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Pan YR, Lai JCY, Huang WK, Peng PH, Jung SM, Lin SH, Chen CP, Wu CE, Hung TH, Yu AL, Wu KJ, Yeh CN. PLK1 and its substrate MISP facilitate intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma progression by promoting lymphatic invasion and impairing E-cadherin adherens junctions. Cancer Gene Ther 2024; 31:322-333. [PMID: 38057358 PMCID: PMC10874889 DOI: 10.1038/s41417-023-00705-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (iCCA) is a subtype of CCA and has a high mortality rate and a relatively poor prognosis. However, studies focusing on increased cell motility and loss of epithelial integrity during iCCA progression remain relatively scarce. We collected seven fresh tumor samples from four patients to perform RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and assay for transposase-accessible chromatin using sequencing (ATAC-seq) to determine the transcriptome profile and chromatin accessibility of iCCA. The increased expression of cell cycle regulators, including PLK1 and its substrate MISP, was identified. Ninety-one iCCA patients were used to validate the clinical significance of PLK1 and MISP. The upregulation of PLK1 and MISP was determined in iCCA tissues. Increased expression of PLK1 and MISP was significantly correlated with tumor number, N stage, and lymphatic invasion in an iCCA cohort. Knockdown of PLK1 or MISP reduced trans-lymphatic endothelial migration and wound healing and affected focal adhesions in vitro. In cell‒cell junctions, MISP localized to adherens junctions and suppressed E-cadherin dimerization. PLK1 disrupted adherens junctions in a myosin-dependent manner. Furthermore, PLK1 and MISP promoted cell proliferation in vitro and tumorigenesis in vivo. In iCCA, PLK1 and MISP promote aggressiveness by increasing lymphatic invasion, tumor growth, and motility through the repression of E-cadherin adherens junctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ru Pan
- Department of Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, 333, Taiwan
| | - Joseph Chieh-Yu Lai
- Cancer Genome Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, 333, Taiwan
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, 404, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Kuan Huang
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, 333, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Hua Peng
- Cancer Genome Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, 333, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Ming Jung
- Department of Pathology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, 333, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Hsuan Lin
- Department of Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, 333, Taiwan
| | - Chiao-Ping Chen
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, 333, Taiwan
| | - Chiao-En Wu
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, 333, Taiwan
| | - Tsai-Hsien Hung
- Institute of Stem Cell and Translational Cancer Research, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, 333, Taiwan
| | - Alice L Yu
- Institute of Stem Cell and Translational Cancer Research, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, 333, Taiwan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California in San Diego, San Diego, CA, 92103, USA
| | - Kou-Juey Wu
- Cancer Genome Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, 333, Taiwan.
| | - Chun-Nan Yeh
- Department of Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, 333, Taiwan.
- Cancer Genome Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, 333, Taiwan.
- School of Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan.
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2
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Villagomez FR, Lang J, Webb P, Neville M, Woodruff ER, Bitler BG. Claudin-4 modulates autophagy via SLC1A5/LAT1 as a tolerance mechanism for genomic instability in ovarian cancer. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.18.576263. [PMID: 38293054 PMCID: PMC10827183 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.18.576263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Genome instability is key for tumor heterogeneity and derives from defects in cell division and DNA damage repair. Tumors show tolerance for this characteristic, but its accumulation is regulated somehow to avoid catastrophic chromosomal alterations and cell death. Claudin-4 is upregulated and closely associated with genome instability and worse patient outcome in ovarian cancer. This protein is commonly described as a junctional protein participating in processes such as cell proliferation and DNA repair. However, its biological association with genomic instability is still poorly-understood. Here, we used CRISPRi and a claudin mimic peptide (CMP) to modulate the cladudin-4 expression and its function, respectively in in-vitro (high-grade serous carcinoma cells) and in-vivo (patient-derived xenograft in a humanized-mice model) systems. We found that claudin-4 promotes a protective cellular-mechanism that links cell-cell junctions to genome integrity. Disruption of this axis leads to irregular cellular connections and cell cycle that results in chromosomal alterations, a phenomenon associated with a novel functional link between claudin-4 and SLC1A5/LAT1 in regulating autophagy. Consequently, claudin-4's disruption increased autophagy and associated with engulfment of cytoplasm-localized DNA. Furthermore, the claudin-4/SLC1A5/LAT1 biological axis correlates with decrease ovarian cancer patient survival and targeting claudin-4 in-vivo with CMP resulted in increased niraparib (PARPi) efficacy, correlating with increased tumoral infiltration of T CD8+ lymphocytes. Our results show that the upregulation of claudin-4 enables a mechanism that promotes tolerance to genomic instability and immune evasion in ovarian cancer; thus, suggesting the potential of claudin-4 as a translational target for enhancing ovarian cancer treatment.
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Kotian S, Carnes RM, Stern JL. Enhancing Transcriptional Reprogramming of Mesenchymal Glioblastoma with Grainyhead-like 2 and HDAC Inhibitors Leads to Apoptosis and Cell-Cycle Dysregulation. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1787. [PMID: 37761927 PMCID: PMC10530281 DOI: 10.3390/genes14091787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) tumor cells exhibit mesenchymal properties which are thought to play significant roles in therapeutic resistance and tumor recurrence. An important question is whether impairment of the mesenchymal state of GBM can sensitize these tumors to therapeutic intervention. HDAC inhibitors (HDACi) are being tested in GBM for their ability promote mesenchymal-to-epithelial transcriptional (MET) reprogramming, and for their cancer-specific ability to dysregulate the cell cycle and induce apoptosis. We set out to enhance the transcriptional reprogramming and apoptotic effects of HDACi in GBM by introducing an epithelial transcription factor, Grainyhead-like 2 (GRHL2), to specifically counter the mesenchymal state. GRHL2 significantly enhanced HDACi-mediated MET reprogramming. Surprisingly, we found that inducing GRHL2 in glioma stem cells (GSCs) altered cell-cycle drivers and promoted aneuploidy. Mass spectrometry analysis of GRHL2 interacting proteins revealed association with several key mitotic factors, suggesting their exogenous expression disrupted the established mitotic program in GBM. Associated with this cell-cycle dysregulation, the combination of GRHL2 and HDACi induced elevated levels of apoptosis. The key implication of our study is that although genetic strategies to repress the mesenchymal properties of glioblastoma may be effective, biological interactions of epithelial factors in mesenchymal cancer cells may dysregulate normal homeostatic cellular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Josh L. Stern
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
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4
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di Pietro F, Osswald M, De Las Heras JM, Cristo I, López-Gay J, Wang Z, Pelletier S, Gaugué I, Leroy A, Martin C, Morais-de-Sá E, Bellaïche Y. Systematic analysis of RhoGEF/GAP localizations uncovers regulators of mechanosensing and junction formation during epithelial cell division. Curr Biol 2023; 33:858-874.e7. [PMID: 36917931 PMCID: PMC10017266 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Cell proliferation is central to epithelial tissue development, repair, and homeostasis. During cell division, small RhoGTPases control both actomyosin dynamics and cell-cell junction remodeling to faithfully segregate the genome while maintaining tissue polarity and integrity. To decipher the mechanisms of RhoGTPase spatiotemporal regulation during epithelial cell division, we generated a transgenic fluorescently tagged library for the 48 Drosophila Rho guanine exchange factors (RhoGEFs) and GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs), and we systematically characterized their endogenous distributions by time-lapse microscopy. Therefore, we unveiled candidate regulators of the interplay between actomyosin and junctional dynamics during epithelial cell division. Building on these findings, we established that the conserved RhoGEF Cysts and RhoGEF4 play sequential and distinct roles to couple cytokinesis with de novo junction formation. During ring contraction, Cysts via Rho1 participates in the neighbor mechanosensing response, promoting daughter-daughter cell membrane juxtaposition in preparation to de novo junction formation. Subsequently and upon midbody formation, RhoGEF4 via Rac acts in the dividing cell to ensure the withdrawal of the neighboring cell membranes, thus controlling de novo junction length and cell-cell arrangements upon cytokinesis. Altogether, our findings delineate how the RhoGTPases Rho and Rac are locally and temporally activated during epithelial cytokinesis, highlighting the RhoGEF/GAP library as a key resource to understand the broad range of biological processes regulated by RhoGTPases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florencia di Pietro
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR3215, INSERM U934, Genetics and Developmental Biology, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Mariana Osswald
- IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular; i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - José M De Las Heras
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR3215, INSERM U934, Genetics and Developmental Biology, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Inês Cristo
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR3215, INSERM U934, Genetics and Developmental Biology, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Jesús López-Gay
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR3215, INSERM U934, Genetics and Developmental Biology, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Zhimin Wang
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR3215, INSERM U934, Genetics and Developmental Biology, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Stéphane Pelletier
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR3215, INSERM U934, Genetics and Developmental Biology, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Gaugué
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR3215, INSERM U934, Genetics and Developmental Biology, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Adrien Leroy
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR3215, INSERM U934, Genetics and Developmental Biology, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Charlotte Martin
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR3215, INSERM U934, Genetics and Developmental Biology, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Eurico Morais-de-Sá
- IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular; i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Yohanns Bellaïche
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR3215, INSERM U934, Genetics and Developmental Biology, 75005 Paris, France.
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5
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Ampartzidis I, Efstathiou C, Paonessa F, Thompson EM, Wilson T, McCann CJ, Greene NDE, Copp AJ, Livesey FJ, Elvassore N, Giobbe GG, De Coppi P, Maniou E, Galea GL. Synchronisation of apical constriction and cell cycle progression is a conserved behaviour of pseudostratified neuroepithelia informed by their tissue geometry. Dev Biol 2023; 494:60-70. [PMID: 36509125 PMCID: PMC10570144 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2022.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Neuroepithelial cells balance tissue growth requirement with the morphogenetic imperative of closing the neural tube. They apically constrict to generate mechanical forces which elevate the neural folds, but are thought to apically dilate during mitosis. However, we previously reported that mitotic neuroepithelial cells in the mouse posterior neuropore have smaller apical surfaces than non-mitotic cells. Here, we document progressive apical enrichment of non-muscle myosin-II in mitotic, but not non-mitotic, neuroepithelial cells with smaller apical areas. Live-imaging of the chick posterior neuropore confirms apical constriction synchronised with mitosis, reaching maximal constriction by anaphase, before division and re-dilation. Mitotic apical constriction amplitude is significantly greater than interphase constrictions. To investigate conservation in humans, we characterised early stages of iPSC differentiation through dual SMAD-inhibition to robustly produce pseudostratified neuroepithelia with apically enriched actomyosin. These cultured neuroepithelial cells achieve an equivalent apical area to those in mouse embryos. iPSC-derived neuroepithelial cells have large apical areas in G2 which constrict in M phase and retain this constriction in G1/S. Given that this differentiation method produces anterior neural identities, we studied the anterior neuroepithelium of the elevating mouse mid-brain neural tube. Instead of constricting, mid-brain mitotic neuroepithelial cells have larger apical areas than interphase cells. Tissue geometry differs between the apically convex early midbrain and flat posterior neuropore. Culturing human neuroepithelia on equivalently convex surfaces prevents mitotic apical constriction. Thus, neuroepithelial cells undergo high-amplitude apical constriction synchronised with cell cycle progression but the timing of their constriction if influenced by tissue geometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioakeim Ampartzidis
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Department, UCL GOS Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Christoforos Efstathiou
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Department, UCL GOS Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Francesco Paonessa
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Department, UCL GOS Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH, UK; UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, Zayed Centre for Research Into Rare Disease in Children, London, UK
| | - Elliott M Thompson
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Department, UCL GOS Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Tyler Wilson
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Department, UCL GOS Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Conor J McCann
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Department, UCL GOS Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Nicholas DE Greene
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Department, UCL GOS Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Andrew J Copp
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Department, UCL GOS Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Frederick J Livesey
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Department, UCL GOS Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH, UK; UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, Zayed Centre for Research Into Rare Disease in Children, London, UK
| | - Nicola Elvassore
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Department, UCL GOS Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH, UK; Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padova, Italy; UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, Zayed Centre for Research Into Rare Disease in Children, London, UK
| | - Giovanni G Giobbe
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Department, UCL GOS Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH, UK; UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, Zayed Centre for Research Into Rare Disease in Children, London, UK
| | - Paolo De Coppi
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Department, UCL GOS Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH, UK; UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, Zayed Centre for Research Into Rare Disease in Children, London, UK; Specialist Neonatal and Paediatric Unit, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Eirini Maniou
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Department, UCL GOS Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH, UK; Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padova, Italy
| | - Gabriel L Galea
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Department, UCL GOS Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH, UK.
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6
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Osswald M, Barros-Carvalho A, Carmo AM, Loyer N, Gracio PC, Sunkel CE, Homem CCF, Januschke J, Morais-de-Sá E. aPKC regulates apical constriction to prevent tissue rupture in the Drosophila follicular epithelium. Curr Biol 2022; 32:4411-4427.e8. [PMID: 36113470 PMCID: PMC9632327 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.08.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Apical-basal polarity is an essential epithelial trait controlled by the evolutionarily conserved PAR-aPKC polarity network. Dysregulation of polarity proteins disrupts tissue organization during development and in disease, but the underlying mechanisms are unclear due to the broad implications of polarity loss. Here, we uncover how Drosophila aPKC maintains epithelial architecture by directly observing tissue disorganization after fast optogenetic inactivation in living adult flies and ovaries cultured ex vivo. We show that fast aPKC perturbation in the proliferative follicular epithelium produces large epithelial gaps that result from increased apical constriction, rather than loss of apical-basal polarity. Accordingly, we can modulate the incidence of epithelial gaps by increasing and decreasing actomyosin-driven contractility. We traced the origin of these large epithelial gaps to tissue rupture next to dividing cells. Live imaging shows that aPKC perturbation induces apical constriction in non-mitotic cells within minutes, producing pulling forces that ultimately detach dividing and neighboring cells. We further demonstrate that epithelial rupture requires a global increase of apical constriction, as it is prevented by the presence of non-constricting cells. Conversely, a global induction of apical tension through light-induced recruitment of RhoGEF2 to the apical side is sufficient to produce tissue rupture. Hence, our work reveals that the roles of aPKC in polarity and actomyosin regulation are separable and provides the first in vivo evidence that excessive tissue stress can break the epithelial barrier during proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Osswald
- IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - André Barros-Carvalho
- IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana M Carmo
- IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Nicolas Loyer
- Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD5 1EH, UK
| | - Patricia C Gracio
- iNOVA4Health, CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, NMS, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1150-199 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Claudio E Sunkel
- IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Catarina C F Homem
- iNOVA4Health, CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, NMS, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1150-199 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Jens Januschke
- Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD5 1EH, UK
| | - Eurico Morais-de-Sá
- IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
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7
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Xing J, Qi L, Liu X, Shi G, Sun X, Yang Y. Roles of mitochondrial fusion and fission in breast cancer progression: a systematic review. World J Surg Oncol 2022; 20:331. [PMID: 36192752 PMCID: PMC9528125 DOI: 10.1186/s12957-022-02799-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mitochondria play critical roles in cellular physiological activity as cellular organelles. Under extracellular stimulation, mitochondria undergo constant fusion and fission to meet different cellular demands. Mitochondrial dynamics, which are involved in mitochondrial fusion and fission, are regulated by specialized proteins and lipids, and their dysregulation causes human diseases, such as cancer. The advanced literature about the crucial role of mitochondrial dynamics in breast cancer is performed. Methods All related studies were systematically searched through online databases (PubMed, Web of Science, and EMBASE) using keywords (e.g., breast cancer, mitochondrial, fission, and fusion), and these studies were then screened through the preset inclusion and exclusion criteria. Results Eligible studies (n = 19) were evaluated and discussed in the systematic review. These advanced studies established the roles of mitochondrial fission and fusion of breast cancer in the metabolism, proliferation, survival, and metastasis. Importantly, the manipulating of mitochondrial dynamic is significant for the progresses of breast cancer. Conclusion Understanding the mechanisms underlying mitochondrial fission and fusion during tumorigenesis is important for improving breast cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jixiang Xing
- First College of Clinical Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Luyao Qi
- The Seventh People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200137, China
| | - Xiaofei Liu
- Department of Breast and Thyroid, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Guangxi Shi
- Department of Breast and Thyroid, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaohui Sun
- Department of Breast and Thyroid, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Department of Breast and Thyroid, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China.
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8
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Gupta VK, Chaudhuri O. Mechanical regulation of cell-cycle progression and division. Trends Cell Biol 2022; 32:773-785. [PMID: 35491306 PMCID: PMC9378598 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2022.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Cell-cycle progression and division are fundamental biological processes in animal cells, and their biochemical regulation has been extensively studied. An emerging body of work has revealed how mechanical interactions of cells with their microenvironment in tissues, including with the extracellular matrix (ECM) and neighboring cells, also plays a crucial role in regulating cell-cycle progression and division. We review recent work on how cells interpret physical cues and alter their mechanics to promote cell-cycle progression and initiate cell division, and then on how dividing cells generate forces on their surrounding microenvironment to successfully divide. Finally, the article ends by discussing how force generation during division potentially contributes to larger tissue-scale processes involved in development and homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek K Gupta
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ovijit Chaudhuri
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA..
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9
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Godard BG, Dumollard R, Heisenberg CP, McDougall A. Combined effect of cell geometry and polarity domains determines the orientation of unequal division. eLife 2021; 10:75639. [PMID: 34889186 PMCID: PMC8691831 DOI: 10.7554/elife.75639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell division orientation is thought to result from a competition between cell geometry and polarity domains controlling the position of the mitotic spindle during mitosis. Depending on the level of cell shape anisotropy or the strength of the polarity domain, one dominates the other and determines the orientation of the spindle. Whether and how such competition is also at work to determine unequal cell division (UCD), producing daughter cells of different size, remains unclear. Here, we show that cell geometry and polarity domains cooperate, rather than compete, in positioning the cleavage plane during UCDs in early ascidian embryos. We found that the UCDs and their orientation at the ascidian third cleavage rely on the spindle tilting in an anisotropic cell shape, and cortical polarity domains exerting different effects on spindle astral microtubules. By systematically varying mitotic cell shape, we could modulate the effect of attractive and repulsive polarity domains and consequently generate predicted daughter cell size asymmetries and position. We therefore propose that the spindle position during UCD is set by the combined activities of cell geometry and polarity domains, where cell geometry modulates the effect of cortical polarity domain(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoit G Godard
- Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-mer, Institut de la Mer de Villefranche-sur-mer, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Villefranche sur Mer, France.,Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Remi Dumollard
- Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-mer, Institut de la Mer de Villefranche-sur-mer, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Villefranche sur Mer, France
| | | | - Alex McDougall
- Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-mer, Institut de la Mer de Villefranche-sur-mer, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Villefranche sur Mer, France
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10
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Despin-Guitard E, Migeotte I. Mitosis, a springboard for epithelial-mesenchymal transition? Cell Cycle 2021; 20:2452-2464. [PMID: 34720062 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2021.1992854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitosis is a key process in development and remains critical to ensure homeostasis in adult tissues. Besides its primary role in generating two new cells, cell division involves deep structural and molecular changes that might have additional effects on cell and tissue fate and shape. Specific quantitative and qualitative regulation of mitosis has been observed in multiple morphogenetic events in different embryo models. For instance, during mouse embryo gastrulation, the portion of epithelium that undergoes epithelial to mesenchymal transition, where a static epithelial cell become mesenchymal and motile, has a higher mitotic index and a distinct localization of mitotic rounding, compared to the rest of the tissue. Here we explore the potential mechanisms through which mitosis may favor tissue reorganization in various models. Notably, we discuss the mechanical impact of cell rounding on the cell and its environment, and the modification of tissue physical parameters through changes in cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangéline Despin-Guitard
- Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire (IRIBHM), Iribhm, Université Libre De Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Isabelle Migeotte
- Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire (IRIBHM), Iribhm, Université Libre De Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
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11
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Thompson BJ. Par-3 family proteins in cell polarity & adhesion. FEBS J 2021; 289:596-613. [PMID: 33565714 PMCID: PMC9290619 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The Par‐3/Baz family of polarity determinants is highly conserved across metazoans and includes C. elegans PAR‐3, Drosophila Bazooka (Baz), human Par‐3 (PARD3), and human Par‐3‐like (PARD3B). The C. elegans PAR‐3 protein localises to the anterior pole of asymmetrically dividing zygotes with cell division cycle 42 (CDC42), atypical protein kinase C (aPKC), and PAR‐6. The same C. elegans ‘PAR complex’ can also localise in an apical ring in epithelial cells. Drosophila Baz localises to the apical pole of asymmetrically dividing neuroblasts with Cdc42‐aPKC‐Par6, while in epithelial cells localises both in an apical ring with Cdc42‐aPKC‐Par6 and with E‐cadherin at adherens junctions. These apical and junctional localisations have become separated in human PARD3, which is strictly apical in many epithelia, and human PARD3B, which is strictly junctional in many epithelia. We discuss the molecular basis for this fundamental difference in localisation, as well as the possible functions of Par‐3/Baz family proteins as oligomeric clustering agents at the apical domain or at adherens junctions in epithelial stem cells. The evolution of Par‐3 family proteins into distinct apical PARD3 and junctional PARD3B orthologs coincides with the emergence of stratified squamous epithelia in vertebrates, where PARD3B, but not PARD3, is strongly expressed in basal layer stem cells – which lack a typical apical domain. We speculate that PARD3B may contribute to clustering of E‐cadherin, signalling from adherens junctions via Src family kinases or mitotic spindle orientation by adherens junctions in response to mechanical forces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry J Thompson
- ACRF Department of Cancer Biology & Therapeutics, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
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12
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Mathiah N, Despin-Guitard E, Stower M, Nahaboo W, Eski ES, Singh SP, Srinivas S, Migeotte I. Asymmetry in the frequency and position of mitosis in the mouse embryo epiblast at gastrulation. EMBO Rep 2020; 21:e50944. [PMID: 33016470 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202050944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
At gastrulation, a subpopulation of epiblast cells constitutes a transient posteriorly located structure called the primitive streak, where cells that undergo epithelial-mesenchymal transition make up the mesoderm and endoderm lineages. Mouse embryo epiblast cells were labelled ubiquitously or in a mosaic fashion. Cell shape, packing, organization and division were recorded through live imaging during primitive streak formation. Posterior epiblast displays a higher frequency of rosettes, some of which associate with a central cell undergoing mitosis. Cells at the primitive streak, in particular delaminating cells, undergo mitosis more frequently than other epiblast cells. In pseudostratified epithelia, mitosis takes place at the apical side of the epithelium. However, mitosis is not restricted to the apical side of the epiblast, particularly on its posterior side. Non-apical mitosis occurs specifically in the streak even when ectopically located. Posterior non-apical mitosis results in one or two daughter cells leaving the epiblast layer. Cell rearrangement associated with mitotic cell rounding in posterior epiblast, in particular when non-apical, might thus facilitate cell ingression and transition to a mesenchymal phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Matthew Stower
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Wallis Nahaboo
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, IRIBHM, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Elif Sema Eski
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, IRIBHM, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Shankar Srinivas
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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13
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Platenkamp A, Detmar E, Sepulveda L, Ritz A, Rogers SL, Applewhite DA. The Drosophila melanogaster Rab GAP RN-tre cross-talks with the Rho1 signaling pathway to regulate nonmuscle myosin II localization and function. Mol Biol Cell 2020; 31:2379-2397. [PMID: 32816624 PMCID: PMC7851959 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e20-03-0181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
To identify novel regulators of nonmuscle myosin II (NMII) we performed an image-based RNA interference screen using stable Drosophila melanogaster S2 cells expressing the enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP)-tagged regulatory light chain (RLC) of NMII and mCherry-Actin. We identified the Rab-specific GTPase-activating protein (GAP) RN-tre as necessary for the assembly of NMII RLC into contractile actin networks. Depletion of RN-tre led to a punctate NMII phenotype, similar to what is observed following depletion of proteins in the Rho1 pathway. Depletion of RN-tre also led to a decrease in active Rho1 and a decrease in phosphomyosin-positive cells by immunostaining, while expression of constitutively active Rho or Rho-kinase (Rok) rescues the punctate phenotype. Functionally, RN-tre depletion led to an increase in actin retrograde flow rate and cellular contractility in S2 and S2R+ cells, respectively. Regulation of NMII by RN-tre is only partially dependent on its GAP activity as overexpression of constitutively active Rabs inactivated by RN-tre failed to alter NMII RLC localization, while a GAP-dead version of RN-tre partially restored phosphomyosin staining. Collectively, our results suggest that RN-tre plays an important regulatory role in NMII RLC distribution, phosphorylation, and function, likely through Rho1 signaling and putatively serving as a link between the secretion machinery and actomyosin contractility.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elizabeth Detmar
- Department of Biology & Integrative Program for Biological and Genome Sciences, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3280
| | - Liz Sepulveda
- Department of Biology, Reed College, Portland, OR 97202
| | - Anna Ritz
- Department of Biology, Reed College, Portland, OR 97202
| | - Stephen L Rogers
- Department of Biology & Integrative Program for Biological and Genome Sciences, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3280
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14
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Taubenberger AV, Baum B, Matthews HK. The Mechanics of Mitotic Cell Rounding. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:687. [PMID: 32850812 PMCID: PMC7423972 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
When animal cells enter mitosis, they round up to become spherical. This shape change is accompanied by changes in mechanical properties. Multiple studies using different measurement methods have revealed that cell surface tension, intracellular pressure and cortical stiffness increase upon entry into mitosis. These cell-scale, biophysical changes are driven by alterations in the composition and architecture of the contractile acto-myosin cortex together with osmotic swelling and enable a mitotic cell to exert force against the environment. When the ability of cells to round is limited, for example by physical confinement, cells suffer severe defects in spindle assembly and cell division. The requirement to push against the environment to create space for spindle formation is especially important for cells dividing in tissues. Here we summarize the evidence and the tools used to show that cells exert rounding forces in mitosis in vitro and in vivo, review the molecular basis for this force generation and discuss its function for ensuring successful cell division in single cells and for cells dividing in normal or diseased tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna V. Taubenberger
- Biotechnology Center, Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Buzz Baum
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Helen K. Matthews
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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15
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Aguilar‐Aragon M, Bonello TT, Bell GP, Fletcher GC, Thompson BJ. Adherens junction remodelling during mitotic rounding of pseudostratified epithelial cells. EMBO Rep 2020; 21:e49700. [PMID: 32030856 PMCID: PMC7132200 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201949700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial cells undergo cortical rounding at the onset of mitosis to enable spindle orientation in the plane of the epithelium. In cuboidal epithelia in culture, the adherens junction protein E-cadherin recruits Pins/LGN/GPSM2 and Mud/NuMA to orient the mitotic spindle. In the pseudostratified columnar epithelial cells of Drosophila, septate junctions recruit Mud/NuMA to orient the spindle, while Pins/LGN/GPSM2 is surprisingly dispensable. We show that these pseudostratified epithelial cells downregulate E-cadherin as they round up for mitosis. Preventing cortical rounding by inhibiting Rho-kinase-mediated actomyosin contractility blocks downregulation of E-cadherin during mitosis. Mitotic activation of Rho-kinase depends on the RhoGEF ECT2/Pebble and its binding partners RacGAP1/MgcRacGAP/CYK4/Tum and MKLP1/KIF23/ZEN4/Pav. Cell cycle control of these Rho activators is mediated by the Aurora A and B kinases, which act redundantly during mitotic rounding. Thus, in Drosophila pseudostratified epithelia, disruption of adherens junctions during mitosis necessitates planar spindle orientation by septate junctions to maintain epithelial integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Teresa T Bonello
- EMBL AustraliaThe John Curtin School of Medical ResearchThe Australian National UniversityActonACTAustralia
| | - Graham P Bell
- Epithelial Biology LaboratoryFrancis Crick InstituteLondonUK
| | | | - Barry J Thompson
- Epithelial Biology LaboratoryFrancis Crick InstituteLondonUK
- EMBL AustraliaThe John Curtin School of Medical ResearchThe Australian National UniversityActonACTAustralia
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