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Cardani-Boulton A, Lin F, Bergmann CC. CD6 Regulates CD4 T Follicular Helper Cell Differentiation and Humoral Immunity During Murine Coronavirus Infection. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.07.26.605237. [PMID: 39091786 PMCID: PMC11291160 DOI: 10.1101/2024.07.26.605237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
During activation the T cell transmembrane receptor CD6 becomes incorporated into the T cell immunological synapse where it can exert both co-stimulatory and co-inhibitory functions. Given the ability of CD6 to carry out opposing functions, this study sought to determine how CD6 regulates early T cell activation in response to viral infection. Infection of CD6 deficient mice with a neurotropic murine coronavirus resulted in greater activation and expansion of CD4 T cells in the draining lymph nodes. Further analysis demonstrated that there was also preferential differentiation of CD4 T cells into T follicular helper cells, resulting in accelerated germinal center responses and emergence of high affinity virus specific antibodies. Given that CD6 conversely supports CD4 T cell activation in many autoimmune models, we probed potential mechanisms of CD6 mediated suppression of CD4 T cell activation during viral infection. Analysis of CD6 binding proteins revealed that infection induced upregulation of Ubash3a, a negative regulator of T cell receptor signaling, was hindered in CD6 deficient lymph nodes. Consistent with greater T cell activation and reduced UBASH3a activity, the T cell receptor signal strength was intensified in CD6 deficient CD4 T cells. These results reveal a novel immunoregulatory role for CD6 in limiting CD4 T cell activation and deterring CD4 T follicular helper cell differentiation, thereby attenuating antiviral humoral immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber Cardani-Boulton
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland Clinic, Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland, OH
| | - Feng Lin
- Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland Clinic, Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland, OH
- Department of Immunity and Inflammation, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | - Cornelia C Bergmann
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland Clinic, Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland, OH
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2
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Patel RP, Ghilardi G, Zhang Y, Chiang YH, Xie W, Guruprasad P, Kim KH, Chun I, Angelos MG, Pajarillo R, Hong SJ, Lee YG, Shestova O, Shaw C, Cohen I, Gupta A, Vu T, Qian D, Yang S, Nimmagadda A, Snook AE, Siciliano N, Rotolo A, Inamdar A, Harris J, Ugwuanyi O, Wang M, Carturan A, Paruzzo L, Chen L, Ballard HJ, Blanchard T, Xu C, Abdel-Mohsen M, Gabunia K, Wysocka M, Linette GP, Carreno B, Barrett DM, Teachey DT, Posey AD, Powell DJ, Sauter CT, Pileri S, Pillai V, Scholler J, Rook AH, Schuster SJ, Barta SK, Porazzi P, Ruella M. CD5 deletion enhances the antitumor activity of adoptive T cell therapies. Sci Immunol 2024; 9:eadn6509. [PMID: 39028827 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.adn6509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/21/2024]
Abstract
Most patients treated with US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells eventually experience disease progression. Furthermore, CAR T cells have not been curative against solid cancers and several hematological malignancies such as T cell lymphomas, which have very poor prognoses. One of the main barriers to the clinical success of adoptive T cell immunotherapies is CAR T cell dysfunction and lack of expansion and/or persistence after infusion. In this study, we found that CD5 inhibits CAR T cell activation and that knockout (KO) of CD5 using CRISPR-Cas9 enhances the antitumor effect of CAR T cells in multiple hematological and solid cancer models. Mechanistically, CD5 KO drives increased T cell effector function with enhanced cytotoxicity, in vivo expansion, and persistence, without apparent toxicity in preclinical models. These findings indicate that CD5 is a critical inhibitor of T cell function and a potential clinical target for enhancing T cell therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruchi P Patel
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Hospital of University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Lymphoma Program, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Guido Ghilardi
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Hospital of University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Lymphoma Program, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Yunlin Zhang
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Hospital of University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Lymphoma Program, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Yi-Hao Chiang
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei Xie
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Institute of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Puneeth Guruprasad
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Hospital of University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Lymphoma Program, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ki Hyun Kim
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Hospital of University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Lymphoma Program, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Inkook Chun
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Hospital of University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Lymphoma Program, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Mathew G Angelos
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Hospital of University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Lymphoma Program, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Raymone Pajarillo
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Hospital of University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Lymphoma Program, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Seok Jae Hong
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Hospital of University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Lymphoma Program, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Yong Gu Lee
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Hospital of University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Lymphoma Program, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- College of Pharmacy and Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Republic of Korea
| | - Olga Shestova
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Hospital of University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Carolyn Shaw
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ivan Cohen
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Hospital of University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Lymphoma Program, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Aasha Gupta
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Trang Vu
- viTToria Biotherapeutics, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Dean Qian
- viTToria Biotherapeutics, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Steven Yang
- viTToria Biotherapeutics, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Antonia Rotolo
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Arati Inamdar
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jaryse Harris
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ositadimma Ugwuanyi
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Hospital of University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Lymphoma Program, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Michael Wang
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Hospital of University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Lymphoma Program, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Alberto Carturan
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Hospital of University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Lymphoma Program, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Luca Paruzzo
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Hospital of University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Lymphoma Program, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Linhui Chen
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Hospital of University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Lymphoma Program, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Hatcher J Ballard
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Hospital of University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Lymphoma Program, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Tatiana Blanchard
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Chong Xu
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Khatuna Gabunia
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Maria Wysocka
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine at University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Gerald P Linette
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Beatriz Carreno
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - David M Barrett
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Division of Oncology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - David T Teachey
- Division of Oncology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Avery D Posey
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Daniel J Powell
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - C Tor Sauter
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Hospital of University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Lymphoma Program, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Stefano Pileri
- Division of Haematopathology, Istituto Europeo di Oncologia IRCCS, Italy
| | - Vinodh Pillai
- Division of Hemato-pathology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - John Scholler
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Alain H Rook
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine at University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Stephen J Schuster
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Hospital of University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Lymphoma Program, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Stefan K Barta
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Hospital of University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Lymphoma Program, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Patrizia Porazzi
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Hospital of University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Lymphoma Program, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Marco Ruella
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Hospital of University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Lymphoma Program, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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3
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Huang L, Thiex NW, Lou J, Ahmad G, An W, Low-Nam ST, Kerkvliet JG, Band H, Hoppe AD. The ubiquitin ligases Cbl and Cbl-b regulate macrophage growth by controlling CSF-1R import into macropinosomes. Mol Biol Cell 2024; 35:ar38. [PMID: 38170572 PMCID: PMC10916879 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e23-09-0345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitination of transmembrane receptors regulates endocytosis, intracellular traffic, and signal transduction. Bone marrow-derived macrophages from myeloid Cbl-/- and Cbl-b-/- double knockout (DKO) mice display sustained proliferation mirroring the myeloproliferative disease that these mice succumb to. Here, we found that the ubiquitin ligases Cbl and Cbl-b have overlapping functions for controlling the endocytosis and intracellular traffic of the CSF-1R. DKO macrophages displayed complete loss of ubiquitination of the CSF-1R whereas partial ubiquitination was observed for either single Cbl-/- or Cbl-b-/- macrophages. Unlike wild type, DKO macrophages were immortal and displayed slower CSF-1R internalization, elevated AKT signaling, and a failure to transport the CSF-1R into the lumen of nascent macropinosomes, leaving its cytoplasmic region available for signaling. CSF-1R degradation depended upon lysosomal vATPase activity in both WT and DKO macrophages, with this degradation confined to macropinosomes in WT but occurring in distributed/tubular lysosomes in DKO cells. RNA-sequencing comparison of Cbl-/-, Cbl-b-/- and DKO macrophages indicated that while the overall macrophage transcriptional program remained intact, DKO macrophages had alterations in gene expression associated with growth factor signaling, cell cycle, inflammation and senescence. Cbl-b-/- had minimal effect on the transcriptional program whereas Cbl-/- led to more alternations but only DKO macrophages demonstrated substantial changes in the transcriptome, suggesting overlapping but unique functions for the two Cbl-family members. Thus, Cbl/Cbl-b-mediated ubiquitination of CSF-1R regulates its endocytic fate, constrains inflammatory gene expression, and regulates signaling for macrophage proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Huang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007
- BioSNTR, Brookings, SD 57007
| | - Natalie W. Thiex
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007
- BioSNTR, Brookings, SD 57007
| | - Jieqiong Lou
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007
| | - Gulzar Ahmad
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198
| | - Wei An
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198
| | - Shalini T. Low-Nam
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007
| | - Jason G. Kerkvliet
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007
- BioSNTR, Brookings, SD 57007
| | - Hamid Band
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198
| | - Adam D. Hoppe
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007
- BioSNTR, Brookings, SD 57007
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4
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Eggert J, Zinzow-Kramer WM, Hu Y, Kolawole EM, Tsai YL, Weiss A, Evavold BD, Salaita K, Scharer CD, Au-Yeung BB. Cbl-b mitigates the responsiveness of naive CD8 + T cells that experience extensive tonic T cell receptor signaling. Sci Signal 2024; 17:eadh0439. [PMID: 38319998 PMCID: PMC10897907 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.adh0439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Naive T cells experience tonic T cell receptor (TCR) signaling in response to self-antigens presented by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) in secondary lymphoid organs. We investigated how relatively weak or strong tonic TCR signals influence naive CD8+ T cell responses to stimulation with foreign antigens. The heterogeneous expression of Nur77-GFP, a transgenic reporter of tonic TCR signaling, in naive CD8+ T cells suggests variable intensities or durations of tonic TCR signaling. Although the expression of genes associated with acutely stimulated T cells was increased in Nur77-GFPHI cells, these cells were hyporesponsive to agonist TCR stimulation compared with Nur77-GFPLO cells. This hyporesponsiveness manifested as diminished activation marker expression and decreased secretion of IFN-γ and IL-2. The protein abundance of the ubiquitin ligase Cbl-b, a negative regulator of TCR signaling, was greater in Nur77-GFPHI cells than in Nur77-GFPLO cells, and Cbl-b deficiency partially restored the responsiveness of Nur77-GFPHI cells. Our data suggest that the cumulative effects of previously experienced tonic TCR signaling recalibrate naive CD8+ T cell responsiveness. These changes include gene expression changes and negative regulation partially dependent on Cbl-b. This cell-intrinsic negative feedback loop may enable the immune system to restrain naive CD8+ T cells with higher self-reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Eggert
- Division of Immunology, Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Department of Medicine, Emory University; Atlanta, 30322, USA
| | - Wendy M. Zinzow-Kramer
- Division of Immunology, Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Department of Medicine, Emory University; Atlanta, 30322, USA
| | - Yuesong Hu
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University; Atlanta, 30322, USA
| | - Elizabeth M. Kolawole
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, 84112, USA
| | - Yuan-Li Tsai
- Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Rheumatology Research Center, Departments of Medicine and of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco; San Francisco, 94143, USA
| | - Arthur Weiss
- Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Rheumatology Research Center, Departments of Medicine and of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco; San Francisco, 94143, USA
| | - Brian D. Evavold
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, 84112, USA
| | - Khalid Salaita
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University; Atlanta, 30322, USA
| | | | - Byron B. Au-Yeung
- Division of Immunology, Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Department of Medicine, Emory University; Atlanta, 30322, USA
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5
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Tsai YL, Arias-Badia M, Kadlecek TA, Lwin YM, Srinath A, Shah NH, Wang ZE, Barber D, Kuriyan J, Fong L, Weiss A. TCR signaling promotes formation of an STS1-Cbl-b complex with pH-sensitive phosphatase activity that suppresses T cell function in acidic environments. Immunity 2023; 56:2682-2698.e9. [PMID: 38091950 PMCID: PMC10785950 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2023.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
T cell responses are inhibited by acidic environments. T cell receptor (TCR)-induced protein phosphorylation is negatively regulated by dephosphorylation and/or ubiquitination, but the mechanisms underlying sensitivity to acidic environments are not fully understood. Here, we found that TCR stimulation induced a molecular complex of Cbl-b, an E3-ubiquitin ligase, with STS1, a pH-sensitive unconventional phosphatase. The induced interaction depended upon a proline motif in Cbl-b interacting with the STS1 SH3 domain. STS1 dephosphorylated Cbl-b interacting phosphoproteins. The deficiency of STS1 or Cbl-b diminished the sensitivity of T cell responses to the inhibitory effects of acid in an autocrine or paracrine manner in vitro or in vivo. Moreover, the deficiency of STS1 or Cbl-b promoted T cell proliferative and differentiation activities in vivo and inhibited tumor growth, prolonged survival, and improved T cell fitness in tumor models. Thus, a TCR-induced STS1-Cbl-b complex senses intra- or extra-cellular acidity and regulates T cell responses, presenting a potential therapeutic target for improving anti-tumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Li Tsai
- Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Rheumatology Research Center, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Marcel Arias-Badia
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Theresa A Kadlecek
- Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Rheumatology Research Center, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Yee May Lwin
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Aahir Srinath
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Neel H Shah
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Zhi-En Wang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Diane Barber
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - John Kuriyan
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Lawrence Fong
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Arthur Weiss
- Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Rheumatology Research Center, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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Eggert J, Zinzow-Kramer WM, Hu Y, Tsai YL, Weiss A, Salaita K, Scharer CD, Au-Yeung BB. Accumulation of TCR signaling from self-antigens in naive CD8 T cells mitigates early responsiveness. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.27.525946. [PMID: 36747815 PMCID: PMC9900884 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.27.525946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The cumulative effects of T cell receptor (TCR) signal transduction over extended periods of time influences T cell biology, such as the positive selection of immature thymocytes or the proliferative responses of naive T cells. Naive T cells experience recurrent TCR signaling in response to self-antigens in the steady state. However, how these signals influence the responsiveness of naive CD8+ T cells to subsequent agonist TCR stimulation remains incompletely understood. We investigated how naive CD8+ T cells that experienced relatively low or high levels of TCR signaling in response to self-antigens respond to stimulation with foreign antigens. A transcriptional reporter of Nr4a1 (Nur77-GFP) revealed substantial heterogeneity of the amount of TCR signaling naive CD8+ T cells accumulate in the steady state. Nur77-GFPHI cells exhibited diminished T cell activation and secretion of IFNγ and IL-2 relative to Nur77-GFPLO cells in response to agonist TCR stimulation. Differential gene expression analyses revealed upregulation of genes associated with acutely stimulated T cells in Nur77-GFPHI cells but also increased expression of negative regulators such as the phosphatase Sts1. Responsiveness of Nur77-GFPHI cells to TCR stimulation was partially restored at the level of IFNγ secretion by deficiency of Sts1 or the ubiquitin ligase Cbl-b. Our data suggest that extensive accumulation of TCR signaling during steady state conditions induces a recalibration of the responsiveness of naive CD8+ T cells through gene expression changes and negative regulation, at least in part, dependent on Sts1 and Cbl-b. This cell-intrinsic negative feedback loop may allow the immune system to limit the autoreactive potential of highly self-reactive naive CD8+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Eggert
- Division of Immunology, Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Department of Medicine, Emory University
| | - Wendy M. Zinzow-Kramer
- Division of Immunology, Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Department of Medicine, Emory University
| | - Yuesong Hu
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University
| | - Yuan-Li Tsai
- Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Rheumatology Research Center, Departments of Medicine and of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Arthur Weiss
- Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Rheumatology Research Center, Departments of Medicine and of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco
| | | | | | - Byron B. Au-Yeung
- Division of Immunology, Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Department of Medicine, Emory University
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7
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Assessing temporal and geographic contacts across the Adriatic Sea through the analysis of genome-wide data from Southern Italy. Genomics 2022; 114:110405. [PMID: 35709925 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2022.110405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Southern Italy was characterised by a complex prehistory that started with different Palaeolithic cultures, later followed by the Neolithization and the demic dispersal from the Pontic-Caspian Steppe during the Bronze Age. Archaeological and historical evidences point to a link between Southern Italians and the Balkans still present in modern times. To shed light on these dynamics, we analysed around 700 South Mediterranean genomes combined with informative ancient DNAs. Our findings revealed high affinities of South-Eastern Italians with modern Eastern Peloponnesians, and a closer affinity of ancient Greek genomes with those from specific regions of South Italy than modern Greek genomes. The higher similarity could be associated with a Bronze Age component ultimately originating from the Caucasus with high Iranian and Anatolian Neolithic ancestries. Furthermore, extremely differentiated allele frequencies among Northern and Southern Italy revealed putatively adapted SNPs in genes involved in alcohol metabolism, nevi features and immunological traits.
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8
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CD5 Deficiency Alters Helper T Cell Metabolic Function and Shifts the Systemic Metabolome. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10030704. [PMID: 35327505 PMCID: PMC8945004 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10030704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic function plays a key role in immune cell activation, destruction of foreign pathogens, and memory cell generation. As T cells are activated, their metabolic profile is significantly changed due to signaling cascades mediated by the T cell receptor (TCR) and co-receptors found on their surface. CD5 is a T cell co-receptor that regulates thymocyte selection and peripheral T cell activation. The removal of CD5 enhances T cell activation and proliferation, but how this is accomplished is not well understood. We examined how CD5 specifically affects CD4+ T cell metabolic function and systemic metabolome by analyzing serum and T cell metabolites from CD5WT and CD5KO mice. We found that CD5 removal depletes certain serum metabolites, and CD5KO T cells have higher levels of several metabolites. Transcriptomic analysis identified several upregulated metabolic genes in CD5KO T cells. Bioinformatic analysis identified glycolysis and the TCA cycle as metabolic pathways promoted by CD5 removal. Functional metabolic analysis demonstrated that CD5KO T cells have higher oxygen consumption rates (OCR) and higher extracellular acidification rates (ECAR). Together, these findings suggest that the loss of CD5 is linked to CD4+ T cell metabolism changes in metabolic gene expression and metabolite concentration.
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9
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Li L, Gao A, Chen J, Lei Y, Wu L, Ye J. Identification and characterization of CD5 in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 127:104301. [PMID: 34688690 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2021.104301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
CD5 is a type I transmembrane glycoprotein acting as a pleiotropic functional receptor in the mammalian immune response system, mainly presents on the surface of cells associated with the immune system, and is essential for the classification of B cells. In this study, we identify a CD5 homologue in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). The open reading frame of OnCD5 is 507 bp, encoding 168 amino acids. The deduced amino acid sequence contains a signal peptide region, a transmembrane region and a conserved portion of the cytoplasmic region. Expression analysis indicates that the OnCD5 exhibits constitutive expression in the tested tissues, with the highest expression in thymus. Analysis of the OnCD5 transcription in the classified IgM+ and IgM- lymphocytes from anterior kidney, spleen and peripheral blood, and IgMlo and IgMhi lymphocytes from peripheral blood, indicates that the OnCD5 is highly expressed in the IgM + lymphocytes, especially in the IgMhi B lymphocytes. Furthermore, the OnCD5 expression is up-regulated significantly in anterior kidney and spleen following challenges of Aeromonas hydrophila and Streptococcus agalactiae in vivo and in vitro, likewise in IgM+ B lymphocytes sorted from peripheral blood upon stimulation with LPS. Further, the recombinant OnCD5 protein has the bacteria-binding activity. Taken together, these results reveal that OnCD5 participates in host's defense during pathogen infection, and may play an important role in tilapia B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Li
- Institute of Modern Aquaculture Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Environmentally-Friendly Aquaculture, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Along Gao
- Institute of Modern Aquaculture Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Environmentally-Friendly Aquaculture, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Jianlin Chen
- Institute of Modern Aquaculture Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Environmentally-Friendly Aquaculture, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Yang Lei
- Institute of Modern Aquaculture Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Environmentally-Friendly Aquaculture, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Liting Wu
- Institute of Modern Aquaculture Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Environmentally-Friendly Aquaculture, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China.
| | - Jianmin Ye
- Institute of Modern Aquaculture Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Environmentally-Friendly Aquaculture, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China.
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10
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Mori D, Grégoire C, Voisinne G, Celis-Gutierrez J, Aussel R, Girard L, Camus M, Marcellin M, Argenty J, Burlet-Schiltz O, Fiore F, Gonzalez de Peredo A, Malissen M, Roncagalli R, Malissen B. The T cell CD6 receptor operates a multitask signalosome with opposite functions in T cell activation. J Exp Med 2021; 218:211516. [PMID: 33125054 PMCID: PMC7608068 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20201011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
To determine the respective contribution of the LAT transmembrane adaptor and CD5 and CD6 transmembrane receptors to early TCR signal propagation, diversification, and termination, we describe a CRISPR/Cas9-based platform that uses primary mouse T cells and permits establishment of the composition of their LAT, CD5, and CD6 signalosomes in only 4 mo using quantitative mass spectrometry. We confirmed that positive and negative functions can be solely assigned to the LAT and CD5 signalosomes, respectively. In contrast, the TCR-inducible CD6 signalosome comprised both positive (SLP-76, ZAP70, VAV1) and negative (UBASH3A/STS-2) regulators of T cell activation. Moreover, CD6 associated independently of TCR engagement to proteins that support its implication in inflammatory pathologies necessitating T cell transendothelial migration. The multifaceted role of CD6 unveiled here accounts for past difficulties in classifying it as a coinhibitor or costimulator. Congruent with our identification of UBASH3A within the CD6 signalosome and the view that CD6 constitutes a promising target for autoimmune disease treatment, single-nucleotide polymorphisms associated with human autoimmune diseases have been found in the Cd6 and Ubash3a genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiki Mori
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Marseille, France.,Centre d'Immunophénomique, Aix Marseille Université, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Marseille, France
| | - Claude Grégoire
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Marseille, France
| | - Guillaume Voisinne
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Marseille, France
| | - Javier Celis-Gutierrez
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Marseille, France.,Centre d'Immunophénomique, Aix Marseille Université, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Marseille, France
| | - Rudy Aussel
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Marseille, France
| | - Laura Girard
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Marseille, France.,Centre d'Immunophénomique, Aix Marseille Université, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Marseille, France
| | - Mylène Camus
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Université de Toulouse, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Marlène Marcellin
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Université de Toulouse, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Jérémy Argenty
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Marseille, France
| | - Odile Burlet-Schiltz
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Université de Toulouse, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Frédéric Fiore
- Centre d'Immunophénomique, Aix Marseille Université, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Marseille, France
| | - Anne Gonzalez de Peredo
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Université de Toulouse, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Marie Malissen
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Marseille, France.,Centre d'Immunophénomique, Aix Marseille Université, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Marseille, France
| | - Romain Roncagalli
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Marseille, France
| | - Bernard Malissen
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Marseille, France.,Centre d'Immunophénomique, Aix Marseille Université, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Marseille, France
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11
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Oberstaller J, Zoungrana L, Bannerman CD, Jahangiri S, Dwivedi A, Silva JC, Adams JH, Takala-Harrison S. Integration of population and functional genomics to understand mechanisms of artemisinin resistance in Plasmodium falciparum. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist 2021; 16:119-128. [PMID: 34102588 PMCID: PMC8187163 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2021.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Resistance to antimalarial drugs, and in particular to the artemisinin derivatives and their partner drugs, threatens recent progress toward regional malaria elimination and eventual global malaria eradication. Population-level studies utilizing whole-genome sequencing approaches have facilitated the identification of regions of the parasite genome associated with both clinical and in vitro drug-resistance phenotypes. However, the biological relevance of genes identified in these analyses and the establishment of a causal relationship between genotype and phenotype requires functional characterization. Here we examined data from population genomic and transcriptomic studies in the context of data generated from recent functional studies, using a new population genetic approach designed to identify potential favored mutations within the region of a selective sweep (iSAFE). We identified several genes functioning in pathways now known to be associated with artemisinin resistance that were supported in early population genomic studies, as well as potential new drug targets/pathways for further validation and consideration for treatment of artemisinin-resistant Plasmodium falciparum. In addition, we establish the utility of iSAFE in identifying positively-selected mutations in population genomic studies, potentially accelerating the time to functional validation of candidate genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna Oberstaller
- Center for Global Health and Infectious Disease Research and USF Genomics Program, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA.
| | - Linda Zoungrana
- Center for Global Health and Infectious Disease Research and USF Genomics Program, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA.
| | - Carl D Bannerman
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Samira Jahangiri
- Center for Global Health and Infectious Disease Research and USF Genomics Program, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA.
| | - Ankit Dwivedi
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Joana C Silva
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - John H Adams
- Center for Global Health and Infectious Disease Research and USF Genomics Program, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA.
| | - Shannon Takala-Harrison
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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12
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Liu J, Yang L, He A, Ke M, Fu C, Gao W, Xu R, Tian R. Stable and EGF-Induced Temporal Interactome Profiling of CBL and CBLB Highlights Their Signaling Complex Diversity. J Proteome Res 2021; 20:3709-3719. [PMID: 34134489 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.1c00284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signal modulates cell proliferation, migration, and survival. Aberrant activation of EGFR constitutes the major cause of various cancers. Receptor ubiquitination and degradation mediated by CBL proteins play negative regulatory roles and control the intensity and duration of the signaling. With the construction of stable cell lines inducibly expressing FLAG-tagged CBL or CBLB, we identified 102 and 82 stable interacting proteins of CBL and CBLB, respectively, through the affinity purification followed by mass spectrometry (AP-MS) approach. Time-resolved profiling at six different time points combined with functional annotations of the temporal interactomes provides insights into the dynamic assembly of signal proteins upon EGFR signaling activation. Comparison between the interactomes of CBL and CBLB indicates their redundant but also complementary functions. Importantly, we validated the stable association of EPS15L1 and ITSN2 and temporal association of TNK2 to both CBL and CBLB through biochemical assays. Collectively, these results offer a useful resource for CBL and CBLB interactomes and highlight their prominent and diverse roles in the EGFR signaling network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- Department of Oncology, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University (Shenzhen People's Hospital), Shenzhen 518020, China.,The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Lijun Yang
- Department of Oncology, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University (Shenzhen People's Hospital), Shenzhen 518020, China.,The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - An He
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Mi Ke
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Changying Fu
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Weina Gao
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Ruilian Xu
- Department of Oncology, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University (Shenzhen People's Hospital), Shenzhen 518020, China.,The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Ruijun Tian
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
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13
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Luff DH, Wojdyla K, Oxley D, Chessa T, Hudson K, Hawkins PT, Stephens LR, Barry ST, Okkenhaug K. PI3Kδ Forms Distinct Multiprotein Complexes at the TCR Signalosome in Naïve and Differentiated CD4 + T Cells. Front Immunol 2021; 12:631271. [PMID: 33763075 PMCID: PMC7982423 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.631271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks) play a central role in adaptive immunity by transducing signals from the T cell antigen receptor (TCR) via production of PIP3. PI3Kδ is a heterodimer composed of a p110δ catalytic subunit associated with a p85α or p85β regulatory subunit and is preferentially engaged by the TCR upon T cell activation. The molecular mechanisms leading to PI3Kδ recruitment and activation at the TCR signalosome remain unclear. In this study, we have used quantitative mass spectrometry, biochemical approaches and CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing to uncover the p110δ interactome in primary CD4+ T cells. Moreover, we have determined how the PI3Kδ interactome changes upon the differentiation of small naïve T cells into T cell blasts expanded in the presence of IL-2. Our interactomic analyses identified multiple constitutive and inducible PI3Kδ-interacting proteins, some of which were common to naïve and previously-activated T cells. Our data reveals that PI3Kδ rapidly interacts with as many as seven adaptor proteins upon TCR engagement, including the Gab-family proteins, GAB2 and GAB3, a CD5-CBL signalosome and the transmembrane proteins ICOS and TRIM. Our results also suggest that PI3Kδ pre-forms complexes with the adaptors SH3KBP1 and CRKL in resting cells that could facilitate the localization and activation of p110δ at the plasma membrane by forming ternary complexes during early TCR signalling. Furthermore, we identify interactions that were not previously known to occur in CD4+ T cells, involving BCAP, GAB3, IQGAP3 and JAML. We used CRISPR-Cas9-mediated gene knockout in primary T cells to confirm that BCAP is a positive regulator of PI3K-AKT signalling in CD4+ T cell blasts. Overall, our results provide evidence for a large protein network that regulates the recruitment and activation of PI3Kδ in T cells. Finally, this work shows how the PI3Kδ interactome is remodeled as CD4+ T cells differentiate from naïve T cells to activated T cell blasts. These activated T cells upregulate additional PI3Kδ adaptor proteins, including BCAP, GAB2, IQGAP3 and ICOS. This rewiring of TCR-PI3K signalling that occurs upon T cell differentiation may serve to reduce the threshold of activation and diversify the inputs for the PI3K pathway in effector T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisy H Luff
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Katarzyna Wojdyla
- Mass Spectrometry Facility, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Signalling Programme, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - David Oxley
- Mass Spectrometry Facility, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Tamara Chessa
- Signalling Programme, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin Hudson
- Bioscience, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Phillip T Hawkins
- Signalling Programme, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Len R Stephens
- Signalling Programme, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Simon T Barry
- Bioscience, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Klaus Okkenhaug
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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14
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Chua XY, Aballo T, Elnemer W, Tran M, Salomon A. Quantitative Interactomics of Lck-TurboID in Living Human T Cells Unveils T Cell Receptor Stimulation-Induced Proximal Lck Interactors. J Proteome Res 2020; 20:715-726. [PMID: 33185455 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.0c00616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
While Lck has been widely recognized to play a pivotal role in the initiation of the T cell receptor (TCR) signaling pathway, an understanding of the precise regulation of Lck in T cells upon TCR activation remains elusive. Investigation of protein-protein interaction (PPI) using proximity labeling techniques such as TurboID has the potential to provide valuable molecular insights into Lck regulatory networks. By expressing Lck-TurboID in Jurkat T cells, we have uncovered a dynamic, short-range Lck protein interaction network upon 30 min of TCR stimulation. In this novel application of TurboID, we detected 27 early signaling-induced Lck-proximal interactors in living T cells, including known and novel Lck interactors, validating the discovery power of this tool. Our results revealed previously unappreciated Lck PPI which may be associated with cytoskeletal rearrangement, ubiquitination of TCR signaling proteins, activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade, coalescence of the LAT signalosome, and formation of the immunological synapse. In this study, we demonstrated for the first time in immune cells and for the kinase Lck that TurboID can be utilized to unveil PPI dynamics in living cells at a time scale consistent with early TCR signaling. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD020759.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xien Yu Chua
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Physiology, and Biotechnology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States
| | - Timothy Aballo
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States
| | - William Elnemer
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States
| | - Melanie Tran
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States
| | - Arthur Salomon
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States
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15
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UBASH3A deficiency accelerates type 1 diabetes development and enhances salivary gland inflammation in NOD mice. Sci Rep 2020; 10:12019. [PMID: 32694640 PMCID: PMC7374577 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68956-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in genetic analyses have significantly refined human type 1 diabetes (T1D) associated loci. The goal of such effort is to identify the causal genes and have a complete understanding of the molecular pathways that independently or interactively influence cellular processes leading to the destruction of insulin producing pancreatic β cells. UBASH3A has been suggested as the underlying gene for a human T1D associated region on chromosome 21. To further evaluate the role of UBASH3A in T1D, we targeted Ubash3a in NOD mice using zinc-finger nuclease mediated mutagenesis. In both 10-week-old females and males, significantly more advanced insulitis was observed in UBASH3A-deficient than in wild-type NOD mice. Consistently, UBASH3A-deficient NOD mice developed accelerated T1D in both sexes, which was associated with increased accumulation of β-cell autoreactive T cells in the spleen and pancreatic lymph node. Adoptive transfer of splenic T cells into NOD.Rag1-/- mice demonstrated that UBASH3A deficiency in T cells was sufficient to promote T1D development. Our results provide strong evidence to further support a role of UBASH3A in T1D. In addition to T1D, UBASH3A deficiency also promoted salivary gland inflammation in females, demonstrating its broad impact on autoimmunity.
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16
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Locard‐Paulet M, Voisinne G, Froment C, Goncalves Menoita M, Ounoughene Y, Girard L, Gregoire C, Mori D, Martinez M, Luche H, Garin J, Malissen M, Burlet‐Schiltz O, Malissen B, Gonzalez de Peredo A, Roncagalli R. LymphoAtlas: a dynamic and integrated phosphoproteomic resource of TCR signaling in primary T cells reveals ITSN2 as a regulator of effector functions. Mol Syst Biol 2020; 16:e9524. [PMID: 32618424 PMCID: PMC7333348 DOI: 10.15252/msb.20209524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
T-cell receptor (TCR) ligation-mediated protein phosphorylation regulates the activation, cellular responses, and fates of T cells. Here, we used time-resolved high-resolution phosphoproteomics to identify, quantify, and characterize the phosphorylation dynamics of thousands of phosphorylation sites in primary T cells during the first 10 min after TCR stimulation. Bioinformatic analysis of the data revealed a coherent orchestration of biological processes underlying T-cell activation. In particular, functional modules associated with cytoskeletal remodeling, transcription, translation, and metabolic processes were mobilized within seconds after TCR engagement. Among proteins whose phosphorylation was regulated by TCR stimulation, we demonstrated, using a fast-track gene inactivation approach in primary lymphocytes, that the ITSN2 adaptor protein regulated T-cell effector functions. This resource, called LymphoAtlas, represents an integrated pipeline to further decipher the organization of the signaling network encoding T-cell activation. LymphoAtlas is accessible to the community at: https://bmm-lab.github.io/LymphoAtlas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Locard‐Paulet
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS)Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPSToulouseFrance
- Present address:
Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein ResearchUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Guillaume Voisinne
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille‐LuminyINSERM, CNRSAix Marseille UniversitéMarseilleFrance
| | - Carine Froment
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS)Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPSToulouseFrance
| | | | - Youcef Ounoughene
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille‐LuminyINSERM, CNRSAix Marseille UniversitéMarseilleFrance
- Centre d'ImmunophénomiqueINSERM, CNRS UMRAix Marseille UniversitéMarseilleFrance
| | - Laura Girard
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille‐LuminyINSERM, CNRSAix Marseille UniversitéMarseilleFrance
- Centre d'ImmunophénomiqueINSERM, CNRS UMRAix Marseille UniversitéMarseilleFrance
| | - Claude Gregoire
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille‐LuminyINSERM, CNRSAix Marseille UniversitéMarseilleFrance
| | - Daiki Mori
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille‐LuminyINSERM, CNRSAix Marseille UniversitéMarseilleFrance
- Centre d'ImmunophénomiqueINSERM, CNRS UMRAix Marseille UniversitéMarseilleFrance
| | - Manuel Martinez
- Centre d'ImmunophénomiqueINSERM, CNRS UMRAix Marseille UniversitéMarseilleFrance
| | - Hervé Luche
- Centre d'ImmunophénomiqueINSERM, CNRS UMRAix Marseille UniversitéMarseilleFrance
| | - Jerôme Garin
- CEA, BIG, Biologie à Grande Echelle, INSERM, U1038Université Grenoble‐AlpesGrenobleFrance
| | - Marie Malissen
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille‐LuminyINSERM, CNRSAix Marseille UniversitéMarseilleFrance
- Centre d'ImmunophénomiqueINSERM, CNRS UMRAix Marseille UniversitéMarseilleFrance
| | - Odile Burlet‐Schiltz
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS)Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPSToulouseFrance
| | - Bernard Malissen
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille‐LuminyINSERM, CNRSAix Marseille UniversitéMarseilleFrance
- Centre d'ImmunophénomiqueINSERM, CNRS UMRAix Marseille UniversitéMarseilleFrance
| | - Anne Gonzalez de Peredo
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS)Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPSToulouseFrance
| | - Romain Roncagalli
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille‐LuminyINSERM, CNRSAix Marseille UniversitéMarseilleFrance
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17
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CD5 dynamically calibrates basal NF-κB signaling in T cells during thymic development and peripheral activation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:14342-14353. [PMID: 32513716 PMCID: PMC7322041 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1922525117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Immature T cells undergo a process of positive selection in the thymus when their new T cell receptor (TCR) engages and signals in response to self-peptides. As the T cell matures, a slew of negative regulatory molecules, including the inhibitory surface glycoprotein CD5, are up-regulated in proportion to the strength of the self-peptide signal. Together these regulators dampen TCR-proximal signaling and help avoid any subsequent peripheral activation of T cells by self-peptides. Paradoxically, antigen-specific T cells initially expressing more CD5 (CD5hi) have been found to better persist as effector/memory cells after a peripheral challenge. The molecular mechanisms underlying such a duality in CD5 function is not clear. We found that CD5 alters the basal activity of the NF-κB signaling in resting peripheral T cells. When CD5 was conditionally ablated, T cells were unable to maintain higher expression of the cytoplasmic NF-κB inhibitor IκBα. Consistent with this, resting CD5hi T cells expressed more of the NF-κB p65 protein than CD5lo cells, without significant increases in transcript levels, in the absence of TCR signals. This posttranslationally stabilized cellular NF-κB depot potentially confers a survival advantage to CD5hi T cells over CD5lo ones. Taken together, these data suggest a two-step model whereby the strength of self-peptide-induced TCR signal lead to the up-regulation of CD5, which subsequently maintains a proportional reserve of NF-κB in peripheral T cells poised for responding to agonistic antigen-driven T cell activation.
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18
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Gillen J, Bridgwater C, Nita-Lazar A. Approaching complexity: systems biology and ms-based techniques to address immune signaling. Expert Rev Proteomics 2020; 17:341-354. [PMID: 32552048 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2020.1780920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Studying immune signaling has been critical for our understanding of immunology, pathogenesis, cancer, and homeostasis. To enhance the breadth of the analysis, high throughput methods have been developed to survey multiple areas simultaneously, including transcriptomics, reporter assays, and ELISAs. While these techniques have been extremely informative, mass-spectrometry-based technologies have been gaining momentum and starting to be widely used in the studies of immune signaling and systems immunology. AREAS COVERED We present established proteomic methods that have been used to address immune signaling and discuss the new mass-spectrometry- based techniques of interest to the expanding field of systems immunology. Established and new proteomic methods and their applications discussed here include post-translational modification analysis, protein quantification, secretome analysis, and interactomics. In addition, we present developments in small molecule and metabolite analysis, mass spectrometry imaging, and single cell analysis. Finally, we discuss the role of multi-omic integration in aiding leading edge investigation. EXPERT OPINION In science, available techniques enhance the breadth and depth of the studies. By incorporating proteomic techniques and their innovative use, it will be possible to expand the current studies and to address novel questions at the forefront of scientific discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Gillen
- Functional Cellular Networks Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH) , Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Caleb Bridgwater
- Functional Cellular Networks Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH) , Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Aleksandra Nita-Lazar
- Functional Cellular Networks Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH) , Bethesda, MD, USA
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19
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CD5 signalosome coordinates antagonist TCR signals to control the generation of Treg cells induced by foreign antigens. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:12969-12979. [PMID: 32434911 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1917182117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
CD5 is characterized as an inhibitory coreceptor with an important regulatory role during T cell development. The molecular mechanism by which CD5 operates has been puzzling and its function in mature T cells suggests promoting rather than repressing effects on immune responses. Here, we combined quantitative mass spectrometry and genetic studies to analyze the components and the activity of the CD5 signaling machinery in primary T cells. We found that T cell receptor (TCR) engagement induces the selective phosphorylation of CD5 tyrosine 429, which serves as a docking site for proteins with adaptor functions (c-Cbl, CIN85, CRKL), connecting CD5 to positive (PI3K) and negative (UBASH3A, SHIP1) regulators of TCR signaling. c-CBL acts as a coordinator in this complex enabling CD5 to synchronize positive and negative feedbacks on TCR signaling through the other components. Disruption of CD5 signalosome in mutant mice reveals that it modulates TCR signal outputs to selectively repress the transactivation of Foxp3 and limit the inopportune induction of peripherally induced regulatory T cells during immune responses against foreign antigen. Our findings bring insights into the paradigm of coreceptor signaling, suggesting that, in addition to providing dualistic enhancing or dampening inputs, coreceptors can engage concomitant stimulatory and inhibitory signaling events, which act together to promote specific functional outcomes.
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20
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Knipper JA, Wright D, Cope AP, Malissen B, Zamoyska R. PTPN22 Acts in a Cell Intrinsic Manner to Restrict the Proliferation and Differentiation of T Cells Following Antibody Lymphodepletion. Front Immunol 2020; 11:52. [PMID: 32047502 PMCID: PMC6997546 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphopenic insult has been shown to precipitate the initiation of autoimmune disease in murine models such as the Non-obese diabetic mouse. Similarly, in man lymphopenia induced by mAb therapy, for instance Alemtuzumab as treatment for Multiple Sclerosis, can precipitate development of secondary autoimmune disease in up to 30 % of patients. We asked whether an identified autoimmune susceptibility locus might increase the risk of developing autoimmunity in the context of mAb-induced lymphopenia in a mouse model. A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the gene encoding the tyrosine phosphatase PTPN22 (R620W) is associated with multiple human autoimmune diseases, and PTPN22 has been shown to modulate T cell responses, particularly to weak antigens. In keeping with this, PTPN22-deficient or PTPN22 R619W mutant murine T cells adoptively transferred into immunodeficient lymphopenic hosts showed a higher lymphopenia-induced proliferation rate than WT cells. We induced lymphopenia by treating wild-type or PTPN22 knock-out mice with T cell depleting antibodies and monitored reconstitution of the T cell pool. We found that PTPN22 deficient T cells acquired a more activated effector phenotype, with significantly more IFNγ producing cells. This resulted from expansion driven by self-peptide MHC, as it was evident when the contribution of IL-7 to lymphopenic expansion was blocked with IL-7R Ab. Interestingly, Foxp3+ Tregs were also considerably expanded in PTPN22-deficient and PTPN22 R619W mice, as was the frequency of both CD25+ and CD25- CD4 T cells that produce IL-10. Using bone marrow chimeric mice, we showed that PTPN22 influenced development of both regulatory and effector T cell functions in a cell-intrinsic manner. Overall the expansion of Tregs is likely to keep the expanded T effector populations in check and sparing Treg during therapeutic mAb depletion may be a useful strategy to prevent occurrence of secondary autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna A Knipper
- Ashworth Laboratories, Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - David Wright
- Ashworth Laboratories, Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew P Cope
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Centre for Inflammation Biology and Cancer Immunology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Bernard Malissen
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, INSERM, CNRS, Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, France.,Centre d'Immunophénomique, Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, CNRS UMR, Marseille, France
| | - Rose Zamoyska
- Ashworth Laboratories, Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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21
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Duong MN, Erdes E, Hebeisen M, Rufer N. Chronic TCR-MHC (self)-interactions limit the functional potential of TCR affinity-increased CD8 T lymphocytes. J Immunother Cancer 2019; 7:284. [PMID: 31690351 PMCID: PMC6833194 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-019-0773-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Affinity-optimized T cell receptor (TCR)-engineered lymphocytes targeting tumor antigens can mediate potent antitumor responses in cancer patients, but also bear substantial risks for off-target toxicities. Most preclinical studies have focused on T cell responses to antigen-specific stimulation. In contrast, little is known on the regulation of T cell responsiveness through continuous TCR triggering and consequent tonic signaling. Here, we addressed the question whether increasing the TCR affinity can lead to chronic interactions occurring directly between TCRs and MHC-(self) molecules, which may modulate the overall functional potency of tumor-redirected CD8 T cells. For this purpose, we developed two complementary human CD8 T cell models (i.e. HLA-A2 knock-in and knock-out) engineered with incremental-affinity TCRs to the HLA-A2/NY-ESO-1 tumor antigen. Methods The impact of HLA-A2 recognition, depending on TCR affinity, was assessed at the levels of the TCR/CD3 complex, regulatory receptors, and signaling, under steady-state conditions and in kinetic studies. The quality of CD8 T cell responses was further evaluated by gene expression and multiplex cytokine profiling, as well as real-time quantitative cell killing, combined with co-culture assays. Results We found that HLA-A2 per se (in absence of cognate peptide) can trigger chronic activation followed by a tolerance-like state of tumor-redirected CD8 T cells with increased-affinity TCRs. HLA-A2pos but not HLA-A2neg T cells displayed an activation phenotype, associated with enhanced upregulation of c-CBL and multiple inhibitory receptors. T cell activation preceded TCR/CD3 downmodulation, impaired TCR signaling and functional hyporesponsiveness. This stepwise activation-to-hyporesponsive state was dependent on TCR affinity and already detectable at the upper end of the physiological affinity range (KD ≤ 1 μM). Similar findings were made when affinity-increased HLA-A2neg CD8 T cells were chronically exposed to HLA-A2pos-expressing target cells. Conclusions Our observations indicate that sustained interactions between affinity-increased TCR and self-MHC can directly adjust the functional potential of T cells, even in the absence of antigen-specific stimulation. The observed tolerance-like state depends on TCR affinity and has therefore potential implications for the design of affinity-improved TCRs for adoptive T cell therapy, as several engineered TCRs currently used in clinical trials share similar affinity properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minh Ngoc Duong
- Department of oncology UNIL CHUV, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, CH-1066, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Efe Erdes
- Department of oncology UNIL CHUV, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, CH-1066, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Michael Hebeisen
- Department of oncology UNIL CHUV, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, CH-1066, Epalinges, Switzerland.
| | - Nathalie Rufer
- Department of oncology UNIL CHUV, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, CH-1066, Epalinges, Switzerland.
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22
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Voisinne G, Kersse K, Chaoui K, Lu L, Chaix J, Zhang L, Goncalves Menoita M, Girard L, Ounoughene Y, Wang H, Burlet-Schiltz O, Luche H, Fiore F, Malissen M, Gonzalez de Peredo A, Liang Y, Roncagalli R, Malissen B. Quantitative interactomics in primary T cells unveils TCR signal diversification extent and dynamics. Nat Immunol 2019; 20:1530-1541. [PMID: 31591574 PMCID: PMC6859066 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-019-0489-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The activation of T cells by the T cell antigen receptor (TCR) results in the formation of signaling protein complexes (signalosomes), the composition of which has not been analyzed at a systems level. Here, we isolated primary CD4+ T cells from 15 gene-targeted mice, each expressing one tagged form of a canonical protein of the TCR-signaling pathway. Using affinity purification coupled with mass spectrometry, we analyzed the composition and dynamics of the signalosomes assembling around each of the tagged proteins over 600 s of TCR engagement. We showed that the TCR signal-transduction network comprises at least 277 unique proteins involved in 366 high-confidence interactions, and that TCR signals diversify extensively at the level of the plasma membrane. Integrating the cellular abundance of the interacting proteins and their interaction stoichiometry provided a quantitative and contextual view of each documented interaction, permitting anticipation of whether ablation of a single interacting protein can impinge on the whole TCR signal-transduction network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Voisinne
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, CNRS, Marseille, France
| | - Kristof Kersse
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, CNRS, Marseille, France
| | - Karima Chaoui
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Département Biologie Structurale Biophysique, Protéomique Génopole Toulouse Midi Pyrénées CNRS UMR 5089, Toulouse, France
| | - Liaoxun Lu
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China.,Laboratory of Mouse Genetics, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Julie Chaix
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, CNRS, Marseille, France
| | - Lichen Zhang
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Marisa Goncalves Menoita
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, CNRS, Marseille, France
| | - Laura Girard
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, CNRS, Marseille, France.,Centre d'Immunophénomique, Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, CNRS UMR, Marseille, France
| | - Youcef Ounoughene
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, CNRS, Marseille, France
| | - Hui Wang
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Odile Burlet-Schiltz
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Département Biologie Structurale Biophysique, Protéomique Génopole Toulouse Midi Pyrénées CNRS UMR 5089, Toulouse, France
| | - Hervé Luche
- Centre d'Immunophénomique, Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, CNRS UMR, Marseille, France.,Laboratory of Immunophenomics, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Frédéric Fiore
- Centre d'Immunophénomique, Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, CNRS UMR, Marseille, France
| | - Marie Malissen
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, CNRS, Marseille, France.,Centre d'Immunophénomique, Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, CNRS UMR, Marseille, France.,Laboratory of Immunophenomics, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Anne Gonzalez de Peredo
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Département Biologie Structurale Biophysique, Protéomique Génopole Toulouse Midi Pyrénées CNRS UMR 5089, Toulouse, France
| | - Yinming Liang
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China. .,Laboratory of Immunophenomics, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China.
| | - Romain Roncagalli
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, CNRS, Marseille, France.
| | - Bernard Malissen
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, CNRS, Marseille, France. .,Centre d'Immunophénomique, Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, CNRS UMR, Marseille, France. .,Laboratory of Immunophenomics, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China.
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23
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Reporters of TCR signaling identify arthritogenic T cells in murine and human autoimmune arthritis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:18517-18527. [PMID: 31455730 PMCID: PMC6744919 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1904271116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
How arthritis-causing T cells trigger rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is not understood since it is difficult to differentiate T cells activated by inflammation in arthritic joints from those activated through their T cell antigen receptor (TCR) by self-antigens. We developed a model to identify and study antigen-specific T cell responses in arthritis. Nur77—a specific marker of TCR signaling—was used to identify antigen-activated T cells in the SKG arthritis model and in patients with RA. Nur77 could distinguish highly arthritogenic and autoreactive T cells in SKG mice. The enhanced autoreactivity was associated with increased interleukin-6 (IL-6) receptor signaling, likely contributing to their arthritogenicity. These data highlight a functional correlate between Nur77 expression, arthritogenic T cell populations, and heightened IL-6 sensitivity in SKG mice with translatable implications for human RA. How pathogenic cluster of differentiation 4 (CD4) T cells in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) develop remains poorly understood. We used Nur77—a marker of T cell antigen receptor (TCR) signaling—to identify antigen-activated CD4 T cells in the SKG mouse model of autoimmune arthritis and in patients with RA. Using a fluorescent reporter of Nur77 expression in SKG mice, we found that higher levels of Nur77-eGFP in SKG CD4 T cells marked their autoreactivity, arthritogenic potential, and ability to more readily differentiate into interleukin-17 (IL-17)–producing cells. The T cells with increased autoreactivity, nonetheless had diminished ex vivo inducible TCR signaling, perhaps reflective of adaptive inhibitory mechanisms induced by chronic autoantigen exposure in vivo. The enhanced autoreactivity was associated with up-regulation of IL-6 cytokine signaling machinery, which might be attributable, in part, to a reduced amount of expression of suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3)—a key negative regulator of IL-6 signaling. As a result, the more autoreactive GFPhi CD4 T cells from SKGNur mice were hyperresponsive to IL-6 receptor signaling. Consistent with findings from SKGNur mice, SOCS3 expression was similarly down-regulated in RA synovium. This suggests that despite impaired TCR signaling, autoreactive T cells exposed to chronic antigen stimulation exhibit heightened sensitivity to IL-6, which contributes to the arthritogenicity in SKG mice, and perhaps in patients with RA.
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24
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Saveanu L, Zucchetti AE, Evnouchidou I, Ardouin L, Hivroz C. Is there a place and role for endocyticTCRsignaling? Immunol Rev 2019; 291:57-74. [DOI: 10.1111/imr.12764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Loredana Saveanu
- National French Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM) 1149 Center of Research on Inflammation Paris France
- National French Center of Scientific Research (CNRS) ERL8252 Paris France
- Laboratory of Inflamex Excellency Faculty of Medicine Xavier Bichat Site Paris France
- Paris Diderot UniversitySorbonne Paris Cité Paris France
| | - Andres E. Zucchetti
- Institut Curie PSL Research UniversityINSERMU932 “Integrative analysis of T cell activation” team Paris France
| | - Irini Evnouchidou
- National French Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM) 1149 Center of Research on Inflammation Paris France
- National French Center of Scientific Research (CNRS) ERL8252 Paris France
- Laboratory of Inflamex Excellency Faculty of Medicine Xavier Bichat Site Paris France
- Paris Diderot UniversitySorbonne Paris Cité Paris France
- Inovarion Paris France
| | - Laurence Ardouin
- Institut Curie PSL Research UniversityINSERMU932 “Integrative analysis of T cell activation” team Paris France
| | - Claire Hivroz
- Institut Curie PSL Research UniversityINSERMU932 “Integrative analysis of T cell activation” team Paris France
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25
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Cutler JA, Udainiya S, Madugundu AK, Renuse S, Xu Y, Jung J, Kim KP, Wu X, Pandey A. Integrative phosphoproteome and interactome analysis of the role of Ubash3b in BCR-ABL signaling. Leukemia 2019; 34:301-305. [PMID: 31399640 PMCID: PMC6934410 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-019-0535-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jevon A Cutler
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.,Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02210, USA
| | - Savita Udainiya
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.,Center for Molecular Medicine, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Hosur Road, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560 029, India
| | - Anil K Madugundu
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.,Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560 066, India.,Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Santosh Renuse
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Yaoyu Xu
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.,Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, 100005, Beijing, China
| | - Jaehun Jung
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.,Departments of Applied Chemistry, Institute of Natural Science, Global Center for Pharmaceutical Ingredient Materials, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Pyo Kim
- Departments of Applied Chemistry, Institute of Natural Science, Global Center for Pharmaceutical Ingredient Materials, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 17104, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biomedical Science and Technology, Kyung Hee Medical Science Research Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02453, Republic of Korea
| | - Xinyan Wu
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Akhilesh Pandey
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA. .,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA. .,Center for Molecular Medicine, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Hosur Road, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560 029, India.
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26
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Onnis A, Baldari CT. Orchestration of Immunological Synapse Assembly by Vesicular Trafficking. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:110. [PMID: 31334230 PMCID: PMC6616304 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Ligation of the T-cell antigen receptor (TCR) by cognate peptide bound to the Major Histocompatibility Complex on the surface of an antigen-presenting cell (APC) leads to the spatial reorganization of the TCR and accessory receptors to form a specialized area of intimate contact between T cell and APC, known as the immunological synapse (IS), where signals are deciphered, coordinated, and integrated to promote T cell activation. With the discovery that an endosomal TCR pool contributes to IS assembly and function by undergoing polarized recycling to the IS, recent years have witnessed a shift from a plasma membrane-centric view of the IS to the vesicular trafficking events that occur at this location following the TCR-dependent translocation of the centrosome toward the synaptic membrane. Here we will summarize our current understanding of the trafficking pathways that are responsible for the steady delivery of endosomal TCRs, kinases, and adapters to the IS to sustain signaling, as well as of the endocytic pathways responsible for signal termination. We will also discuss recent evidence highlighting a role for endosomes in sustaining TCR signaling after its internalization at the IS and identifying the IS as a site of formation and release of extracellular vesicles that allow for transcellular communication with the APC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Onnis
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
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27
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Puig-Saus C, Ribas A. Gene editing: Towards the third generation of adoptive T-cell transfer therapies. IMMUNO-ONCOLOGY TECHNOLOGY 2019; 1:19-26. [PMID: 35755321 PMCID: PMC9216344 DOI: 10.1016/j.iotech.2019.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
First-generation adoptive T-cell transfer (ACT) administering tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), and second-generation ACT using autologous T cells genetically modified to express tumor-specific T-cell receptors (TCRs) or chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) have both shown promise for the treatment of several cancers, including melanoma, leukemia and lymphoma. However, these treatments require labor-intensive manufacturing of the cell product for each patient, frequently utilize lentiviral or retroviral vectors to genetically modify the T cells, and have limited antitumor efficacy in solid tumors. Gene editing is revolutionizing the field of gene therapy, and ACT is at the forefront of this revolution. Gene-editing technologies can be used to re-engineer the phenotype of T cells to increase their antitumor potency, to generate off-the-shelf ACT products, and to replace endogenous TCRs with tumor-specific TCRs or CARs using homology-directed repair (HDR) donor templates. Adeno-associated viral vectors or linear DNA have been used as HDR donor templates. Of note, non-viral delivery substantially reduces the time required to generate clinical-grade reagents for manufacture of T-cell products—a critical step for the translation of personalized T-cell therapies. These technological advances in the field using gene editing open the door to the third generation of ACT therapies. CRISPR-Cas9 allows the generation of tumor-specific T cells for adoptive T-cell transfer (ACT). Gene editing allows generation of off-the-shelf ACT products. Gene editing can tailor T-cell phenotype and increase antitumor potency. Non-viral gene editing is a requirement for personalized ACT. Personalized third-generation ACT: gene-edited neoantigen-specific T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Puig-Saus
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, USA
| | - Antoni Ribas
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, USA.,Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, UCLA, Los Angeles, USA.,Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, UCLA, Los Angeles, USA.,Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA, Los Angeles, USA
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28
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Burgueño-Bucio E, Mier-Aguilar CA, Soldevila G. The multiple faces of CD5. J Leukoc Biol 2019; 105:891-904. [PMID: 30676652 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.mr0618-226r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Since its discovery, over 30 years ago, CD5 has been used as a marker to identify T cells, B1-a cells, and B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells. Throughout the years, many studies have described the functional relevance of CD5 as a modulator of T and B cell receptor signaling. However, it has not been until recent years that CD5 has emerged as a functional receptor in other areas of the immune system. Here, we review some of the most important aspects of CD5 as a modulator of TCR and BCR signaling, cell survival receptor both in T and B cells during health and disease, as well as the newly discovered roles of this receptor in thymocyte selection, T cell effector differentiation, and immune tolerance. CD5 was found to promote T cell survival by protecting autoreactive T cell from activation-induced cell death, to promote de novo induction of regulatory T cells in the periphery, to modulate Th17 and Th2 differentiation, and to modulate immune responses by modulating dendritic cell functions. CD5 is overexpressed in Tregs and Bregs, which are fundamental to maintain immune homeostasis. The newly established roles of CD5 in modulating different aspects of immune responses identify this receptor as an immune checkpoint modulator, and therefore it could be used as a target for immune intervention in different pathologies such as cancer, autoimmune diseases or infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Burgueño-Bucio
- Department of Immunology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Carlos A Mier-Aguilar
- Department of Immunology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Gloria Soldevila
- Department of Immunology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
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Gonçalves CM, Henriques SN, Santos RF, Carmo AM. CD6, a Rheostat-Type Signalosome That Tunes T Cell Activation. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2994. [PMID: 30619347 PMCID: PMC6305463 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Following T cell receptor triggering, T cell activation is initiated and amplified by the assembly at the TCR/CD3 macrocomplex of a multitude of stimulatory enzymes that activate several signaling cascades. The potency of signaling is, however, modulated by various inhibitory components already at the onset of activation, long before co-inhibitory immune checkpoints are expressed to help terminating the response. CD5 and CD6 are surface glycoproteins of T cells that have determinant roles in thymocyte development, T cell activation and immune responses. They belong to the superfamily of scavenger receptor cysteine-rich (SRCR) glycoproteins but whereas the inhibitory role of CD5 has been established for long, there is still controversy on whether CD6 may have similar or antagonistic functions on T cell signaling. Analysis of the structure and molecular associations of CD5 and CD6 indicates that these molecules assemble at the cytoplasmic tail a considerable number of signaling effectors that can putatively transduce diverse types of intracellular signals. Biochemical studies have concluded that both receptors can antagonize the flow of TCR-mediated signaling; however, the impact that CD5 and CD6 have on T cell development and T cell-mediated immune responses may be different. Here we analyze the signaling function of CD6, the common and also the different properties it exhibits comparing with CD5, and interpret the functional effects displayed by CD6 in recent animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carine M Gonçalves
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sónia N Henriques
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar and Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Rita F Santos
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar and Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Alexandre M Carmo
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Porto, Portugal
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Breuning J, Brown MH. A sequence conserved between CD5 and CD6 binds an FERM domain and exerts a restraint on T-cell activation. Immunology 2018; 156:270-276. [PMID: 30460991 PMCID: PMC6376265 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
CD5 and CD6 are related surface receptors that limit and promote T‐cell responses. Co‐stimulatory effects of CD6 depend on binding a cell surface ligand, CD166, and recruitment of the intracellular adaptor proteins GADS and SLP‐76 by C‐terminal phosphotyrosines. We have continued to identify interactions of CD5 and CD6 to understand their roles in T‐cell activation. In a screen to identify binding partners for peptides containing a cytoplasmic sequence, SDSDY conserved between CD5 and CD6, we identified ezrin radixin moesin (ERM) proteins, which link plasma membrane proteins to actin. Purified radixin FERM domain bound directly to CD5 and CD6 SDSDY peptides in a phosphorylation‐dependent manner (KD = 0·5‐2 μm) at 37°. In human T‐cell blasts, mutation of the CD6 SDSDY sequence enhanced CD69 expression in response to CD3 monoclonal antibody. In this proximal readout, interactions of the SDSDY sequence were dominant compared with the C‐terminal tyrosines of CD6. In contrast, in a more downstream readout, interleukin‐2 expression, in response to immobilized CD3 and CD6 monoclonal antibodies, the C‐terminal tyrosines were dominant. The data suggest that varying functional effects of CD6 and potentially CD5 depend on interactions of different cytoplasmic regions with the cytoskeleton and alter depending on the stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Breuning
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Marion H Brown
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Voisinne G, Gonzalez de Peredo A, Roncagalli R. CD5, an Undercover Regulator of TCR Signaling. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2900. [PMID: 30581443 PMCID: PMC6292949 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells are critical components of adaptive immunity. As such, their activation is regulated by the T cell receptor (TCR) that constantly scan peptides associated with major histocompatibility complexes (MHC). TCR engagement initiates a series of molecular events leading to cytokine secretion, proliferation, and differentiation of T cells. As a second coincident event, activation of co-stimulatory molecules, such as CD28, synergize with the TCR in order to prolong and/or amplify intracellular signals. With the recent advances in immunotherapies targeting T cells, co-inhibitory receptors are of growing interest for immunologists due to their potential modulatory properties on T cell functions. However, special attention should be dedicated to avoid unwanted clinical outcomes (1). In particular, Manichean categorization of receptors based on incomplete functional knowledge can lead to an over-simplistic view of complex cellular regulations. Thus, analysis of the functions that characterize these receptors in diverse physiological contexts remains essential for their rational use in therapeutic protocols. Here we focus on CD5, a transmembrane receptor that regulates T cell functions and development but remains poorly characterized at the molecular level. We will review its roles in physiological conditions and suggest potential molecular effectors that could account for CD5-dependent regulation of TCR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Voisinne
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, CNRS, Marseille, France
| | - Anne Gonzalez de Peredo
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Département Biologie Structural Biophysique, Protéomique Génopole Toulouse Midi Pyrénées CNRS UMR 5089, Toulouse, France
| | - Romain Roncagalli
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, CNRS, Marseille, France
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32
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Shifrut E, Carnevale J, Tobin V, Roth TL, Woo JM, Bui CT, Li PJ, Diolaiti ME, Ashworth A, Marson A. Genome-wide CRISPR Screens in Primary Human T Cells Reveal Key Regulators of Immune Function. Cell 2018; 175:1958-1971.e15. [PMID: 30449619 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 324] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 09/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Human T cells are central effectors of immunity and cancer immunotherapy. CRISPR-based functional studies in T cells could prioritize novel targets for drug development and improve the design of genetically reprogrammed cell-based therapies. However, large-scale CRISPR screens have been challenging in primary human cells. We developed a new method, single guide RNA (sgRNA) lentiviral infection with Cas9 protein electroporation (SLICE), to identify regulators of stimulation responses in primary human T cells. Genome-wide loss-of-function screens identified essential T cell receptor signaling components and genes that negatively tune proliferation following stimulation. Targeted ablation of individual candidate genes characterized hits and identified perturbations that enhanced cancer cell killing. SLICE coupled with single-cell RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) revealed signature stimulation-response gene programs altered by key genetic perturbations. SLICE genome-wide screening was also adaptable to identify mediators of immunosuppression, revealing genes controlling responses to adenosine signaling. The SLICE platform enables unbiased discovery and characterization of functional gene targets in primary cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Shifrut
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Julia Carnevale
- UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Victoria Tobin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Theodore L Roth
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Jonathan M Woo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Christina T Bui
- UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - P Jonathan Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Morgan E Diolaiti
- UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Alan Ashworth
- UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Alexander Marson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
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Simon S, Charpentier M, Anegon I, Labarriere N. Immunotherapies in transplantation and cancer: 22nd NAT meeting/2nd NAT LabEx IGO joint meeting; 1-2 June 2017, Nantes, France. Immunotherapy 2018; 9:867-870. [PMID: 29338607 DOI: 10.2217/imt-2017-0094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This 22nd edition of the Nantes Actualités Transplantation annual meeting was co-organized for the second time with the LabEx Immuno-Graft Oncology network. This international meeting was held on 1 and 2 June 2017 in Nantes (western France). The topic of this 2-day meeting was 'Immunotherapies in transplantation and cancer'. This meeting brought together 17 international invited speakers, young researchers and 220 attendees mainly from Europe and North America. It was a unique opportunity to bring together the pioneers and leading immunologists in the fields of transplantation and cancer, focusing on shared mechanisms that control immune responses in organ or bone marrow transplantation and in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Simon
- CRCINA, Inserm UMR1232, 8 Quai Moncousu, 44007 Nantes Cedex 1, France.,LabEx IGO 'Immunotherapy, Graft, Oncology', Nantes, France
| | - Maud Charpentier
- CRCINA, Inserm UMR1232, 8 Quai Moncousu, 44007 Nantes Cedex 1, France.,LabEx IGO 'Immunotherapy, Graft, Oncology', Nantes, France
| | - Ignacio Anegon
- LabEx IGO 'Immunotherapy, Graft, Oncology', Nantes, France.,Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN), CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Nathalie Labarriere
- CRCINA, Inserm UMR1232, 8 Quai Moncousu, 44007 Nantes Cedex 1, France.,LabEx IGO 'Immunotherapy, Graft, Oncology', Nantes, France
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35
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Caron E, Roncagalli R, Hase T, Wolski WE, Choi M, Menoita MG, Durand S, García-Blesa A, Fierro-Monti I, Sajic T, Heusel M, Weiss T, Malissen M, Schlapbach R, Collins BC, Ghosh S, Kitano H, Aebersold R, Malissen B, Gstaiger M. Precise Temporal Profiling of Signaling Complexes in Primary Cells Using SWATH Mass Spectrometry. Cell Rep 2017; 18:3219-3226. [PMID: 28355572 PMCID: PMC5382234 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Spatiotemporal organization of protein interactions in cell signaling is a fundamental process that drives cellular functions. Given differential protein expression across tissues and developmental stages, the architecture and dynamics of signaling interaction proteomes is, likely, highly context dependent. However, current interaction information has been almost exclusively obtained from transformed cells. In this study, we applied an advanced and robust workflow combining mouse genetics and affinity purification (AP)-SWATH mass spectrometry to profile the dynamics of 53 high-confidence protein interactions in primary T cells, using the scaffold protein GRB2 as a model. The workflow also provided a sufficient level of robustness to pinpoint differential interaction dynamics between two similar, but functionally distinct, primary T cell populations. Altogether, we demonstrated that precise and reproducible quantitative measurements of protein interaction dynamics can be achieved in primary cells isolated from mammalian tissues, allowing resolution of the tissue-specific context of cell-signaling events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etienne Caron
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Romain Roncagalli
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, CNRS, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Takeshi Hase
- The Systems Biology Institute, Tokyo 108-0071, Japan
| | - Witold E Wolski
- Functional Genomics Center Zurich, ETH Zurich and University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Meena Choi
- College of Science, College of Computer and Information Science, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Marisa G Menoita
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, CNRS, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Stephane Durand
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, CNRS, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Antonio García-Blesa
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, CNRS, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Ivo Fierro-Monti
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tatjana Sajic
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Moritz Heusel
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tobias Weiss
- Department of Neurology and Brain Tumor Center, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marie Malissen
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, CNRS, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Ralph Schlapbach
- Functional Genomics Center Zurich, ETH Zurich and University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ben C Collins
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Samik Ghosh
- The Systems Biology Institute, Tokyo 108-0071, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kitano
- The Systems Biology Institute, Tokyo 108-0071, Japan; Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Garuda School, 904-0495 Okinawa, Japan
| | - Ruedi Aebersold
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland; Faculty of Science, University of Zurich, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bernard Malissen
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, CNRS, 13288 Marseille, France; Centre d'Immunophénomique, Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, CNRS, 13288 Marseille, France.
| | - Matthias Gstaiger
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
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Carrasco E, Escoda-Ferran C, Climent N, Miró-Julià C, Simões IT, Martínez-Florensa M, Sarukhan A, Carreras E, Lozano F. Human CD6 Down-Modulation following T-Cell Activation Compromises Lymphocyte Survival and Proliferative Responses. Front Immunol 2017; 8:769. [PMID: 28713387 PMCID: PMC5492662 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Available evidence indicates that the CD6 lymphocyte surface receptor is involved in T-cell developmental and activation processes, by facilitating cell-to-cell adhesive contacts with antigen-presenting cells and likely modulating T-cell receptor (TCR) signaling. Here, we show that in vitro activation of human T cells under different TCR-ligation conditions leads to surface downregulation of CD6 expression. This phenomenon was (i) concomitant to increased levels of soluble CD6 (sCD6) in culture supernatants, (ii) partially reverted by protease inhibitors, (iii) not associated to CD6 mRNA down-regulation, and (iv) reversible by stimulus removal. CD6 down-modulation inversely correlated with the upregulation of CD25 in both FoxP3− (Tact) and FoxP3+ (Treg) T-cell subsets. Furthermore, ex vivo analysis of peripheral CD4+ and CD8+ T cells with activated (CD25+) or effector memory (effector memory T cell, CD45RA−CCR7−) phenotype present lower CD6 levels than their naïve or central memory (central memory T cell, CD45RA−CCR7+) counterparts. CD6lo/− T cells resulting from in vitro T-cell activation show higher apoptosis and lower proliferation levels than CD6hi T cells, supporting the relevance of CD6 in the induction of proper T-cell proliferative responses and resistance to apoptosis. Accordingly, CD6 transfectants also showed higher viability when exposed to TCR-independent apoptosis-inducing conditions in comparison with untransfected cells. Taken together, these results provide insight into the origin of sCD6 and the previously reported circulating CD6-negative T-cell subset in humans, as well as into the functional consequences of CD6 down-modulation on ongoing T-cell responses, which includes sensitization to apoptotic events and attenuation of T-cell proliferative responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Carrasco
- Grup d'Immunoreceptors del Sistema Innat i Adaptatiu, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Escoda-Ferran
- Grup d'Immunoreceptors del Sistema Innat i Adaptatiu, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Núria Climent
- IDIBAPS-AIDS Research Group, HIVACAT, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Miró-Julià
- Grup d'Immunoreceptors del Sistema Innat i Adaptatiu, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Inês T Simões
- Grup d'Immunoreceptors del Sistema Innat i Adaptatiu, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mario Martínez-Florensa
- Grup d'Immunoreceptors del Sistema Innat i Adaptatiu, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Adelaida Sarukhan
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Paris, France
| | - Esther Carreras
- Grup d'Immunoreceptors del Sistema Innat i Adaptatiu, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francisco Lozano
- Grup d'Immunoreceptors del Sistema Innat i Adaptatiu, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.,Servei d'Immunologia, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Departament de Biomedicina, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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37
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Nyman TA, Lorey MB, Cypryk W, Matikainen S. Mass spectrometry-based proteomic exploration of the human immune system: focus on the inflammasome, global protein secretion, and T cells. Expert Rev Proteomics 2017; 14:395-407. [PMID: 28406322 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2017.1319768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The immune system is our defense system against microbial infections and tissue injury, and understanding how it works in detail is essential for developing drugs for different diseases. Mass spectrometry-based proteomics can provide in-depth information on the molecular mechanisms involved in immune responses. Areas covered: Summarized are the key immunology findings obtained with MS-based proteomics in the past five years, with a focus on inflammasome activation, global protein secretion, mucosal immunology, immunopeptidome and T cells. Special focus is on extracellular vesicle-mediated protein secretion and its role in immune responses. Expert commentary: Proteomics is an essential part of modern omics-scale immunology research. To date, MS-based proteomics has been used in immunology to study protein expression levels, their subcellular localization, secretion, post-translational modifications, and interactions in immune cells upon activation by different stimuli. These studies have made major contributions to understanding the molecular mechanisms involved in innate and adaptive immune responses. New developments in proteomics offer constantly novel possibilities for exploring the immune system. Examples of these techniques include mass cytometry and different MS-based imaging approaches which can be widely used in immunology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuula A Nyman
- a Department of Immunology , Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo and Rikshospitalet Oslo , Oslo , Norway
| | - Martina B Lorey
- b Rheumatology , University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital , Helsinki , Finland
| | - Wojciech Cypryk
- c Department of Bioorganic Chemistry , Center of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies , Lodz , Poland
| | - Sampsa Matikainen
- b Rheumatology , University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital , Helsinki , Finland
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Voisinne G, García-Blesa A, Chaoui K, Fiore F, Bergot E, Girard L, Malissen M, Burlet-Schiltz O, Gonzalez de Peredo A, Malissen B, Roncagalli R. Co-recruitment analysis of the CBL and CBLB signalosomes in primary T cells identifies CD5 as a key regulator of TCR-induced ubiquitylation. Mol Syst Biol 2016; 12:876. [PMID: 27474268 PMCID: PMC4965873 DOI: 10.15252/msb.20166837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
T-cell receptor (TCR) signaling is essential for the function of T cells and negatively regulated by the E3 ubiquitin-protein ligases CBL and CBLB Here, we combined mouse genetics and affinity purification coupled to quantitative mass spectrometry to monitor the dynamics of the CBL and CBLB signaling complexes that assemble in normal T cells over 600 seconds of TCR stimulation. We identify most previously known CBL and CBLB interacting partners, as well as a majority of proteins that have not yet been implicated in those signaling complexes. We exploit correlations in protein association with CBL and CBLB as a function of time of TCR stimulation for predicting the occurrence of direct physical association between them. By combining co-recruitment analysis with biochemical analysis, we demonstrated that the CD5 transmembrane receptor constitutes a key scaffold for CBL- and CBLB-mediated ubiquitylation following TCR engagement. Our results offer an integrated view of the CBL and CBLB signaling complexes induced by TCR stimulation and provide a molecular basis for their negative regulatory function in normal T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Voisinne
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université, Inserm, CNRS, Marseille, France
| | - Antonio García-Blesa
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université, Inserm, CNRS, Marseille, France
| | - Karima Chaoui
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Département Biologie Structural Biophysique, Protéomique Génopole Toulouse Midi Pyrénées, CNRS UMR 5089, Toulouse Cedex, France
| | - Frédéric Fiore
- Centre d'Immunophénomique, Aix Marseille Université UM2, Inserm US012, CNRS UMS3367, Marseille, France
| | - Elise Bergot
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université, Inserm, CNRS, Marseille, France
| | - Laura Girard
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université, Inserm, CNRS, Marseille, France Centre d'Immunophénomique, Aix Marseille Université UM2, Inserm US012, CNRS UMS3367, Marseille, France
| | - Marie Malissen
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université, Inserm, CNRS, Marseille, France Centre d'Immunophénomique, Aix Marseille Université UM2, Inserm US012, CNRS UMS3367, Marseille, France
| | - Odile Burlet-Schiltz
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Département Biologie Structural Biophysique, Protéomique Génopole Toulouse Midi Pyrénées, CNRS UMR 5089, Toulouse Cedex, France
| | - Anne Gonzalez de Peredo
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Département Biologie Structural Biophysique, Protéomique Génopole Toulouse Midi Pyrénées, CNRS UMR 5089, Toulouse Cedex, France
| | - Bernard Malissen
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université, Inserm, CNRS, Marseille, France Centre d'Immunophénomique, Aix Marseille Université UM2, Inserm US012, CNRS UMS3367, Marseille, France
| | - Romain Roncagalli
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université, Inserm, CNRS, Marseille, France
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