1
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Hufft-Martinez BM, Wang HH, Saadi I, Tran PV. Actin cytoskeletal regulation of ciliogenesis in development and disease. Dev Dyn 2024. [PMID: 38958410 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia are antenna-like sensory organelles that are evolutionarily conserved in nearly all modern eukaryotes, from the single-celled green alga, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, to vertebrates and mammals. Cilia are microtubule-based cellular projections that have adapted to perform a broad range of species-specific functions, from cell motility to detection of light and the transduction of extracellular mechanical and chemical signals. These functions render cilia essential for organismal development and survival. The high conservation of cilia has allowed for discoveries in C. reinhardtii to inform our understanding of the basic biology of mammalian primary cilia, and to provide insight into the genetic etiology of ciliopathies. Over the last two decades, a growing number of studies has revealed that multiple aspects of ciliary homeostasis are regulated by the actin cytoskeleton, including centrosome migration and positioning, vesicle transport to the basal body, ectocytosis, and ciliary-mediated signaling. Here, we review actin regulation of ciliary homeostasis, and highlight conserved and divergent mechanisms in C. reinhardtii and mammalian cells. Further, we compare the disease manifestations of patients with ciliopathies to those with mutations in actin and actin-associated genes, and propose that primary cilia defects caused by genetic alteration of the actin cytoskeleton may underlie certain birth defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany M Hufft-Martinez
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Henry H Wang
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Irfan Saadi
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
- Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Sciences, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Pamela V Tran
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
- Jared Grantham Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
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2
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Rezi CK, Aslanyan MG, Diwan GD, Cheng T, Chamlali M, Junger K, Anvarian Z, Lorentzen E, Pauly KB, Afshar-Bahadori Y, Fernandes EF, Qian F, Tosi S, Christensen ST, Pedersen SF, Strømgaard K, Russell RB, Miner JH, Mahjoub MR, Boldt K, Roepman R, Pedersen LB. DLG1 functions upstream of SDCCAG3 and IFT20 to control ciliary targeting of polycystin-2. EMBO Rep 2024:10.1038/s44319-024-00170-1. [PMID: 38849673 DOI: 10.1038/s44319-024-00170-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Polarized vesicular trafficking directs specific receptors and ion channels to cilia, but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Here we describe a role for DLG1, a core component of the Scribble polarity complex, in regulating ciliary protein trafficking in kidney epithelial cells. Conditional knockout of Dlg1 in mouse kidney causes ciliary elongation and cystogenesis, and cell-based proximity labeling proteomics and fluorescence microscopy show alterations in the ciliary proteome upon loss of DLG1. Specifically, the retromer-associated protein SDCCAG3, IFT20, and polycystin-2 (PC2) are reduced in the cilia of DLG1-deficient cells compared to control cells. This phenotype is recapitulated in vivo and rescuable by re-expression of wild-type DLG1, but not a Congenital Anomalies of the Kidney and Urinary Tract (CAKUT)-associated DLG1 variant, p.T489R. Finally, biochemical approaches and Alpha Fold modelling suggest that SDCCAG3 and IFT20 form a complex that associates, at least indirectly, with DLG1. Our work identifies a key role for DLG1 in regulating ciliary protein composition and suggests that ciliary dysfunction of the p.T489R DLG1 variant may contribute to CAKUT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csenge K Rezi
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mariam G Aslanyan
- Department of Human Genetics, Research Institute for Medical Innovation, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Gaurav D Diwan
- BioQuant, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- Biochemistry Center (BZH), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tao Cheng
- Department of Medicine (Nephrology Division) and Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Mohamed Chamlali
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Katrin Junger
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Eberhard Karl University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Zeinab Anvarian
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Esben Lorentzen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics - Protein Science, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Kleo B Pauly
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Eduardo Fa Fernandes
- Center for Biopharmaceuticals, Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Feng Qian
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sébastien Tosi
- Danish BioImaging Infrastructure Image Analysis Core Facility (DBI-INFRA IACF), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Stine F Pedersen
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kristian Strømgaard
- Center for Biopharmaceuticals, Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Robert B Russell
- BioQuant, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- Biochemistry Center (BZH), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jeffrey H Miner
- Department of Medicine (Nephrology Division) and Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Moe R Mahjoub
- Department of Medicine (Nephrology Division) and Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Karsten Boldt
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Eberhard Karl University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ronald Roepman
- Department of Human Genetics, Research Institute for Medical Innovation, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Lotte B Pedersen
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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3
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Muhamad NA, Masutani K, Furukawa S, Yuri S, Toriyama M, Matsumoto C, Itoh S, Shinagawa Y, Isotani A, Toriyama M, Itoh H. Astrocyte-Specific Inhibition of the Primary Cilium Suppresses C3 Expression in Reactive Astrocyte. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2024; 44:48. [PMID: 38822888 PMCID: PMC11144130 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-024-01482-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
C3-positive reactive astrocytes play a neurotoxic role in various neurodegenerative diseases. However, the mechanisms controlling C3-positive reactive astrocyte induction are largely unknown. We found that the length of the primary cilium, a cellular organelle that receives extracellular signals was increased in C3-positive reactive astrocytes, and the loss or shortening of primary cilium decreased the count of C3-positive reactive astrocytes. Pharmacological experiments suggested that Ca2+ signalling may synergistically promote C3 expression in reactive astrocytes. Conditional knockout (cKO) mice that specifically inhibit primary cilium formation in astrocytes upon drug stimulation exhibited a reduction in the proportions of C3-positive reactive astrocytes and apoptotic cells in the brain even after the injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Additionally, the novel object recognition (NOR) score observed in the cKO mice was higher than that observed in the neuroinflammation model mice. These results suggest that the primary cilium in astrocytes positively regulates C3 expression. We propose that regulating astrocyte-specific primary cilium signalling may be a novel strategy for the suppression of neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nor Atiqah Muhamad
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5, Takayama Cho, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192, Japan
| | - Kohei Masutani
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5, Takayama Cho, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192, Japan
| | - Shota Furukawa
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5, Takayama Cho, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Yuri
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5, Takayama Cho, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192, Japan
| | - Michinori Toriyama
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, 1 Gakuenuegahara, Sanda, Hyogo, 669-1330, Japan
| | - Chuya Matsumoto
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5, Takayama Cho, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192, Japan
| | - Seiya Itoh
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5, Takayama Cho, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Shinagawa
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5, Takayama Cho, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192, Japan
| | - Ayako Isotani
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5, Takayama Cho, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192, Japan
| | - Manami Toriyama
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5, Takayama Cho, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Itoh
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5, Takayama Cho, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192, Japan.
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4
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Liu X, Yam PT, Schlienger S, Cai E, Zhang J, Chen WJ, Torres Gutierrez O, Jimenez Amilburu V, Ramamurthy V, Ting AY, Branon TC, Cayouette M, Gen R, Marks T, Kong JH, Charron F, Ge X. Numb positively regulates Hedgehog signaling at the ciliary pocket. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3365. [PMID: 38664376 PMCID: PMC11045789 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47244-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Hedgehog (Hh) signaling relies on the primary cilium, a cell surface organelle that serves as a signaling hub for the cell. Using proximity labeling and quantitative proteomics, we identify Numb as a ciliary protein that positively regulates Hh signaling. Numb localizes to the ciliary pocket and acts as an endocytic adaptor to incorporate Ptch1 into clathrin-coated vesicles, thereby promoting Ptch1 exit from the cilium, a key step in Hh signaling activation. Numb loss impedes Sonic hedgehog (Shh)-induced Ptch1 exit from the cilium, resulting in reduced Hh signaling. Numb loss in spinal neural progenitors reduces Shh-induced differentiation into cell fates reliant on high Hh activity. Genetic ablation of Numb in the developing cerebellum impairs the proliferation of granule cell precursors, a Hh-dependent process, resulting in reduced cerebellar size. This study highlights Numb as a regulator of ciliary Ptch1 levels during Hh signal activation and demonstrates the key role of ciliary pocket-mediated endocytosis in cell signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoliang Liu
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA, 95340, USA
| | - Patricia T Yam
- Montreal Clinical Research Institute (IRCM), Montreal, QC, H2W 1R7, Canada
| | - Sabrina Schlienger
- Montreal Clinical Research Institute (IRCM), Montreal, QC, H2W 1R7, Canada
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 0G4, Canada
| | - Eva Cai
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA, 95340, USA
| | - Jingyi Zhang
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA, 95340, USA
| | - Wei-Ju Chen
- Montreal Clinical Research Institute (IRCM), Montreal, QC, H2W 1R7, Canada
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 0G4, Canada
| | - Oscar Torres Gutierrez
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA, 95340, USA
| | | | - Vasanth Ramamurthy
- Montreal Clinical Research Institute (IRCM), Montreal, QC, H2W 1R7, Canada
| | - Alice Y Ting
- Departments of Genetics, of Biology, and by courtesy, of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Tess C Branon
- Departments of Genetics, of Biology, and by courtesy, of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Interline Therapeutics, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Michel Cayouette
- Montreal Clinical Research Institute (IRCM), Montreal, QC, H2W 1R7, Canada
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 0G4, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Risako Gen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Tessa Marks
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Jennifer H Kong
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Frédéric Charron
- Montreal Clinical Research Institute (IRCM), Montreal, QC, H2W 1R7, Canada.
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 0G4, Canada.
- Department of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada.
| | - Xuecai Ge
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA, 95340, USA.
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5
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Mohd Rafiq N, Fujise K, Rosenfeld MS, Xu P, De Camilli P. Parkinsonism Sac domain mutation in Synaptojanin-1 affects ciliary properties in iPSC-derived dopaminergic neurons. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2318943121. [PMID: 38635628 PMCID: PMC11047088 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2318943121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Synaptojanin-1 (SJ1) is a major neuronal-enriched PI(4, 5)P2 4- and 5-phosphatase implicated in the shedding of endocytic factors during endocytosis. A mutation (R258Q) that impairs selectively its 4-phosphatase activity causes Parkinsonism in humans and neurological defects in mice (SJ1RQKI mice). Studies of these mice showed, besides an abnormal assembly state of endocytic factors at synapses, the presence of dystrophic nerve terminals selectively in a subset of nigro-striatal dopamine (DA)-ergic axons, suggesting a special lability of DA neurons to the impairment of SJ1 function. Here we have further investigated the impact of SJ1 on DA neurons using iPSC-derived SJ1 KO and SJ1RQKI DA neurons and their isogenic controls. In addition to the expected enhanced clustering of endocytic factors in nerve terminals, we observed in both SJ1 mutant neuronal lines increased cilia length. Further analysis of cilia of SJ1RQDA neurons revealed abnormal accumulation of the Ca2+ channel Cav1.3 and of ubiquitin chains, suggesting a defect in the clearing of ubiquitinated proteins at the ciliary base, where a focal concentration of SJ1 was observed. We suggest that SJ1 may contribute to the control of ciliary protein dynamics in DA neurons, with implications on cilia-mediated signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisha Mohd Rafiq
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06510
- Department of Cell biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06510
- Program in Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration and Repair, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06510
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD20815
| | - Kenshiro Fujise
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06510
- Department of Cell biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06510
- Program in Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration and Repair, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06510
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD20815
| | - Martin Shaun Rosenfeld
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06510
- Department of Cell biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06510
- Program in Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration and Repair, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06510
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD20815
| | - Peng Xu
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06510
- Department of Cell biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06510
- Program in Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration and Repair, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06510
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD20815
| | - Pietro De Camilli
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06510
- Department of Cell biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06510
- Program in Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration and Repair, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06510
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD20815
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6
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Rezi CK, Aslanyan MG, Diwan GD, Cheng T, Chamlali M, Junger K, Anvarian Z, Lorentzen E, Pauly KB, Afshar-Bahadori Y, Fernandes EFA, Qian F, Tosi S, Christensen ST, Pedersen SF, Strømgaard K, Russell RB, Miner JH, Mahjoub MR, Boldt K, Roepman R, Pedersen LB. DLG1 functions upstream of SDCCAG3 and IFT20 to control ciliary targeting of polycystin-2. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.11.10.566524. [PMID: 37987012 PMCID: PMC10659422 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.10.566524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Polarized vesicular trafficking directs specific receptors and ion channels to cilia, but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Here we describe a role for DLG1, a core component of the Scribble polarity complex, in regulating ciliary protein trafficking in kidney epithelial cells. Conditional knockout of Dlg1 in mouse kidney caused ciliary elongation and cystogenesis, and cell-based proximity labelling proteomics and fluorescence microscopy showed alterations in the ciliary proteome upon loss of DLG1. Specifically, the retromer-associated protein SDCCAG3, IFT20 and polycystin-2 (PC2) were reduced in cilia of DLG1 deficient cells compared to control cells. This phenotype was recapitulated in vivo and rescuable by re-expression of wildtype DLG1, but not a Congenital Anomalies of the Kidney and Urinary Tract (CAKUT)-associated DLG1 variant, p.T489R. Finally, biochemical approaches and Alpha Fold modelling suggested that SDCCAG3 and IFT20 form a complex that associates, at least indirectly, with DLG1. Our work identifies a key role for DLG1 in regulating ciliary protein composition and suggests that ciliary dysfunction of the p.T489R DLG1 variant may contribute to CAKUT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csenge K. Rezi
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mariam G. Aslanyan
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Gaurav D. Diwan
- BioQuant, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- Biochemistry Center (BZH), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tao Cheng
- Department of Medicine (Nephrology Division) and Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University, St Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Katrin Junger
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Eberhard Karl University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Esben Lorentzen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics - Protein Science, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Kleo B. Pauly
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Eduardo F. A. Fernandes
- Center for Biopharmaceuticals, Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Feng Qian
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sébastien Tosi
- Danish BioImaging Infrastructure Image Analysis Core Facility (DBI-INFRA IACF), University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | - Kristian Strømgaard
- Center for Biopharmaceuticals, Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Robert B. Russell
- BioQuant, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- Biochemistry Center (BZH), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jeffrey H. Miner
- Department of Medicine (Nephrology Division) and Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Moe R. Mahjoub
- Department of Medicine (Nephrology Division) and Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Karsten Boldt
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Eberhard Karl University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ronald Roepman
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
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7
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Kalot R, Sentell Z, Kitzler TM, Torban E. Primary cilia and actin regulatory pathways in renal ciliopathies. FRONTIERS IN NEPHROLOGY 2024; 3:1331847. [PMID: 38292052 PMCID: PMC10824913 DOI: 10.3389/fneph.2023.1331847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Ciliopathies are a group of rare genetic disorders caused by defects to the structure or function of the primary cilium. They often affect multiple organs, leading to brain malformations, congenital heart defects, and anomalies of the retina or skeletal system. Kidney abnormalities are among the most frequent ciliopathic phenotypes manifesting as smaller, dysplastic, and cystic kidneys that are often accompanied by renal fibrosis. Many renal ciliopathies cause chronic kidney disease and often progress to end-stage renal disease, necessitating replacing therapies. There are more than 35 known ciliopathies; each is a rare hereditary condition, yet collectively they account for a significant proportion of chronic kidney disease worldwide. The primary cilium is a tiny microtubule-based organelle at the apex of almost all vertebrate cells. It serves as a "cellular antenna" surveying environment outside the cell and transducing this information inside the cell to trigger multiple signaling responses crucial for tissue morphogenesis and homeostasis. Hundreds of proteins and unique cellular mechanisms are involved in cilia formation. Recent evidence suggests that actin remodeling and regulation at the base of the primary cilium strongly impacts ciliogenesis. In this review, we provide an overview of the structure and function of the primary cilium, focusing on the role of actin cytoskeleton and its regulators in ciliogenesis. We then describe the key clinical, genetic, and molecular aspects of renal ciliopathies. We highlight what is known about actin regulation in the pathogenesis of these diseases with the aim to consider these recent molecular findings as potential therapeutic targets for renal ciliopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Kalot
- Department of Medicine and Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Zachary Sentell
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Thomas M. Kitzler
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- McGill University Health Center, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Elena Torban
- Department of Medicine and Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montreal, QC, Canada
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8
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Deretic J, Odabasi E, Firat-Karalar EN. The multifaceted roles of microtubule-associated proteins in the primary cilium and ciliopathies. J Cell Sci 2023; 136:jcs261148. [PMID: 38095645 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.261148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The primary cilium is a conserved microtubule-based organelle that is critical for transducing developmental, sensory and homeostatic signaling pathways. It comprises an axoneme with nine parallel doublet microtubules extending from the basal body, surrounded by the ciliary membrane. The axoneme exhibits remarkable stability, serving as the skeleton of the cilium in order to maintain its shape and provide tracks to ciliary trafficking complexes. Although ciliary trafficking and signaling have been exhaustively characterized over the years, less is known about the unique structural and functional complexities of the axoneme. Recent work has yielded new insights into the mechanisms by which the axoneme is built with its proper length and architecture, particularly regarding the activity of microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs). In this Review, we first summarize current knowledge about the architecture, composition and specialized compartments of the primary cilium. Next, we discuss the mechanistic underpinnings of how a functional cilium is assembled, maintained and disassembled through the regulation of its axonemal microtubules. We conclude by examining the diverse localizations and functions of ciliary MAPs for the pathobiology of ciliary diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jovana Deretic
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Koç University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
| | - Ezgi Odabasi
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Koç University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
| | - Elif Nur Firat-Karalar
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Koç University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
- School of Medicine, Koç University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
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9
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Gopalakrishnan J, Feistel K, Friedrich BM, Grapin‐Botton A, Jurisch‐Yaksi N, Mass E, Mick DU, Müller R, May‐Simera H, Schermer B, Schmidts M, Walentek P, Wachten D. Emerging principles of primary cilia dynamics in controlling tissue organization and function. EMBO J 2023; 42:e113891. [PMID: 37743763 PMCID: PMC10620770 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2023113891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia project from the surface of most vertebrate cells and are key in sensing extracellular signals and locally transducing this information into a cellular response. Recent findings show that primary cilia are not merely static organelles with a distinct lipid and protein composition. Instead, the function of primary cilia relies on the dynamic composition of molecules within the cilium, the context-dependent sensing and processing of extracellular stimuli, and cycles of assembly and disassembly in a cell- and tissue-specific manner. Thereby, primary cilia dynamically integrate different cellular inputs and control cell fate and function during tissue development. Here, we review the recently emerging concept of primary cilia dynamics in tissue development, organization, remodeling, and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay Gopalakrishnan
- Institute for Human Genetics, Heinrich‐Heine‐UniversitätUniversitätsklinikum DüsseldorfDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Kerstin Feistel
- Department of Zoology, Institute of BiologyUniversity of HohenheimStuttgartGermany
| | | | - Anne Grapin‐Botton
- Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, TU DresdenDresdenGermany
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and GeneticsDresdenGermany
- Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden of the Helmholtz Center Munich at The University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus and Faculty of Medicine of the TU DresdenDresdenGermany
| | - Nathalie Jurisch‐Yaksi
- Department of Clinical and Molecular MedicineNorwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheimNorway
| | - Elvira Mass
- Life and Medical Sciences Institute, Developmental Biology of the Immune SystemUniversity of BonnBonnGermany
| | - David U Mick
- Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Center of Human and Molecular Biology (ZHMB)Saarland School of MedicineHomburgGermany
| | - Roman‐Ulrich Müller
- Department II of Internal Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital CologneUniversity of CologneCologneGermany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging‐Associated Diseases (CECAD), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital CologneUniversity of CologneCologneGermany
| | - Helen May‐Simera
- Institute of Molecular PhysiologyJohannes Gutenberg‐UniversityMainzGermany
| | - Bernhard Schermer
- Department II of Internal Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital CologneUniversity of CologneCologneGermany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging‐Associated Diseases (CECAD), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital CologneUniversity of CologneCologneGermany
| | - Miriam Schmidts
- Pediatric Genetics Division, Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent MedicineUniversity Hospital FreiburgFreiburgGermany
- CIBSS‐Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling StudiesUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
| | - Peter Walentek
- CIBSS‐Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling StudiesUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
- Renal Division, Internal Medicine IV, Medical CenterUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
| | - Dagmar Wachten
- Institute of Innate Immunity, Biophysical Imaging, Medical FacultyUniversity of BonnBonnGermany
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10
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Rafiq NM, Fujise K, Rosenfeld MS, Xu P, Wu Y, De Camilli P. Parkinsonism Sac domain mutation in Synaptojanin-1 affects ciliary properties in iPSC-derived dopaminergic neurons. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.12.562142. [PMID: 37873399 PMCID: PMC10592818 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.12.562142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Synaptojanin-1 (SJ1) is a major neuronal-enriched PI(4,5)P2 4- and 5-phosphatase implicated in the shedding of endocytic factors during endocytosis. A mutation (R258Q) that impairs selectively its 4-phosphatase activity causes Parkinsonism in humans and neurological defects in mice (SJ1RQKI mice). Studies of these mice showed, besides an abnormal assembly state of endocytic factors at synapses, the presence of dystrophic nerve terminals selectively in a subset of nigro-striatal dopamine (DA)-ergic axons, suggesting a special lability of DA neurons to the impairment of SJ1 function. Here we have further investigated the impact of SJ1 on DA neurons using iPSC-derived SJ1 KO and SJ1RQKI DA neurons and their isogenic controls. In addition to the expected enhanced clustering of endocytic factors in nerve terminals, we observed in both SJ1 mutant neuronal lines increased cilia length. Further analysis of cilia of SJ1RQDA neurons revealed abnormal accumulation of the Ca2+ channel Cav1.3 and of ubiquitin chains, suggesting an impaired clearing of proteins from cilia which may result from an endocytic defect at the ciliary base, where a focal concentration of SJ1 was observed. We suggest that SJ1 may contribute to the control of ciliary protein dynamics in DA neurons, with implications on cilia-mediated signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisha Mohd Rafiq
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA
- Department of Cell biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA
- Program in Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration and Repair. Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, 20815, USA
| | - Kenshiro Fujise
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA
- Department of Cell biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA
- Program in Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration and Repair. Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, 20815, USA
| | - Martin Shaun Rosenfeld
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA
- Department of Cell biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA
- Program in Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration and Repair. Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, 20815, USA
| | - Peng Xu
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA
- Department of Cell biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA
- Program in Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration and Repair. Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, 20815, USA
| | - Yumei Wu
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA
- Department of Cell biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA
- Program in Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration and Repair. Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, 20815, USA
| | - Pietro De Camilli
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA
- Department of Cell biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA
- Program in Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration and Repair. Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, 20815, USA
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11
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Cumplido-Laso G, Benitez DA, Mulero-Navarro S, Carvajal-Gonzalez JM. Transcriptional Regulation of Airway Epithelial Cell Differentiation: Insights into the Notch Pathway and Beyond. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14789. [PMID: 37834236 PMCID: PMC10573127 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The airway epithelium is a critical component of the respiratory system, serving as a barrier against inhaled pathogens and toxins. It is composed of various cell types, each with specific functions essential to proper airway function. Chronic respiratory diseases can disrupt the cellular composition of the airway epithelium, leading to a decrease in multiciliated cells (MCCs) and an increase in secretory cells (SCs). Basal cells (BCs) have been identified as the primary stem cells in the airway epithelium, capable of self-renewal and differentiation into MCCs and SCs. This review emphasizes the role of transcription factors in the differentiation process from BCs to MCCs and SCs. Recent advancements in single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNAseq) techniques have provided insights into the cellular composition of the airway epithelium, revealing specialized and rare cell types, including neuroendocrine cells, tuft cells, and ionocytes. Understanding the cellular composition and differentiation processes within the airway epithelium is crucial for developing targeted therapies for respiratory diseases. Additionally, the maintenance of BC populations and the involvement of Notch signaling in BC self-renewal and differentiation are discussed. Further research in these areas could provide valuable insights into the mechanisms underlying airway epithelial homeostasis and disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guadalupe Cumplido-Laso
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular y Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, 06071 Badajoz, Spain; (D.A.B.); (S.M.-N.)
| | | | | | - Jose Maria Carvajal-Gonzalez
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular y Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, 06071 Badajoz, Spain; (D.A.B.); (S.M.-N.)
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12
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Abstract
Phosphoinositides (PIs) are phospholipids derived from phosphatidylinositol. PIs are regulated via reversible phosphorylation, which is directed by the opposing actions of PI kinases and phosphatases. PIs constitute a minor fraction of the total cellular lipid pool but play pleiotropic roles in multiple aspects of cell biology. Genetic mutations of PI regulatory enzymes have been identified in rare congenital developmental syndromes, including ciliopathies, and in numerous human diseases, such as cancer and metabolic and neurological disorders. Accordingly, PI regulatory enzymes have been targeted in the design of potential therapeutic interventions for human diseases. Recent advances place PIs as central regulators of membrane dynamics within functionally distinct subcellular compartments. This brief review focuses on the emerging role PIs play in regulating cell signaling within the primary cilium and in directing transfer of molecules at interorganelle membrane contact sites and identifies new roles for PIs in subcellular spaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Michele Davies
- Cancer Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Christina Anne Mitchell
- Cancer Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Harald Alfred Stenmark
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research. The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Montebello, N-0379 Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Montebello, N-0379 Oslo, Norway
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13
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Mill P, Christensen ST, Pedersen LB. Primary cilia as dynamic and diverse signalling hubs in development and disease. Nat Rev Genet 2023; 24:421-441. [PMID: 37072495 PMCID: PMC7615029 DOI: 10.1038/s41576-023-00587-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
Primary cilia, antenna-like sensory organelles protruding from the surface of most vertebrate cell types, are essential for regulating signalling pathways during development and adult homeostasis. Mutations in genes affecting cilia cause an overlapping spectrum of >30 human diseases and syndromes, the ciliopathies. Given the immense structural and functional diversity of the mammalian cilia repertoire, there is a growing disconnect between patient genotype and associated phenotypes, with variable severity and expressivity characteristic of the ciliopathies as a group. Recent technological developments are rapidly advancing our understanding of the complex mechanisms that control biogenesis and function of primary cilia across a range of cell types and are starting to tackle this diversity. Here, we examine the structural and functional diversity of primary cilia, their dynamic regulation in different cellular and developmental contexts and their disruption in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pleasantine Mill
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | | | - Lotte B Pedersen
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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14
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Polino AJ, Sviben S, Melena I, Piston DW, Hughes JW. Scanning electron microscopy of human islet cilia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2302624120. [PMID: 37205712 PMCID: PMC10235940 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2302624120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Human islet primary cilia are vital glucose-regulating organelles whose structure remains uncharacterized. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is a useful technique for studying the surface morphology of membrane projections like cilia, but conventional sample preparation does not reveal the submembrane axonemal structure, which holds key implications for ciliary function. To overcome this challenge, we combined SEM with membrane-extraction techniques to examine primary cilia in native human islets. Our data show well-preserved cilia subdomains which demonstrate both expected and unexpected ultrastructural motifs. Morphometric features were quantified when possible, including axonemal length and diameter, microtubule conformations, and chirality. We further describe a ciliary ring, a structure that may be a specialization in human islets. Key findings are correlated with fluorescence microscopy and interpreted in the context of cilia function as a cellular sensor and communications locus in pancreatic islets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J. Polino
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO63110
| | - Sanja Sviben
- Washington University Center for Cellular Imaging, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO63110
| | - Isabella Melena
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO63110
| | - David W. Piston
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO63110
| | - Jing W. Hughes
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO63110
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO63110
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15
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Polino AJ, Sviben S, Melena I, Piston DW, Hughes J. Scanning electron microscopy of human islet cilia. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.02.15.528685. [PMID: 36824775 PMCID: PMC9949088 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.15.528685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Human islet primary cilia are vital glucose-regulating organelles whose structure remains uncharacterized. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is a useful technique for studying the surface morphology of membrane projections like primary cilia, but conventional sample preparation does not reveal the sub-membrane axonemal structure which holds key implications for cilia function. To overcome this challenge, we combined SEM with membrane-extraction techniques to examine cilia in native human islets. Our data show well-preserved cilia subdomains which demonstrate both expected and unexpected ultrastructural motifs. Morphometric features were quantified when possible, including axonemal length and diameter, microtubule conformations and chirality. We further describe a novel ciliary ring, a structure that may be a specialization in human islets. Key findings are correlated with fluorescence microscopy and interpreted in the context of cilia function as a cellular sensor and communications locus in pancreatic islets.
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16
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Odabasi E, Conkar D, Deretic J, Batman U, Frikstad KAM, Patzke S, Firat-Karalar EN. CCDC66 regulates primary cilium length and signaling via interactions with transition zone and axonemal proteins. J Cell Sci 2023; 136:286879. [PMID: 36606424 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.260327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The primary cilium is a microtubule-based organelle that serves as a hub for many signaling pathways. It functions as part of the centrosome or cilium complex, which also contains the basal body and the centriolar satellites. Little is known about the mechanisms by which the microtubule-based ciliary axoneme is assembled with a proper length and structure, particularly in terms of the activity of microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) and the crosstalk between the different compartments of the centrosome or cilium complex. Here, we analyzed CCDC66, a MAP implicated in cilium biogenesis and ciliopathies. Live-cell imaging revealed that CCDC66 compartmentalizes between centrosomes, centriolar satellites, and the ciliary axoneme and tip during cilium biogenesis. CCDC66 depletion in human cells causes defects in cilium assembly, length and morphology. Notably, CCDC66 interacts with the ciliopathy-linked MAPs CEP104 and CSPP1, and regulates axonemal length and Hedgehog pathway activation. Moreover, CCDC66 is required for the basal body recruitment of transition zone proteins and intraflagellar transport B (IFT-B) machinery. Overall, our results establish CCDC66 as a multifaceted regulator of the primary cilium and provide insight into how ciliary MAPs and subcompartments cooperate to ensure assembly of functional cilia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ezgi Odabasi
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Koç University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
| | - Deniz Conkar
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Koç University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
| | - Jovana Deretic
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Koç University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
| | - Umut Batman
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Koç University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
| | - Kari-Anne M Frikstad
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute of Cancer Research, OUH-Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo N-0379, Norway
| | - Sebastian Patzke
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute of Cancer Research, OUH-Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo N-0379, Norway
| | - Elif Nur Firat-Karalar
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Koç University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey.,School of Medicine, Koç University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
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17
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Impact of 5-HT 6 Receptor Subcellular Localization on Its Signaling and Its Pathophysiological Roles. Cells 2023; 12:cells12030426. [PMID: 36766768 PMCID: PMC9913600 DOI: 10.3390/cells12030426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The serotonin (5-HT)6 receptor still raises particular interest given its unique spatio-temporal pattern of expression among the serotonin receptor subtypes. It is the only serotonin receptor specifically expressed in the central nervous system, where it is detected very early in embryonic life and modulates key neurodevelopmental processes, from neuronal migration to brain circuit refinement. Its predominant localization in the primary cilium of neurons and astrocytes is also unique among the serotonin receptor subtypes. Consistent with the high expression levels of the 5-HT6 receptor in brain regions involved in the control of cognitive processes, it is now well-established that the pharmacological inhibition of the receptor induces pro-cognitive effects in several paradigms of cognitive impairment in rodents, including models of neurodevelopmental psychiatric disorders and neurodegenerative diseases. The 5-HT6 receptor can engage several signaling pathways in addition to the canonical Gs signaling, but there is still uncertainty surrounding the signaling pathways that underly its modulation of cognition, as well as how the receptor's coupling is dependent on its cellular compartmentation. Here, we describe recent findings showing how the proper subcellular localization of the receptor is achieved, how this peculiar localization determines signaling pathways engaged by the receptor, and their pathophysiological influence.
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18
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Aslanyan MG, Doornbos C, Diwan GD, Anvarian Z, Beyer T, Junger K, van Beersum SEC, Russell RB, Ueffing M, Ludwig A, Boldt K, Pedersen LB, Roepman R. A targeted multi-proteomics approach generates a blueprint of the ciliary ubiquitinome. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1113656. [PMID: 36776558 PMCID: PMC9908615 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1113656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Establishment and maintenance of the primary cilium as a signaling-competent organelle requires a high degree of fine tuning, which is at least in part achieved by a variety of post-translational modifications. One such modification is ubiquitination. The small and highly conserved ubiquitin protein possesses a unique versatility in regulating protein function via its ability to build mono and polyubiquitin chains onto target proteins. We aimed to take an unbiased approach to generate a comprehensive blueprint of the ciliary ubiquitinome by deploying a multi-proteomics approach using both ciliary-targeted ubiquitin affinity proteomics, as well as ubiquitin-binding domain-based proximity labelling in two different mammalian cell lines. This resulted in the identification of several key proteins involved in signaling, cytoskeletal remodeling and membrane and protein trafficking. Interestingly, using two different approaches in IMCD3 and RPE1 cells, respectively, we uncovered several novel mechanisms that regulate cilia function. In our IMCD3 proximity labeling cell line model, we found a highly enriched group of ESCRT-dependent clathrin-mediated endocytosis-related proteins, suggesting an important and novel role for this pathway in the regulation of ciliary homeostasis and function. In contrast, in RPE1 cells we found that several structural components of caveolae (CAV1, CAVIN1, and EHD2) were highly enriched in our cilia affinity proteomics screen. Consistently, the presence of caveolae at the ciliary pocket and ubiquitination of CAV1 specifically, were found likely to play a role in the regulation of ciliary length in these cells. Cilia length measurements demonstrated increased ciliary length in RPE1 cells stably expressing a ubiquitination impaired CAV1 mutant protein. Furthermore, live cell imaging in the same cells revealed decreased CAV1 protein turnover at the cilium as the possible cause for this phenotype. In conclusion, we have generated a comprehensive list of cilia-specific proteins that are subject to regulation via ubiquitination which can serve to further our understanding of cilia biology in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam G. Aslanyan
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Cenna Doornbos
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Gaurav D. Diwan
- BioQuant, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany,Biochemistry Center (BZH), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Zeinab Anvarian
- Section for Cell Biology and Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tina Beyer
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Eberhard Karl University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Katrin Junger
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Eberhard Karl University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sylvia E. C. van Beersum
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Robert B. Russell
- BioQuant, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany,Biochemistry Center (BZH), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marius Ueffing
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Eberhard Karl University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Alexander Ludwig
- School of Biological Sciences, NTU Institute of Structural Biology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore City, Singapore
| | - Karsten Boldt
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Eberhard Karl University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Lotte B. Pedersen
- Section for Cell Biology and Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ronald Roepman
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands,*Correspondence: Ronald Roepman,
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19
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Zhao H, Khan Z, Westlake CJ. Ciliogenesis membrane dynamics and organization. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2023; 133:20-31. [PMID: 35351373 PMCID: PMC9510604 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Ciliogenesis is a complex multistep process used to describe assembly of cilia and flagella. These organelles play essential roles in motility and signaling on the surface of cells. Cilia are built at the distal ends of centrioles through the formation of an axoneme that is surrounded by the ciliary membrane. As is the case in the biogenesis of other cellular organelles, regulators of membrane trafficking play essential roles in ciliogenesis, albeit with a unique feature that membranes are organized around microtubule-based structures. Membrane association with the distal end of the centriole is a critical initiating step for ciliogenesis. Studies of this process in different cell types suggests that a singular mechanism may not be utilized to initiate cilium assembly. In this review, we focus on recent insights into cilium biogenesis and the roles membrane trafficking regulators play in described ciliogenesis mechanisms with relevance to human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijie Zhao
- Center for Cancer Research, NCI Frederick, Laboratory of Cellular and Developmental, Signaling, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Ziam Khan
- Center for Cancer Research, NCI Frederick, Laboratory of Cellular and Developmental, Signaling, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Christopher J Westlake
- Center for Cancer Research, NCI Frederick, Laboratory of Cellular and Developmental, Signaling, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
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20
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Dupuy V, Prieur M, Pizzoccaro A, Margarido C, Valjent E, Bockaert J, Bouschet T, Marin P, Chaumont-Dubel S. Spatiotemporal dynamics of 5-HT 6 receptor ciliary localization during mouse brain development. Neurobiol Dis 2023; 176:105949. [PMID: 36496200 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The serotonin 5-HT6 receptor (5-HT6R) is a promising target to improve cognitive symptoms of psychiatric diseases of neurodevelopmental origin, such as autism spectrum disorders and schizophrenia. However, its expression and localization at different stages of brain development remain largely unknown, due to the lack of specific antibodies to detect endogenous 5-HT6R. Here, we used transgenic mice expressing a GFP-tagged 5-HT6R under the control of its endogenous promoter (Knock-in) as well as embryonic stem cells expressing the GFP-tagged receptor to extensively characterize its expression at cellular and subcellular levels during development. We show that the receptor is already expressed at E13.5 in the cortex, the striatum, the ventricular zone, and to a lesser extent the subventricular zone. In adulthood, it is preferentially found in projection neurons of the hippocampus and cerebral cortex, in striatal medium-sized spiny neurons, as well as in a large proportion of astrocytes, while it is expressed in a minor population of interneurons. Whereas the receptor is almost exclusively detected in the primary cilia of neurons at embryonic and adult stages and in differentiated stem cells, it is located in the somatodendritic compartment of neurons from some brain regions at the neonatal stage and in the soma of undifferentiated stem cells. Finally, knocking-out the receptor induces a shortening of the primary cilium, suggesting that it plays a role in its function. This study provides the first global picture of 5-HT6R expression pattern in the mouse brain at different developmental stages. It reveals dynamic changes in receptor localization in neurons at the neonatal stage, which might underlie its key role in neuronal differentiation and psychiatric disorders of neurodevelopmental origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Dupuy
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Matthieu Prieur
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Anne Pizzoccaro
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Clara Margarido
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Emmanuel Valjent
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Joël Bockaert
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Tristan Bouschet
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Philippe Marin
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Séverine Chaumont-Dubel
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France.
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21
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Martynova NY, Parshina EA, Zaraisky AG. Cytoskeletal protein Zyxin in embryonic development: from controlling cell movements and pluripotency to regulating embryonic patterning. FEBS J 2023; 290:66-72. [PMID: 34854244 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The Lim-domain protein Zyxin was initially identified as a minor actin cytoskeleton protein that regulates the assembly and repair of actin filaments. At the same time, additional functions revealed for Zyxin in recent decades indicate that this protein can also play an important role in regulating gene expression and cell differentiation. In this review, we analysed the data in the literature pointing to Zyxin as one of the possible molecular hubs linking morphogenetic cell movements with gene expression, stem cell status regulation and pattern formation during the most complex processes in organism life, embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Y Martynova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena A Parshina
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrey G Zaraisky
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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22
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Nguyen A, Goetz SC. TTBK2 controls cilium stability by regulating distinct modules of centrosomal proteins. Mol Biol Cell 2022; 34:ar8. [PMID: 36322399 PMCID: PMC9816645 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e22-08-0373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The serine-threonine kinase tau tubulin kinase 2 (TTBK2) is a key regulator of the assembly of primary cilia, which are vital signaling organelles. TTBK2 is also implicated in the stability of the assembled cilium through mechanisms that remain to be defined. Here we use mouse embryonic fibroblasts derived from Ttbk2fl/fl, UBC-CreERT+ embryos (hereafter Ttbk2cmut) to dissect the role of TTBK2 in cilium stability. This system depletes TTBK2 levels after cilia formation, allowing us to assess the molecular changes to the assembled cilium over time. As a consequence of Ttbk2 deletion, the ciliary axoneme is destabilized and primary cilia are lost within 48-72 h following recombination. Axoneme destabilization involves an increased frequency of cilia breaks and a reduction in axonemal microtubule modifications. Cilia loss was delayed by using inhibitors that affect actin-based trafficking. At the same time, we find that TTBK2 is required to regulate the composition of the centriolar satellites and to maintain the basal body pools of intraflagellar transport proteins. Altogether, our results reveal parallel pathways by which TTBK2 maintains cilium stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham Nguyen
- Molecular Cancer Biology Program, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710,Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Sarah C. Goetz
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710,*Address correspondence to: Sarah C. Goetz ()
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23
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Primary Cilia Dysfunction in Neurodevelopmental Disorders beyond Ciliopathies. J Dev Biol 2022; 10:jdb10040054. [PMID: 36547476 PMCID: PMC9782889 DOI: 10.3390/jdb10040054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia are specialized, microtubule-based structures projecting from the surface of most mammalian cells. These organelles are thought to primarily act as signaling hubs and sensors, receiving and integrating extracellular cues. Several important signaling pathways are regulated through the primary cilium including Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) and Wnt signaling. Therefore, it is no surprise that mutated genes encoding defective proteins that affect primary cilia function or structure are responsible for a group of disorders collectively termed ciliopathies. The severe neurologic abnormalities observed in several ciliopathies have prompted examination of primary cilia structure and function in other brain disorders. Recently, neuronal primary cilia defects were observed in monogenic neurodevelopmental disorders that were not traditionally considered ciliopathies. The molecular mechanisms of how these genetic mutations cause primary cilia defects and how these defects contribute to the neurologic manifestations of these disorders remain poorly understood. In this review we will discuss monogenic neurodevelopmental disorders that exhibit cilia deficits and summarize findings from studies exploring the role of primary cilia in the brain to shed light into how these deficits could contribute to neurologic abnormalities.
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24
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Primary cilia suppress Ripk3-mediated necroptosis. Cell Death Dis 2022; 8:477. [PMID: 36460631 PMCID: PMC9718801 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-022-01272-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Cilia are sensory organelles that project from the surface of almost all cells. Nephronophthisis (NPH) and NPH-related ciliopathies are degenerative genetic diseases caused by mutation of cilia-associated genes. These kidney disorders are characterized by progressive loss of functional tubular epithelial cells which is associated with inflammation, progressive fibrosis, and cyst formation, ultimately leading to end-stage renal disease. However, disease mechanisms remain poorly understood. Here, we show that targeted deletion of cilia in renal epithelial cells enhanced susceptibility to necroptotic cell death under inflammatory conditions. Treatment of non-ciliated cells with tumor necrosis factor (TNF) α and the SMAC mimetic birinapant resulted in Ripk1-dependent cell death, while viability of ciliated cells was almost not affected. Cell death could be enhanced and shifted toward necroptosis by the caspase inhibitor emricasan, which could be blocked by inhibitors of Ripk1 and Ripk3. Moreover, combined treatment of ciliated and non-ciliated cells with TNFα and cycloheximide induced a cell death response that could be partially rescued with emricasan in ciliated cells. In contrast, non-ciliated cells responded with pronounced cell death that was blocked by necroptosis inhibitors. Consistently, combined treatment with interferon-γ and emricasan induced cell death only in non-ciliated cells. Mechanistically, enhanced necroptosis induced by loss of cilia could be explained by induction of Ripk3 and increased abundance of autophagy components, including p62 and LC3 associated with the Ripk1/Ripk3 necrosome. Genetic ablation of cilia in renal tubular epithelial cells in mice resulted in TUNEL positivity and increased expression of Ripk3 in kidney tissue. Moreover, loss of Nphp1, the most frequent cause of NPH, further increased susceptibility to necroptosis in non-ciliated epithelial cells, suggesting that necroptosis might contribute to the pathogenesis of the disease. Together, these data provide a link between cilia-related signaling and cell death responses and shed new light on the disease pathogenesis of NPH-related ciliopathies.
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25
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Duwe L, Fouassier L, Lafuente-Barquero J, Andersen JB. Unraveling the actin cytoskeleton in the malignant transformation of cholangiocyte biology. Transl Oncol 2022; 26:101531. [PMID: 36113344 PMCID: PMC9483793 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2022.101531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Correct actin cytoskeleton organization is vital in the liver organ homeostasis and disease control. Rearrangements of the actin cytoskeleton may play a vital role in the bile duct cells cholangiocytes. An abnormal actin network leads to aberrant cell morphology, deregulated signaling networks and ultimately triggering the development of cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) and paving the route for cancer cell dissemination (metastasis). In this review, we will outline alterations of the actin cytoskeleton and the potential role of this dynamic network in initiating CCA, as well as regulating the course of this malignancy. Actin rearrangements not only occur because of signaling pathways, but also regulate and modify cellular signaling. This emphasizes the importance of the actin cytoskeleton itself as cause for aberrant signaling and in promoting tumorigenic phenotypes. We will highlight the impact of aberrant signaling networks on the actin cytoskeleton and its rearrangement as potential cause for CCA. Often, these exact mechanisms in CCA are limited understood and still must be elucidated. Indeed, focusing future research on how actin affects and regulates other signaling pathways may provide more insights into the mechanisms of CCA development, progression, and metastasis. Moreover, manipulation of the actin cytoskeleton organization highlights the potential for a novel therapeutic area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea Duwe
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), Department of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N DK2200, Denmark
| | - Laura Fouassier
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, CRSA, Paris, France
| | - Juan Lafuente-Barquero
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), Department of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N DK2200, Denmark
| | - Jesper B Andersen
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), Department of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N DK2200, Denmark.
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26
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Nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 counter-regulates thymosin beta-4 expression and primary cilium formation for HeLa cervical cancer cell survival. Sci Rep 2022; 12:20170. [PMID: 36424462 PMCID: PMC9691707 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-24596-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the function of thymosin beta-4 (TB4) expression and primary cilium (PC) formation via the underlying Nrf2-dependent mechanism for cervical cancer cell (CC) survival under conditions of serum deprivation (SD). TB4 silencing was achieved using RNA interference. The percentage of PC formation was analyzed by immunofluorescence staining. Nrf2 expression was modified by the preparation of stable Nrf2-knockdown cells with shNrf2 and the overexpression of Nrf2 with pcDNA-Nrf2 plasmids. Gene expression was measured using reverse-transcription PCR, Gaussia luciferase assay, and western blotting. Cell viability was assessed using the MTT assay or CellTiter Glo assay. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) were detected with flow cytometry. CCs incubated in SD without fetal bovine serum remained viable, and SD increased PC formation and TB4 transcription. CC viability was further decreased by treatment with ciliobrevin A to inhibit PC formation or TB4-siRNA. SD increased ROS, including H2O2. N-acetylcysteine inhibited ROS production following H2O2 treatment or SD, which also decreased PC formation and TB4 transcription. Meanwhile, H2O2 increased PC formation, which was attenuated in response to TB4 siRNA. Treatment with H2O2 increased Nrf2 expression, antioxidant responsive element (ARE) activity, and PC formation, which were inhibited by the Nrf2 inhibitor clobestasol propionate. Nrf2 knockdown via expression of Tet-On shNrf2 enhanced ROS production, leading to increased PC formation and decreased TB4 expression; these effects were counteracted by Nrf2 overexpression. Our data demonstrate that Nrf2 counter-regulates TB4 expression and PC formation for CC survival under conditions of SD, suggesting cervical CC survival could be upregulated by PC formation via Nrf2 activation and TB4 expression.
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27
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A serotonergic axon-cilium synapse drives nuclear signaling to alter chromatin accessibility. Cell 2022; 185:3390-3407.e18. [PMID: 36055200 PMCID: PMC9789380 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2022.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Chemical synapses between axons and dendrites mediate neuronal intercellular communication. Here, we describe a synapse between axons and primary cilia: the axo-ciliary synapse. Using enhanced focused ion beam-scanning electron microscopy on samples with optimally preserved ultrastructure, we discovered synapses between brainstem serotonergic axons and the primary cilia of hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons. Functionally, these cilia are enriched in a ciliary-restricted serotonin receptor, the 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 6 (5-HTR6). Using a cilia-targeted serotonin sensor, we show that opto- and chemogenetic stimulation of serotonergic axons releases serotonin onto cilia. Ciliary 5-HTR6 stimulation activates a non-canonical Gαq/11-RhoA pathway, which modulates nuclear actin and increases histone acetylation and chromatin accessibility. Ablation of this pathway reduces chromatin accessibility in CA1 pyramidal neurons. As a signaling apparatus with proximity to the nucleus, axo-ciliary synapses short circuit neurotransmission to alter the postsynaptic neuron's epigenetic state.
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28
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Ge R, Cao M, Chen M, Liu M, Xie S. Cytoskeletal networks in primary cilia: Current knowledge and perspectives. J Cell Physiol 2022; 237:3975-3983. [PMID: 36000703 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Primary cilia, microtubule-based protrusions present on the surface of most mammalian cells, function as sensory organelles that monitor extracellular signals and transduce them into intracellular biochemical responses. There is renewed research interest in primary cilia due to their essential roles in development, tissue homeostasis, and human diseases. Primary cilia dysfunction causes a large spectrum of human diseases, collectively known as ciliopathies. Despite significant advances in our understanding of primary cilia, there are still no effective agents for treating ciliopathies. Primary ciliogenesis is a highly ordered process involving membrane trafficking, basal body maturation, vesicle docking and fusion, transition zone assembly, and axoneme extension, in which actin and microtubule networks play critical and multiple roles. Actin and microtubule network architecture, isotropy, and dynamics are tightly controlled by cytoskeleton-associated proteins, a growing number of which are now recognized as responsible for cilium formation and maintenance. Here we summarize the roles of actin and microtubules and their associated proteins in primary ciliogenesis and maintenance. In doing so, we highlight that targeting cytoskeleton-associated proteins may be a promising therapeutic strategy for the treatment of ciliopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruixin Ge
- Department of Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cell Biology in Universities of Shandong, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Minghui Cao
- Department of Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cell Biology in Universities of Shandong, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Miao Chen
- Department of Bioscience, School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
| | - Min Liu
- Department of Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cell Biology in Universities of Shandong, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Songbo Xie
- Department of Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cell Biology in Universities of Shandong, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China.,Department of Bioscience, School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
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29
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Vinay L, Belleannée C. EV duty vehicles: Features and functions of ciliary extracellular vesicles. Front Genet 2022; 13:916233. [PMID: 36061180 PMCID: PMC9438925 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.916233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary cilium is a microtubule-based organelle that extends from a basal body at the surface of most cells. This antenna is an efficient sensor of the cell micro-environment and is instrumental to the proper development and homeostatic control of organs. Recent compelling studies indicate that, in addition to its role as a sensor, the primary cilium also emits signals through the release of bioactive extracellular vesicles (EVs). While some primary-cilium derived EVs are released through an actin-dependent ectocytosis and are called ectosomes (or large EVs, 350–500 nm), others originate from the exocytosis of multivesicular bodies and are smaller (small EVs, 50–100 nm). Ciliary EVs carry unique signaling factors, including protein markers and microRNAs (miRNAs), and participate in intercellular communication in different organism models. This review discusses the mechanism of release, the molecular features, and functions of EVs deriving from cilia, based on the existing literature.
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30
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LUZP1: A new player in the actin-microtubule cross-talk. Eur J Cell Biol 2022; 101:151250. [PMID: 35738212 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2022.151250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
LUZP1 (leucine zipper protein 1) was first described as being important for embryonic development. Luzp1 null mice present defective neural tube closure and cardiovascular problems, which cause perinatal death. Since then, LUZP1 has also been implicated in the etiology of diseases like the 1p36 and the Townes-Brocks syndromes, and the molecular mechanisms involving this protein started being uncovered. Proteomics studies placed LUZP1 in the interactomes of the centrosome-cilium interface, centriolar satellites, and midbody. Concordantly, LUZP1 is an actin and microtubule-associated protein, which localizes to the centrosome, the basal body of primary cilia, the midbody, actin filaments and cellular junctions. LUZP1, like its interactor EPLIN, is an actin-stabilizing protein and a negative regulator of primary cilia formation. Moreover, through the regulation of actin, LUZP1 has been implicated in the regulation of cell cycle progression, cell migration and epithelial cell apical constriction. This review discusses the latest findings concerning LUZP1 molecular functions and implications in disease development.
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31
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Willantarra I, Leung S, Choi YS, Chhana A, McGlashan SR. Chondrocyte-specific response to stiffness-mediated primary cilia formation and centriole positioning. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2022; 323:C236-C247. [PMID: 35649254 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00135.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Mechanical stress and the stiffness of the extracellular matrix are key drivers of tissue development and homeostasis. Aberrant mechanosensation is associated with a wide range of pathologies, including osteoarthritis. Matrix (or substrate) stiffness plays a major role in cell spreading, adhesion, proliferation and differentiation. However, how specific cells sense substrate stiffness still remains unclude. The primary cilium is an essential cellular organelle that senses and integrates mechanical and chemical signals from the extracellular environment. We hypothesised that the primary cilium dynamically alters its length and position to fine-tune cell mechanosignalling based on substrate stiffness alone. We used a hydrogel system of varying substrate stiffness to examine the role of stiffness on cilia frequency, length and centriole position as well as cell and nuclei area over time. Contrary to other cell types, we show that chondrocyte primary cilia shorten on softer substrates demonstrating tissue-specific mechanosensing which is aligned with the tissue stiffness the cells originate from. We further show that stiffness determines centriole positioning to either the basal or apical membrane during attachment and spreading, with centriole positioned towards the basal membrane on stiffer substrates. These phenomena are mediated by force generation actin-myosin stress fibres in a time-dependent manner. Finally we show on stiff substrates, that primary cilia are involved in tension-mediated cell spreading. We propose that substrate stiffness plays a role in cilia positioning, regulating cellular responses to external forces, and may be a key driver of mechanosignalling-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivanna Willantarra
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Sophia Leung
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Yu Suk Choi
- School of Human Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Ashika Chhana
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Sue R McGlashan
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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32
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Chen X, Shi Z, Yang F, Zhou T, Xie S. Deciphering cilia and ciliopathies using proteomic approaches. FEBS J 2022; 290:2590-2603. [PMID: 35633520 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Cilia are microtubule-based organelles that protrude from the cell surface and play crucial roles in cellular signaling pathways and extracellular fluid movement. Defects in the ciliary structures and functions are implicated in a set of hereditary disorders, including polycystic kidney disease, nephronophthisis, and Bardet-Biedl syndrome, which are collectively termed as ciliopathies. The application of mass spectrometry-based proteomic approaches to explore ciliary components provides important clues for understanding their physiological and pathological roles. In this review, we focus primarily on proteomic studies involving the identification of proteins in motile cilia and primary cilia, proteomes in ciliopathies, and interactomes of ciliopathy proteins. Collectively, the integration of these data sets will be beneficial for the comprehensive understanding of ciliary structures and exploring potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets for ciliopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiying Chen
- The Children's Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Cell Biology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhouyuanjing Shi
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Feng Yang
- The Children's Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Cell Biology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tianhua Zhou
- Department of Cell Biology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shanshan Xie
- The Children's Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Cell Biology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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33
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Abstract
Primary cilia play a key role in the ability of cells to respond to extracellular stimuli, such as signaling molecules and environmental cues. These sensory organelles are crucial to the development of many organ systems, and defects in primary ciliogenesis lead to multisystemic genetic disorders, known as ciliopathies. Here, we review recent advances in the understanding of several key aspects of the regulation of ciliogenesis. Primary ciliogenesis is thought to take different pathways depending on cell type, and some recent studies shed new light on the cell-type-specific mechanisms regulating ciliogenesis at the apical surface in polarized epithelial cells, which are particularly relevant for many ciliopathies. Furthermore, recent findings have demonstrated the importance of actin cytoskeleton dynamics in positively and negatively regulating multiple stages of ciliogenesis, including the vesicular trafficking of ciliary components and the positioning and docking of the basal body. Finally, studies on the formation of motile cilia in multiciliated epithelial cells have revealed requirements for actin remodeling in this process too, as well as showing evidence of an additional alternative ciliogenesis pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huxley K Hoffman
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Rytis Prekeris
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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34
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Kleene SJ. Regenerative Calcium Currents in Renal Primary Cilia. Front Physiol 2022; 13:894518. [PMID: 35620606 PMCID: PMC9127361 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.894518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) is a leading cause of end-stage renal disease. PKD arises from mutations in proteins, one a Ca2+-conducting channel, expressed in the primary cilia of renal epithelial cells. A common hypothesis is that Ca2+ entering through ciliary ion channels may reduce cystogenesis. The cilia have at least two Ca2+-conducting channels: polycystin-2 (PC2) and TRPV4 (transient receptor potential (TRP) cation channel, subfamily V, member 4), but how substantially they can increase intraciliary Ca2+ is unknown. By recording channel activities in isolated cilia, conditions are identified under which the channels can increase free Ca2+ within the cilium by at least 500-fold through regenerative (positive-feedback) signaling. Ca2+ that has entered through a channel can activate the channel internally, which increases the Ca2+ influx, and so on. Regenerative signaling is favored when the concentration of the Ca2+ buffer is reduced or when a slower buffer is used. Under such conditions, the Ca2+ that enters the cilium through a single PC2 channel is sufficient to almost fully activate that same channel. Regenerative signaling is not detectable with reduced external Ca2+. Reduced buffering also allows regenerative signaling through TRPV4 channels, but not through TRPM4 (TRP subfamily M, member 4) channels, which are activated by Ca2+ but do not conduct it. On a larger scale, Ca2+ that enters through TRPV4 channels can cause secondary activation of PC2 channels. I discuss the likelihood of regenerative ciliary Ca2+ signaling in vivo, a possible mechanism for its activation, and how it might relate to cystogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J. Kleene
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
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35
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Rivera-Molina FE, Xi Z, Reales E, Wang B, Toomre D. Exocyst complex mediates recycling of internal cilia. Curr Biol 2021; 31:5580-5589.e5. [PMID: 34678163 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.09.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Primary cilia are slender, cellular antennae that sense extracellular stimuli, and their absence or dysfunction plays a role in numerous human diseases. Prior work has indicated a role of the exocyst tethering complex in cilia biogenesis and maintenance,1-6 with the underlying paradigm that the exocyst targets vesicles to the ciliary base to deliver ciliary cargoes.7-9 However, the role of the exocyst vis-à-vis to primary cilia in living cells and during stimulation is unknown. Herein, using advanced imaging and quantitative analysis reveals that serum stimulation increases the exocyst's localization to cilia by three-fold. This serum-stimulated localization is highly dynamic, and FRAP experiments show that exocysts at the cilia are highly mobile (60%-80%). Super resolution imaging reveals that the xocyst extends past the cilia base to the entire ciliary pocket. To visualize cilia exocytosis, we conducted live cell imaging with pH-sensitive cilia reporters in combination with extracellular pH switching. Strikingly, we observed that an exocyst-positive internal cilia fuses with the cell surface. These live cell results support a novel and dynamic role of the exocyst complex in the delivery of internalized cilia to the cell surface. Moreover, they suggest a novel pathway may be used to recycle primary cilia to the cell surface that engages the exocyst in response to stimuli. This new remarkable plasticity in cilia presence on the surface in response to extracellular stimuli suggest new means to potentially modulate cilia signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Félix E Rivera-Molina
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Yale University, 333 Cedar St., New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
| | - Zhiqun Xi
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Yale University, 333 Cedar St., New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Elena Reales
- Department of Regeneration and Cell Therapy, Andalusian Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine Centre (CABIMER), Seville, Spain
| | - Bryan Wang
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Yale University, 333 Cedar St., New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Derek Toomre
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Yale University, 333 Cedar St., New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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36
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Abstract
TRIP6, a member of the ZYXIN-family of LIM domain proteins, is a focal adhesion component. Trip6 deletion in the mouse, reported here, reveals a function in the brain: ependymal and choroid plexus epithelial cells are carrying, unexpectedly, fewer and shorter cilia, are poorly differentiated, and the mice develop hydrocephalus. TRIP6 carries numerous protein interaction domains and its functions require homodimerization. Indeed, TRIP6 disruption in vitro (in a choroid plexus epithelial cell line), via RNAi or inhibition of its homodimerization, confirms its function in ciliogenesis. Using super-resolution microscopy, we demonstrate TRIP6 localization at the pericentriolar material and along the ciliary axoneme. The requirement for homodimerization which doubles its interaction sites, its punctate localization along the axoneme, and its co-localization with other cilia components suggest a scaffold/co-transporter function for TRIP6 in cilia. Thus, this work uncovers an essential role of a LIM-domain protein assembly factor in mammalian ciliogenesis.
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37
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Ttc30a affects tubulin modifications in a model for ciliary chondrodysplasia with polycystic kidney disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2106770118. [PMID: 34548398 PMCID: PMC8488674 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2106770118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cilia are tubulin-based cellular appendages, and their dysfunction has been linked to a variety of genetic diseases. Ciliary chondrodysplasia is one such condition that can co-occur with cystic kidney disease and other organ manifestations. We modeled skeletal ciliopathies by mutating two established disease genes in Xenopus tropicalis frogs. Bioinformatic analysis identified ttc30a as a ciliopathy network component, and targeting it replicated skeletal malformations and renal cysts as seen in patients and the amphibian models. A loss of Ttc30a affected cilia by altering posttranslational tubulin modifications. Our findings identify TTC30A/B as a component of ciliary segmentation essential for cartilage differentiation and renal tubulogenesis. These findings may lead to novel therapeutic targets in treating ciliary skeletopathies and cystic kidney disease. Skeletal ciliopathies (e.g., Jeune syndrome, short rib polydactyly syndrome, and Sensenbrenner syndrome) are frequently associated with nephronophthisis-like cystic kidney disease and other organ manifestations. Despite recent progress in genetic mapping of causative loci, a common molecular mechanism of cartilage defects and cystic kidneys has remained elusive. Targeting two ciliary chondrodysplasia loci (ift80 and ift172) by CRISPR/Cas9 mutagenesis, we established models for skeletal ciliopathies in Xenopus tropicalis. Froglets exhibited severe limb deformities, polydactyly, and cystic kidneys, closely matching the phenotype of affected patients. A data mining–based in silico screen found ttc30a to be related to known skeletal ciliopathy genes. CRISPR/Cas9 targeting replicated limb malformations and renal cysts identical to the models of established disease genes. Loss of Ttc30a impaired embryonic renal excretion and ciliogenesis because of altered posttranslational tubulin acetylation, glycylation, and defective axoneme compartmentalization. Ttc30a/b transcripts are enriched in chondrocytes and osteocytes of single-cell RNA-sequenced embryonic mouse limbs. We identify TTC30A/B as an essential node in the network of ciliary chondrodysplasia and nephronophthisis-like disease proteins and suggest that tubulin modifications and cilia segmentation contribute to skeletal and renal ciliopathy manifestations of ciliopathies in a cell type–specific manner. These findings have implications for potential therapeutic strategies.
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38
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Kobayashi Y, Tomoshige S, Imakado K, Sekino Y, Koganezawa N, Shirao T, Diniz GB, Miyamoto T, Saito Y. Ciliary GPCR-based transcriptome as a key regulator of cilia length control. FASEB Bioadv 2021; 3:744-767. [PMID: 34485842 PMCID: PMC8409570 DOI: 10.1096/fba.2021-00029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary cilium is a plasma membrane-protruding sensory organelle that efficiently conveys signaling cascades in a highly ordered microenvironment. Its signaling is mediated, in part, by a limited set of GPCRs preferentially enriched in the cilium membrane. This includes melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) receptor 1 (MCHR1), which plays a role in feeding and mood. In addition to its receptor composition, the length of the cilium is a characteristic parameter that is implicated in its function. We previously found that MCH can dynamically shorten cilia length via the Gi/o and Akt pathways in both MCHR1-expressing hTERT-RPE1 cells (hRPE1 cells) and rat hippocampal neurons. However, the detailed mechanisms by which MCH regulates cilia length through ciliary MCHR1 remains unclear. In this study, we aimed to determine the transcriptome changes in MCHR1-expressing hRPE1 cells in response to MCH to identify the target molecules involved in cilia length regulation via MCHR1 activation. RNA sequencing analysis of ciliated cells subjected to MCH treatment showed upregulation of 424 genes and downregulation of 112 genes compared with static control cells. Validation by quantitative real-time PCR, knocking down, and CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout technology identified a molecule, PDZ and LIM domain-containing protein 5 (PDLIM5). Thus, it was considered as the most significant key factor for MCHR1-mediated shortening of cilia length. Additional analyses revealed that the actin-binding protein alpha-actinin 1/4 is a crucial downstream target of the PDLIM5 signaling pathway that exerts an effect on MCHR1-induced cilia shortening. In the endogenous MCHR1-expressing hippocampus, transcriptional upregulation of PDLIM5 and actinin 1/4, following the application of MCH, was detected when the MCHR1-positive cilia were shortened. Together, our transcriptome study based on ciliary MCHR1 function uncovered a novel and important regulatory step underlying cilia length control. These results will potentially serve as a basis for understanding the mechanism underlying the development of obesity and mood disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Kobayashi
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for LifeHiroshima UniversityHiroshimaJapan
| | - Sakura Tomoshige
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for LifeHiroshima UniversityHiroshimaJapan
| | - Kosuke Imakado
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for LifeHiroshima UniversityHiroshimaJapan
| | - Yuko Sekino
- Endowed Laboratory of Human Cell‐Based Drug DiscoveryGraduate School of Pharmaceutical SciencesThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Noriko Koganezawa
- Department of Neurobiology and BehaviorGraduate School of MedicineGunma UniversityMaebashiJapan
| | - Tomoaki Shirao
- Department of Neurobiology and BehaviorGraduate School of MedicineGunma UniversityMaebashiJapan
- AlzMed, Inc.TokyoJapan
| | - Giovanne B. Diniz
- California National Primate Research CenterUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCAUSA
| | - Tatsuo Miyamoto
- Department of Genetics and Cell BiologyResearch Institute for Radiation Biology and MedicineHiroshima UniversityHiroshimaJapan
| | - Yumiko Saito
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for LifeHiroshima UniversityHiroshimaJapan
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39
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Nüchel J, Tauber M, Nolte JL, Mörgelin M, Türk C, Eckes B, Demetriades C, Plomann M. An mTORC1-GRASP55 signaling axis controls unconventional secretion to reshape the extracellular proteome upon stress. Mol Cell 2021; 81:3275-3293.e12. [PMID: 34245671 PMCID: PMC8382303 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2021.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Cells communicate with their environment via surface proteins and secreted factors. Unconventional protein secretion (UPS) is an evolutionarily conserved process, via which distinct cargo proteins are secreted upon stress. Most UPS types depend upon the Golgi-associated GRASP55 protein. However, its regulation and biological role remain poorly understood. Here, we show that the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) directly phosphorylates GRASP55 to maintain its Golgi localization, thus revealing a physiological role for mTORC1 at this organelle. Stimuli that inhibit mTORC1 cause GRASP55 dephosphorylation and relocalization to UPS compartments. Through multiple, unbiased, proteomic analyses, we identify numerous cargoes that follow this unconventional secretory route to reshape the cellular secretome and surfactome. Using MMP2 secretion as a proxy for UPS, we provide important insights on its regulation and physiological role. Collectively, our findings reveal the mTORC1-GRASP55 signaling hub as the integration point in stress signaling upstream of UPS and as a key coordinator of the cellular adaptation to stress. mTORC1 phosphorylates GRASP55 directly at the Golgi in non-stressed cells mTORC1 inactivation by stress leads to GRASP55 dephosphorylation and relocalization GRASP55 relocalization to autophagosomes and MVBs drives UPS of selected cargo mTORC1-GRASP55 link cellular stress to changes in the extracellular proteome via UPS
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Nüchel
- Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing (MPI-AGE), 50931 Cologne, Germany; University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Center for Biochemistry, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Marina Tauber
- University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Center for Biochemistry, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Janica L Nolte
- University of Cologne, Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Clara Türk
- University of Cologne, Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Beate Eckes
- University of Cologne, Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), 50931 Cologne, Germany; University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Translational Matrix Biology, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Constantinos Demetriades
- Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing (MPI-AGE), 50931 Cologne, Germany; University of Cologne, Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), 50931 Cologne, Germany.
| | - Markus Plomann
- University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Center for Biochemistry, 50931 Cologne, Germany.
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40
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Odabasi E, Batman U, Firat-Karalar EN. Unraveling the mysteries of centriolar satellites: time to rewrite the textbooks about the centrosome/cilium complex. Mol Biol Cell 2021; 31:866-872. [PMID: 32286929 PMCID: PMC7185976 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e19-07-0402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Centriolar satellites are membraneless granules that localize and move around centrosomes and cilia. Once referred to as structures with no obvious function, research in the past decade has identified satellites as key regulators of a wide range of cellular and organismal processes. Importantly, these studies have revealed a substantial overlap between functions, proteomes, and disease links of satellites with centrosomes and cilia. Therefore, satellites are now accepted as the “third component” of the vertebrate centrosome/cilium complex, which profoundly changes the way we think about the assembly, maintenance, and remodeling of the complex at the cellular and organismal levels. In this perspective, we first provide an overview of the cellular and structural complexities of centriolar satellites. We then describe the progress in the identification of the satellite interactome, which have paved the way to a molecular understanding of their mechanism of action and assembly mechanisms. After exploring current insights into their functions as recently described by loss-of-function studies and comparative evolutionary approaches, we discuss major unanswered questions regarding their functional and compositional diversity and their functions outside centrosomes and cilia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ezgi Odabasi
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Umut Batman
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey
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41
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Findakly S, Daggubati V, Garcia G, LaStella SA, Choudhury A, Tran C, Li A, Tong P, Garcia JQ, Puri N, Reiter JF, Xu L, Raleigh DR. Sterol and oxysterol synthases near the ciliary base activate the Hedgehog pathway. J Cell Biol 2021; 220:211576. [PMID: 33284321 PMCID: PMC7721912 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202002026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Vertebrate Hedgehog signals are transduced through the primary cilium, a specialized lipid microdomain that is required for Smoothened activation. Cilia-associated sterol and oxysterol lipids bind to Smoothened to activate the Hedgehog pathway, but how ciliary lipids are regulated is incompletely understood. Here we identified DHCR7, an enzyme that produces cholesterol, activates the Hedgehog pathway, and localizes near the ciliary base. We found that Hedgehog stimulation negatively regulates DHCR7 activity and removes DHCR7 from the ciliary microenvironment, suggesting that DHCR7 primes cilia for Hedgehog pathway activation. In contrast, we found that Hedgehog stimulation positively regulates the oxysterol synthase CYP7A1, which accumulates near the ciliary base and produces oxysterols that promote Hedgehog signaling in response to pathway activation. Our results reveal that enzymes involved in lipid biosynthesis in the ciliary microenvironment promote Hedgehog signaling, shedding light on how ciliary lipids are established and regulated to transduce Hedgehog signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Findakly
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA.,Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Vikas Daggubati
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA.,Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Galo Garcia
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Sydney A LaStella
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA.,Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Abrar Choudhury
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA.,Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Cecilia Tran
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Amy Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Pakteema Tong
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Jason Q Garcia
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA.,Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Natasha Puri
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA.,Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Jeremy F Reiter
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA.,Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA
| | - Libin Xu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - David R Raleigh
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA.,Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
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42
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Ganga AK, Kennedy MC, Oguchi ME, Gray S, Oliver KE, Knight TA, De La Cruz EM, Homma Y, Fukuda M, Breslow DK. Rab34 GTPase mediates ciliary membrane formation in the intracellular ciliogenesis pathway. Curr Biol 2021; 31:2895-2905.e7. [PMID: 33989527 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.04.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The primary cilium is an essential organizing center for signal transduction, and ciliary defects cause congenital disorders known collectively as ciliopathies.1-3 Primary cilia form by two pathways that are employed in a cell-type- and tissue-specific manner: an extracellular pathway in which the cilium grows out from the cell surface and an intracellular pathway in which the nascent cilium first forms inside the cell.4-8 After exposure to the external environment, cilia formed via the intracellular pathway may have distinct functional properties, as they often remain recessed within a ciliary pocket.9,10 However, the precise mechanism of intracellular ciliogenesis and its relatedness to extracellular ciliogenesis remain poorly understood. Here we show that Rab34, a poorly characterized GTPase recently linked to cilia,11-13 is a selective mediator of intracellular ciliogenesis. We find that Rab34 is required for formation of the ciliary vesicle at the mother centriole and that Rab34 marks the ciliary sheath, a unique sub-domain of assembling intracellular cilia. Rab34 activity is modulated by divergent residues within its GTPase domain, and ciliogenesis requires GTP binding and turnover by Rab34. Because Rab34 is found on assembly intermediates that are unique to intracellular ciliogenesis, we tested its role in the extracellular pathway used by polarized MDCK cells. Consistent with Rab34 acting specifically in the intracellular pathway, MDCK cells ciliate independently of Rab34 and its paralog Rab36. Together, these findings establish that different modes of ciliogenesis have distinct molecular requirements and reveal Rab34 as a new GTPase mediator of ciliary membrane biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Kumar Ganga
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Margaret C Kennedy
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Mai E Oguchi
- Laboratory of Membrane Trafficking Mechanisms, Department of Integrative Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aobayama, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
| | - Shawn Gray
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Kendall E Oliver
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Tracy A Knight
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Enrique M De La Cruz
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Yuta Homma
- Laboratory of Membrane Trafficking Mechanisms, Department of Integrative Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aobayama, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
| | - Mitsunori Fukuda
- Laboratory of Membrane Trafficking Mechanisms, Department of Integrative Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aobayama, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
| | - David K Breslow
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.
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43
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Douanne T, Stinchcombe JC, Griffiths GM. Teasing out function from morphology: Similarities between primary cilia and immune synapses. J Cell Biol 2021; 220:212075. [PMID: 33956049 PMCID: PMC8105739 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202102089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune synapses are formed between immune cells to facilitate communication and coordinate the immune response. The reorganization of receptors involved in recognition and signaling creates a transient area of plasma membrane specialized in signaling and polarized secretion. Studies on the formation of the immune synapse between cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and their targets uncovered a critical role for centrosome polarization in CTL function and suggested a striking parallel between the synapse and primary cilium. Since these initial observations, a plethora of further morphological, functional, and molecular similarities have been identified between these two fascinating structures. In this review, we describe how advances in imaging and molecular techniques have revealed additional parallels as well as functionally significant differences and discuss how comparative studies continue to shed light on the molecular mechanisms underlying the functions of both the immune synapse and primary cilium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiphaine Douanne
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England, UK
| | - Jane C Stinchcombe
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England, UK
| | - Gillian M Griffiths
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England, UK
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44
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May EA, Kalocsay M, D'Auriac IG, Schuster PS, Gygi SP, Nachury MV, Mick DU. Time-resolved proteomics profiling of the ciliary Hedgehog response. J Cell Biol 2021; 220:211991. [PMID: 33856408 PMCID: PMC8054476 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202007207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary cilium is a signaling compartment that interprets Hedgehog signals through changes of its protein, lipid, and second messenger compositions. Here, we combine proximity labeling of cilia with quantitative mass spectrometry to unbiasedly profile the time-dependent alterations of the ciliary proteome in response to Hedgehog. This approach correctly identifies the three factors known to undergo Hedgehog-regulated ciliary redistribution and reveals two such additional proteins. First, we find that a regulatory subunit of the cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) rapidly exits cilia together with the G protein-coupled receptor GPR161 in response to Hedgehog, and we propose that the GPR161/PKA module senses and amplifies cAMP signals to modulate ciliary PKA activity. Second, we identify the phosphatase Paladin as a cell type-specific regulator of Hedgehog signaling that enters primary cilia upon pathway activation. The broad applicability of quantitative ciliary proteome profiling promises a rapid characterization of ciliopathies and their underlying signaling malfunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena A May
- Center of Human and Molecular Biology, Saarland University School of Medicine, Homburg, Germany
| | - Marian Kalocsay
- Department of Systems Biology, Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Inès Galtier D'Auriac
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Patrick S Schuster
- Center of Human and Molecular Biology, Saarland University School of Medicine, Homburg, Germany
| | - Steven P Gygi
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Maxence V Nachury
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - David U Mick
- Center of Human and Molecular Biology, Saarland University School of Medicine, Homburg, Germany.,Center for Molecular Signaling, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saarland University School of Medicine, Homburg, Germany
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45
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Weissinger R, Heinold L, Akram S, Jansen RP, Hermesh O. RNA Proximity Labeling: A New Detection Tool for RNA-Protein Interactions. Molecules 2021; 26:2270. [PMID: 33919831 PMCID: PMC8070807 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26082270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple cellular functions are controlled by the interaction of RNAs and proteins. Together with the RNAs they control, RNA interacting proteins form RNA protein complexes, which are considered to serve as the true regulatory units for post-transcriptional gene expression. To understand how RNAs are modified, transported, and regulated therefore requires specific knowledge of their interaction partners. To this end, multiple techniques have been developed to characterize the interaction between RNAs and proteins. In this review, we briefly summarize the common methods to study RNA-protein interaction including crosslinking and immunoprecipitation (CLIP), and aptamer- or antisense oligonucleotide-based RNA affinity purification. Following this, we focus on in vivo proximity labeling to study RNA-protein interactions. In proximity labeling, a labeling enzyme like ascorbate peroxidase or biotin ligase is targeted to specific RNAs, RNA-binding proteins, or even cellular compartments and uses biotin to label the proteins and RNAs in its vicinity. The tagged molecules are then enriched and analyzed by mass spectrometry or RNA-Seq. We highlight the latest studies that exemplify the strength of this approach for the characterization of RNA protein complexes and distribution of RNAs in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Orit Hermesh
- Interfaculty Institute for Biochemistry (IFIB), Tübingen University, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (R.W.); (L.H.); (S.A.); (R.-P.J.)
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46
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May EA, Sroka TJ, Mick DU. Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Regulate Protein Trafficking, Signaling, and the Biogenesis of Primary Cilia. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:664279. [PMID: 33912570 PMCID: PMC8075051 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.664279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary cilium is a solitary, microtubule-based membrane protrusion extending from the surface of quiescent cells that senses the cellular environment and triggers specific cellular responses. The functions of primary cilia require not only numerous different components but also their regulated interplay. The cilium performs highly dynamic processes, such as cell cycle-dependent assembly and disassembly as well as delivery, modification, and removal of signaling components to perceive and process external signals. On a molecular level, these processes often rely on a stringent control of key modulatory proteins, of which the activity, localization, and stability are regulated by post-translational modifications (PTMs). While an increasing number of PTMs on ciliary components are being revealed, our knowledge on the identity of the modifying enzymes and their modulation is still limited. Here, we highlight recent findings on cilia-specific phosphorylation and ubiquitylation events. Shedding new light onto the molecular mechanisms that regulate the sensitive equilibrium required to maintain and remodel primary cilia functions, we discuss their implications for cilia biogenesis, protein trafficking, and cilia signaling processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena A May
- Center of Human and Molecular Biology (ZHMB), Saarland University School of Medicine, Homburg, Germany.,Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saarland University School of Medicine, Homburg, Germany
| | - Tommy J Sroka
- Center of Human and Molecular Biology (ZHMB), Saarland University School of Medicine, Homburg, Germany.,Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saarland University School of Medicine, Homburg, Germany
| | - David U Mick
- Center of Human and Molecular Biology (ZHMB), Saarland University School of Medicine, Homburg, Germany.,Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saarland University School of Medicine, Homburg, Germany
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47
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Duong Phu M, Bross S, Burkhalter MD, Philipp M. Limitations and opportunities in the pharmacotherapy of ciliopathies. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 225:107841. [PMID: 33771583 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Ciliopathies are a family of rather diverse conditions, which have been grouped based on the finding of altered or dysfunctional cilia, potentially motile, small cellular antennae extending from the surface of postmitotic cells. Cilia-related disorders include embryonically arising conditions such as Joubert, Usher or Kartagener syndrome, but also afflictions with a postnatal or even adult onset phenotype, i.e. autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. The majority of ciliopathies are syndromic rather than affecting only a single organ due to cilia being found on almost any cell in the human body. Overall ciliopathies are considered rare diseases. Despite that, pharmacological research and the strive to help these patients has led to enormous therapeutic advances in the last decade. In this review we discuss new treatment options for certain ciliopathies, give an outlook on promising future therapeutic strategies, but also highlight the limitations in the development of therapeutic approaches of ciliopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Duong Phu
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenomics, Section of Pharmacogenomics, Eberhard-Karls-University of Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Bross
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenomics, Section of Pharmacogenomics, Eberhard-Karls-University of Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Martin D Burkhalter
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenomics, Section of Pharmacogenomics, Eberhard-Karls-University of Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Melanie Philipp
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenomics, Section of Pharmacogenomics, Eberhard-Karls-University of Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany.
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48
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Signal transduction in primary cilia - analyzing and manipulating GPCR and second messenger signaling. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 224:107836. [PMID: 33744260 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The primary cilium projects from the surface of most vertebrate cells, where it senses extracellular signals to regulate diverse cellular processes during tissue development and homeostasis. Dysfunction of primary cilia underlies the pathogenesis of severe diseases, commonly referred to as ciliopathies. Primary cilia contain a unique protein repertoire that is distinct from the cell body and the plasma membrane, enabling the spatially controlled transduction of extracellular cues. G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) are key in sensing environmental stimuli that are transmitted via second messenger signaling into a cellular response. Here, we will give an overview of the role of GPCR signaling in primary cilia, and how ciliary GPCR signaling can be targeted by pharmacology, chemogenetics, and optogenetics.
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49
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Dhekne HS, Yanatori I, Vides EG, Sobu Y, Diez F, Tonelli F, Pfeffer SR. LRRK2-phosphorylated Rab10 sequesters Myosin Va with RILPL2 during ciliogenesis blockade. Life Sci Alliance 2021; 4:4/5/e202101050. [PMID: 33727250 PMCID: PMC7994366 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202101050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic LRRK2 phosphorylation of Rab10 GTPase dramatically redistributes Myosin Va and RILPL2 proteins to the mother centriole and sequesters Myosin Va at that location in a manner that likely interferes with its role in ciliogenesis. Activating mutations in LRRK2 kinase causes Parkinson’s disease. Pathogenic LRRK2 phosphorylates a subset of Rab GTPases and blocks ciliogenesis. Thus, defining novel phospho-Rab interacting partners is critical to our understanding of the molecular basis of LRRK2 pathogenesis. RILPL2 binds with strong preference to LRRK2-phosphorylated Rab8A and Rab10. RILPL2 is a binding partner of the motor protein and Rab effector, Myosin Va. We show here that the globular tail domain of Myosin Va also contains a high affinity binding site for LRRK2-phosphorylated Rab10. In the presence of pathogenic LRRK2, RILPL2 and MyoVa relocalize to the peri-centriolar region in a phosphoRab10-dependent manner. PhosphoRab10 retains Myosin Va over pericentriolar membranes as determined by fluorescence loss in photobleaching microscopy. Without pathogenic LRRK2, RILPL2 is not essential for ciliogenesis but RILPL2 over-expression blocks ciliogenesis in RPE cells independent of tau tubulin kinase recruitment to the mother centriole. These experiments show that LRRK2 generated-phosphoRab10 dramatically redistributes a significant fraction of Myosin Va and RILPL2 to the mother centriole in a manner that likely interferes with Myosin Va’s role in ciliogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herschel S Dhekne
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Izumi Yanatori
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Edmundo G Vides
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Yuriko Sobu
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Federico Diez
- Medical Research Council Lab of Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland
| | - Francesca Tonelli
- Medical Research Council Lab of Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland
| | - Suzanne R Pfeffer
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
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50
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Zacchia M, Marchese E, Trani EM, Caterino M, Capolongo G, Perna A, Ruoppolo M, Capasso G. Proteomics and metabolomics studies exploring the pathophysiology of renal dysfunction in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease and other ciliopathies. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2021; 35:1853-1861. [PMID: 31219585 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfz121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary cilium (PC) was considered as a vestigial organelle with no significant physiological importance, until the discovery that PC perturbation disturbs several signalling pathways and results in the dysfunction of a variety of organs. Genetic studies have demonstrated that mutations affecting PC proteins or its anchoring structure, the basal body, underlie a class of human disorders (known as ciliopathies) characterized by a constellation of clinical signs. Further investigations have demonstrated that the PC is involved in a broad range of biological processes, in both developing and mature tissues. Kidney disease is a common clinical feature of cilia disorders, supporting the hypothesis of a crucial role of the PC in kidney homoeostasis. Clinical proteomics and metabolomics are an expanding research area. Interestingly, the application of these methodologies to the analysis of urine, a biological sample that can be collected in a non-invasive fashion and possibly in large amounts, makes these studies feasible also in patients. The present article describes the most recent proteomic and metabolomic studies exploring kidney dysfunction in the setting of ciliopathies, showing the potential of these methodologies in the elucidation of disease pathophysiology and in the discovery of biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Zacchia
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Emanuela Marchese
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Elena Martina Trani
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Marianna Caterino
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,CEINGE, Center for Genetic Engineering, Naples, Italy.,DiSciMuS RFC, Casoria, 80026, Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanna Capolongo
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Alessandra Perna
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Margherita Ruoppolo
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,CEINGE, Center for Genetic Engineering, Naples, Italy.,DiSciMuS RFC, Casoria, 80026, Naples, Italy
| | - Giovambattista Capasso
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy.,Biogem Scarl, Ariano Irpino, Italy
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