developmental processes occurring in the embryo is limited. In this review, we want to summarize the involvement of MT-MMPs in distinct processes during embryonic morphogenesis, including cell migration and proliferation, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, cell polarity and branching, axon growth and navigation, synapse formation, and angiogenesis. We also considered information about MT-MMP functions from studies assessed in pathological conditions and compared these data with those relevant for embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Moracho
- Department of Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Villaviciosa de Odón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana I R Learte
- Department of Dentistry, School of Biomedical Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Villaviciosa de Odón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Emma Muñoz-Sáez
- Department of Health Science, School of Biomedical Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Villaviciosa de Odón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel A Marchena
- Department of Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Villaviciosa de Odón, Madrid, Spain
| | - María A Cid
- Department of Dentistry, School of Biomedical Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Villaviciosa de Odón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alicia G Arroyo
- Vascular Pathophysiology Department, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC-CSIC), Madrid, Spain.,Molecular Biomedicine Department, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas (CIB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Sánchez-Camacho
- Department of Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Villaviciosa de Odón, Madrid, Spain.,Vascular Pathophysiology Department, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
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7
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Suzuki T, Terada N, Higashiyama S, Kametani K, Shirai Y, Honda M, Kai T, Li W, Tabuchi K. Non-microtubule tubulin-based backbone and subordinate components of postsynaptic density lattices. Life Sci Alliance 2021; 4:4/7/e202000945. [PMID: 34006534 PMCID: PMC8326785 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202000945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
This study proposes a postsynaptic density (PSD) lattice model comprising a non-microtubule tubulin-based backbone structure and its associated proteins, including various PSD scaffold/adaptor proteins and other PSD proteins. A purification protocol was developed to identify and analyze the component proteins of a postsynaptic density (PSD) lattice, a core structure of the PSD of excitatory synapses in the central nervous system. “Enriched”- and “lean”-type PSD lattices were purified by synaptic plasma membrane treatment to identify the protein components by comprehensive shotgun mass spectrometry and group them into minimum essential cytoskeleton (MEC) and non-MEC components. Tubulin was found to be a major component of the MEC, with non-microtubule tubulin widely distributed on the purified PSD lattice. The presence of tubulin in and around PSDs was verified by post-embedding immunogold labeling EM of cerebral cortex. Non-MEC proteins included various typical scaffold/adaptor PSD proteins and other class PSD proteins. Thus, this study provides a new PSD lattice model consisting of non-microtubule tubulin-based backbone and various non-MEC proteins. Our findings suggest that tubulin is a key component constructing the backbone and that the associated components are essential for the versatile functions of the PSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuo Suzuki
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Shinshu University Academic Assembly, Institute of Medicine, Shinshu University Academic Assembly, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Nobuo Terada
- Health Science Division, Department of Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, Nagano, Japan
| | - Shigeki Higashiyama
- Department of Cell Growth and Tumor Regulation, Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, To-on, Ehime, Japan
| | - Kiyokazu Kametani
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Shirai
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Shinshu University Academic Assembly, Institute of Medicine, Shinshu University Academic Assembly, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Mamoru Honda
- Bioscience Group, Center for Precision Medicine Supports, Pharmaceuticals and Life Sciences Division, Shimadzu Techno-Research, INC, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Kai
- Bioscience Group, Center for Precision Medicine Supports, Pharmaceuticals and Life Sciences Division, Shimadzu Techno-Research, INC, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Weidong Li
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Development and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, and Brain Science and Technology Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Interdisciplinary Cluster for Cutting Edge Research Shinshu University, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Tabuchi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Shinshu University Academic Assembly, Institute of Medicine, Shinshu University Academic Assembly, Matsumoto, Japan.,Department of Biological Sciences for Intractable Neurological Diseases, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Interdisciplinary Cluster for Cutting Edge Research Shinshu University, Matsumoto, Japan
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8
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Lizarraga-Valderrama LR, Sheridan GK. Extracellular vesicles and intercellular communication in the central nervous system. FEBS Lett 2021; 595:1391-1410. [PMID: 33728650 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Neurons and glial cells of the central nervous system (CNS) release extracellular vesicles (EVs) to the interstitial fluid of the brain and spinal cord parenchyma. EVs contain proteins, nucleic acids and lipids that can be taken up by, and modulate the behaviour of, neighbouring recipient cells. The functions of EVs have been extensively studied in the context of neurodegenerative diseases. However, mechanisms involved in EV-mediated neuron-glial communication under physiological conditions or healthy ageing remain unclear. A better understanding of the myriad roles of EVs in CNS homeostasis is essential for the development of novel therapeutics to alleviate and reverse neurological disturbances of ageing. Proteomic studies are beginning to reveal cell type-specific EV cargo signatures that may one day allow us to target specific neuronal or glial cell populations in the treatment of debilitating neurological disorders. This review aims to synthesise the current literature regarding EV-mediated cell-cell communication in the brain, predominantly under physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Graham K Sheridan
- School of Life Sciences, Queens Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, UK
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9
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Gauglitz G. Critical assessment of relevant methods in the field of biosensors with direct optical detection based on fibers and waveguides using plasmonic, resonance, and interference effects. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:3317-3349. [PMID: 32313998 PMCID: PMC7214504 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02581-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Direct optical detection has proven to be a highly interesting tool in biomolecular interaction analysis to be used in drug discovery, ligand/receptor interactions, environmental analysis, clinical diagnostics, screening of large data volumes in immunology, cancer therapy, or personalized medicine. In this review, the fundamental optical principles and applications are reviewed. Devices are based on concepts such as refractometry, evanescent field, waveguides modes, reflectometry, resonance and/or interference. They are realized in ring resonators; prism couplers; surface plasmon resonance; resonant mirror; Bragg grating; grating couplers; photonic crystals, Mach-Zehnder, Young, Hartman interferometers; backscattering; ellipsometry; or reflectance interferometry. The physical theories of various optical principles have already been reviewed in detail elsewhere and are therefore only cited. This review provides an overall survey on the application of these methods in direct optical biosensing. The "historical" development of the main principles is given to understand the various, and sometimes only slightly modified variations published as "new" methods or the use of a new acronym and commercialization by different companies. Improvement of optics is only one way to increase the quality of biosensors. Additional essential aspects are the surface modification of transducers, immobilization strategies, selection of recognition elements, the influence of non-specific interaction, selectivity, and sensitivity. Furthermore, papers use for reporting minimal amounts of detectable analyte terms such as value of mass, moles, grams, or mol/L which are difficult to compare. Both these essential aspects (i.e., biochemistry and the presentation of LOD values) can be discussed only in brief (but references are provided) in order to prevent the paper from becoming too long. The review will concentrate on a comparison of the optical methods, their application, and the resulting bioanalytical quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Günter Gauglitz
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls Universität, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.
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10
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Exome sequencing and bioinformatic approaches reveals rare sequence variants involved in cell signalling and elastic fibre homeostasis: new evidence in the development of ectopic calcification. Cell Signal 2019; 59:131-140. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2019.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2018] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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11
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Kraus K, Kleene R, Braren I, Loers G, Lutz D, Schachner M. A fragment of adhesion molecule L1 is imported into mitochondria, and regulates mitochondrial metabolism and trafficking. J Cell Sci 2018; 131:jcs.210500. [PMID: 29632241 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.210500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The cell adhesion molecule L1 (also known as L1CAM) plays important roles in the mammalian nervous system under physiological and pathological conditions. We have previously reported that proteolytic cleavage of L1 by myelin basic protein leads to the generation of a 70 kDa transmembrane L1 fragment (L1-70) that promotes neuronal migration and neuritogenesis. Here, we provide evidence that L1-70 is imported from the cytoplasm into mitochondria. Genetic ablation of L1, inhibition of mitochondrial import of L1-70 or prevention of myelin basic protein-mediated generation of L1-70 all lead to reduced mitochondrial complex I activity, and impaired mitochondrial membrane potential, fusion, fission and motility, as well as increased retrograde transport. We identified NADH dehydrogenase ubiquinone flavoprotein 2 as a binding partner for L1, suggesting that L1-70 interacts with this complex I subunit to regulate complex I activity. The results of our study provide insights into novel functions of L1 in mitochondrial metabolism and cellular dynamics. These functions are likely to ameliorate the consequences of acute nervous system injuries and chronic neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Kraus
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Falkenried 94, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ralf Kleene
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Falkenried 94, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ingke Braren
- Vector Core Unit, Institut für Experimentelle Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Gabriele Loers
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Falkenried 94, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - David Lutz
- Institut für Strukturelle Neurobiologie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Falkenried 94, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Melitta Schachner
- Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience and Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, 604 Allison Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
- Center for Neuroscience, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xin Ling Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China
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12
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Lutz D, Sharaf A, Drexler D, Kataria H, Wolters-Eisfeld G, Brunne B, Kleene R, Loers G, Frotscher M, Schachner M. Proteolytic cleavage of transmembrane cell adhesion molecule L1 by extracellular matrix molecule Reelin is important for mouse brain development. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15268. [PMID: 29127326 PMCID: PMC5681625 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15311-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The cell adhesion molecule L1 and the extracellular matrix protein Reelin play crucial roles in the developing nervous system. Reelin is known to activate signalling cascades regulating neuronal migration by binding to lipoprotein receptors. However, the interaction of Reelin with adhesion molecules, such as L1, has remained poorly explored. Here, we report that full-length Reelin and its N-terminal fragments N-R2 and N-R6 bind to L1 and that full-length Reelin and its N-terminal fragment N-R6 proteolytically cleave L1 to generate an L1 fragment with a molecular mass of 80 kDa (L1-80). Expression of N-R6 and generation of L1-80 coincide in time at early developmental stages of the cerebral cortex. Reelin-mediated generation of L1-80 is involved in neurite outgrowth and in stimulation of migration of cultured cortical and cerebellar neurons. Morphological abnormalities in layer formation of the cerebral cortex of L1-deficient mice partially overlap with those of Reelin-deficient reeler mice. In utero electroporation of L1-80 into reeler embryos normalised the migration of cortical neurons in reeler embryos. The combined results indicate that the direct interaction between L1 and Reelin as well as the Reelin-mediated generation of L1-80 contribute to brain development at early developmental stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Lutz
- Institute for Structural Neurobiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany. .,Institute for Biosynthesis of Neural Structures, Center for Molecular Neurobiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Ahmed Sharaf
- Institute for Structural Neurobiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Dagmar Drexler
- Institute for Structural Neurobiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hardeep Kataria
- Institute for Biosynthesis of Neural Structures, Center for Molecular Neurobiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Gerrit Wolters-Eisfeld
- Institute for Biosynthesis of Neural Structures, Center for Molecular Neurobiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Bianka Brunne
- Institute for Structural Neurobiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ralf Kleene
- Institute for Biosynthesis of Neural Structures, Center for Molecular Neurobiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Gabriele Loers
- Institute for Biosynthesis of Neural Structures, Center for Molecular Neurobiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michael Frotscher
- Institute for Structural Neurobiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Melitta Schachner
- Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience and Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, 604 Allison Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA. .,Center for Neuroscience, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xin Ling Road, Shantou, Guandong, 515041, China.
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13
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Basavalingappa RH, Massilamany C, Krishnan B, Gangaplara A, Kang G, Khalilzad-Sharghi V, Han Z, Othman S, Li Q, Riethoven JJ, Sobel RA, Steffen D, Reddy J. Identification of an Epitope from Adenine Nucleotide Translocator 1 That Induces Inflammation in Heart in A/J Mice. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2017; 186:3160-3175. [PMID: 27876151 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2016.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2016] [Revised: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Heart failure, a leading cause of death in humans, can emanate from myocarditis. Although most individuals with myocarditis recover spontaneously, some develop chronic dilated cardiomyopathy. Myocarditis may result from both infectious and noninfectious causes, including autoimmune responses to cardiac antigens. In support of this notion, intracellular cardiac antigens, like cardiac myosin heavy chain-α, cardiac troponin-I, and adenine nucleotide translocator 1 (ANT1), have been identified as autoantigens in cardiac autoimmunity. Herein, we demonstrate that ANT1 can induce autoimmune myocarditis in A/J mice by generating autoreactive T cells. We show that ANT1 encompasses multiple immunodominant epitopes (namely, ANT1 21-40, ANT1 31-50, ANT1 171-190, and ANT1 181-200). Although all four peptides induce comparable T-cell responses, only ANT1 21-40 was found to be a major myocarditogenic epitope in immunized animals. The myocarditis-inducing ability of ANT1 21-40 was associated with the generation of T cells producing predominantly IL-17A, and the antigen-sensitized T cells could transfer the disease to naïve recipients. These data indicate that cardiac mitochondrial proteins can be target autoantigens in myocarditis, supporting the notion that the antigens released as a result of primary damage may contribute to the persistence of chronic inflammation through autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh H Basavalingappa
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska
| | | | - Bharathi Krishnan
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska
| | - Arunakumar Gangaplara
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska
| | - Guobin Kang
- Nebraska Center for Virology and School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska
| | - Vahid Khalilzad-Sharghi
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska
| | - Zhongji Han
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska
| | - Shadi Othman
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska
| | - Qingsheng Li
- Nebraska Center for Virology and School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska
| | | | - Raymond A Sobel
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - David Steffen
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska
| | - Jay Reddy
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska.
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14
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Katic J, Loers G, Tosic J, Schachner M, Kleene R. The cell adhesion molecule CHL1 interacts with patched-1 to regulate apoptosis during postnatal cerebellar development. J Cell Sci 2017. [PMID: 28630165 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.194563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The immunoglobulin superfamily adhesion molecule close homolog of L1 (CHL1) plays important roles during nervous system development. Here, we identified the hedgehog receptor patched-1 (PTCH1) as a novel CHL1-binding protein and showed that CHL1 interacts with the first extracellular loop of PTCH1 via its extracellular domain. Colocalization and co-immunoprecipitation of CHL1 with PTCH1 suggest an association of CHL1 with this major component of the hedgehog signaling pathway. The trans-interaction of CHL1 with PTCH1 promotes neuronal survival in cultures of dissociated cerebellar granule cells and of organotypic cerebellar slices. An inhibitor of the PTCH1-regulated hedgehog signal transducer, smoothened (SMO), and inhibitors of RhoA and Rho-associated kinase (ROCK) 1 and 2 prevent CHL1-dependent survival of cultured cerebellar granule cells and survival of cerebellar granule and Purkinje cells in organotypic cultures. In histological sections from 10- and 14-day-old CHL1-deficient mice, enhanced apoptosis of granule, but not Purkinje, cells was observed. The results of the present study indicate that CHL1 triggers PTCH1-, SMO-, RhoA- and ROCK-dependent signal transduction pathways to promote neuronal survival after cessation of the major morphogenetic events during mouse cerebellar development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Katic
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Gabriele Loers
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jelena Tosic
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Melitta Schachner
- Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience, Rutgers University, 604 Allison Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA .,Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, 604 Allison Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.,Center for Neuroscience, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xin Ling Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China
| | - Ralf Kleene
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
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15
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Kataria H, Lutz D, Chaudhary H, Schachner M, Loers G. Small Molecule Agonists of Cell Adhesion Molecule L1 Mimic L1 Functions In Vivo. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 53:4461-83. [PMID: 26253722 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9352-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Lack of permissive mechanisms and abundance of inhibitory molecules in the lesioned central nervous system of adult mammals contribute to the failure of functional recovery after injury, leading to severe disabilities in motor functions and pain. Peripheral nerve injury impairs motor, sensory, and autonomic functions, particularly in cases where nerve gaps are large and chronic nerve injury ensues. Previous studies have indicated that the neural cell adhesion molecule L1 constitutes a viable target to promote regeneration after acute injury. We screened libraries of known drugs for small molecule agonists of L1 and evaluated the effect of hit compounds in cell-based assays in vitro and in mice after femoral nerve and spinal cord injuries in vivo. We identified eight small molecule L1 agonists and showed in cell-based assays that they stimulate neuronal survival, neuronal migration, and neurite outgrowth and enhance Schwann cell proliferation and migration and myelination of neurons in an L1-dependent manner. In a femoral nerve injury mouse model, enhanced functional regeneration and remyelination after application of the L1 agonists were observed. In a spinal cord injury mouse model, L1 agonists improved recovery of motor functions, being paralleled by enhanced remyelination, neuronal survival, and monoaminergic innervation, reduced astrogliosis, and activation of microglia. Together, these findings suggest that application of small organic compounds that bind to L1 and stimulate the beneficial homophilic L1 functions may prove to be a valuable addition to treatments of nervous system injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hardeep Kataria
- Institut für Biosynthese Neuraler Strukturen, Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie Hamburg, Universitätsklinikum-Hamburg Eppendorf, Falkenried 94, 20251, Hamburg, Germany
| | - David Lutz
- Institut für Biosynthese Neuraler Strukturen, Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie Hamburg, Universitätsklinikum-Hamburg Eppendorf, Falkenried 94, 20251, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Harshita Chaudhary
- Institut für Biosynthese Neuraler Strukturen, Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie Hamburg, Universitätsklinikum-Hamburg Eppendorf, Falkenried 94, 20251, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Melitta Schachner
- Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience and Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, 604 Allison Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA.
- Center for Neuroscience, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xin Ling Road, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, China.
| | - Gabriele Loers
- Institut für Biosynthese Neuraler Strukturen, Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie Hamburg, Universitätsklinikum-Hamburg Eppendorf, Falkenried 94, 20251, Hamburg, Germany
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16
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Zhang R, Loers G, Schachner M, Boelens R, Wienk H, Siebert S, Eckert T, Kraan S, Rojas-Macias MA, Lütteke T, Galuska SP, Scheidig A, Petridis AK, Liang S, Billeter M, Schauer R, Steinmeyer J, Schröder JM, Siebert HC. Molecular Basis of the Receptor Interactions of Polysialic Acid (polySia), polySia Mimetics, and Sulfated Polysaccharides. ChemMedChem 2016; 11:990-1002. [PMID: 27136597 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201500609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Revised: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Polysialic acid (polySia) and polySia glycomimetic molecules support nerve cell regeneration, differentiation, and neuronal plasticity. With a combination of biophysical and biochemical methods, as well as data mining and molecular modeling techniques, it is possible to correlate specific ligand-receptor interactions with biochemical processes and in vivo studies that focus on the potential therapeutic impact of polySia, polySia glycomimetics, and sulfated polysaccharides in neuronal diseases. With this strategy, the receptor interactions of polySia and polySia mimetics can be understood on a submolecular level. As the HNK-1 glycan also enhances neuronal functions, we tested whether similar sulfated oligo- and polysaccharides from seaweed could be suitable, in addition to polySia, for finding potential new routes into patient care focusing on an improved cure for various neuronal diseases. The knowledge obtained here on the structural interplay between polySia or sulfated polysaccharides and their receptors can be exploited to develop new drugs and application routes for the treatment of neurological diseases and dysfunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiyan Zhang
- RI-B-NT: Research Institute of Bioinformatics and Nanotechnology, Franziusallee 177, 24148, Kiel, Germany
- Zoological Institute, Department of Structural Biology, Kiel University, Am Botanischen Garten 1-9, 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Gabriele Loers
- Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, University of Hamburg, Falkenried 94, 20251, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Melitta Schachner
- Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, University of Hamburg, Falkenried 94, 20251, Hamburg, Germany
- Center for Neuroscience, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xin Ling Road, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, China
| | - Rolf Boelens
- Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, NMR Spectroscopy, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Hans Wienk
- Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, NMR Spectroscopy, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Simone Siebert
- RI-B-NT: Research Institute of Bioinformatics and Nanotechnology, Franziusallee 177, 24148, Kiel, Germany
| | - Thomas Eckert
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Fachbereich Veterinärmedizin, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Frankfurter Str. 100, 35392, Gießen, Germany
- Clinic for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Andrology of Large and Small Animals, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Frankfurter Str. 106, 35392, Gießen, Germany
| | - Stefan Kraan
- Ocean Harvest Technology Ltd., N17 Business Park, Milltown, County Galway, Ireland
| | - Miguel A Rojas-Macias
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Fachbereich Veterinärmedizin, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Frankfurter Str. 100, 35392, Gießen, Germany
| | - Thomas Lütteke
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Fachbereich Veterinärmedizin, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Frankfurter Str. 100, 35392, Gießen, Germany
| | - Sebastian P Galuska
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Friedrichstr. 24, 35392, Gießen, Germany
| | - Axel Scheidig
- Zoological Institute, Department of Structural Biology, Kiel University, Am Botanischen Garten 1-9, 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Athanasios K Petridis
- Neurosurgery Clinic, University Düsseldorf, Moorenstraße 5, 40255, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Songping Liang
- College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, 410081, Changsha, China
| | - Martin Billeter
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Box 100, 40530, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Roland Schauer
- Institute of Biochemistry, Kiel University, Olshausenstr. 40, 24098, Kiel, Germany
| | - Jürgen Steinmeyer
- Orthopaedic Research Laboratories, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Hospital Giessen and Marburg GmbH, Paul-Meimberg-Str. 3, 35392, Gießen, Germany
| | - Jens-Michael Schröder
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, 24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - Hans-Christian Siebert
- RI-B-NT: Research Institute of Bioinformatics and Nanotechnology, Franziusallee 177, 24148, Kiel, Germany.
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17
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Takenouchi T, Tsukimoto M, Iwamaru Y, Sugama S, Sekiyama K, Sato M, Kojima S, Hashimoto M, Kitani H. Extracellular ATP induces unconventional release of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase from microglial cells. Immunol Lett 2015; 167:116-24. [PMID: 26277554 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2015.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Revised: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) is a key glycolytic enzyme that is predominantly localized in the cytoplasm. However, recent studies have suggested that GAPDH is released by various cells and that extracellular GAPDH is involved in the regulation of neuritogenesis in neuronal cells. It has also been reported that GAPDH is expressed on the surfaces of macrophages and functions as a transferrin receptor. However, since GAPDH is a leaderless protein the mechanisms by which it reaches the extracellular environment remain unclear. Here, we examined the role of P2X7 receptor (P2X7R), an ATP-gated cation channel, in the unconventional release of GAPDH from microglial cells, the resident macrophages in the brain. The activation of P2X7R by ATP triggered GAPDH release from lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-primed microglial cells. ATP-induced microvesicle formation, exosome release, and K(+) efflux followed by caspase-1 activation are likely involved in the GAPDH release, but ATP-induced dilatation of membrane pores and lysosome exocytosis are not. It was also demonstrated that exogenous GAPDH facilitated LPS-induced phosphorylation of p38 MAP kinase in microglial cells. These findings suggest that P2X7R plays an important role in the unconventional release of GAPDH from microglial cells, and the GAPDH released into the extracellular space might be involved in the regulation of the neuroinflammatory response in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takato Takenouchi
- Animal Immune and Cell Biology Research Unit, Division of Animal Sciences, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 1-2 Ohwashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8634, Japan.
| | - Mitsutoshi Tsukimoto
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Iwamaru
- Prion Disease Research Center, National Institute of Animal Health, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602, Japan
| | - Shuei Sugama
- Department of Physiology, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8602, Japan
| | - Kazunari Sekiyama
- Division of Sensory and Motor Systems, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 156-0057, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Sato
- Animal Immune and Cell Biology Research Unit, Division of Animal Sciences, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 1-2 Ohwashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8634, Japan
| | - Shuji Kojima
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Makoto Hashimoto
- Division of Sensory and Motor Systems, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 156-0057, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kitani
- Animal Immune and Cell Biology Research Unit, Division of Animal Sciences, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 1-2 Ohwashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8634, Japan.
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18
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Wang Y, Schachner M. The intracellular domain of L1CAM binds to casein kinase 2α and is neuroprotective via inhibition of the tumor suppressors PTEN and p53. J Neurochem 2015; 133:828-43. [PMID: 25727698 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Revised: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Cell adhesion molecule L1 promotes neuritogenesis and neuronal survival through triggering MAPK pathways. Based on the findings that L1 is associated with casein kinase 2 (CK2), and that deficiency in PTEN promotes neuritogenesis in vitro and regeneration after trauma, we examined the functional relationship between L1 and PTEN. In parallel, we investigated the tumor suppressor p53, which also regulates neuritogenesis. Here, we report that the intracellular domain of L1 binds to the subunit CK2α, and that knockdown of L1 leads to CK2 dephosphorylation and an increase in PTEN and p53 levels. Overexpression of L1, but not the L1 mutants L1 (S1181N, E1184V), which reduced binding between L1 and CK2, reduced expression levels of PTEN and p53 proteins, and enhanced levels of phosphorylated CK2α and mammalian target of rapamycin, which is a downstream effector of PTEN and p53. Treatment of neurons with a CK2 inhibitor or transfection with CK2α siRNA increased levels of PTEN and p53, and inhibited neuritogenesis. The combined observations indicate that L1 downregulates expression of PTEN and p53 via direct binding to CK2α. We suggest that L1 stimulates neuritogenesis by activating CK2α leading to decreased levels of PTEN and p53 via a novel, L1-triggered and CK2α-mediated signal transduction pathway. L1CAM (L1 cell adhesion molecule) is implicated in neural functions through the cognate src/MAP kinase signaling pathway. We now describe a novel signaling platform operating via the alpha subunit of casein kinase 2 which binds to the intracellular domain of L1. Knockdown of L1CAM leads to increased levels of tumor suppressor PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homolog) and p53, known to inhibit neuritogenesis in vitro and recovery from trauma in vivo. By activating this enzyme, L1CAM adds to its beneficial functions by decreasing the levels of PTEN and p53.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Center for Neuroscience, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Melitta Schachner
- Center for Neuroscience, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
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19
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Guitart K, Loers G, Schachner M, Kleene R. Prion protein regulates glutathione metabolism and neural glutamate and cysteine uptake via excitatory amino acid transporter 3. J Neurochem 2015; 133:558-71. [PMID: 25692227 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Revised: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Prion protein (PrP) plays crucial roles in regulating antioxidant systems to improve cell defenses against cellular stress. Here, we show that the interactions of PrP with the excitatory amino acid transporter 3 (EAAT3), γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (γ-GT), and multi-drug resistance protein 1 (MRP1) in astrocytes and the interaction between PrP and EAAT3 in neurons regulate the astroglial and neuronal metabolism of the antioxidant glutathione. Ablation of PrP in astrocytes and cerebellar neurons leads to dysregulation of EAAT3-mediated uptake of glutamate and cysteine, which are precursors for the synthesis of glutathione. In PrP-deficient astrocytes, levels of intracellular glutathione are increased, and under oxidative stress, levels of extracellular glutathione are increased, due to (i) increased glutathione release via MRP1 and (ii) reduced activity of the glutathione-degrading enzyme γ-GT. In PrP-deficient cerebellar neurons, cell death is enhanced under oxidative stress and glutamate excitotoxicity, when compared to wild-type cerebellar neurons. These results indicate a functional interplay of PrP with EAAT3, MRP1 and γ-GT in astrocytes and of PrP and EAAT3 in neurons, suggesting that these interactions play an important role in the metabolic cross-talk between astrocytes and neurons and in protection of neurons by astrocytes from oxidative and glutamate-induced cytotoxicity. Interactions of prion protein (PrP) with excitatory amino acid transporter 3 (EAAT3), γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) and multi-drug resistance protein 1 (MRP1) regulate the astroglial and neuronal metabolism of glutathione (GSH) which protects cells against the cytotoxic oxidative stress. PrP controls the release of GSH from astrocytes via MRP1 and regulates the hydrolysis of extracellular GSH by GGT as well as the neuronal and astroglial glutamate and cysteine uptake via EAAT3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Guitart
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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20
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Wang W, Wang X, Zhang Y, Li Z, Xie X, Wang J, Gao M, Zhang S, Hou Y. Transcriptome Analysis of Canine Cardiac Fat Pads: Involvement of Two Novel Long Non-Coding RNAs in Atrial Fibrillation Neural Remodeling. J Cell Biochem 2015; 116:809-21. [PMID: 25559442 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Weizong Wang
- Department of Cardiology; Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital; Shandong University; Jinan 250014 China
| | - Ximin Wang
- Department of Cardiology; Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital; Shandong University; Jinan 250014 China
| | - Yujiao Zhang
- Department of Cardiology; Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital; Shandong University; Jinan 250014 China
| | - Zhan Li
- Department of Cardiology; Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital; Shandong University; Jinan 250014 China
| | - Xinxing Xie
- Department of Cardiology; Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital; Shandong University; Jinan 250014 China
| | - Jiangrong Wang
- Department of Cardiology; Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital; Shandong University; Jinan 250014 China
| | - Mei Gao
- Department of Cardiology; Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital; Shandong University; Jinan 250014 China
| | - Shuyu Zhang
- School of Radiation Medicine and Protection and Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions; Soochow University; Suzhou 215123 China
| | - Yinglong Hou
- Department of Cardiology; Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital; Shandong University; Jinan 250014 China
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21
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Katic J, Loers G, Kleene R, Karl N, Schmidt C, Buck F, Zmijewski JW, Jakovcevski I, Preissner KT, Schachner M. Interaction of the cell adhesion molecule CHL1 with vitronectin, integrins, and the plasminogen activator inhibitor-2 promotes CHL1-induced neurite outgrowth and neuronal migration. J Neurosci 2014; 34:14606-23. [PMID: 25355214 PMCID: PMC6608427 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3280-13.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Revised: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The cell adhesion molecule close homolog of L1 (CHL1) plays important functional roles in the developing and adult nervous system. In search of the binding partners that mediate the diverse and sometimes opposing functions of CHL1, the extracellular matrix-associated proteins vitronectin and plasminogen activator inhibitor-2 (PAI-2) were identified as novel CHL1 interaction partners and tested for involvement in CHL1-dependent functions during mouse cerebellar development. CHL1-induced cerebellar neurite outgrowth and cell migration at postnatal days 6-8 were inhibited by a CHL1-derived peptide comprising the integrin binding RGD motif, and by antibodies against vitronectin or several integrins, indicating a vitronectin-dependent integrin-mediated pathway. A PAI-2-derived peptide, or antibodies against PAI-2, urokinase type plasminogen activator (uPA), uPA receptor, and several integrins reduced cell migration. CHL1 colocalized with vitronectin, PAI-2, and several integrins in cerebellar granule cells, suggesting an association among these proteins. Interestingly, at the slightly earlier age of 4-5 d, cerebellar neurons did not depend on CHL1 for neuritogenesis and cell migration. However, differentiation of progenitor cells into neurons at this stage was dependent on homophilic CHL1-CHL1 interactions. These observations indicate that homophilic CHL1 trans-interactions regulate differentiation of neuronal progenitor cells at early postnatal stages, while heterophilic trans-interactions of CHL1 with vitronectin, integrins, and the plasminogen activator system regulate neuritogenesis and neuronal cell migration at a later postnatal stage of cerebellar morphogenesis. Thus, within very narrow time windows in postnatal cerebellar development, distinct types of molecular interactions mediated by CHL1 underlie the diverse functions of this protein.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Friedrich Buck
- Institut für Klinische Chemie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jaroslaw W Zmijewski
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy & Critical Care Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, BMRII-304, Birmingham, Alabama 35294
| | | | - Klaus T Preissner
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical School, Justus-Liebig-University, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Melitta Schachner
- Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience and Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, Center for Neuroscience, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, People's Republic of China, and
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22
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Rath AK, Kellermann SJ, Rentmeister A. Programmable Design of Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complexes. Chem Asian J 2014; 9:2045-51. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201402220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Revised: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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23
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Eisinger BE, Driessen TM, Zhao C, Gammie SC. Medial prefrontal cortex: genes linked to bipolar disorder and schizophrenia have altered expression in the highly social maternal phenotype. Front Behav Neurosci 2014; 8:110. [PMID: 24765068 PMCID: PMC3980118 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The transition to motherhood involves CNS changes that modify sociability and affective state. However, these changes also put females at risk for post-partum depression and psychosis, which impairs parenting abilities and adversely affects children. Thus, changes in expression and interactions in a core subset of genes may be critical for emergence of a healthy maternal phenotype, but inappropriate changes of the same genes could put women at risk for post-partum disorders. This study evaluated microarray gene expression changes in medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), a region implicated in both maternal behavior and psychiatric disorders. Post-partum mice were compared to virgin controls housed with females and isolated for identical durations. Using the Modular Single-set Enrichment Test (MSET), we found that the genetic landscape of maternal mPFC bears statistical similarity to gene databases associated with schizophrenia (5 of 5 sets) and bipolar disorder (BPD, 3 of 3 sets). In contrast to previous studies of maternal lateral septum (LS) and medial preoptic area (MPOA), enrichment of autism and depression-linked genes was not significant (2 of 9 sets, 0 of 4 sets). Among genes linked to multiple disorders were fatty acid binding protein 7 (Fabp7), glutamate metabotropic receptor 3 (Grm3), platelet derived growth factor, beta polypeptide (Pdgfrb), and nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group D, member 1 (Nr1d1). RT-qPCR confirmed these gene changes as well as FMS-like tyrosine kinase 1 (Flt1) and proenkephalin (Penk). Systems-level methods revealed involvement of developmental gene networks in establishing the maternal phenotype and indirectly suggested a role for numerous microRNAs and transcription factors in mediating expression changes. Together, this study suggests that a subset of genes involved in shaping the healthy maternal brain may also be dysregulated in mental health disorders and put females at risk for post-partum psychosis with aspects of schizophrenia and BPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian E Eisinger
- Department of Zoology, University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison, WI, USA
| | - Terri M Driessen
- Department of Zoology, University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison, WI, USA
| | - Changjiu Zhao
- Department of Zoology, University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison, WI, USA
| | - Stephen C Gammie
- Department of Zoology, University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison, WI, USA ; Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison, WI, USA
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24
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Gaublomme D, Buyens T, De Groef L, Stakenborg M, Janssens E, Ingvarsen S, Porse A, Behrendt N, Moons L. Matrix metalloproteinase 2 and membrane type 1 matrix metalloproteinase co-regulate axonal outgrowth of mouse retinal ganglion cells. J Neurochem 2014; 129:966-79. [PMID: 24611815 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Revised: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Restoration of correct neural activity following central nervous system (CNS) damage requires the replacement of degenerated axons with newly outgrowing, functional axons. Unfortunately, spontaneous regeneration is largely lacking in the adult mammalian CNS. In order to establish successful regenerative therapies, an improved understanding of axonal outgrowth and the various molecules influencing it, is highly needed. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) constitute a family of zinc-dependent proteases that were sporadically reported to influence axon outgrowth. Using an ex vivo retinal explant model, we were able to show that broad-spectrum MMP inhibition reduces axon outgrowth of mouse retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), implicating MMPs as beneficial factors in axonal regeneration. Additional studies, using more specific MMP inhibitors and MMP-deficient mice, disclosed that both MMP-2 and MT1-MMP, but not MMP-9, are involved in this process. Furthermore, administration of a novel antibody to MT1-MMP that selectively blocks pro-MMP-2 activation revealed a functional co-involvement of these proteinases in determining RGC axon outgrowth. Subsequent immunostainings showed expression of both MMP-2 and MT1-MMP in RGC axons and glial cells. Finally, results from combined inhibition of MMP-2 and β1-integrin were suggestive for a functional interaction between these molecules. Overall, our data indicate MMP-2 and MT1-MMP as promising axonal outgrowth-promoting molecules. Axonal regeneration in the central nervous system is lacking in adult mammals, thereby impeding recovery from injury to the nervous system. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) constitute a family of zinc-dependent proteases that were sporadically reported to influence axon outgrowth. Inhibition of specific MMPs reduced neurite outgrowth from mouse retinal explants. Our data indicate MMP-2 and MT1-MMP as promising axonal outgrowth-promoting molecules and show a possible link between MMP-2 and β1-integrin in axon outgrowth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Djoere Gaublomme
- Department of Biology, Laboratory of Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration, Animal Physiology and Neurobiology Section, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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25
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Lutz D, Loers G, Kleene R, Oezen I, Kataria H, Katagihallimath N, Braren I, Harauz G, Schachner M. Myelin basic protein cleaves cell adhesion molecule L1 and promotes neuritogenesis and cell survival. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:13503-18. [PMID: 24671420 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.530238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The cell adhesion molecule L1 is a Lewis(x)-carrying glycoprotein that plays important roles in the developing and adult nervous system. Here we show that myelin basic protein (MBP) binds to L1 in a Lewis(x)-dependent manner. Furthermore, we demonstrate that MBP is released by murine cerebellar neurons as a sumoylated dynamin-containing protein upon L1 stimulation and that this MBP cleaves L1 as a serine protease in the L1 extracellular domain at Arg(687) yielding a transmembrane fragment that promotes neurite outgrowth and neuronal survival in cell culture. L1-induced neurite outgrowth and neuronal survival are reduced in MBP-deficient cerebellar neurons and in wild-type cerebellar neurons in the presence of an MBP antibody or L1 peptide containing the MBP cleavage site. Genetic ablation of MBP in shiverer mice and mutagenesis of the proteolytically active site in MBP or of the MBP cleavage site within L1 as well as serine protease inhibitors and an L1 peptide containing the MBP cleavage site abolish generation of the L1 fragment. Our findings provide evidence for novel functions of MBP in the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Lutz
- From the Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
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26
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Lutz D, Wolters-Eisfeld G, Schachner M, Kleene R. Cathepsin E generates a sumoylated intracellular fragment of the cell adhesion molecule L1 to promote neuronal and Schwann cell migration as well as myelination. J Neurochem 2014; 128:713-24. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Revised: 09/11/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- David Lutz
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie; Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf; Hamburg Germany
| | - Gerrit Wolters-Eisfeld
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie; Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf; Hamburg Germany
| | - Melitta Schachner
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie; Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf; Hamburg Germany
- Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience and Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience; Rutgers University; Piscataway New Jersey USA
- Center for Neuroscience; Shantou University Medical College; Shantou China
| | - Ralf Kleene
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie; Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf; Hamburg Germany
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27
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Witheford M, Westendorf K, Roskams AJ. Olfactory ensheathing cells promote corticospinal axonal outgrowth by a L1 CAM-dependent mechanism. Glia 2013; 61:1873-89. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.22564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2012] [Revised: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Miranda Witheford
- Department of Zoology, Life Sciences Institute; University of British Columbia V6T 1Z3; Vancouver Canada
| | - Kathryn Westendorf
- Department of Zoology, Life Sciences Institute; University of British Columbia V6T 1Z3; Vancouver Canada
| | - A. Jane Roskams
- Department of Zoology, Life Sciences Institute; University of British Columbia V6T 1Z3; Vancouver Canada
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28
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Fowler S, Akins M, Zhou H, Figeys D, Bennett SA. The liver connexin32 interactome is a novel plasma membrane-mitochondrial signaling nexus. J Proteome Res 2013; 12:2597-610. [PMID: 23590695 PMCID: PMC3714164 DOI: 10.1021/pr301166p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Connexins are the structural subunits of gap junctions and act as protein platforms for signaling complexes. Little is known about tissue-specific connexin signaling nexuses, given significant challenges associated with affinity-purifying endogenous channel complexes to the level required for interaction analyses. Here, we used multiple subcellular fractionation techniques to isolate connexin32-enriched membrane microdomains from murine liver. We show, for the first time, that connexin32 localizes to both the plasma membrane and inner mitochondrial membrane of hepatocytes. Using a combination of immunoprecipitation-high throughput mass spectrometry, reciprocal co-IP, and subcellular fractionation methodologies, we report a novel interactome validated using null mutant controls. Eighteen connexin32 interacting proteins were identified. The majority represent resident mitochondrial proteins, a minority represent plasma membrane, endoplasmic reticulum, or cytoplasmic partners. In particular, connexin32 interacts with connexin26 and the mitochondrial protein, sideroflexin-1, at the plasma membrane. Connexin32 interaction enhances connexin26 stability. Converging bioinformatic, biochemical, and confocal analyses support a role for connexin32 in transiently tethering mitochondria to connexin32-enriched plasma membrane microdomains through interaction with proteins in the outer mitochondrial membrane, including sideroflexin-1. Complex formation increases the pool of sideroflexin-1 that is present at the plasma membrane. Together, these data identify a novel plasma membrane/mitochondrial signaling nexus in the connexin32 interactome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie
L. Fowler
- Neural
Regeneration Laboratory, Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, Department of
Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mark Akins
- Neural
Regeneration Laboratory, Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, Department of
Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hu Zhou
- Neural
Regeneration Laboratory, Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, Department of
Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Shanghai Institute of Materia
Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai,
China
| | - Daniel Figeys
- Neural
Regeneration Laboratory, Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, Department of
Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Steffany A.L. Bennett
- Neural
Regeneration Laboratory, Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, Department of
Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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29
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Stemmer N, Strekalova E, Djogo N, Plöger F, Loers G, Lutz D, Buck F, Michalak M, Schachner M, Kleene R. Generation of amyloid-β is reduced by the interaction of calreticulin with amyloid precursor protein, presenilin and nicastrin. PLoS One 2013; 8:e61299. [PMID: 23585889 PMCID: PMC3621835 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of the proteolytic processing of amyloid precursor protein by γ-secretase and the ensuing generation of amyloid-β is associated with the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Thus, the identification of amyloid precursor protein binding proteins involved in regulating processing of amyloid precursor protein by the γ-secretase complex is essential for understanding the mechanisms underlying the molecular pathology of the disease. We identified calreticulin as novel amyloid precursor protein interaction partner that binds to the γ-secretase cleavage site within amyloid precursor protein and showed that this Ca2+- and N-glycan-independent interaction is mediated by amino acids 330–344 in the C-terminal C-domain of calreticulin. Co-immunoprecipitation confirmed that calreticulin is not only associated with amyloid precursor protein but also with the γ-secretase complex members presenilin and nicastrin. Calreticulin was detected at the cell surface by surface biotinylation of cells overexpressing amyloid precursor protein and was co-localized by immunostaining with amyloid precursor protein and presenilin at the cell surface of hippocampal neurons. The P-domain of calreticulin located between the N-terminal N-domain and the C-domain interacts with presenilin, the catalytic subunit of the γ-secretase complex. The P- and C-domains also interact with nicastrin, another functionally important subunit of this complex. Transfection of amyloid precursor protein overexpressing cells with full-length calreticulin leads to a decrease in amyloid-β42 levels in culture supernatants, while transfection with the P-domain increases amyloid-β40 levels. Similarly, application of the recombinant P- or C-domains and of a synthetic calreticulin peptide comprising amino acid 330–344 to amyloid precursor protein overexpressing cells result in elevated amyloid-β40 and amyloid-β42 levels, respectively. These findings indicate that the interaction of calreticulin with amyloid precursor protein and the γ-secretase complex regulates the proteolytic processing of amyloid precursor protein by the γ-secretase complex, pointing to calreticulin as a potential target for therapy in Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Stemmer
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Elena Strekalova
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nevena Djogo
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Frank Plöger
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Gabriele Loers
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - David Lutz
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Friedrich Buck
- Institut für Klinische Chemie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marek Michalak
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Melitta Schachner
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience and Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
- Center for Neuroscience, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Ralf Kleene
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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30
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Theis T, Mishra B, von der Ohe M, Loers G, Prondzynski M, Pless O, Blackshear PJ, Schachner M, Kleene R. Functional role of the interaction between polysialic acid and myristoylated alanine-rich C kinase substrate at the plasma membrane. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:6726-42. [PMID: 23329829 PMCID: PMC3585110 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.444034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Polysialic acid (PSA) is a homopolymeric glycan that plays crucial roles in the developing and adult nervous system. So far only a few PSA-binding proteins have been identified. Here, we identify myristoylated alanine-rich C kinase substrate (MARCKS) as novel PSA binding partner. Binding assays showed a direct interaction between PSA and a peptide comprising the effector domain of MARCKS (MARCKS-ED). Co-immunoprecipitation of PSA-carrying neural cell adhesion molecule (PSA-NCAM) with MARCKS and co-immunostaining of MARCKS and PSA at the cell membrane of hippocampal neurons confirm the interaction between PSA and MARCKS. Co-localization and an intimate interaction of PSA and MARCKS at the cell surface was seen by confocal microscopy and fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) analysis after the addition of fluorescently labeled PSA or PSA-NCAM to live CHO cells or hippocampal neurons expressing MARCKS as a fusion protein with green fluorescent protein (GFP). Cross-linking experiments showed that extracellularly applied PSA or PSA-NCAM and intracellularly expressed MARCKS-GFP are in close contact, suggesting that PSA and MARCKS interact with each other at the plasma membrane from opposite sides. Insertion of PSA and MARCKS-ED peptide into lipid bilayers from opposite sides alters the electric properties of the bilayer confirming the notion that PSA and the effector domain of MARCKS interact at and/or within the plane of the membrane. The MARCKS-ED peptide abolished PSA-induced enhancement of neurite outgrowth from cultured hippocampal neurons indicating an important functional role for the interaction between MARCKS and PSA in the developing and adult nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Theis
- From the Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Bibhudatta Mishra
- From the Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Maren von der Ohe
- From the Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Gabriele Loers
- From the Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Ole Pless
- European Screening Port GmbH, Schnackenburgallee 114, 22525 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Perry J. Blackshear
- the Departments of Medicine and Biochemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27709
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, NIEHS, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, and
| | - Melitta Schachner
- From the Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
- Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience and Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854
- Center for Neuroscience, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xin Ling Road, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Ralf Kleene
- From the Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
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He X, Knepper M, Ding C, Li J, Castro S, Siddiqui M, Schachner M. Promotion of spinal cord regeneration by neural stem cell-secreted trimerized cell adhesion molecule L1. PLoS One 2012; 7:e46223. [PMID: 23049984 PMCID: PMC3458024 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0046223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2012] [Accepted: 08/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The L1 cell adhesion molecule promotes neurite outgrowth and neuronal survival in homophilic and heterophilic interactions and enhances neurite outgrowth and neuronal survival homophilically, i.e. by self binding. We investigated whether exploitation of homophilic and possibly also heterophilic mechanisms of neural stem cells overexpressing the full-length transmembrane L1 and a secreted trimer engineered to express its extracellular domain would be more beneficial for functional recovery of the compression injured spinal cord of adult mice than stem cells overexpressing only full-length L1 or the parental, non-engineered cells. Here we report that stem cells expressing trimeric and full-length L1 are indeed more efficient in promoting locomotor recovery when compared to stem cells overexpressing only full-length L1 or the parental stem cells. The trimer expressing stem cells were also more efficient in reducing glial scar volume and expression of chondroitin sulfates and the chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan NG2. They were also more efficient in enhancing regrowth/sprouting and/or preservation of serotonergic axons, and remyelination and/or myelin sparing. Moreover, degeneration/dying back of corticospinal cord axons was prevented more by the trimer expressing stem cells. These results encourage the view that stem cells engineered to drive the beneficial functions of L1 via homophilic and heterophilic interactions are functionally optimized and may thus be of therapeutic value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowen He
- Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience and Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Michael Knepper
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Universitätskrankenhaus Hamburg-Eppendorf, Universität Hamburg, Martinistr. Hamburg, Germany
| | - Cheng Ding
- Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience and Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Jun Li
- Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience and Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Suita Castro
- Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience and Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Maham Siddiqui
- Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience and Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Melitta Schachner
- Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience and Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
- Center for Neuroscience, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, P.R. China
- * E-mail:
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32
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Transgenic overexpression of the adenine nucleotide translocase 1 protects cardiomyocytes against TGFβ1-induced apoptosis by stabilization of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2012; 53:73-81. [PMID: 22564366 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2012.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2012] [Revised: 04/19/2012] [Accepted: 04/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Since adenine nucleotide translocase 1 (ANT1) overexpression improved cardiac function in rats with activated renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and angiotensin II is known to enhance transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) signaling in cardiomyocytes, we assumed that ANT1 might modulate the classical TGFβ/SMAD pathway. We therefore investigated whether the cardioprotective effect of ANT1 overexpression suppresses TGFβ(1)-induced apoptosis, whether mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP) regulation is involved, and SMAD signaling pathway is affected. METHODS AND RESULTS Ventricular cardiomyocytes isolated from wild-type (WT) and ANT1 transgenic rats were treated with the apoptosis-inducing agent TGFβ(1) (1 ng/ml). TGFβ(1) treatment of WT cells enhanced the number of apoptotic cells by 31.8 ± 11.7% (p<0.01 vs. WT) measured by chromatin condensation. Apoptosis was blocked by 1μM cyclosporine A and by ANT1 overexpression. The protecting effect of ANT1 overexpression on TGFβ(1)-induced apoptosis was verified by reduced caspase 3/7 activity and increased Bcl-2 expression. In addition, TGFβ(1) decreased mitochondrial membrane potential as measured by JC-1 staining by 18.0 ± 3.7% in WT cardiomyocytes, but only by 7.2 ± 2.8% (p<0.05 vs. WT) in ANT1 cardiomyocytes. Cyclosporine A also attenuated the decline in mitochondrial membrane potential under TGFβ(1) in WT cardiomyocytes. Determination of MPTP opening by Calcein assay in isolated cardiomyocytes and calcium retention assay in isolated mitochondria revealed a reduced open probability of MPTP after ANT1 overexpression. In addition to the effects of ANT1 on MPTP opening we investigated if ANT1 may interfere with the classical TGFβ signaling pathway. Interestingly, ANT1-transgenic cardiomyocytes expressed less TGFβ receptor II than WT cells. However, SMAD2 phosphorylation was already enhanced without TGFβ(1) stimulation in these cells. Although no additional increase in SMAD2 phosphorylation was detectable after TGFβ(1) treatment, SMAD signaling was still responsive to TGFβ(1) indicated by an upregulation of SMAD7, a TGFβ(1) target protein. CONCLUSION Heart-specific overexpression of ANT1 leads to a reduced apoptotic response to TGFβ(1) by preservation of the mitochondrial membrane potential, resistance to MPTP opening and altered TGFβ signaling.
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