1
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Dong L, Hou YR, Xu N, Gao XQ, Sun Z, Yang QK, Wang LN. Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase recognizes the physical features of DNA. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2025; 46:264-270. [PMID: 39112770 PMCID: PMC11747433 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-024-01369-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2025] Open
Abstract
Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) is a major cytosolic DNA sensor that plays a significant role in innate immunity. Upon binding to double stranded DNA (dsDNA), cGAS utilizes GTP and ATP to synthesize the second messenger cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP). The cGAMP then binds to the adapter protein stimulator of interferon genes (STING) in the endoplasmic reticulum, resulting in the activation of the transcription factor interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) and subsequent induction of type I interferon. An important question is how cGAS distinguishes between self and non-self DNA. While cGAS binds to the phosphate backbone of DNA without discrimination, its activation is influenced by physical features such as DNA length, inter-DNA distance, and mechanical flexibility. This suggests that the recognition of DNA by cGAS may depend on these physical features. In this article we summarize the recent progress in research on cGAS-STING pathway involved in antiviral defense, cellular senescence and anti-tumor response, and focus on DNA recognition mechanisms based on the physical features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Dong
- Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, DaLian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Yue-Ru Hou
- Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, DaLian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Na Xu
- Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, DaLian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Xiao-Qian Gao
- Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, DaLian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Zhen Sun
- Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, DaLian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Qing-Kai Yang
- Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, DaLian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China.
| | - Li-Na Wang
- Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, DaLian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China.
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2
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Jiang Z, Shi F, Li J, Liu R, Zhou J, Zhong Z, Shi C, Ma M, Xiang S, Gao D. Crucial role of the cGAS N terminus in mediating flowable and functional cGAS-DNA condensate formation via DNA interactions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2025; 122:e2411659122. [PMID: 39819217 PMCID: PMC11761673 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2411659122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 10/26/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2025] Open
Abstract
The DNA-sensing protein cGAS plays a pivotal role in the innate immune response and pathogenesis of various diseases. DNA triggers liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) and enhances the enzymatic activity of cGAS. However, the regulatory mechanisms of the disordered N terminus remain unclear. Here, we showed that cGASNterm, the N-terminal intrinsic disordered region (IDR) of cGAS, modulates the material properties, specifically the flowability, of the condensed phase of cGAS and is required for full enzymatic activity. Full-length cGAS and cGASNterm form liquid droplets in the presence of DNA, while the cGAS catalytic domain forms gel-like solid aggregates with compromised enzymatic activity. Multiple key amino acids responsible for the cGASNterm-DNA interaction were identified by NMR spectroscopy as well as other biophysical methods and proven to be critical for the functional LLPS of cGAS both in vitro and in vivo. Interestingly, cGASNterm acts in trans to transform the solid aggregates of the cGAS catalytic domain into liquid droplets, subsequently restoring its enzymatic activity. Together, our findings highlight the importance of the IDR of cGAS in LLPS upon DNA stimulation and, more importantly, in modulating the fluidity and permeability of the droplets formed by full-length cGAS, which is crucial for its intact enzymatic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhelin Jiang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Key Laboratory of Immune Response and Immunotherapy, Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science Interdisciplinary Science & Biomedicine of Institute of Health and Medicine, Division of Life Sciences & Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei230027, Anhui, China
- Key Laboratory of Anhui Province for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Hefei, Anhui230027, China
| | - Fan Shi
- Ministry of Education Key Lab for Cellular Dynamics, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui230027, China
| | - Juan Li
- Ministry of Education Key Lab for Cellular Dynamics, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui230027, China
| | - Rui Liu
- Department of Medical Engineering and Instrumentation, School of Biomedical Engineering, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui230032, China
- Three dimensional-Printing and Tissue Engineering Center, Anhui Provincial Institute of Translational Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei230032, China
| | - Jinhua Zhou
- Department of Medical Engineering and Instrumentation, School of Biomedical Engineering, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui230032, China
- Three dimensional-Printing and Tissue Engineering Center, Anhui Provincial Institute of Translational Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei230032, China
| | - Zhensheng Zhong
- Department of Medical Engineering and Instrumentation, School of Biomedical Engineering, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui230032, China
- Three dimensional-Printing and Tissue Engineering Center, Anhui Provincial Institute of Translational Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei230032, China
| | - Chaowei Shi
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui230026, China
| | - Mingming Ma
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei230026, Anhui, China
| | - ShengQi Xiang
- Ministry of Education Key Lab for Cellular Dynamics, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui230027, China
| | - Daxing Gao
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Key Laboratory of Immune Response and Immunotherapy, Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science Interdisciplinary Science & Biomedicine of Institute of Health and Medicine, Division of Life Sciences & Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei230027, Anhui, China
- Key Laboratory of Anhui Province for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Hefei, Anhui230027, China
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3
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Zhang M, Wu C, Lu D, Wang X, Shang G. cGAS-STING: mechanisms and therapeutic opportunities. SCIENCE CHINA. LIFE SCIENCES 2025:10.1007/s11427-024-2808-3. [PMID: 39821837 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-024-2808-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2024] [Accepted: 12/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2025]
Abstract
The cGAS-STING pathway plays a crucial role in the innate immune system by detecting mislocalized double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) in the cytoplasm and triggering downstream signal transduction. Understanding the mechanisms by which cGAS and STING operate is vital for gaining insights into the biology of this pathway. This review provides a detailed examination of the structural features of cGAS and STING proteins, with a particular emphasis on their activation and inhibition mechanisms. We also discuss the novel discovery of STING functioning as an ion channel. Furthermore, we offer an overview of key agonists and antagonists of cGAS and STING, shedding light on their mechanisms of action. Deciphering the molecular intricacies of the cGAS-STING pathway holds significant promise for the development of targeted therapies aimed at maintaining immune homeostasis within both innate and adaptive immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyuan Zhang
- Shanxi Medical University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Taiyuan, 030001, China
- Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Prevention and New Materials, Taiyuan, 030001, China
| | - Changxin Wu
- The Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Cell Biology of Shanxi Province, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China
| | - Defen Lu
- College of Life Sciences, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan, 030031, China.
| | - Xing Wang
- Shanxi Medical University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Taiyuan, 030001, China.
- Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Prevention and New Materials, Taiyuan, 030001, China.
| | - Guijun Shang
- The Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Cell Biology of Shanxi Province, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China.
- College of Life Sciences, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan, 030031, China.
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4
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Jeon S, Jeon Y, Lim JY, Kim Y, Cha B, Kim W. Emerging regulatory mechanisms and functions of biomolecular condensates: implications for therapeutic targets. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2025; 10:4. [PMID: 39757214 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-024-02070-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2024] [Revised: 10/01/2024] [Accepted: 11/06/2024] [Indexed: 01/07/2025] Open
Abstract
Cells orchestrate their processes through complex interactions, precisely organizing biomolecules in space and time. Recent discoveries have highlighted the crucial role of biomolecular condensates-membrane-less assemblies formed through the condensation of proteins, nucleic acids, and other molecules-in driving efficient and dynamic cellular processes. These condensates are integral to various physiological functions, such as gene expression and intracellular signal transduction, enabling rapid and finely tuned cellular responses. Their ability to regulate cellular signaling pathways is particularly significant, as it requires a careful balance between flexibility and precision. Disruption of this balance can lead to pathological conditions, including neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, and viral infections. Consequently, biomolecular condensates have emerged as promising therapeutic targets, with the potential to offer novel approaches to disease treatment. In this review, we present the recent insights into the regulatory mechanisms by which biomolecular condensates influence intracellular signaling pathways, their roles in health and disease, and potential strategies for modulating condensate dynamics as a therapeutic approach. Understanding these emerging principles may provide valuable directions for developing effective treatments targeting the aberrant behavior of biomolecular condensates in various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soyoung Jeon
- Department of Life Science, University of Seoul, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yeram Jeon
- Department of Life Science, University of Seoul, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ji-Youn Lim
- New Drug Development Center, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Yujeong Kim
- Department of Life Science, University of Seoul, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Boksik Cha
- New Drug Development Center, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation, Daegu, South Korea.
| | - Wantae Kim
- Department of Life Science, University of Seoul, Seoul, South Korea.
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5
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Majerciak V, Zheng ZM. Induction of translation-suppressive G3BP1 + stress granules and interferon-signaling cGAS condensates by transfected plasmid DNA. HLIFE 2025; 3:21-37. [PMID: 40078969 PMCID: PMC11902918 DOI: 10.1016/j.hlife.2024.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2025]
Abstract
Plasmid DNA transfection is one of the fundamental tools of biomedical research. Here, we found that plasmid DNA transfection mediated by liposomes activates multiple innate immune responses in several widely used cell lines. Their activations were visible by detection of stress granules (SG) and cGAS-DNA condensates (cGC) in the transfected cells in a plasmid DNA dose-dependent manner. The elevated levels of phosphorylated eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 subunit alpha (eIF2α), interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3), and signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) were induced in plasmid DNA-transfected cells. The formation of SG but not cGC required active transcription and formation of dsRNA in transfected cells. Plasmid DNA-induced SG or cGC were mutually exclusive because of triggering two distinct pathways. Knockdown (KD) of PKR before plasmid DNA transfection led to abolish SG without affecting cGC formation. Conversely, cGAS KD could prevent cGC without affecting SG formation. In addition, plasmid DNA-induced SG and cGC formation could be prevented, respectively, by co-expression of KSHV proteins ORF57 (PKR inhibitor) and ORF52 (cGAS inhibitor). Inhibition of SG formation mediated by PKR KD, but not cGC KD, also led to increased expression of transgenes, indicating that PKR activation represents a major roadblock to gene expression. Together, these data indicate that plasmid DNA triggers innate immune responses in the transfected cells and causes a significant cellular perturbation that should be considered during experiment design and data interpretation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Majerciak
- Tumor Virus RNA Biology Section, HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Maryland, USA
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6
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Chen K, Cao X. Biomolecular condensates: phasing in regulated host-pathogen interactions. Trends Immunol 2025; 46:29-45. [PMID: 39672748 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2024.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2024] [Revised: 11/12/2024] [Accepted: 11/19/2024] [Indexed: 12/15/2024]
Abstract
Biomolecular condensates are membraneless organelles formed through liquid-liquid phase separation. Innate immunity is essential to host defense against infections, but pathogens also harbor sophisticated mechanisms to evade host defense. The formation of biomolecular condensates emerges as a key biophysical mechanism in host-pathogen interactions, playing pivotal roles in regulating immune responses and pathogen life cycles within the host. In this review we summarize recent advances in our understanding of how biomolecular condensates remodel membrane-bound organelles, influence infection-induced cell death, and are hijacked by pathogens for survival, as well as how they modulate mammalian innate immunity. We discuss the implications of dysregulated formation of biomolecular condensates during host-pathogen interactions and infectious diseases and propose future directions for developing potential treatments against such infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Diseases and Medical Innovation Center, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200127, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Xuetao Cao
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 100005 Beijing, China.
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7
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Jing Q, Meng Y, Han J. Nucleic acid modifications in self-nonself discrimination. Mol Ther 2024; 32:4180-4182. [PMID: 39566506 PMCID: PMC11638862 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2024.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2024] [Revised: 11/05/2024] [Accepted: 11/05/2024] [Indexed: 11/22/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Jing
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Tumor Epigenetics and Genomics, Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, and Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yang Meng
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Tumor Epigenetics and Genomics, Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, and Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Junhong Han
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Tumor Epigenetics and Genomics, Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, and Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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8
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Guo J, Huang R, Mei Y, Lu S, Gong J, Wang L, Ding L, Wu H, Pan D, Liu W. Application of stress granule core element G3BP1 in various diseases: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 282:137254. [PMID: 39515684 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.137254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 10/15/2024] [Accepted: 11/02/2024] [Indexed: 11/16/2024]
Abstract
Ras-GTPase-activating protein-binding protein 1 (G3BP1) is a core component and crucial regulatory switch in stress granules (SGs). When the concentration of free RNA within cells increases, it can trigger RNA-dependent liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) with G3BP1 as the core, thereby forming SGs that affect cell survival or death. In addition, G3BP1 interacts with various host proteins to regulate the expression of SGs. As a multifunctional binding protein, G3BP1 has diverse biological functions, influencing cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, and RNA metabolism and serving as a crucial regulator in signaling pathways such as Rac1-PAK1, TSC-mTORC1, NF-κB, and STAT3. Therefore, it plays a significant role in the regulation of neurodegenerative diseases, myocardial hypertrophy, and congenital immunity, and is involved in the proliferation, invasion, and metastasis of cancer cells. G3BP1 is an important antiviral factor that interacts with viral proteins, and regulates SG assembly to exert antiviral effects. This article focuses on the recent discoveries and progress of G3BP1 in biology, including its structure and function, regulation of SG formation and dissolution, and its relationships with non-neoplastic diseases, tumors, and viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieyu Guo
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei Key Laboratory of Diabetes and Angiopathy, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning 437000, Hubei, China; School of Pharmacy, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning 437000, Hubei, China
| | - Rongyi Huang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei Key Laboratory of Diabetes and Angiopathy, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning 437000, Hubei, China
| | - Yan Mei
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei Key Laboratory of Diabetes and Angiopathy, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning 437000, Hubei, China
| | - Siao Lu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei Key Laboratory of Diabetes and Angiopathy, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning 437000, Hubei, China; School of Pharmacy, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning 437000, Hubei, China
| | - Jun Gong
- School of Pharmacy, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning 437000, Hubei, China
| | - Long Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei Key Laboratory of Diabetes and Angiopathy, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning 437000, Hubei, China
| | - Liqiong Ding
- School of Pharmacy, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning 437000, Hubei, China
| | - Hongnian Wu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei Key Laboratory of Diabetes and Angiopathy, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning 437000, Hubei, China
| | - Dan Pan
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei Key Laboratory of Diabetes and Angiopathy, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning 437000, Hubei, China
| | - Wu Liu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei Key Laboratory of Diabetes and Angiopathy, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning 437000, Hubei, China.
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9
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Liu Y, Huang Y, Wei H, Liang X, Luo J. The role of post-translational modifications of cGAS in γδ T cells. Mol Immunol 2024; 175:146-154. [PMID: 39437619 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2024.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2024] [Revised: 09/30/2024] [Accepted: 10/09/2024] [Indexed: 10/25/2024]
Abstract
Cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP) synthase (cGAS) senses DNA in a sequence-independent manner, triggering cGAMP synthesis, which activates stimulator of interferon genes (STING) and the subsequent expression of type I interferons, tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and other proinflammatory factors in two downstream pathways. However, the function of the cGASSTING pathway in γδ T cells remains unclear. The γδ T-cell population differs from the innate-like lymphocyte population, particularly with respect to tissue distribution, indicating the unique potential of γδ T cells in treating infections and cancers. On the basis of accumulating evidence, cGAS activity is modulated by protein posttranslational modifications (PTMs), including phosphorylation, O-GlcNAcylation, acetylation, ubiquitylation and methylation, which affect multiple cGAS functions. Thus, here, we summarize recent research on PTMs of the cGAS protein that modulate γδ T-cell function. An understanding of cGAS features and modulation mechanisms may facilitate the design of therapies for γδ T-cell-related immune diseases and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Yue Huang
- Department of Nephrology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China; Department of Geriatrics, Institute of Gerontology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Haotian Wei
- Department of Nephrology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Xinjun Liang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hubei Cancer Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Jing Luo
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
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Martinez JC, Morandini F, Fitzgibbons L, Sieczkiewicz N, Bae SJ, Meadow ME, Hillpot E, Cutting J, Paige V, Biashad SA, Simon M, Sedivy J, Seluanov A, Gorbunova V. cGAS deficient mice display premature aging associated with de-repression of LINE1 elements and inflammation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.10.10.617645. [PMID: 39416083 PMCID: PMC11482887 DOI: 10.1101/2024.10.10.617645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2024]
Abstract
Aging-associated inflammation, or 'inflammaging" is a driver of multiple age-associated diseases. Cyclic GMP-AMP Synthase (cGAS) is a cytosolic DNA sensor that functions to activate interferon response upon detecting viral DNA in the cytoplasm. cGAS contributes to inflammaging by responding to endogenous signals such as damaged DNA or LINE1 (L1) cDNA which forms in aged cells. While cGAS knockout mice are viable their aging has not been examined. Unexpectedly, we found that cGAS knockout mice exhibit accelerated aging phenotype associated with induction of inflammation. Transcription of L1 elements was increased in both cGAS knockout mice and in cGAS siRNA knockdown cells associated with high levels of cytoplasmic L1 DNA and expression of ORF1 protein. Cells from cGAS knockout mice showed increased chromatin accessibility and decreased DNA methylation on L1 transposons. Stimulated emission depletion microscopy (STED) showed that cGAS forms nuclear condensates that co-localize with H3K9me3 heterochromatin marks, and H3K9me3 pattern is disrupted in cGAS knockout cells. Taken together these results suggest a previously undescribed role for cGAS in maintaining heterochromatin on transposable elements. We propose that loss of cGAS leads to loss of chromatin organization, de-repression of transposable elements and induction of inflammation resulting in accelerated aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C Martinez
- Translational Biomedical Sciences Program, University of Rochester, NY, 14627, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, NY, 14627, USA
| | | | | | | | - Sung Jae Bae
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, NY, 14627, USA
| | | | - Eric Hillpot
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, NY, 14627, USA
| | - Joseph Cutting
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, NY, 14627, USA
| | - Victoria Paige
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, NY, 14627, USA
| | | | - Matthew Simon
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, NY, 14627, USA
| | - John Sedivy
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and Biochemistry, Brown University, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Andrei Seluanov
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, NY, 14627, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, NY, 14627, USA
| | - Vera Gorbunova
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, NY, 14627, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, NY, 14627, USA
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11
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Wang M, Li XW, Yuan SC, Pan J, Guo ZL, Sun LM, Jiang SZ, Zhao M, Xue W, Cai H, Gu L, Luo D, Chen L, Zhou XQ, Han QY, Li J, Zhou T, Xia T, Li T. Indomethacin restrains cytoplasmic nucleic acid-stimulated immune responses by inhibiting the nuclear translocation of IRF3. J Mol Cell Biol 2024; 16:mjae015. [PMID: 38578631 PMCID: PMC11472148 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjae015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The recognition of cytosolic nucleic acid triggers the DNA/RNA sensor-IRF3 axis-mediated production of type I interferons (IFNs), which are essential for antiviral immune responses. However, the inappropriate activation of these signaling pathways is implicated in autoimmune conditions. Here, we report that indomethacin, a widely used nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, inhibits nucleic acid-triggered IFN production. We found that both DNA- and RNA-stimulated IFN expression can be effectively blocked by indomethacin. Interestingly, indomethacin also prohibits the nuclear translocation of IRF3 following cytosolic nucleic acid recognition. Importantly, in cell lines and a mouse model of Aicardi-Goutières syndrome, indomethacin administration blunts self-DNA-induced autoimmune responses. Thus, our study reveals a previously unknown function of indomethacin and provides a potential treatment for cytosolic nucleic acid-stimulated autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Wang
- Nanhu Laboratory, National Center of Biomedical Analysis, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Xiao-Wei Li
- Nanhu Laboratory, National Center of Biomedical Analysis, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Sen-Chao Yuan
- Nanhu Laboratory, National Center of Biomedical Analysis, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Jie Pan
- Nanhu Laboratory, National Center of Biomedical Analysis, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Zeng-Lin Guo
- Nanhu Laboratory, National Center of Biomedical Analysis, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Li-Ming Sun
- Nanhu Laboratory, National Center of Biomedical Analysis, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Shao-Zhen Jiang
- Nanhu Laboratory, National Center of Biomedical Analysis, Beijing 100850, China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ming Zhao
- Nanhu Laboratory, National Center of Biomedical Analysis, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Wen Xue
- Nanhu Laboratory, National Center of Biomedical Analysis, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Hong Cai
- Nanhu Laboratory, National Center of Biomedical Analysis, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Lin Gu
- Nanhu Laboratory, National Center of Biomedical Analysis, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Dan Luo
- Nanhu Laboratory, National Center of Biomedical Analysis, Beijing 100850, China
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ling Chen
- Nanhu Laboratory, National Center of Biomedical Analysis, Beijing 100850, China
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xue-Qing Zhou
- Nanhu Laboratory, National Center of Biomedical Analysis, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Qiu-Ying Han
- Nanhu Laboratory, National Center of Biomedical Analysis, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Jin Li
- Nanhu Laboratory, National Center of Biomedical Analysis, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Tao Zhou
- Nanhu Laboratory, National Center of Biomedical Analysis, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Tian Xia
- Nanhu Laboratory, National Center of Biomedical Analysis, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Tao Li
- Nanhu Laboratory, National Center of Biomedical Analysis, Beijing 100850, China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
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12
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Shenk T, Kulp III JL, Chiang LW. Drugs Targeting Sirtuin 2 Exhibit Broad-Spectrum Anti-Infective Activity. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:1298. [PMID: 39458938 PMCID: PMC11510315 DOI: 10.3390/ph17101298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2024] [Revised: 09/11/2024] [Accepted: 09/15/2024] [Indexed: 10/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Direct-acting anti-infective drugs target pathogen-coded gene products and are a highly successful therapeutic paradigm. However, they generally target a single pathogen or family of pathogens, and the targeted organisms can readily evolve resistance. Host-targeted agents can overcome these limitations. One family of host-targeted, anti-infective agents modulate human sirtuin 2 (SIRT2) enzyme activity. SIRT2 is one of seven human sirtuins, a family of NAD+-dependent protein deacylases. It is the only sirtuin that is found predominantly in the cytoplasm. Multiple, structurally distinct SIRT2-targeted, small molecules have been shown to inhibit the replication of both RNA and DNA viruses, as well as intracellular bacterial pathogens, in cell culture and in animal models of disease. Biochemical and X-ray structural studies indicate that most, and probably all, of these compounds act as allosteric modulators. These compounds appear to impact the replication cycles of intracellular pathogens at multiple levels to antagonize their replication and spread. Here, we review SIRT2 modulators reported to exhibit anti-infective activity, exploring their pharmacological action as anti-infectives and identifying questions in need of additional study as this family of anti-infective agents advances to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Shenk
- Evrys Bio, LLC, Pennsylvania Biotechnology Center, 3805 Old Easton Road, Doylestown, PA 18902, USA;
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - John L. Kulp III
- Conifer Point Pharmaceuticals, Pennsylvania Biotechnology Center, 3805 Old Easton Road, Doylestown, PA 18902, USA;
| | - Lillian W. Chiang
- Evrys Bio, LLC, Pennsylvania Biotechnology Center, 3805 Old Easton Road, Doylestown, PA 18902, USA;
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13
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Li Q, Fang X, Li Y, Lin J, Huang C, He S, Huang S, Li J, Gong S, Liu N, Ma J, Zhao Y, Tang L. DCAF7 Acts as A Scaffold to Recruit USP10 for G3BP1 Deubiquitylation and Facilitates Chemoresistance and Metastasis in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2403262. [PMID: 38973296 PMCID: PMC11423104 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202403262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
Despite docetaxel combined with cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil (TPF) being the established treatment for advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), there are patients who do not respond positively to this form of therapy. However, the mechanisms underlying this lack of benefit remain unclear. DCAF7 is identified as a chemoresistance gene attenuating the response to TPF therapy in NPC patients. DCAF7 promotes the cisplatin resistance and metastasis of NPC cells in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, DCAF7 serves as a scaffold protein that facilitates the interaction between USP10 and G3BP1, leading to the elimination of K48-linked ubiquitin moieties from Lys76 of G3BP1. This process helps prevent the degradation of G3BP1 via the ubiquitin‒proteasome pathway and promotes the formation of stress granule (SG)-like structures. Moreover, knockdown of G3BP1 successfully reversed the formation of SG-like structures and the oncogenic effects of DCAF7. Significantly, NPC patients with increased levels of DCAF7 showed a high risk of metastasis, and elevated DCAF7 levels are linked to an unfavorable prognosis. The study reveals DCAF7 as a crucial gene for cisplatin resistance and offers further understanding of how chemoresistance develops in NPC. The DCAF7-USP10-G3BP1 axis contains potential targets and biomarkers for NPC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing‐Jie Li
- Sun Yat‐sen University Cancer CenterState Key Laboratory of Oncology in South ChinaCollaborative Innovation Center of Cancer MedicineGuangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy651 Dongfeng Road EastGuangzhouGuangdong510060China
| | - Xue‐Liang Fang
- Sun Yat‐sen University Cancer CenterState Key Laboratory of Oncology in South ChinaCollaborative Innovation Center of Cancer MedicineGuangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy651 Dongfeng Road EastGuangzhouGuangdong510060China
| | - Ying‐Qin Li
- Sun Yat‐sen University Cancer CenterState Key Laboratory of Oncology in South ChinaCollaborative Innovation Center of Cancer MedicineGuangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy651 Dongfeng Road EastGuangzhouGuangdong510060China
| | - Jia‐Yi Lin
- Sun Yat‐sen University Cancer CenterState Key Laboratory of Oncology in South ChinaCollaborative Innovation Center of Cancer MedicineGuangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy651 Dongfeng Road EastGuangzhouGuangdong510060China
| | - Cheng‐Long Huang
- Sun Yat‐sen University Cancer CenterState Key Laboratory of Oncology in South ChinaCollaborative Innovation Center of Cancer MedicineGuangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy651 Dongfeng Road EastGuangzhouGuangdong510060China
| | - Shi‐Wei He
- Sun Yat‐sen University Cancer CenterState Key Laboratory of Oncology in South ChinaCollaborative Innovation Center of Cancer MedicineGuangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy651 Dongfeng Road EastGuangzhouGuangdong510060China
| | - Sheng‐Yan Huang
- Sun Yat‐sen University Cancer CenterState Key Laboratory of Oncology in South ChinaCollaborative Innovation Center of Cancer MedicineGuangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy651 Dongfeng Road EastGuangzhouGuangdong510060China
| | - Jun‐Yan Li
- Sun Yat‐sen University Cancer CenterState Key Laboratory of Oncology in South ChinaCollaborative Innovation Center of Cancer MedicineGuangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy651 Dongfeng Road EastGuangzhouGuangdong510060China
| | - Sha Gong
- Sun Yat‐sen University Cancer CenterState Key Laboratory of Oncology in South ChinaCollaborative Innovation Center of Cancer MedicineGuangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy651 Dongfeng Road EastGuangzhouGuangdong510060China
| | - Na Liu
- Sun Yat‐sen University Cancer CenterState Key Laboratory of Oncology in South ChinaCollaborative Innovation Center of Cancer MedicineGuangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy651 Dongfeng Road EastGuangzhouGuangdong510060China
| | - Jun Ma
- Sun Yat‐sen University Cancer CenterState Key Laboratory of Oncology in South ChinaCollaborative Innovation Center of Cancer MedicineGuangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy651 Dongfeng Road EastGuangzhouGuangdong510060China
| | - Yin Zhao
- Sun Yat‐sen University Cancer CenterState Key Laboratory of Oncology in South ChinaCollaborative Innovation Center of Cancer MedicineGuangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy651 Dongfeng Road EastGuangzhouGuangdong510060China
| | - Ling‐Long Tang
- Sun Yat‐sen University Cancer CenterState Key Laboratory of Oncology in South ChinaCollaborative Innovation Center of Cancer MedicineGuangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy651 Dongfeng Road EastGuangzhouGuangdong510060China
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14
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Li Y, Zhao D, Chen D, Sun Q. Targeting protein condensation in cGAS-STING signaling pathway. Bioessays 2024; 46:e2400091. [PMID: 38962845 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202400091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
The cGAS-STING signaling pathway plays a pivotal role in sensing cytosolic DNA and initiating innate immune responses against various threats, with disruptions in this pathway being associated with numerous immune-related disorders. Therefore, precise regulation of the cGAS-STING signaling is crucial to ensure appropriate immune responses. Recent research, including ours, underscores the importance of protein condensation in driving the activation and maintenance of innate immune signaling within the cGAS-STING pathway. Consequently, targeting condensation processes in this pathway presents a promising approach for modulating the cGAS-STING signaling and potentially managing associated disorders. In this review, we provide an overview of recent studies elucidating the role and regulatory mechanism of protein condensation in the cGAS-STING signaling pathway while emphasizing its pathological implications. Additionally, we explore the potential of understanding and manipulating condensation dynamics to develop novel strategies for mitigating cGAS-STING-related disorders in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajie Li
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Dongbo Zhao
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Dahua Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
- Southwest United Graduate School, Kunming, China
| | - Qinmiao Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Reconstruction, Beijing, China
- School of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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15
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Zhou Y, Zhang T, Wang S, Jiao Z, Lu K, Liu X, Li H, Jiang W, Zhang X. Metal-polyphenol-network coated R612F nanoparticles reduce drug resistance in hepatocellular carcinoma by inhibiting stress granules. Cell Death Discov 2024; 10:384. [PMID: 39198406 PMCID: PMC11358291 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-024-02161-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2024] [Revised: 08/20/2024] [Accepted: 08/22/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Stress granules (SGs) are considered to be the nonmembrane discrete assemblies present in the cytoplasm to cope with various environmental stress. SGs can promote the progression and drug resistance of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Therefore, it is important to explore the mechanism of SG formation to reduce drug resistance in HCC. In this study, we demonstrate that p110α is required for SGs assembly. Mechanistically, the Arg-Gly (RG) motif of p110α is required for SG competence and regulates the recruitment of SG components. The methylation of p110α mediated by protein arginine methyltransferase 1 (PRMT1) interferes with the recruitment of p110α to SG components, thereby inhibiting the promotion of p110α to SGs. On this basis, we generated metal-polyphenol-network-coated R612F nanoparticles (MPN-R612F), which can efficiently enter HCC cells and maintain the hypermethylation state of p110α, thereby inhibiting the assembly of SGs and ultimately reducing the resistance of HCC cells to sorafenib. The combination of MPN-R612F nanoparticles and sorafenib can kill HCC cells more effectively and play a stronger anti-tumor effect. This study provides a new perspective for targeting SGs in the treatment of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Protein Posttranslational Modifications and Cell Function, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
- Shanxi Province Cancer Hospital/Shanxi Hospital Affiliated to Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030000, P. R. China
| | - Tongjia Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Protein Posttranslational Modifications and Cell Function, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
| | - Shujie Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Protein Posttranslational Modifications and Cell Function, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
| | - Zitao Jiao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Protein Posttranslational Modifications and Cell Function, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
| | - Kejia Lu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Protein Posttranslational Modifications and Cell Function, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
| | - Xinyi Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Protein Posttranslational Modifications and Cell Function, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Protein Posttranslational Modifications and Cell Function, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Protein Posttranslational Modifications and Cell Function, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
| | - Xiaowei Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Protein Posttranslational Modifications and Cell Function, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China.
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16
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Lee S, Jung DM, Kim EM, Kim KK. Establishments of G3BP1-GFP stress granule monitoring system for real-time stress assessment in human neuroblastoma cells. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 361:142485. [PMID: 38821132 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
Acute stress caused by short-term exposure to deleterious chemicals can induce the aggregation of RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) in the cytosol and the formation of stress granules (SGs). The cytoplasmic RBP, Ras GTPase-activating protein-binding protein 1 (G3BP1) is a critical organizer of SG, and its aggregation is considered a hallmark of cellular stress. However, assembly of SG is a highly dynamic process that involves RBPs; hence, existing methods based on fixation processes or overexpression of RBPs exhibit limited efficacy in detecting the assembly of SG under stress conditions. In this study, we established a G3BP1- Green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter protein in a human neuroblastoma cell line to overcome these limitations. GFP was introduced into the G3BP1 genomic sequence via homologous recombination to generate a G3BP1-GFP fusion protein and further analyze the aggregation processes. We validated the assembly of SG under stress conditions using the G3BP1-GFP reporter system. Additionally, this system supported the evaluation of bisphenol A-induced SG response in the established human neuroblastoma cell line. In conclusion, the established G3BP1-GFP reporter system enables us to monitor the assembly of the SG complex in a human neuroblastoma cell line in real time and can serve as an efficient tool for assessing potential neurotoxicity associated with short-term exposure to chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangsoo Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Da-Min Jung
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Mi Kim
- Department of Bio and Environmental Technology, College of Science and Convergence Technology, Seoul Women's University, Seoul, 01797, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kee K Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea.
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17
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Wang L, Zhou W. Phase separation as a new form of regulation in innate immunity. Mol Cell 2024; 84:2410-2422. [PMID: 38936362 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2024.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Innate immunity is essential for the host against pathogens, cancer, and autoimmunity. The innate immune system encodes many sensor, adaptor, and effector proteins and relies on the assembly of higher-order signaling complexes to activate immune defense. Recent evidence demonstrates that many of the core complexes involved in innate immunity are organized as liquid-like condensates through a mechanism known as phase separation. Here, we discuss phase-separated condensates and their diverse functions. We compare the biochemical, structural, and mechanistic details of solid and liquid-like assemblies to explore the role of phase separation in innate immunity. We summarize the emerging evidence for the hypothesis that phase separation is a conserved mechanism that controls immune responses across the tree of life. The discovery of phase separation in innate immunity provides a new foundation to explain the rules that govern immune system activation and will enable the development of therapeutics to treat immune-related diseases properly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Department of Systems Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Wen Zhou
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Biomolecular Assembling and Regulation, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
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18
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Tian X, Ai J, Tian X, Wei X. cGAS-STING pathway agonists are promising vaccine adjuvants. Med Res Rev 2024; 44:1768-1799. [PMID: 38323921 DOI: 10.1002/med.22016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Adjuvants are of critical value in vaccine development as they act on enhancing immunogenicity of antigen and inducing long-lasting immunity. However, there are only a few adjuvants that have been approved for clinical use, which highlights the need for exploring and developing new adjuvants to meet the growing demand for vaccination. Recently, emerging evidence demonstrates that the cGAS-STING pathway orchestrates innate and adaptive immunity by generating type I interferon responses. Many cGAS-STING pathway agonists have been developed and tested in preclinical research for the treatment of cancer or infectious diseases with promising results. As adjuvants, cGAS-STING agonists have demonstrated their potential to activate robust defense immunity in various diseases, including COVID-19 infection. This review summarized the current developments in the field of cGAS-STING agonists with a special focus on the latest applications of cGAS-STING agonists as adjuvants in vaccination. Potential challenges were also discussed in the hope of sparking future research interests to further the development of cGAS-STING as vaccine adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Tian
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Centre for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Jiayuan Ai
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Centre for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Xiaohe Tian
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Centre for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Xiawei Wei
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Centre for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R. China
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19
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Zhang X, Han L, Hou J, Yang H, Xu H, Li G, Shu Q, Zhu D, Zheng Y, Gao C. Stress granule-localized USP8 potentiates cGAS-mediated type I interferonopathies through deubiquitination of DDX3X. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114248. [PMID: 38795350 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) undergoes liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) to trigger downstream signaling upon double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) stimulation, and the condensed cGAS colocalizes with stress granules (SGs). However, the molecular mechanism underlying the modulation of cGAS activation by SGs remains elusive. In this study, we show that USP8 is localized to SGs upon dsDNA stimulation and potentiates cGAS-stimulator of interferon genes (STING) signaling. A USP8 inhibitor ameliorates pathological inflammation in Trex1-/- mice. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) databases indicate a positive correlation between USP8 expression and SLE. Mechanistic study shows that the SG protein DDX3X promotes cGAS phase separation and activation in a manner dependent on its intrinsic LLPS. USP8 cleaves K27-linked ubiquitin chains from the intrinsically disordered region (IDR) of DDX3X to enhance its condensation. In conclusion, we demonstrate that USP8 catalyzes the deubiquitination of DDX3X to facilitate cGAS condensation and activation and that inhibiting USP8 is a promising strategy for alleviating cGAS-mediated autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province & Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Lulu Han
- Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province & Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Jinxiu Hou
- Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province & Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Huiyu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province & Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Haiyan Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Guosheng Li
- Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Qiang Shu
- Department of Rheumatology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Deyu Zhu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Yi Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province & Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China.
| | - Chengjiang Gao
- Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province & Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China.
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20
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Wang Y, Zhou L, Wu X, Yang S, Wang X, Shen Q, Liu Y, Zhang W, Ji L. Molecular Mechanisms and Potential Antiviral Strategies of Liquid-Liquid Phase Separation during Coronavirus Infection. Biomolecules 2024; 14:748. [PMID: 39062463 PMCID: PMC11274562 DOI: 10.3390/biom14070748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Highly pathogenic coronaviruses have caused significant outbreaks in humans and animals, posing a serious threat to public health. The rapid global spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has resulted in millions of infections and deaths. However, the mechanisms through which coronaviruses evade a host's antiviral immune system are not well understood. Liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) is a recently discovered mechanism that can selectively isolate cellular components to regulate biological processes, including host antiviral innate immune signal transduction pathways. This review focuses on the mechanism of coronavirus-induced LLPS and strategies for utilizing LLPS to evade the host antiviral innate immune response, along with potential antiviral therapeutic drugs and methods. It aims to provide a more comprehensive understanding and novel insights for researchers studying LLPS induced by pandemic viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Wen Zhang
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (Y.W.); (L.Z.); (X.W.); (S.Y.); (X.W.); (Q.S.); (Y.L.)
| | - Likai Ji
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (Y.W.); (L.Z.); (X.W.); (S.Y.); (X.W.); (Q.S.); (Y.L.)
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21
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Shang Z, Zhang S, Wang J, Zhou L, Zhang X, Billadeau DD, Yang P, Zhang L, Zhou F, Bai P, Jia D. TRIM25 predominately associates with anti-viral stress granules. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4127. [PMID: 38750080 PMCID: PMC11096359 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48596-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Stress granules (SGs) are induced by various environmental stressors, resulting in their compositional and functional heterogeneity. SGs play a crucial role in the antiviral process, owing to their potent translational repressive effects and ability to trigger signal transduction; however, it is poorly understood how these antiviral SGs differ from SGs induced by other environmental stressors. Here we identify that TRIM25, a known driver of the ubiquitination-dependent antiviral innate immune response, is a potent and critical marker of the antiviral SGs. TRIM25 undergoes liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) and co-condenses with the SG core protein G3BP1 in a dsRNA-dependent manner. The co-condensation of TRIM25 and G3BP1 results in a significant enhancement of TRIM25's ubiquitination activity towards multiple antiviral proteins, which are mainly located in SGs. This co-condensation is critical in activating the RIG-I signaling pathway, thus restraining RNA virus infection. Our studies provide a conceptual framework for better understanding the heterogeneity of stress granule components and their response to distinct environmental stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zehua Shang
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Sitao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jinrui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Lili Zhou
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215000, China
| | - Xinyue Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Daniel D Billadeau
- Division of Oncology Research and Schulze Center for Novel Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Peiguo Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, 310024, 310030, China
| | - Lingqiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, 100850, Beijing, China
| | - Fangfang Zhou
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215000, China
| | - Peng Bai
- Department of Forensic Genetics, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Da Jia
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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22
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Martínez-López MF, Muslin C, Kyriakidis NC. STINGing Defenses: Unmasking the Mechanisms of DNA Oncovirus-Mediated Immune Escape. Viruses 2024; 16:574. [PMID: 38675916 PMCID: PMC11054469 DOI: 10.3390/v16040574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
DNA oncoviruses represent an intriguing subject due to their involvement in oncogenesis. These viruses have evolved mechanisms to manipulate the host immune response, facilitating their persistence and actively contributing to carcinogenic processes. This paper describes the complex interactions between DNA oncoviruses and the innate immune system, with a particular emphasis on the cGAS-STING pathway. Exploring these interactions highlights that DNA oncoviruses strategically target and subvert this pathway, exploiting its vulnerabilities for their own survival and proliferation within the host. Understanding these interactions lays the foundation for identifying potential therapeutic interventions. Herein, we sought to contribute to the ongoing efforts in advancing our understanding of the innate immune system in oncoviral pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayra F Martínez-López
- Cancer Research Group (CRG), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de las Américas, Quito 170503, Ecuador;
| | - Claire Muslin
- One Health Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad de las Américas, Quito 170503, Ecuador;
| | - Nikolaos C. Kyriakidis
- Cancer Research Group (CRG), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de las Américas, Quito 170503, Ecuador;
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23
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Lu Y, Zhao M, Chen L, Wang Y, Liu T, Liu H. cGAS: action in the nucleus. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1380517. [PMID: 38515746 PMCID: PMC10954897 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1380517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
As a canonical cytoplasmic DNA sensor, cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) plays a key role in innate immunity. In recent years, a growing number of studies have shown that cGAS can also be located in the nucleus and plays new functions such as regulating DNA damage repair, nuclear membrane repair, chromosome fusion, DNA replication, angiogenesis and other non-canonical functions. Meanwhile, the mechanisms underlying the nucleo-cytoplasmic transport and the regulation of cGAS activation have been revealed in recent years. Based on the current understanding of the structure, subcellular localization and canonical functions of cGAS, this review focuses on summarizing the mechanisms underlying nucleo-cytoplasmic transport, activity regulation and non-canonical functions of cGAS in the nucleus. We aim to provide insights into exploring the new functions of cGAS in the nucleus and advance its clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yikai Lu
- Central Laboratory, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengmeng Zhao
- Research Center of Translational Medicine, Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Li Chen
- Central Laboratory, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Central Laboratory, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tianhao Liu
- Central Laboratory, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Haipeng Liu
- Central Laboratory, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
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24
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Mokin YI, Ilyinsky NS, Nesterov SV, Smirnov EY, Sergeeva OS, Romanovich AE, Kuznetsova IM, Turoverov KK, Uversky VN, Fonin AV. Stress-granules, P-bodies, and cell aging: A bioinformatics study. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2024; 694:149404. [PMID: 38147698 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.149404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
At the molecular level, aging is often accompanied by dysfunction of stress-induced membrane-less organelles (MLOs) and changes in their physical state (or material properties). In this work, we analyzed the proteins included in the proteome of stress granules (SGs) and P-bodies for their tendency to transform the physical state of these MLOs. Particular attention was paid to the proteins whose gene expression changes during replicative aging. It was shown that the proteome of the studied MLOs consists of intrinsically disordered proteins, 30-40% of which are potentially capable of liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS). Proteins whose gene expression changes during the transition of human cells to a senescent state make up about 20% of the studied proteomes. There is a statistically significant increase in the number of positively charged proteins in both datasets studied compared to the complete proteomes of these organelles. An increase in the relative content of DNA-, but not RNA-binding proteins, was also found in the SG dataset with senescence-related processes. Among SGs proteins potentially involved in senescent processes, there is an increase in the abundance of potentially amyloidogenic proteins compared to the whole proteome. Proteins common to SGs and P-bodies, potentially involved in processes associated with senescence, form clusters of interacting proteins. The largest cluster is represented by RNA-binding proteins involved in RNA processing and translation regulation. These data indicate that SG proteins, but not proteins of P-bodies, are more likely to transform the physical state of MLOs. Furthermore, these MLOs can participate in processes associated with aging in a coordinated manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yakov I Mokin
- Laboratory of Structural Dynamics, Stability and Folding of Proteins, Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Tikhoretsky Ave., 194064, St. Petersburg, Russia.
| | - Nikolay S Ilyinsky
- Research Center for Molecular Mechanisms of Aging and Age-Related Diseases, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Institutskiy Pereulok, 9, Dolgoprudny, 141700, Russia.
| | - Semen V Nesterov
- Research Center for Molecular Mechanisms of Aging and Age-Related Diseases, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Institutskiy Pereulok, 9, Dolgoprudny, 141700, Russia.
| | - Eugene Y Smirnov
- Laboratory of Structural Dynamics, Stability and Folding of Proteins, Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Tikhoretsky Ave., 194064, St. Petersburg, Russia.
| | - Olga S Sergeeva
- Laboratory of Structural Dynamics, Stability and Folding of Proteins, Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Tikhoretsky Ave., 194064, St. Petersburg, Russia.
| | - Anna E Romanovich
- Resource Center of Molecular and Cell Technologies, St-Petersburg State University Research Park, Universitetskaya Emb. 7-9, 199034, St. Petersburg, Russia.
| | - Irina M Kuznetsova
- Laboratory of Structural Dynamics, Stability and Folding of Proteins, Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Tikhoretsky Ave., 194064, St. Petersburg, Russia.
| | - Konstantin K Turoverov
- Laboratory of Structural Dynamics, Stability and Folding of Proteins, Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Tikhoretsky Ave., 194064, St. Petersburg, Russia.
| | - Vladimir N Uversky
- Department of Molecular Medicine and USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Research Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd., MDC07, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA.
| | - Alexander V Fonin
- Laboratory of Structural Dynamics, Stability and Folding of Proteins, Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Tikhoretsky Ave., 194064, St. Petersburg, Russia.
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25
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Li Y, Bie J, Song C, Li Y, Zhang T, Li H, Zhao L, You F, Luo J. SIRT2 negatively regulates the cGAS-STING pathway by deacetylating G3BP1. EMBO Rep 2023; 24:e57500. [PMID: 37870259 PMCID: PMC10702829 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202357500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
SIRT2, a cytoplasmic member of the Sirtuin family, has important roles in immunity and inflammation. However, its function in regulating the response to DNA virus infection remains elusive. Here, we find that SIRT2 is a unique regulator among the Sirtuin family that negatively modulates the cGAS-STING-signaling pathway. SIRT2 is down-regulated after Herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) infection, and SIRT2 deficiency markedly elevates the expression levels of type I interferon (IFN). SIRT2 inhibits the DNA binding ability and droplet formation of cGAS by interacting with and deacetylating G3BP1 at K257, K276, and K376, leading to the disassembly of the cGAS-G3BP1 complex, which is critical for cGAS activation. Administration of AGK2, a selective SIRT2 inhibitor, protects mice from HSV-1 infection and increases the expression of IFN and IFN-stimulated genes. Our study shows that SIRT2 negatively regulates cGAS activation through G3BP1 deacetylation, suggesting a potential antiviral strategy by modulating SIRT2 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutong Li
- Department of Medical Genetics, Center for Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical SciencesPeking University Health Science CenterBeijingChina
| | - Juntao Bie
- Department of Medical Genetics, Center for Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical SciencesPeking University Health Science CenterBeijingChina
| | - Chen Song
- Department of Medical Genetics, Center for Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical SciencesPeking University Health Science CenterBeijingChina
| | - Yunfei Li
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tumor Systems BiologyInstitute of Systems Biomedicine, Peking University Health Science CenterBeijingChina
| | - Tianzhuo Zhang
- Department of Medical Genetics, Center for Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical SciencesPeking University Health Science CenterBeijingChina
| | - Haishuang Li
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical SciencesPeking University Third Hospital, Peking University Health Science CenterBeijingChina
| | - Long Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterological SurgeryPeking University People's HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Fuping You
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tumor Systems BiologyInstitute of Systems Biomedicine, Peking University Health Science CenterBeijingChina
| | - Jianyuan Luo
- Department of Medical Genetics, Center for Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical SciencesPeking University Health Science CenterBeijingChina
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Protein Posttranslational Modifications and Cell Function, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, School of Basic Medical SciencesPeking University Health Science CenterBeijingChina
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26
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Yang T, Wang G, Zhang M, Hu X, Li Q, Yun F, Xing Y, Song X, Zhang H, Hu G, Qian Y. Triggering endogenous Z-RNA sensing for anti-tumor therapy through ZBP1-dependent necroptosis. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113377. [PMID: 37922310 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/05/2023] Open
Abstract
ZBP1 senses viral Z-RNAs to induce necroptotic cell death to restrain viral infection. ZBP1 is also thought to recognize host cell-derived Z-RNAs to regulate organ development and tissue inflammation in mice. However, it remains unknown how the host-derived Z-RNAs are formed and how these endogenous Z-RNAs are sensed by ZBP1. Here, we report that oxidative stress strongly induces host cell endogenous Z-RNAs, and the Z-RNAs then localize to stress granules for direct sensing by ZBP1 to trigger necroptosis. Oxidative stress triggers dramatically increase Z-RNA levels in tumor cells, and the Z-RNAs then directly trigger tumor cell necroptosis through ZBP1. Localization of the induced Z-RNAs to stress granules is essential for ZBP1 sensing. Oxidative stress-induced Z-RNAs significantly promote tumor chemotherapy via ZBP1-driven necroptosis. Thus, our study identifies oxidative stress as a critical trigger for Z-RNA formation and demonstrates how Z-RNAs are directly sensed by ZBP1 to trigger anti-tumor necroptotic cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Guodong Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Mingxiang Zhang
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Xiaohu Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Qi Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Fenglin Yun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yingying Xing
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Xinyang Song
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Haibing Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Guohong Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Youcun Qian
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 200031, China.
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27
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Chathuranga WAG, Nikapitiya C, Kim JH, Chathuranga K, Weerawardhana A, Dodantenna N, Kim DJ, Poo H, Jung JU, Lee CH, Lee JS. Gadd45β is critical for regulation of type I interferon signaling by facilitating G3BP-mediated stress granule formation. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113358. [PMID: 37917584 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Stress granules (SGs) constitute a signaling hub that plays a critical role in type I interferon responses. Here, we report that growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible beta (Gadd45β) act as a positive regulator of SG-mediated interferon signaling by targeting G3BP upon RNA virus infection. Gadd45β deficiency markedly impairs SG formation and SG-mediated activation of interferon signaling in vitro. Gadd45β knockout mice are highly susceptible to RNA virus infection, and their ability to produce interferon and cytokines is severely impaired. Specifically, Gadd45β interacts with the RNA-binding domain of G3BP, leading to conformational expansion of G3BP1 via dissolution of its autoinhibitory electrostatic intramolecular interaction. The acidic loop 1- and RNA-binding properties of Gadd45β markedly increase the conformational expansion and RNA-binding affinity of the G3BP1-Gadd45β complex, thereby promoting assembly of SGs. These findings suggest a role for Gadd45β as a component and critical regulator of G3BP1-mediated SG formation, which facilitates RLR-mediated interferon signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- W A Gayan Chathuranga
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34314, Republic of Korea
| | - Chamilani Nikapitiya
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34314, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Hoon Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34314, Republic of Korea; Livestock Products Analysis Division, Division of Animal Health, Daejeon Metropolitan City Institute of Health and Environment, Daejeon 34146, Republic of Korea
| | - Kiramage Chathuranga
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34314, Republic of Korea
| | - Asela Weerawardhana
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34314, Republic of Korea
| | - Niranjan Dodantenna
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34314, Republic of Korea
| | - Doo-Jin Kim
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Haryoung Poo
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Konkuk Institute of Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae U Jung
- Department of Cancer Biology, Infection Biology Program, and Global Center for Pathogen Research and Human Health, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Chul-Ho Lee
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRRIB), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jong-Soo Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34314, Republic of Korea.
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28
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Kong LZ, Kim SM, Wang C, Lee SY, Oh SC, Lee S, Jo S, Kim TD. Understanding nucleic acid sensing and its therapeutic applications. Exp Mol Med 2023; 55:2320-2331. [PMID: 37945923 PMCID: PMC10689850 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-023-01118-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Nucleic acid sensing is involved in viral infections, immune response-related diseases, and therapeutics. Based on the composition of nucleic acids, nucleic acid sensors are defined as DNA or RNA sensors. Pathogen-associated nucleic acids are recognized by membrane-bound and intracellular receptors, known as pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), which induce innate immune-mediated antiviral responses. PRR activation is tightly regulated to eliminate infections and prevent abnormal or excessive immune responses. Nucleic acid sensing is an essential mechanism in tumor immunotherapy and gene therapies that target cancer and infectious diseases through genetically engineered immune cells or therapeutic nucleic acids. Nucleic acid sensing supports immune cells in priming desirable immune responses during tumor treatment. Recent studies have shown that nucleic acid sensing affects the efficiency of gene therapy by inhibiting translation. Suppression of innate immunity induced by nucleic acid sensing through small-molecule inhibitors, virus-derived proteins, and chemical modifications offers a potential therapeutic strategy. Herein, we review the mechanisms and regulation of nucleic acid sensing, specifically covering recent advances. Furthermore, we summarize and discuss recent research progress regarding the different effects of nucleic acid sensing on therapeutic efficacy. This study provides insights for the application of nucleic acid sensing in therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Zu Kong
- Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok-Min Kim
- Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Chunli Wang
- Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Yun Lee
- Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Se-Chan Oh
- Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunyoung Lee
- Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Korea
| | - Seona Jo
- Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- Department of Functional Genomics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, 34113, Korea
| | - Tae-Don Kim
- Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Functional Genomics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, 34113, Korea.
- Biomedical Mathematics Group, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Convergence, School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea.
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29
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Abstract
Biomolecular condensates formed by phase separation are widespread and play critical roles in many physiological and pathological processes. cGAS-STING signaling functions to detect aberrant DNA signals to initiate anti-infection defense and antitumor immunity. At the same time, cGAS-STING signaling must be carefully regulated to maintain immune homeostasis. Interestingly, exciting recent studies have reported that biomolecular phase separation exists and plays important roles in different steps of cGAS-STING signaling, including cGAS condensates, STING condensates, and IRF3 condensates. In addition, several intracellular and extracellular factors have been proposed to modulate the condensates in cGAS-STING signaling. These studies reveal novel activation and regulation mechanisms of cGAS-STING signaling and provide new opportunities for drug discovery. Here, we summarize recent advances in the phase separation of cGAS-STING signaling and the development of potential drugs targeting these innate immune condensates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanjin Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Pu Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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30
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Boccaccio GL, Thomas MG, García CC. Membraneless Organelles and Condensates Orchestrate Innate Immunity Against Viruses. J Mol Biol 2023; 435:167976. [PMID: 36702393 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2023.167976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The cellular defense against viruses involves the assembly of oligomers, granules and membraneless organelles (MLOs) that govern the activation of several arms of the innate immune response. Upon interaction with specific pathogen-derived ligands, a number of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) undergo phase-separation thus triggering downstream signaling pathways. Among other relevant condensates, inflammasomes, apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase-recruitment domain (ASC) specks, cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) foci, protein kinase R (PKR) clusters, ribonuclease L-induced bodies (RLBs), stress granules (SGs), processing bodies (PBs) and promyelocytic leukemia protein nuclear bodies (PML NBs) play different roles in the immune response. In turn, viruses have evolved diverse strategies to evade the host defense. Viral DNA or RNA, as well as viral proteases or proteins carrying intrinsically disordered regions may interfere with condensate formation and function in multiple ways. In this review we discuss current and hypothetical mechanisms of viral escape that involve the disassembly, repurposing, or inactivation of membraneless condensates that govern innate immunity. We summarize emerging interconnections between these diverse condensates that ultimately determine the cellular outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graciela Lidia Boccaccio
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular del ARN, Instituto Leloir (FIL) and Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires (IIBBA) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Departamento de Fisiología y Biología Molecular y Celular (FBMyC), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (FCEN), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - María Gabriela Thomas
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular del ARN, Instituto Leloir (FIL) and Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires (IIBBA) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina. https://www.twitter.com/_gabithomas
| | - Cybele Carina García
- Departamento de Química Biológica (QB), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (FCEN), and IQUIBICEN, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET) and Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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31
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Liu Y, Yao Z, Lian G, Yang P. Biomolecular phase separation in stress granule assembly and virus infection. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2023; 55:1099-1118. [PMID: 37401177 PMCID: PMC10415189 DOI: 10.3724/abbs.2023117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) has emerged as a crucial mechanism for cellular compartmentalization. One prominent example of this is the stress granule. Found in various types of cells, stress granule is a biomolecular condensate formed through phase separation. It comprises numerous RNA and RNA-binding proteins. Over the past decades, substantial knowledge has been gained about the composition and dynamics of stress granules. SGs can regulate various signaling pathways and have been associated with numerous human diseases, such as neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, and infectious diseases. The threat of viral infections continues to loom over society. Both DNA and RNA viruses depend on host cells for replication. Intriguingly, many stages of the viral life cycle are closely tied to RNA metabolism in human cells. The field of biomolecular condensates has rapidly advanced in recent times. In this context, we aim to summarize research on stress granules and their link to viral infections. Notably, stress granules triggered by viral infections behave differently from the canonical stress granules triggered by sodium arsenite (SA) and heat shock. Studying stress granules in the context of viral infections could offer a valuable platform to link viral replication processes and host anti-viral responses. A deeper understanding of these biological processes could pave the way for innovative interventions and treatments for viral infectious diseases. They could potentially bridge the gap between basic biological processes and interactions between viruses and their hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Liu
- />Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and BiomedicineSchool of Life SciencesWestlake UniversityHangzhou310030China
| | - Zhiying Yao
- />Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and BiomedicineSchool of Life SciencesWestlake UniversityHangzhou310030China
| | - Guiwei Lian
- />Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and BiomedicineSchool of Life SciencesWestlake UniversityHangzhou310030China
| | - Peiguo Yang
- />Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and BiomedicineSchool of Life SciencesWestlake UniversityHangzhou310030China
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32
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Li XW, Yuan SC, Wang M, Su ZH, Zhao M, Li T, Zhang XM, Xue W, Li WH. Rosmarinic acid ameliorates autoimmune responses through suppression of intracellular nucleic acid-mediated type I interferon expression. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 673:73-80. [PMID: 37364388 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.05.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Recognition of intracellular nucleic acids is a vital step for host to mount prompt immune responses against microbial pathogens. However, inappropriate response to self-nucleic acids leads to sustained type I interferon (IFN) production, which is implicated in the development of several autoimmune diseases, such as Aicardi-Goutières syndrome (AGS). Therefore, effective confinement of intracellular nucleic acid-induced IFN expression is a potential strategy for the treatment of such autoimmune diseases. In this study, we found that rosmarinic acid (RA), a natural compound isolated from rosemary, inhibits intracellular nucleic acid-stimulated IFN expression. Mechanistic investigation revealed that RA binds to both G3BP1 and cGAS, and impairs cGAS activation through disrupting the binding of DNA with cGAS. More importantly, we showed that RA could effectively attenuate the expression of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) in the well-established cell models for AGS. Thus, our study provides a promising compound for the treatment of autoimmune responses induced by aberrant nucleic acid-sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Wei Li
- Nanhu Laboratory, National Center of Biomedical Analysis, 27 Tai-Ping Road, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Sen-Chao Yuan
- Nanhu Laboratory, National Center of Biomedical Analysis, 27 Tai-Ping Road, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Miao Wang
- Nanhu Laboratory, National Center of Biomedical Analysis, 27 Tai-Ping Road, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Zhi-Hui Su
- Nanhu Laboratory, National Center of Biomedical Analysis, 27 Tai-Ping Road, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Ming Zhao
- Nanhu Laboratory, National Center of Biomedical Analysis, 27 Tai-Ping Road, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Tao Li
- Nanhu Laboratory, National Center of Biomedical Analysis, 27 Tai-Ping Road, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Xue-Min Zhang
- Nanhu Laboratory, National Center of Biomedical Analysis, 27 Tai-Ping Road, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Wen Xue
- Nanhu Laboratory, National Center of Biomedical Analysis, 27 Tai-Ping Road, Beijing, 100850, China.
| | - Wei-Hua Li
- Nanhu Laboratory, National Center of Biomedical Analysis, 27 Tai-Ping Road, Beijing, 100850, China.
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Yang S, Shen W, Hu J, Cai S, Zhang C, Jin S, Guan X, Wu J, Wu Y, Cui J. Molecular mechanisms and cellular functions of liquid-liquid phase separation during antiviral immune responses. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1162211. [PMID: 37251408 PMCID: PMC10210139 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1162211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Spatiotemporal separation of cellular components is vital to ensure biochemical processes. Membrane-bound organelles such as mitochondria and nuclei play a major role in isolating intracellular components, while membraneless organelles (MLOs) are accumulatively uncovered via liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) to mediate cellular spatiotemporal organization. MLOs orchestrate various key cellular processes, including protein localization, supramolecular assembly, gene expression, and signal transduction. During viral infection, LLPS not only participates in viral replication but also contributes to host antiviral immune responses. Therefore, a more comprehensive understanding of the roles of LLPS in virus infection may open up new avenues for treating viral infectious diseases. In this review, we focus on the antiviral defense mechanisms of LLPS in innate immunity and discuss the involvement of LLPS during viral replication and immune evasion escape, as well as the strategy of targeting LLPS to treat viral infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Yang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Ministry of Education MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weishan Shen
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiajia Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sihui Cai
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chenqiu Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shouheng Jin
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiangdong Guan
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianfeng Wu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yaoxing Wu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Ministry of Education MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Cui
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Ministry of Education MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Cai S, Zhang C, Zhuang Z, Zhang S, Ma L, Yang S, Zhou T, Wang Z, Xie W, Jin S, Zhao J, Guan X, Wu J, Cui J, Wu Y. Phase-separated nucleocapsid protein of SARS-CoV-2 suppresses cGAS-DNA recognition by disrupting cGAS-G3BP1 complex. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:170. [PMID: 37100798 PMCID: PMC10131525 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01420-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, the incidence and fatality rate of SARS-CoV-2 remain continually high worldwide. COVID-19 patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 exhibited decreased type I interferon (IFN-I) signal, along with limited activation of antiviral immune responses as well as enhanced viral infectivity. Dramatic progresses have been made in revealing the multiple strategies employed by SARS-CoV-2 in impairing canonical RNA sensing pathways. However, it remains to be determined about the SARS-CoV-2 antagonism of cGAS-mediated activation of IFN responses during infection. In the current study, we figure out that SARS-CoV-2 infection leads to the accumulation of released mitochondria DNA (mtDNA), which in turn triggers cGAS to activate IFN-I signaling. As countermeasures, SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid (N) protein restricts the DNA recognition capacity of cGAS to impair cGAS-induced IFN-I signaling. Mechanically, N protein disrupts the assembly of cGAS with its co-factor G3BP1 by undergoing DNA-induced liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS), subsequently impairs the double-strand DNA (dsDNA) detection ability of cGAS. Taken together, our findings unravel a novel antagonistic strategy by which SARS-CoV-2 reduces DNA-triggered IFN-I pathway through interfering with cGAS-DNA phase separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sihui Cai
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Chenqiu Zhang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhen Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shengnan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ling Ma
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shuai Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Tao Zhou
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zheyu Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Weihong Xie
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shouheng Jin
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jincun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiangdong Guan
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Jianfeng Wu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Jun Cui
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Yaoxing Wu
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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Corbet GA, Burke JM, Parker R. Nucleic acid-protein condensates in innate immune signaling. EMBO J 2023; 42:e111870. [PMID: 36178199 PMCID: PMC10068312 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2022111870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of foreign nucleic acids in the cytosol is a marker of infection. Cells have sensors, also known as pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), in the cytosol that detect foreign nucleic acid and initiate an innate immune response. Recent studies have reported the condensation of multiple PRRs including PKR, NLRP6, and cGAS, with their nucleic acid activators into discrete nucleoprotein assemblies. Nucleic acid-protein condensates form due to multivalent interactions and can create high local concentrations of components. The formation of PRR-containing condensates may alter the magnitude or timing of PRR activation. In addition, unique condensates form following RNase L activation or during paracrine signaling from virally infected cells that may play roles in antiviral defense. These observations suggest that condensate formation may be a conserved mechanism that cells use to regulate activation of the innate immune response and open an avenue for further investigation into the composition and function of these condensates. Here we review the nucleic acid-protein granules that are implicated in the innate immune response, discuss general consequences of condensate formation and signal transduction, as well as what outstanding questions remain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia A Corbet
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of ColoradoBoulderCOUSA
| | - James M Burke
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of ColoradoBoulderCOUSA
- Present address:
Department of Molecular MedicineUniversity of Florida Scripps Biomedical ResearchJupiterFLUSA
| | - Roy Parker
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of ColoradoBoulderCOUSA
- Howard Hughes Medical InstituteChevy ChaseMDUSA
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Zhang J, Zhou EC, He Y, Chai ZL, Ji BZ, Tu Y, Wang HL, Wu WQ, Liu Y, Zhang XH, Liu Y. ZYG11B potentiates the antiviral innate immune response by enhancing cGAS-DNA binding and condensation. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112278. [PMID: 36933219 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
As a key dsDNA recognition receptor, cyclic guanosine monophosphate (GMP)-AMP synthase (cGAS) plays a vital role in innate immune responses. Activated cGAS, by sensing DNA, catalyzes the synthesis of the secondary messenger cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP), which subsequently activates downstream signaling to induce production of interferons and inflammatory cytokines. Here, we report Zyg-11 family member B (ZYG11B) as a potent amplifier in cGAS-mediated immune responses. Knockdown of ZYG11B impairs production of cGAMP and subsequent transcription of interferon and inflammatory cytokines. Mechanistically, ZYG11B enhances cGAS-DNA binding affinity, potentiates cGAS-DNA condensation, and stabilizes the cGAS-DNA condensed complex. Moreover, herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) infection induces ZYG11B degradation in a cGAS-unrelated manner. Our findings not only reveal an important role of ZYG11B in the early stage of DNA-induced cGAS activation but also indicate a viral strategy to dampen the innate immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China; College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Er-Chi Zhou
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Yan He
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China; College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Ze-Lin Chai
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China; College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Ben-Zhe Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China; College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Yi Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China; College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Han-Ling Wang
- Xi'an Jiaotong-Livepool University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Wen-Qiang Wu
- College of Life Science, Henan University, Kaifeng 475001, China
| | - Yong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China; College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Xing-Hua Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Yu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China; College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
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Chen S, Rong M, Lv Y, Zhu D, Xiang Y. Regulation of cGAS activity by RNA-modulated phase separation. EMBO Rep 2023; 24:e51800. [PMID: 36382803 PMCID: PMC9900338 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202051800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) is a double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) sensor that functions in the innate immune system. Upon binding dsDNA, cGAS and dsDNA form phase-separated condensates in which cGAS catalyzes the synthesis of 2'3'-cyclic GMP-AMP that subsequently triggers a STING-dependent, type I interferon (IFN-I) response. Here, we show that cytoplasmic RNAs regulate cGAS activity. We discover that RNAs do not activate cGAS but rather promote phase separation of cGAS in vitro. In cells, cGAS colocalizes with RNA and forms complexes with RNA. In the presence of cytoplasmic dsDNA, RNAs colocalize with phase-separated condensates of cGAS and dsDNA. Further in vitro assays showed that RNAs promote the formation of cGAS-containing phase separations and enhance cGAS activity when the dsDNA concentration is low. Cotransfection of RNA with a small amount of dsDNA into THP1 cells significantly enhances the production of the downstream signaling molecule interferon beta (IFNB). This enhancement can be blocked by a cGAS-specific inhibitor. Thus, cytoplasmic RNAs could regulate cGAS activity by modulating the formation of cGAS-containing condensates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silian Chen
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure and Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of MedicineTsinghua UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Miao Rong
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure and Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of MedicineTsinghua UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Yun Lv
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of MedicineShandong UniversityJinanChina
| | - Deyu Zhu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of MedicineShandong UniversityJinanChina
| | - Ye Xiang
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure and Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of MedicineTsinghua UniversityBeijingChina
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Zheng Y, Gao C. Phase Separation: The Robust Modulator of Innate Antiviral Signaling and SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12020243. [PMID: 36839515 PMCID: PMC9962166 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12020243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 has been a pandemic threat to human health and the worldwide economy, but efficient treatments are still lacking. Type I and III interferons are essential for controlling viral infection, indicating that antiviral innate immune signaling is critical for defense against viral infection. Phase separation, one of the basic molecular processes, governs multiple cellular activities, such as cancer progression, microbial infection, and signaling transduction. Notably, recent studies suggest that phase separation regulates antiviral signaling such as the RLR and cGAS-STING pathways. Moreover, proper phase separation of viral proteins is essential for viral replication and pathogenesis. These observations indicate that phase separation is a critical checkpoint for virus and host interaction. In this study, we summarize the recent advances concerning the regulation of antiviral innate immune signaling and SARS-CoV-2 infection by phase separation. Our review highlights the emerging notion that phase separation is the robust modulator of innate antiviral signaling and viral infection.
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Chen R, Liu M, Jiang Q, Meng X, Wei J. The cyclic guanosine monophosphate synthase-stimulator of interferon genes pathway as a potential target for tumor immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1121603. [PMID: 37153627 PMCID: PMC10160662 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1121603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclic guanosine monophosphate-adenosine monophosphate (cGAMP) synthase (cGAS) detects infections or tissue damage by binding to microbial or self-DNA in the cytoplasm. Upon binding DNA, cGAS produces cGAMP that binds to and activates the adaptor protein stimulator of interferon genes (STING), which then activates the kinases IKK and TBK1 to induce the secretion of interferons and other cytokines. Recently, a series of studies demonstrated that the cGAS-STING pathway, a vital component of host innate immunity, might play an important role in anticancer immunity, though its mechanism remains to be elucidated. In this review, we highlight the latest understanding of the cGAS-STING pathway in tumor development and the advances in combination therapy of STING agonists and immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Chen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Mingxia Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Quanhong Jiang
- Advanced Medical Research Institute, Meili Lake Translational Research Park, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xiangbo Meng
- Advanced Medical Research Institute, Meili Lake Translational Research Park, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- *Correspondence: Junmin Wei, ; Xiangbo Meng,
| | - Junmin Wei
- Department of Medical Oncology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- *Correspondence: Junmin Wei, ; Xiangbo Meng,
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40
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Dolliver SM, Kleer M, Bui-Marinos MP, Ying S, Corcoran JA, Khaperskyy DA. Nsp1 proteins of human coronaviruses HCoV-OC43 and SARS-CoV2 inhibit stress granule formation. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1011041. [PMID: 36534661 PMCID: PMC9810206 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress granules (SGs) are cytoplasmic condensates that often form as part of the cellular antiviral response. Despite the growing interest in understanding the interplay between SGs and other biological condensates and viral replication, the role of SG formation during coronavirus infection remains poorly understood. Several proteins from different coronaviruses have been shown to suppress SG formation upon overexpression, but there are only a handful of studies analyzing SG formation in coronavirus-infected cells. To better understand SG inhibition by coronaviruses, we analyzed SG formation during infection with the human common cold coronavirus OC43 (HCoV-OC43) and the pandemic SARS-CoV2. We did not observe SG induction in infected cells and both viruses inhibited eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2α (eIF2α) phosphorylation and SG formation induced by exogenous stress. Furthermore, in SARS-CoV2 infected cells we observed a sharp decrease in the levels of SG-nucleating protein G3BP1. Ectopic overexpression of nucleocapsid (N) and non-structural protein 1 (Nsp1) from both HCoV-OC43 and SARS-CoV2 inhibited SG formation. The Nsp1 proteins of both viruses inhibited arsenite-induced eIF2α phosphorylation, and the Nsp1 of SARS-CoV2 alone was sufficient to cause a decrease in G3BP1 levels. This phenotype was dependent on the depletion of cytoplasmic mRNA mediated by Nsp1 and associated with nuclear accumulation of the SG-nucleating protein TIAR. To test the role of G3BP1 in coronavirus replication, we infected cells overexpressing EGFP-tagged G3BP1 with HCoV-OC43 and observed a significant decrease in virus replication compared to control cells expressing EGFP. The antiviral role of G3BP1 and the existence of multiple SG suppression mechanisms that are conserved between HCoV-OC43 and SARS-CoV2 suggest that SG formation may represent an important antiviral host defense that coronaviruses target to ensure efficient replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacia M. Dolliver
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
| | - Mariel Kleer
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases and Charbonneau Institute for Cancer Research, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Maxwell P. Bui-Marinos
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases and Charbonneau Institute for Cancer Research, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Shan Ying
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
| | - Jennifer A. Corcoran
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases and Charbonneau Institute for Cancer Research, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Denys A. Khaperskyy
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
- * E-mail:
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41
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cGAS inhibition alleviates Alu RNA-induced immune responses and cytotoxicity in retinal pigmented epithelium. Cell Biosci 2022; 12:116. [PMID: 35879806 PMCID: PMC9310409 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-022-00854-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The degeneration of retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE) cells results in severe diseases, such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD) that causes blindness in millions of individuals. Results We report that targeting GMP-AMP (cGAMP) synthase (cGAS) alleviates Alu RNA-induced immune responses and cytotoxicity in RPE. We find that the deletion of cGAS in RPE inhibits the Alu RNA-stimulated interferon production. cGAS deficiency also protects RPE from cell death triggered by Alu RNA. Importantly, two natural chemicals, epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and resveratrol (RSVL), are effective in suppressing the immunogenic and cytotoxic effect of Alu RNA in RPE. Conclusions Our findings further demonstrate the crucial role of cGAS in the Alu RNA-induced RPE damage and present EGCG and RSVL as potential therapies for AMD and other RPE degeneration-related conditions.
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42
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Ge Z, Ding S. Regulation of cGAS/STING signaling and corresponding immune escape strategies of viruses. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:954581. [PMID: 36189363 PMCID: PMC9516114 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.954581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate immunity is the first line of defense against invading external pathogens, and pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) are the key receptors that mediate the innate immune response. Nowadays, there are various PRRs in cells that can activate the innate immune response by recognizing pathogen-related molecular patterns (PAMPs). The DNA sensor cGAS, which belongs to the PRRs, plays a crucial role in innate immunity. cGAS detects both foreign and host DNA and generates a second-messenger cGAMP to mediate stimulator of interferon gene (STING)-dependent antiviral responses, thereby exerting an antiviral immune response. However, the process of cGAS/STING signaling is regulated by a wide range of factors. Multiple studies have shown that viruses directly target signal transduction proteins in the cGAS/STING signaling through viral surface proteins to impede innate immunity. It is noteworthy that the virus utilizes these cGAS/STING signaling regulators to evade immune surveillance. Thus, this paper mainly summarized the regulatory mechanism of the cGAS/STING signaling pathway and the immune escape mechanism of the corresponding virus, intending to provide targeted immunotherapy ideas for dealing with specific viral infections in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Ge
- School of Sport, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shuzhe Ding
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention of Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Shuzhe Ding,
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43
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Zhang M, Zou Y, Zhou X, Zhou J. Inhibitory targeting cGAS-STING-TBK1 axis: Emerging strategies for autoimmune diseases therapy. Front Immunol 2022; 13:954129. [PMID: 36172373 PMCID: PMC9511411 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.954129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The cGAS-STING signaling plays an integral role in the host immune response, and the abnormal activation of cGAS-STING is highly related to various autoimmune diseases. Therefore, targeting the cGAS-STING-TBK1 axis has become a promising strategy in therapy of autoimmune diseases. Herein, we summarized the key pathways mediated by the cGAS-STING-TBK1 axis and various cGAS-STING-TBK1 related autoimmune diseases, as well as the recent development of cGAS, STING, or TBK1 selective inhibitors and their potential application in therapy of cGAS-STING-TBK1 related autoimmune diseases. Overall, the review highlights that inhibiting cGAS-STING-TBK1 signaling is an attractive strategy for autoimmune disease therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
- Drug development and innovation center, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
| | - Yan Zou
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
- Drug development and innovation center, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
| | - Xujun Zhou
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
- Drug development and innovation center, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
| | - Jinming Zhou
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
- Drug development and innovation center, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
- *Correspondence: Jinming Zhou,
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Mosallanejad K, Kagan JC. Control of innate immunity by the cGAS-STING pathway. Immunol Cell Biol 2022; 100:409-423. [PMID: 35485309 PMCID: PMC9250635 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Within the cytoplasm of mammalian cells is a protein called cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS), which acts to defend against infection and other threats to the host. cGAS operates in this manner through its ability to detect a molecular occurrence that should not exist in healthy cells - the existence of DNA in the cytosol. Upon DNA binding, cGAS synthesizes cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP), a cyclic dinucleotide that activates the endoplasmic reticulum-localized protein stimulator of interferon genes (STING). STING-mediated signaling culminates in host defensive responses typified by inflammatory cytokine and interferon expression, and the induction of autophagy. Studies over the past several years have established a consensus in the field of the enzymatic activities of cGAS in vitro, as it relates to DNA-induced production of cGAMP. However, much additional work is needed to understand the regulation of cGAS functions within cells, where multiple sources of DNA can create a problem of self and non-self discrimination. In this review, we provide an overview of how the cGAS-STING pathway mediates innate immune responses during infection and other cellular stresses. We then highlight recent progress in the understanding of the increasingly diverse ways in which this DNA-sensing machinery is regulated inside cells, including how cGAS remains inactive to host-derived DNA under conditions of homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenta Mosallanejad
- Harvard Medical School and Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children’s Hospital Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jonathan C Kagan
- Harvard Medical School and Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children’s Hospital Boston, MA 02115, USA
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