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Eisenstein SA, Bogdan R, Chen L, Moerlein SM, Black KJ, Perlmutter JS, Hershey T, Barch DM. Preliminary evidence that negative symptom severity relates to multilocus genetic profile for dopamine signaling capacity and D2 receptor binding in healthy controls and in schizophrenia. J Psychiatr Res 2017; 86:9-17. [PMID: 27886638 PMCID: PMC5272837 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2016.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Revised: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Deficits in central, subcortical dopamine (DA) signaling may underlie negative symptom severity, particularly anhedonia, in healthy individuals and in schizophrenia. To investigate these relationships, we assessed negative symptoms with the Schedule for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms and the Brief Negative Symptom Scale (BNSS) and self-reported anhedonia with the Scales for Physical and Social Anhedonia (SPSA), Temporal Experience of Pleasure Scale, and Snaith-Hamilton Pleasure Scale in 36 healthy controls (HC), 27 siblings (SIB) of individuals with schizophrenia, and 66 individuals with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder (SCZ). A subset of participants (N = 124) were genotyped for DA-related polymorphisms in genes for DRD4, DRD2/ANKK1, DAT1, and COMT, which were used to construct biologically-informed multi-locus genetic profile (MGP) scores reflective of subcortical dopaminergic signaling. DA receptor type 2 (D2R) binding was assessed among a second subset of participants (N = 23) using PET scans with the D2R-selective, non-displaceable radioligand (N-[11C]methyl)benperidol. Higher MGP scores, reflecting elevated subcortical dopaminergic signaling capacity, were associated with less negative symptom severity, as measured by the BNSS, across all participants. In addition, higher striatal D2R binding was associated with less physical and social anhedonia, as measured by the SPSA, across HC, SIB, and SCZ. The current preliminary findings support the hypothesis that subcortical DA function may contribute to negative symptom severity and self-reported anhedonia, independent of diagnostic status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A. Eisenstein
- Psychiatry Department, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA,Radiology Department, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA,Corresponding author, Sarah A. Eisenstein, Psychiatry Department, Campus Box 8225, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, Phone: (314) 362-7107, Fax: (314) 362-0168,
| | - Ryan Bogdan
- Psychological & Brain Sciences Department, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA.
| | - Ling Chen
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
| | - Stephen M. Moerlein
- Radiology Department, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA,Biochemistry Department, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Kevin J. Black
- Psychiatry Department, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA,Radiology Department, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA,Neurology Department, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA,Neuroscience Department, Washington University School of Medicine, MO, USA
| | - Joel S. Perlmutter
- Radiology Department, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA,Biochemistry Department, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA,Programs in Physical Therapy and Occupational Therapy, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Tamara Hershey
- Psychiatry Department, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Radiology Department, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Psychological & Brain Sciences Department, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA; Neurology Department, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
| | - Deanna M. Barch
- Psychiatry Department, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA,Radiology Department, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA,Psychological & Brain Sciences Department, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
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Eisenstein SA, Bogdan R, Love-Gregory L, Corral-Frías NS, Koller JM, Black KJ, Moerlein SM, Perlmutter JS, Barch DM, Hershey T. Prediction of striatal D2 receptor binding by DRD2/ANKK1 TaqIA allele status. Synapse 2016; 70:418-31. [PMID: 27241797 DOI: 10.1002/syn.21916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Revised: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
In humans, the A1 (T) allele of the dopamine (DA) D2 receptor/ankyrin repeat and kinase domain containing 1 (DRD2/ANKK1) TaqIA (rs1800497) single nucleotide polymorphism has been associated with reduced striatal DA D2/D3 receptor (D2/D3R) availability. However, radioligands used to estimate D2/D3R are displaceable by endogenous DA and are nonselective for D2R, leaving the relationship between TaqIA genotype and D2R specific binding uncertain. Using the positron emission tomography (PET) radioligand, (N-[(11) C]methyl)benperidol ([(11) C]NMB), which is highly selective for D2R over D3R and is not displaceable by endogenous DA, the current study examined whether DRD2/ANKK1 TaqIA genotype predicts D2R specific binding in two independent samples. Sample 1 (n = 39) was composed of obese and nonobese adults; sample 2 (n = 18) was composed of healthy controls, unmedicated individuals with schizophrenia, and siblings of individuals with schizophrenia. Across both samples, A1 allele carriers (A1+) had 5 to 12% less striatal D2R specific binding relative to individuals homozygous for the A2 allele (A1-), regardless of body mass index or diagnostic group. This reduction is comparable to previous PET studies of D2/D3R availability (10-14%). The pooled effect size for the difference in total striatal D2R binding between A1+ and A1- was large (0.84). In summary, in line with studies using displaceable D2/D3R radioligands, our results indicate that DRD2/ANKK1 TaqIA allele status predicts striatal D2R specific binding as measured by D2R-selective [(11) C]NMB. These findings support the hypothesis that DRD2/ANKK1 TaqIA allele status may modify D2R, perhaps conferring risk for certain disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Eisenstein
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63110.,Department of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63110
| | - Ryan Bogdan
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63130
| | - Latisha Love-Gregory
- Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63110
| | - Nadia S Corral-Frías
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63110
| | - Jonathan M Koller
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63110
| | - Kevin J Black
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63110.,Department of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63110.,Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63110.,Department of Neuroscience, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63110
| | - Stephen M Moerlein
- Department of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63110.,Department of Biochemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63110
| | - Joel S Perlmutter
- Department of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63110.,Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63110.,Programs in Physical Therapy and Occupational Therapy, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63110
| | - Deanna M Barch
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63110.,Department of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63110.,Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63130
| | - Tamara Hershey
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63110.,Department of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63110.,Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63130.,Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63110
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Eisenstein SA, Gredysa DM, Antenor–Dorsey JA, Green L, Arbeláez AM, Koller JM, Black KJ, Perlmutter JS, Moerlein SM, Hershey T. Insulin, Central Dopamine D2 Receptors, and Monetary Reward Discounting in Obesity. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0133621. [PMID: 26192187 PMCID: PMC4507849 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal research finds that insulin regulates dopamine signaling and reward behavior, but similar research in humans is lacking. We investigated whether individual differences in body mass index, percent body fat, pancreatic β-cell function, and dopamine D2 receptor binding were related to reward discounting in obese and non-obese adult men and women. Obese (n = 27; body mass index>30) and non-obese (n = 20; body mass index<30) adults were assessed for percent body fat with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and for β-cell function using disposition index. Choice of larger, but delayed or less certain, monetary rewards relative to immediate, certain smaller monetary rewards was measured using delayed and probabilistic reward discounting tasks. Positron emission tomography using a non-displaceable D2-specific radioligand, [11C](N-methyl)benperidol quantified striatal D2 receptor binding. Groups differed in body mass index, percent body fat, and disposition index, but not in striatal D2 receptor specific binding or reward discounting. Higher percent body fat in non-obese women related to preference for a smaller, certain reward over a larger, less likely one (greater probabilistic discounting). Lower β-cell function in the total sample and lower insulin sensitivity in obese related to stronger preference for an immediate and smaller monetary reward over delayed receipt of a larger one (greater delay discounting). In obese adults, higher striatal D2 receptor binding related to greater delay discounting. Interestingly, striatal D2 receptor binding was not significantly related to body mass index, percent body fat, or β-cell function in either group. Our findings indicate that individual differences in percent body fat, β-cell function, and striatal D2 receptor binding may each contribute to altered reward discounting behavior in non-obese and obese individuals. These results raise interesting questions about whether and how striatal D2 receptor binding and metabolic factors, including β-cell function, interact to affect reward discounting in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A. Eisenstein
- Psychiatry Department, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
- Radiology Department, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - Danuta M. Gredysa
- Psychology Department, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - Jo Ann Antenor–Dorsey
- Psychiatry Department, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - Leonard Green
- Psychology Department, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - Ana Maria Arbeláez
- Pediatrics Department, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - Jonathan M. Koller
- Psychiatry Department, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - Kevin J. Black
- Psychiatry Department, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
- Radiology Department, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
- Neurology Department, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
- Anatomy and Neurobiology Department, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - Joel S. Perlmutter
- Radiology Department, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
- Neurology Department, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
- Anatomy and Neurobiology Department, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
- Programs in Physical Therapy and Occupational Therapy, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - Stephen M. Moerlein
- Radiology Department, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics Department, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - Tamara Hershey
- Psychiatry Department, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
- Radiology Department, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
- Neurology Department, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Eisenstein SA, Antenor-Dorsey JAV, Gredysa DM, Koller JM, Bihun EC, Ranck SA, Arbeláez AM, Klein S, Perlmutter JS, Moerlein SM, Black KJ, Hershey T. A comparison of D2 receptor specific binding in obese and normal-weight individuals using PET with (N-[(11)C]methyl)benperidol. Synapse 2013; 67:748-56. [PMID: 23650017 PMCID: PMC3778147 DOI: 10.1002/syn.21680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Revised: 04/20/2013] [Accepted: 04/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Previous PET imaging studies have demonstrated mixed findings regarding dopamine D2/D3 receptor availability in obese relative to nonobese humans. Nonspecific D2/D3 radioligands do not allow for separate estimation of D2 receptor (D2R) and D3 receptor (D3R) subtypes of the D2 receptor family, which may play different roles in behavior and are distributed differently throughout the brain. These radioligands are also displaceable by endogenous dopamine, confounding interpretation of differences in receptor availability with differing levels of dopamine release. The present study used PET imaging with the D2R-selective radioligand (N-[(11)C] methyl)benperidol ([(11)C]NMB), which is nondisplaceable by endogenous dopamine, to estimate D2R specific binding (BPND) and its relationship to body mass index (BMI) and age in 15 normal-weight (mean BMI = 22.6 kg/m(2)) and 15 obese (mean BMI = 40.3 kg/m(2)) men and women. Subjects with illnesses or taking medications that interfere with dopamine signaling were excluded. Striatal D2R BPND was calculated using the Logan graphical method with cerebellum as a reference region. D2R BPND estimates were higher in putamen and caudate relative to nucleus accumbens, but did not differ between normal-weight and obese groups. BMI values did not correlate with D2R BPND . Age was negatively correlated with putamen D2R BPND in both groups. These results suggest that altered D2R specific binding is not involved in the pathogenesis of obesity per se and underscore the need for additional studies evaluating the relationship between D3R, dopamine reuptake, or endogenous dopamine release and human obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A. Eisenstein
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, 660 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Jo Ann V. Antenor-Dorsey
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, 660 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Danuta M. Gredysa
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, 660 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Jonathan M. Koller
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, 660 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Emily C. Bihun
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, 660 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Samantha A. Ranck
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, 660 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Ana Maria Arbeláez
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, 660 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Samuel Klein
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, 660 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Joel S. Perlmutter
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, 660 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, 660 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, 660 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110
- Program in Physical Therapy, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, 4444 Forest Park Blvd., St. Louis, MO 63108
- Program in Occupational Therapy, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, 4444 Forest Park Blvd., St. Louis, MO 63108
| | - Stephen M. Moerlein
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, 660 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, 660 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Kevin J. Black
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, 660 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, 660 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, 660 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, 660 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Tamara Hershey
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, 660 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, 660 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, 660 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110
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Antenor-Dorsey JAV, Laforest R, Moerlein SM, Videen TO, Perlmutter JS. Radiation dosimetry of N-([11C]methyl)benperidol as determined by whole-body PET imaging of primates. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2007; 35:771-8. [PMID: 18071701 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-007-0644-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2007] [Accepted: 10/23/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE N-([(11)C]methyl)benperidol ([(11)C]NMB) can be used for positron emission tomography (PET) measurements of D(2)-like dopamine receptor binding in vivo. We report the absorbed radiation dosimetry of i.v.-administered (11)C-NMB, a critical step before applying this radioligand to imaging studies in humans. MATERIALS AND METHODS Whole-body PET imaging with a CTI/Siemens ECAT 953B scanner was done in a male and a female baboon. After i.v. injection of 444-1221 MBq of (11)C-NMB, sequential images taken from the head to the pelvis were collected for 3 h. Volumes of interest (VOIs) were identified that entirely encompassed small organs (whole brain, striatum, eyes, and myocardium). Large organs (liver, lungs, kidneys, lower large intestine, and urinary bladder) were sampled by drawing representative regions within the organ volume. Time-activity curves for each VOI were extracted from the PET, and organ residence times were calculated by analytical integration of a multi-exponential fit of the time-activity curves. Human radiation doses were estimated using OLINDA/EXM 1.0 and the standard human model. RESULTS Highest retention was observed in the blood and liver, each with total residence times of 1.5 min. The highest absorbed radiation doses were to the heart (10.5 μGy/MBq) [DOSAGE ERROR CORRECTED] and kidney (9.19 μGy/MBq), [DOSAGE ERROR CORRECTED] making these the critical organs for [(11)C]NMB. A heart absorption of 50 mGy would result from an injected dose of 4,762 MBq [(11)C]NMB. CONCLUSIONS Thus, this study suggests that up to 4,762 MBq of [(11)C]NMB can be safely administered to human subjects for PET studies. Total body dose and effective dose for [(11)C]NMB are 2.82 μGy/MBq [DOSAGE ERROR CORRECTED] and 3.7 mSv/kBq, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jo Ann V Antenor-Dorsey
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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