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Bhuptani PH, Zhang Y, Danzey L, Bali A, Langdon K, Orchowski LM. Interpersonal trauma, shame, and substance use: A systematic review. Drug Alcohol Depend 2024; 258:111253. [PMID: 38552599 PMCID: PMC11090047 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2024.111253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interpersonal trauma is a risk factor for a wide array of adverse mental health outcomes, including substance use. Research has begun investigating the role of shame in the intersection between substance use and interpersonal trauma. The current systematic review summarizes the existing literature documenting the relation among shame, substance use, and interpersonal trauma. METHOD Articles were collected using a Boolean search strategy of terms related to interpersonal trauma, substance use, and shame across six databases. Independent search and screening by three researchers led to a final review of 27 articles, 15 of which were qualitative studies. RESULTS Findings highlight robust associations among shame, interpersonal violence, and substance use across varied samples. Findings emphasize that increased shame is associated with greater substance use among survivors of interpersonal violence and elevated shame and greater interpersonal violence are present among individuals who use substances given the high prevalence rates. Burgeoning research suggests that shame mediates the relationship between interpersonal violence and substance use. CONCLUSION Results from our review suggest that shame may be an important treatment target for individuals presenting with substance use and a history of interpersonal violence. Future studies, with longitudinal designs, are needed to parse out the temporal relation among shame, substance use, and interpersonal violence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prachi H Bhuptani
- Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA; Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.
| | | | - Lauren Danzey
- Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA; Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Aanandita Bali
- Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA; Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Kirsten Langdon
- Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA; Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Lindsay M Orchowski
- Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA; Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
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Jallo N, Kinser PA, Eglovitch M, Worcman N, Webster P, Alvanzo A, Svikis D, Meshberg-Cohen S. Giving Voice to Women with Substance Use Disorder: Findings from Expressive Writing About Trauma. WOMEN'S HEALTH REPORTS (NEW ROCHELLE, N.Y.) 2024; 5:223-230. [PMID: 38516652 PMCID: PMC10956529 DOI: 10.1089/whr.2023.0173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Background Trauma exposure is a risk factor for substance use disorders (SUD) among women. This study explores written content from an expressive writing (EW) intervention conducted within a residential SUD program to examine themes across trauma experiences and characterize their deep insight into such experiences. Materials and Methods This qualitative study is a secondary data analysis of written content of the first writing session from women (n = 44) randomized to an EW condition while in residential SUD treatment. Results Nearly all participants (72.7% African American; mean age 37.3 years) reported a significant trauma event (93.2%) with an average of 3.7 types of trauma events (54.4% had a current posttraumatic stress disorder diagnosis). Four primary themes emerged: (1) trauma across the lifespan; (2) loss of safety; (3) altered self-concept; and (4) desire to move on. Most participants identified interpersonal trauma, especially at an early age, as well as parental neglect and physical and/or sexual violence. These themes indicate a pattern of interpersonal betrayal and paint a picture of trauma and the subsequent "rippling effect" such that the physical, mental, and emotional consequences were often as impactful as the event itself. However, there was also a desire to move on and gain a sense of normalcy. Conclusions Findings highlight the importance of the written word and addressing underlying trauma in addiction treatment to facilitate healing and the woman's desire to move on.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Jallo
- Department of Family and Community Health Nursing, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Patricia A. Kinser
- Department of Family and Community Health Nursing, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Michelle Eglovitch
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Nicola Worcman
- Interdisciplinary Cooperation for Ayahuasca Research and Outreach, State University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Parker Webster
- Chinle Comprehensive Healthcare Facility, Indian Health Service, Chinle, Arizona, USA
| | - Anika Alvanzo
- Substance Use Disorders Consultation Services, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Dace Svikis
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Sarah Meshberg-Cohen
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, West Haven, Connecticut, USA
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Nam B, Lee Y, Bright C, Negi N. Polyvictimization and Psychological Outcomes Among North Korean Refugee Women. Violence Against Women 2022; 28:3726-3741. [PMID: 35763547 DOI: 10.1177/10778012221088311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Korean refugee women are at risk of multiple violent victimizations throughout the migration phases. However, migration's association with mental health outcomes has received little scholarly attention. This study examined North Korean refugee women's exposure to polyvictimization-exposure to both gender-based violence (GBV) and intimate partner violence (IPV)-and explored whether polyvictimization is associated with an increased risk of psychological symptoms. Data from a snowball sample of 212 North Korean refugee women were analyzed. Polyvictimization was operationalized as No victimization (0), Only GBV (1), Only IPV (2), and Both GBV and IPV (3). The associations between polyvictimization and depression, suicidal ideation, suicide attempt, and alcohol use disorder were analyzed with multivariate analyses. Results demonstrated that 46.2% experienced GBV in either North Korea or intermediary countries, and 30.9% were victims of IPV from their current intimate partner in South Korea. Approximately 25% were victims of both GBV and IPV. Multivariate analyses revealed that GBV was the most critical factor for mental health outcomes. North Korean refugee women with only GBV or GBV and IPV had significantly higher depressive symptoms and suicidal ideation severity than those without violence victimization. Risk of suicide attempt was also significantly higher among those with only GBV (OR = 16.52, p = .015) or both GBV and IPV (OR = 9.96, p = .048) than those without any violence victimization. Implications for future research and interventions among North Korean refugee women are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyoung Nam
- Department of Social Welfare, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yujin Lee
- School of Social Welfare, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | | | - Nalini Negi
- School of Social Work, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Lee SB, Park HJ, Yoon MS. A longitudinal analysis on determinants of problem drinking among Korean women: focusing on a gender perspective. Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy 2022; 17:52. [PMID: 35841103 PMCID: PMC9284888 DOI: 10.1186/s13011-022-00481-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In recent years, female drinking has been on the rise worldwide, and this trend can be observed in Korea as well. Accordingly, this study aimed to examine the heterogeneous longitudinal changes in drinking patterns among Korean women, while also exploring the determinants of these changes. In particular, the study identified the gender perspective-related determinants of the classified patterns of problem drinking. Methods Data on 4615 adult women who participated in the Korea Welfare Panel Study (KOWEPS) for 3 years (2018–2020) were analyzed longitudinally using SPSS Statistics 22.0 and M-plus 7.0. The changes in female drinking patterns were analyzed using latent class growth analysis. Subsequently, multinomial logistic regression analysis was performed to identify the predictive factors affecting the changes in drinking patterns. Results Latent class analysis yielded three classes: “low problem drinking/decreased,” “moderate problem drinking/maintained,” and “high problem drinking/increased.” Of the participants, 80.4% were in the first class, 14.5% in the second, and 5.1% in the third. After controlling for sociodemographic and psychosocial factors, we found: i) domestic violence, work–family balance stress, and gender role perception were not statistically significant for the “moderate problem drinking/maintained” class; lower levels of depression (odds ratio; OR = .750, p < .05) and higher levels of satisfaction with social relationships (OR = 1.257, p < .05) increased the probability of belonging to the “moderate problem drinking/maintained” group compared to the low problem drinking/decreased class; ii) in the “high problem drinking/increased” class, relative to the low problem drinking/decreased class, experience of domestic violence (OR = 1.857, p < .05), work–family balance stress (OR = 1.309, p < .05), and gender role perception (OR = .705, p < .05) were significant predictors of drinking behavior. Conclusions Problem drinking in Korean women demonstrated heterogeneous patterns of change, with gender-specific factors being the main predictors of this change. Therefore, this study developed a strategy for reducing the harmful effects of female drinking, which considers the characteristics of the changes in women’s drinking patterns as well as factors from the gender perspective.
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Victor BG, Resko SM, Ryan JP, Perron BE. Identification of Domestic Violence Service Needs Among Child Welfare-Involved Parents With Substance Use Disorders: A Gender-Stratified Analysis. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2021; 36:NP2908-NP2930. [PMID: 29651923 DOI: 10.1177/0886260518768569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The current study examined the prevalence and associations of a need for domestic violence services among child welfare-involved mothers and fathers with substance use disorders. Data were drawn from 2,231 child welfare-involved parents in Illinois with an identified substance use disorder. Approximately 42% of mothers and 33% of fathers with a substance use disorder had a concurrent need for domestic violence services. The sample was stratified by gender and logistic regression models were fit to determine the adjusted odds of an identified need for domestic violence services. For both mothers and fathers, the strongest association was an additional need for mental health services. Age, education status, alcohol use, marijuana use, and a reported history of physical violence victimization were also associated with a need for domestic violence services among mothers, while race, age, marital status, annual income, alcohol use, cocaine use, and a reported history of physical violence perpetration were associated with a need for domestic violence services among fathers. The findings of this study make clear that domestic violence is a commonly co-occurring service need for child welfare-involved parents with identified substance use disorders, and that associations with this need vary by gender.
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Patock-Peckham JA, Belton DA, D'Ardenne K, Tein JY, Bauman DC, Infurna FJ, Sanabria F, Curtis J, Morgan-Lopez AA, McClure SM. Dimensions of childhood trauma and their direct and indirect links to PTSD, impaired control over drinking, and alcohol-related-problems. Addict Behav Rep 2020; 12:100304. [PMID: 33364313 PMCID: PMC7752722 DOI: 10.1016/j.abrep.2020.100304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) develops after experiencing events that evoke fear, helplessness, or horror. The Hyperarousablity Hypothesis suggests that those with PTSD may drink more to dampen physiological reactivity. We examined the direct and indirect relationships between childhood trauma (e.g., physical-neglect, emotional-abuse, physical-abuse, sexual-abuse) versus an emotionally-supportive-family on PTSD, impaired control over drinking (IC), alcohol-use, and alcohol-related-problems. IC reflects consuming more alcohol than one originally intended. METHODS We fit a multiple-group SEM to data on 835 participants. Mediational analyses were conducted by using the (K = 20,000) bootstrap technique with confidence intervals. RESULTS Physical-neglect was directly linked to more IC among both genders. Emotional abuse was also found to be directly linked to more PTSD among both genders. Furthermore, PTSD was directly linked to more impaired control over alcohol use (IC) among both genders. Mediational analyses showed that physical-neglect was indirectly linked to more alcohol-related-problems through increased IC. Having an emotionally supportive family was directly linked to fewer PTSD symptoms among women. For both genders, emotional abuse was indirectly linked to more alcohol-related-problems through more PTSD symptoms, impaired control over alcohol use difficulties, and in turn, more alcohol-use. Sexual abuse was indirectly linked to increased alcohol-related- problems through increased PTSD symptoms and more IC, and in turn, more alcohol-use among men. CONCLUSIONS Recalled childhood trauma (sexual and emotional abuse) may contribute to PTSD symptoms and dysregulated drinking. In conclusion, our data suggest that reducing PTSD symptoms may assist individuals in regaining control over their drinking.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel A. Belton
- Arizona State University, Department of Psychology, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | | | - Jenn-Yun Tein
- Arizona State University, Department of Psychology, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - Dylan C. Bauman
- Arizona State University, Department of Psychology, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - Frank J. Infurna
- Arizona State University, Department of Psychology, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - Federico Sanabria
- Arizona State University, Department of Psychology, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - John Curtis
- Arizona State University, Department of Psychology, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | | | - Samuel M. McClure
- Arizona State University, Department of Psychology, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
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Vederhus JK, Høie M, Birkeland B. One size doesn't fit all: a thematic analysis of interviews with people who have stopped participating in Narcotics Anonymous in Norway. Addict Sci Clin Pract 2020; 15:18. [PMID: 32448354 PMCID: PMC7247232 DOI: 10.1186/s13722-020-00191-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND For persons with substance use disorders (SUDs), 12-step groups (TSGs) are the most available and used peer-based recovery resource, worldwide. However, disengagement is common, and attrition may partly be due to practices and procedures within these groups that are unacceptable to a portion of the population with SUDs. Our overall aim was to identify problematic issues related to Narcotics Anonymous (NA) participation in Norway, to inform addiction professionals' strategies when referring persons to addiction-related self-help groups (SHGs). METHODS In this qualitative study, we interviewed ten individuals who had previously participated regularly in NA for at least 6 months, to examine their reasons for disengagement. We interpreted the interviews using thematic analysis. RESULTS We identified three themes: (1) 'The model did not fit', either the strategies utilized in NA (e.g., meeting format and step working) or NA's explanatory model of addiction, (2) 'Negative experiences spurred frustration', and (3) 'The safe place can become a cage'. The respondents believed that a main aim of recovery was reintegration into society, such that SHG participation should not be an end goal, but rather a platform for normalization back into society. Despite their negative experiences and strong critique, respondents still regarded NA as a valuable recovery resource, but pointed out that one size does not fit all. CONCLUSION Addiction professionals should recognize possible problems related to TSG participation, to help prevent negative experiences and possible harms to individuals. Professionals should also inform individuals about alternative support groups, to help them find the recovery resource best suited to them.
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Affiliation(s)
- John-Kåre Vederhus
- Addiction Unit, Sørlandet Hospital HF, Po. Box 416, 4604, Kristiansand, Norway.
| | | | - Bente Birkeland
- Addiction Unit, Sørlandet Hospital HF, Po. Box 416, 4604, Kristiansand, Norway.,University of Agder, Grimstad, Norway
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Posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms, relationship quality, and risky alcohol use among trauma-exposed students. Addict Behav 2020; 102:106216. [PMID: 31838368 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2019.106216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Individuals with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are at increased risk for alcohol use disorder (AUD), in part due to the use of alcohol as a coping strategy. High quality romantic relationships can buffer individuals against risk for psychopathology; however, no studies have evaluated romantic relationship quality in risk for PTSD-AUD in non-clinical samples. The current study examined the main and interactive effects of PTSD symptoms and romantic relationship quality on alcohol consumption (i.e., past 30-day alcohol use quantity, frequency, and binge frequency) and alcohol-related consequences in a sample of 101 college students (78.2% women) with a history of interpersonal trauma (i.e., physical/sexual assault, excluding intimate partner violence) who reported being in a romantic relationship. Relationship quality significantly moderated the association between PTSD symptom severity and alcohol use quantity (B = -0.972, p = .016) and alcohol-related consequences (B = -0.973, p = .009), such that greater PTSD symptoms were associated with greater alcohol use quantity and consequences among those low, but not high, in relationship quality. The interaction between PTSD symptom severity and relationship quality in relation to binge drinking was marginally significant (B = -0.762, p = .063), and relationship quality did not significantly moderate the association between PTSD symptom severity and alcohol use frequency. The main effect of PTSD symptom severity was significantly associated with alcohol-related consequences, but no other alcohol outcomes; the main effect of relationship quality was not associated with alcohol use outcomes or consequences. High quality romantic relationships may serve as a buffer for young adults at risk for alcohol problems.
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Regier PS, Kampman KM, Childress AR. Clinical Trials for Stimulant Use Disorders: Addressing Heterogeneities That May Undermine Treatment Outcomes. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2020; 258:299-322. [PMID: 32193666 DOI: 10.1007/164_2019_303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, use of cocaine and amphetamines and deaths associated with stimulants have been on the rise, and there are still no FDA-approved medications for stimulant use disorders. One contributing factor may involve heterogeneity. At the neurobiological level, dual dopamine dysfunction may be undermining medication efficacy, suggesting a need for combination pharmacotherapies. At the population level, individual variability is expressed in a number of ways and, if left unaddressed, may interfere with medication efficacy. This chapter reviews studies investigating medications to address dopamine dysfunction, and it also identifies several prominent heterogeneities associated with stimulant (and other substance) use disorders. The chapter has implications for improving interventions to treat stimulant use disorders, and the theme of individual heterogeneity may have broader application across substance use disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul S Regier
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, Center for Studies of Addiction, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Kyle M Kampman
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, Center for Studies of Addiction, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Anna Rose Childress
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, Center for Studies of Addiction, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Kopak AM, Combs E, Goodman K, Hoffmann NG. Exposure to Violence and Substance Use Treatment Outcomes Among Female Patients. Subst Use Misuse 2019; 54:362-372. [PMID: 30658542 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2018.1491050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many female substance use patients have experienced violence in the past, with most estimates showing the majority of patients reporting violent experiences at some point. Prior experience with violence has been linked to increased severity of substance use, and this may contribute to more challenges in the path to recovery. OBJECTIVES Existing research has confounded the timing at which violence has occurred with the type of violence to which patients have been exposed. The current study was conducted to specify the extent to which the timing of exposure and the type of violence were associated with substance use after discharge from treatment. METHODS Data were collected from 3,439 female patients included in the Comprehensive Assessment and Treatment Outcome Research (CATOR) system. RESULTS With regard to the type of exposure, findings indicated female patients who were exposed to multiple forms of violence (i.e. physical and sexual) displayed the greatest severity of substance use upon treatment initiation, as well as the greatest likelihood for use following discharge from treatment. In terms of the timing, female patients who experienced violence at various time points (i.e. before and after 18 years of age) displayed the greatest severity of substance use, but patients who experienced violence after 18 years of age had the highest probability of substance use following discharge from treatment. Conclusions/Importance: Clinicians should collect information related to these important details as treatment protocols are developed, and as patients are connected to aftercare services to minimize post-treatment substance use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert M Kopak
- a Department of Criminology , Western Carolina University , Cullowhee , NC
| | - Elizabeth Combs
- b Department of Psychology , Western Carolina University ; Cullowhee , NC
| | - Katie Goodman
- a Department of Criminology , Western Carolina University , Cullowhee , NC
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Hingray C, Donné C, Martini H, Cohn A, El Hage W, Schwan R, Paille F. Description of type of trauma in alcohol-dependent women. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF TRAUMA & DISSOCIATION 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejtd.2018.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Regier PS, Monge ZA, Franklin TR, Wetherill RR, Teitelman A, Jagannathan K, Suh JJ, Wang Z, Young KA, Gawrysiak M, Langleben DD, Kampman KM, O'Brien CP, Childress AR. Emotional, physical and sexual abuse are associated with a heightened limbic response to cocaine cues. Addict Biol 2017; 22:1768-1777. [PMID: 27654662 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Revised: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Drug-reward cues trigger motivational circuitry, a response linked to drug-seeking in animals and in humans. Adverse life events have been reported to increase sensitivity to drug rewards and to bolster drug reward signaling. Therefore, we hypothesized that cocaine-dependent individuals with prior emotional, physical and sexual abuse might have a heightened mesolimbic brain response to cues for drug reward in a new brief-cue probe. Cocaine-dependent human individuals (N = 68) were stabilized in an inpatient setting and then completed an event-related blood-oxygen-level dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging task featuring 500-ms evocative (cocaine, sexual, aversive) and comparator (neutral) cues. Responses to three questions about emotional, physical and sexual abuse from the Addiction Severity Index were used to divide the patients into subgroups (history of Abuse [n = 40] versus No Abuse [n = 28]). When subjects were grouped by the historical presence or absence of emotional, physical or sexual abuse, the Abuse group showed a heightened midbrain, thalamic, caudate, and caudal orbitofrontal cortex response to cocaine cues; a similar result was found in other evocative cues, as well. These findings are the first reported for a 500-ms cocaine-cue probe, and they highlight the ability of very brief evocative cues to activate the brain's motivational circuitry. Although all participants had severe cocaine use disorders, individuals reporting prior abuse had a heightened mesolimbic response to evocative cues. To our knowledge, this is the first study in humans linking a history of abuse to a brain vulnerability (heightened mesolimbic response to drug cues) previously shown to contribute to drug-seeking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul S. Regier
- Department of Psychiatry; University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Philadelphia PA USA
| | - Zachary A. Monge
- Department of Psychiatry; University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Philadelphia PA USA
| | - Teresa R. Franklin
- Department of Psychiatry; University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Philadelphia PA USA
| | - Reagan R. Wetherill
- Department of Psychiatry; University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Philadelphia PA USA
| | - Anne Teitelman
- School of Nursing; University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia PA USA
| | - Kanchana Jagannathan
- Department of Psychiatry; University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Philadelphia PA USA
| | - Jesse J. Suh
- Department of Psychiatry; University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Philadelphia PA USA
| | - Ze Wang
- Department of Psychiatry; University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Philadelphia PA USA
| | - Kimberly A. Young
- Department of Psychiatry; University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Philadelphia PA USA
| | - Michael Gawrysiak
- Department of Psychiatry; University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Philadelphia PA USA
| | - Daniel D. Langleben
- Department of Psychiatry; University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Philadelphia PA USA
| | - Kyle M. Kampman
- Department of Psychiatry; University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Philadelphia PA USA
| | - Charles P. O'Brien
- Department of Psychiatry; University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Philadelphia PA USA
| | - Anna Rose Childress
- Department of Psychiatry; University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Philadelphia PA USA
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Kachadourian LK, Pilver CE, Potenza MN. Trauma, PTSD, and binge and hazardous drinking among women and men: findings from a national study. J Psychiatr Res 2014; 55:35-43. [PMID: 24838049 PMCID: PMC4094352 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2014.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Revised: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine whether trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are differentially associated with binge and hazardous patterns of drinking among women and men. METHODS Secondary analysis of the Wave 2 National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC); the analytic sample included 31,487 respondents (54.6% female) without past-year alcohol abuse/dependence. Participants' trauma-exposure/PTSD status was characterized as: no exposure to trauma in lifetime (reference), lifetime trauma exposure, PTSD before past-year, or past-year PTSD. Past-year binge and hazardous drinking were examined with multinomial logistic regression models (past-year abstinence was modeled as the non-event); models included the main effects of trauma-exposure/PTSD status and gender, the trauma-exposure/PTSD status-by-gender interaction, psychiatric comorbidity, and socio-demographic covariates. RESULTS The gender-specific effects of trauma, before past-year PTSD, and past-year PTSD were significantly elevated for all drinking behaviors in women (range of odds ratios (ORs) = 1.8-4.8), and for some drinking behaviors in men (range of ORs = 1.3-2.0), relative to no trauma exposure. Trauma exposure was more strongly associated with high-frequency binge drinking, low-frequency binge drinking, and non-binge drinking among women as compared to men. Past-year PTSD was also more strongly associated with low-frequency binge drinking and non-binge drinking among women compared to men. Findings for hazardous drinking followed a similar pattern, with significant gender-related differences in ORs for hazardous drinking and non-hazardous drinking observed with respect to trauma exposure and past-year PTSD.. CONCLUSION Mental health practitioners should be mindful of the extent to which trauma-exposed individuals both with and without PTSD engage in binge and hazardous drinking, given the negative consequences associated with these patterns of drinking..
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorig K. Kachadourian
- National Center for PTSD, VA Connecticut Healthcare System,Yale University School of Medicine
| | - Corey E. Pilver
- Yale University School of Medicine,Yale School of Public Health
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Sugarman DE, Kaufman JS, Trucco EM, Brown JC, Greenfield SF. Predictors of drinking and functional outcomes for men and women following inpatient alcohol treatment. Am J Addict 2014; 23:226-33. [PMID: 24724879 PMCID: PMC3986726 DOI: 10.1111/j.1521-0391.2014.12098.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2012] [Revised: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 05/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES This prospective study uses path analytic models to examine baseline characteristics associated with both functioning and drinking outcomes 12 months after inpatient alcohol treatment. METHODS Alcohol-dependent participants (N = 101) were recruited during inpatient alcohol treatment and assessed monthly 1 year after discharge. RESULTS Alcohol severity was negatively associated with education and self-efficacy; marital status was positively associated with self-efficacy; and education and self-efficacy were negatively associated with drinking outcomes. Low alcohol severity, not having a depression diagnosis, and being married were associated with less social support impairment, which was in turn associated with better drinking outcomes. Having a history of sexual abuse did not influence drinking outcomes. However, having a history of sexual abuse was negatively associated with global functioning. CONCLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC SIGNIFICANCE Drinking outcomes were associated with education, self-efficacy, social support, and diagnosis of depression at baseline; however, global functioning 1 year following treatment was primarily and negatively associated with sexual abuse history. Future treatment research should include measures of both functioning and drinking behavior outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawn E. Sugarman
- Alcohol and Drug Abuse Treatment Program, McLean Hospital, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, 401 Park Drive, Boston, MA
| | - Julia S. Kaufman
- Alcohol and Drug Abuse Treatment Program, McLean Hospital, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA
- Department of Psychology, Miami University, 100 Psychology Building, Oxford, OH
| | - Elisa M. Trucco
- Department of Psychiatry, Addiction Research Center, University of Michigan, 4250 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Jodi C. Brown
- Department of Social Work, College of Social and Behavioral Sciences, California State University, Northridge, 18111 Nordhoff Street, Northridge, CA
| | - Shelly F. Greenfield
- Alcohol and Drug Abuse Treatment Program, McLean Hospital, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, 401 Park Drive, Boston, MA
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Beydoun HA, Beydoun MA. Invited commentary: disclosure of gender-based violence in developing countries. Am J Epidemiol 2014; 179:613-8. [PMID: 24318280 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwt296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolving concept of gender-based violence (GBV) is a multifaceted issue of public health significance. Until recently, most studies examining GBV have been conducted in North America. In this issue of the Journal, Palermo et al. (Am J Epidemiol. 2014;179(5):602-612) report their secondary analyses involving approximately 300,000 women from 24 developing countries who participated in Demographic and Health Surveys between 2004 and 2011. The focus of their article is on the prevalence and determinants of disclosure of GBV to formal authorities, including health care or legal professionals, police, and nongovernmental organizations. Their results indicate a wide gap between prevalence of GBV (40%) and GBV disclosure (7%), implying an underestimation of GBV that ranges from 11- to 128-fold, depending on the region and type of reporting. The extent of underreporting of GBV also varied according to personal characteristics such as age, marital status and urban or rural residence. GBV has been linked to a myriad of health problems, and it has been shown that health care utilization is considerably higher among women who have experienced GBV. Primary and secondary prevention efforts should continue to target GBV, and creative ways of addressing GBV nondisclosure should take into account regional variations and personal characteristics of affected women.
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Intimate Partner Violence and Use of Alcohol and Drug Treatment Services Among a National Sample. ADDICTIVE DISORDERS & THEIR TREATMENT 2013. [DOI: 10.1097/adt.0b013e31825791ff] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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17
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Dang C, Hispard E, Chariot P. Experience of violence perpetration and victimization in alcohol-dependent patients hospitalized for alcohol withdrawal. J Forensic Leg Med 2012; 19:402-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jflm.2012.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2012] [Accepted: 04/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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18
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Mattson RE, O'Farrell TJ, Lofgreen AM, Cunningham K, Murphy CM. The role of illicit substance use in a conceptual model of intimate partner violence in men undergoing treatment for alcoholism. PSYCHOLOGY OF ADDICTIVE BEHAVIORS 2012; 26:255-64. [PMID: 21875168 PMCID: PMC3241887 DOI: 10.1037/a0025030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Illicit substance use (ISU) predicts intimate partner violence (IPV) above and beyond alcohol use and other known IPV correlates. Stuart and colleagues (2008) provided evidence for a theoretical framework by which ISU contributes both directly and indirectly to IPV. We sought to replicate and extend their findings using data from 181 married or cohabiting heterosexual couples in which the male had recently begun a substance abuse treatment program and met criteria for alcohol dependence (97%) or abuse (3%). Using SEM, we found that (a) Stuart et al.'s model provided a good fit to the data; (b) men's cocaine use and women's sedative use emerged as particularly relevant to their respective perpetration of IPV; (c) a positive association between men's antisociality and physical aggression was mediated by increased stimulant use; and (d) the specific pattern of IPV predicted by women's sedative use differed across levels of aggression severity. These findings not only highlight the direct role of ISU in relationship aggression, but also support a larger theory-driven model comprising various proximal and distal precursors of IPV.
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Childhood adversity, serotonin transporter (5-HTTLPR) genotype, and risk for cigarette smoking and nicotine dependence in alcohol dependent adults. Drug Alcohol Depend 2012; 123:201-6. [PMID: 22172222 PMCID: PMC3315603 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2011.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2011] [Revised: 10/17/2011] [Accepted: 11/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study examined the extent to which cigarette smoking and nicotine dependence in adults with alcohol dependence (AD) are associated with adverse childhood experiences. Gender, social support, and an allelic variant in the gene encoding the serotonin transporter (5-HTTLPR) were examined as moderators of this relationship. METHODS The Semi-Structured Assessment for the Genetics of Alcoholism - Version II (SSAGA-II) was used to assess DSM-IV diagnoses and cigarette smoking characteristics as well as traumatic life events and social support during childhood in 256 AD men (n=149) and women (n=107). RESULTS An increase in number of adverse childhood events was associated with heightened risk of cigarette use and nicotine dependence. 5-HTTLPR genotype, gender, and social support did not significantly moderate the relationships among childhood adversity and ever-smoking or nicotine dependence. CONCLUSIONS Results extend previous findings to suggest that childhood adversity is strongly related to risk for ever-smoking and nicotine dependence in AD individuals. Additional research is needed to examine other potential genetic and environmental moderators and mediators of the relationships among smoking, alcohol use, and childhood trauma.
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Heffner JL, Blom TJ, Anthenelli RM. Gender differences in trauma history and symptoms as predictors of relapse to alcohol and drug use. Am J Addict 2011; 20:307-11. [PMID: 21679261 DOI: 10.1111/j.1521-0391.2011.00141.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine whether there are gender-specific associations between trauma exposure and alcohol or drug relapse in alcohol-dependent adults. Participants were 51 men (n = 24) and women (n = 27) with alcohol dependence, 22 (43.1%) of whom relapsed during study participation. Severity of childhood trauma; number of lifetime events evoking fear, helplessness, or horror; and current trauma symptoms all predicted relapse in women, but not in men. These findings highlight the importance of assessing trauma history and providing treatment of trauma-related symptoms for individuals with alcohol and drug dependence, and for women in particular.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaimee L Heffner
- Tri-State Tobacco and Alcohol Research Center, Addiction Sciences Division, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Ohio, USA.
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21
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Johnson CS, Heffner JL, Blom TJ, Anthenelli RM. Exposure to traumatic events among treatment-seeking, alcohol-dependent women and men without PTSD. J Trauma Stress 2010; 23:649-52. [PMID: 20803578 PMCID: PMC3970570 DOI: 10.1002/jts.20563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The authors examined lifetime exposure to a range of traumatic events in 106 abstinent, treatment-engaged (85% residential; 15% outpatient), alcohol-dependent women (n = 53) and men without current or lifetime posttraumatic stress disorder. Alcohol-dependent women reported greater severity of childhood trauma, but similar lifetime exposure to traumatic events compared with men. Alcohol-dependent women without cocaine abuse or TB (n = 10) reported greater severity of childhood trauma than women with (n = 43), and men with (n = 21) or without (n = 32) cocaine abuse or dependence. Results extend previously observed gender differences in trauma histories among alcohol-dependent adults and point to potential gender- and substance-specific drug co-addiction effects that may have been influenced by trauma exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candace S. Johnson
- Tri-State Tobacco and Alcohol Research Center, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine
| | - Jaimee L. Heffner
- Tri-State Tobacco and Alcohol Research Center, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine
| | - Thomas J. Blom
- Tri-State Tobacco and Alcohol Research Center, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine
| | - Robert M. Anthenelli
- Tri-State Tobacco and Alcohol Research Center, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Substance Dependence Program, Cincinnati Veterans Affairs Medical Center
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Schäfer I, Verthein U, Oechsler H, Deneke C, Riedel-Heller S, Martens M. What are the needs of alcohol dependent patients with a history of sexual violence? A case-register study in a metropolitan region. Drug Alcohol Depend 2009; 105:118-25. [PMID: 19647957 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2009.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2008] [Revised: 05/28/2009] [Accepted: 06/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sexual violence has become increasingly apparent as a factor determining more complex treatment needs in patients with substance abuse. However, empirical evidence on specific patterns of differences between patients with and without a history of sexual violence is scarce. METHODS Our sample consisted of alcohol dependent outpatients treated during a two-year period in a German metropolitan region. The analysis was based on a local case register and included all patients for whom information on lifetime sexual violence was available (N=1981; 33.4% female). In a case-control design, patients with a history of sexual violence were compared to patients without such experiences regarding a wide range of clinical and social factors indicative of potential needs. RESULTS More than 35% of the female patients and 6% of the male patients reported a history of sexual violence. Victims differed from non-victims across a variety of domains, including psychiatric symptoms and suicide attempts, legal problems, financial and family problems, previous use of services, and need for additional services during the current treatment. Patient gender emerged as a significant moderator of several of these associations. CONCLUSIONS The findings indicate that an effort needs to be made to link addiction treatment, other parts of the health care system, and further institutions, such as family services and parts of the legal system, so that the complex needs of this vulnerable population can be met in an adequate way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingo Schäfer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, Hamburg 20246, Germany.
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McCrady BS, Epstein EE, Cook S, Jensen N, Hildebrandt T. A randomized trial of individual and couple behavioral alcohol treatment for women. J Consult Clin Psychol 2009; 77:243-56. [PMID: 19309184 DOI: 10.1037/a0014686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Although alcohol use disorders (AUDs) adversely affect women, research on efficacious treatments for women is limited. In this randomized efficacy trial of 102 heterosexual women with AUDs, the authors compared alcohol behavioral couple therapy (ABCT) and alcohol behavioral individual therapy (ABIT) on percentage of days abstinent (PDA) and percentage of days of heavy drinking (PDH) over 6 months of treatment and 12 months of posttreatment follow-up. Baseline relationship functioning and comorbid disorders were tested as moderators of outcome. Piecewise linear growth models were used to model outcomes. During treatment, women increased their PDA and decreased their PDH, with significantly greater improvements in ABCT than in ABIT (d = 0.59 for PDA; d = 0.79 for PDH). Differences favoring ABCT were maintained during follow-up. Women with poorer baseline relationship functioning improved more on PDA during treatment with ABCT than with ABIT. For PDH, results during treatment and follow-up favored ABCT for women with better baseline relationship functioning. ABCT resulted in better outcomes than ABIT for women with Axis I disorders at the end of follow-up (PDA), and for women with Axis II disorders at the end of treatment (PDA) and at the end of follow-up (PDH).
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara S McCrady
- Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Center on Alcoholism, Substance Abuse, and Addictions, MSC11 6280, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA.
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Lee S, Lyvers M, Edwards MS. Childhood sexual abuse and substance abuse in relation to depression and coping. JOURNAL OF SUBSTANCE USE 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/14659890802211077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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25
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Schneider R, Burnette M, Timko C. History of physical or sexual abuse and participation in 12-step self-help groups. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF DRUG AND ALCOHOL ABUSE 2008; 34:617-25. [PMID: 18821455 DOI: 10.1080/00952990802308148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Although 12-step groups are an important resource for managing substance use problems, their efficacy for patients with a physical or sexual abuse history is unknown. METHODS In the present study, patients with a history of physical or sexual (n = 122) or no (n = 143) abuse were interviewed at entry to outpatient substance use treatment at the Veterans Administration. RESULTS After adjusting for baseline substance use, physical or sexual abuse was associated with more attendance at and involvement in 12-step groups. Participation in 12-step groups predicted abstinence at one year, regardless of abuse history. CONCLUSIONS Limitations and implications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renee Schneider
- Center for Health Care Evaluation, VA Palo Alto and Standford University, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA.
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26
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Kaysen D, Pantalone DW, Chawla N, Lindgren KP, Clum GA, Lee C, Resick PA. Posttraumatic stress disorder, alcohol use, and physical health concerns. J Behav Med 2008; 31:115-25. [PMID: 18095150 DOI: 10.1007/s10865-007-9140-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2007] [Accepted: 11/14/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
PTSD is a risk factor for alcohol problems and both in turn have been independently associated with increased health problems. However, it is unclear whether alcohol use moderates the relationship between PTSD and health. Participants were battered women (N = 336) recruited from local domestic violence shelters and non-shelter victim-assistance agencies. A 2 (PTSD diagnosis) x 3 (abstainer, infrequent/light, regular/heavy drinking) ANCOVA was conducted, with injuries and length of abuse as covariates and health concerns as the dependent variable. Main effects for PTSD and alcohol use were significant but not the interaction. Women with PTSD reported the greatest number of health concerns. Women who abstained from drinking and those who drank regularly/heavily reported more health concerns than the infrequent/light drinkers. Health concerns associated with PTSD do not appear to be due to problem drinking. In addition, infrequent/light drinking, even for women with PTSD, may be associated with fewer health concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debra Kaysen
- Center for Trauma Recovery, University of Missouri-St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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27
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Timko C, Sutkowi A, Pavao J, Kimerling R. Women's childhood and adult adverse experiences, mental health, and binge drinking: the California Women's Health Survey. Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy 2008; 3:15. [PMID: 18538028 PMCID: PMC2447829 DOI: 10.1186/1747-597x-3-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2008] [Accepted: 06/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study examined sociodemographic, physical and mental health, and adult and childhood adverse experiences associated with binge drinking in a representative sample of women in the State of California. MATERIALS AND METHODS Data were from the 2003 to 2004 (response rates of 72% and 74%, respectively) California Women's Health Survey (CWHS), a population-based, random-digit-dial annual probability survey sponsored by the California Department of Health Services. The sample was 6,942 women aged 18 years or older. RESULTS The prevalence of binge drinking was 9.3%. Poor physical health, and poorer mental health (i.e., symptoms of PTSD, anxiety, and depression, feeling overwhelmed by stress), were associated with binge drinking when demographics were controlled, as were adverse experiences in adulthood (intimate partner violence, having been physically or sexually assaulted, or having experienced the death of someone close) and in childhood (living with someone abusing substances or mentally ill, or with a mother vicimized by violence, or having been physically or sexually assaulted). When adult mental health and adverse experiences were also controlled, having lived as a child with someone who abused substances or was mentally ill was associated with binge drinking. Associations between childhood adverse experiences and binge drinking could not be explained by women's poorer mental health status in adulthood. CONCLUSION Identifying characteristics of women who engage in binge drinking is a key step in prevention and intervention efforts. Binge drinking programs should consider comprehensive approaches that address women's mental health symptoms as well as circumstances in the childhood home.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Timko
- Center for Health Care Evaluation, Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) Health Care System, 795 Willow Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Anne Sutkowi
- Center for Health Care Evaluation, Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) Health Care System, 795 Willow Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Joanne Pavao
- National Center for PTSD, VA Health Care System, 795 Willow Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Rachel Kimerling
- Center for Health Care Evaluation, Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) Health Care System, 795 Willow Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
- National Center for PTSD, VA Health Care System, 795 Willow Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
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28
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Schneider R, Cronkite R, Timko C. Lifetime physical and sexual abuse and substance use treatment outcomes in men. J Subst Abuse Treat 2008; 35:353-61. [PMID: 18342478 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsat.2008.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2007] [Revised: 01/15/2008] [Accepted: 01/21/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Although lifetime physical and sexual abuse are common among substance use disorder (SUD) patients, few studies have examined the impact of abuse on treatment outcomes, particularly for men. Men with lifetime physical (n = 49), sexual (n = 49), or no abuse (n = 117) history were assessed at entry to outpatient SUD treatment and at 6 and 12 months postintake. Men with a history of physical or sexual abuse had more severe drug problems at intake, but by 6 months, there were no group differences in drug use. However, relative to men without an abuse history, men with a sexual abuse history had more severe psychiatric problems at all three time points and were more likely to report significant suicidality at intake and 6 months. Findings suggest that men with a history of sexual abuse benefit from SUD treatment, but additional intervention may be warranted to remedy persisting psychiatric distress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renee Schneider
- Center for Health Care Evaluation, VA Palo Alto Health Care System and Stanford University School of Medicine, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA.
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29
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Dragan M, Lis-Turlejska M. Lifetime exposure to potentially traumatic events in a sample of alcohol-dependent patients in Poland. J Trauma Stress 2007; 20:1041-51. [PMID: 18157886 DOI: 10.1002/jts.20259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies show a high prevalence of traumatic events in samples of patients with a substance use disorder. In the present study, the lifetime exposure to potentially traumatic events (PTEs) was estimated in a sample of 458 patients recruited at 17 randomly chosen alcohol-dependence treatment units in the public healthcare sector in Poland. Eighty percent of the patients reported a history of at least one potentially traumatic event. Sixty percent of them reported experiencing more than one probable trauma. However, only the patients who experienced physical assault reported worse clinical severity in posttraumatic stress and alcohol-use related symptomatology. The findings confirm the importance of trauma assessment in alcohol-dependent patients and the inclusion of trauma-related issues in the treatment of alcohol dependence.
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30
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VanDeMark NR. Policy on reintegration of women with histories of substance abuse: a mixed methods study of predictors of relapse and facilitators of recovery. SUBSTANCE ABUSE TREATMENT PREVENTION AND POLICY 2007; 2:28. [PMID: 17880725 PMCID: PMC2100039 DOI: 10.1186/1747-597x-2-28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2007] [Accepted: 09/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Background The predominant U.S. policy approach toward individuals with substance abuse problems has relied on stigma and punishment by withholding access to education, cash assistance, housing, social support, and normal social roles. In contrast to this approach, the theory of reintegrative shaming asserts that providing individuals with the opportunity to reconnect with society is more effective in reducing potential to relapse to crime and drug abuse. Strategies that promote such reconnection include expanding access to basic needs and supportive relationships along with increasing opportunities to fully participate in mainstream social roles. Methods The present cross-sectional study examined the predictors of relapse and the facilitators of recovery in a sample of 325 women with histories of substance abuse. Analysis of secondary data, collected as part of a national cross-site study, employed a mixed methods approach conducting (1) logistic regression to examine the predictors of relapse and (2) an inductive qualitative analysis of responses from open-ended items to explore the women's perceptions of barriers to and facilitators of recovery. Results Results suggest that lower levels of instrumental support, affective support, and participation in normal roles (such as parent, employee, student, and citizen) are significant predictors of relapse to drug use and criminal behaviors. Qualitative findings support the quantitative results, revealing that participating women perceived the variables of support and role participation as critical in facilitating their recovery. They also noted the importance of individual characteristics such as optimism and strength and emphasized the significance of their relationship with their children in motivating them to avoid relapse. Findings suggest that punitive policies toward women with substance abuse histories may be ineffective. Conclusion The author concludes that current policies designed to withhold access to basic needs such as housing, education, cash assistance, and positive relationships may deprive women with histories of substance abuse of the means to reconnect with society. Policies that promote access to basic needs and offer avenues for women to participate in normal societal roles should be more fully explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy R VanDeMark
- Graduate School of Social Work, University of Denver, 2148 South High Street, Denver, CO 80208 USA.
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31
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Correlates of Violence History Among Injured Patients in an Urban Emergency Department. J Addict Dis 2007; 26:61-75. [DOI: 10.1300/j069v26n03_07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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32
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Sacks JY, McKendrick K, Banks S. The impact of early trauma and abuse on residential substance abuse treatment outcomes for women. J Subst Abuse Treat 2007; 34:90-100. [PMID: 17574799 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsat.2007.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2006] [Revised: 12/26/2006] [Accepted: 01/02/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This study examines the impact of early abuse on the functioning and the 12-month treatment outcomes of 146 homeless addicted women who entered residential substance abuse treatment. Sixty-nine percent of the women reported exposure to childhood physical, sexual, or emotional abuse; the majority reported multiple forms of abuse. Comparisons of abused and nonabused women revealed significant differences in childhood, adolescent, and adult functioning, indicative of the pervasive detrimental effects of early abuse. Female survivors of childhood abuse did not improve in treatment as much as their nonabused peers in psychological functioning (p < .001), substance abuse (p < .01), or continuing trauma exposure (p < .01) . The findings suggest the importance of adapting models of residential substance abuse treatment to address concurrent issues related to trauma history. Additional research is needed to identify effective integrated treatment approaches for this population and to explore the independent and interconnected pathways linking trauma history and outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- JoAnn Y Sacks
- Center for the Integration of Research and Practice, National Development and Research Institutes, Inc., New York, NY 10010, USA.
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33
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Kaysen D, Dillworth TM, Simpson T, Waldrop A, Larimer ME, Resick PA. Domestic violence and alcohol use: trauma-related symptoms and motives for drinking. Addict Behav 2007; 32:1272-83. [PMID: 17098370 PMCID: PMC1902810 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2006.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2006] [Revised: 08/18/2006] [Accepted: 09/28/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol use is frequently associated with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), especially in the face of chronic traumatic experiences. However, the relationship between alcohol use and symptoms associated with chronic trauma exposure has not been evaluated. This study examined alcohol use in recently battered women (N=369). Differences were found in trauma symptoms between abstainers, moderate drinkers, and heavy drinkers, with heavy drinkers reporting more severe symptoms. Mediational analyses suggest that the relationship between drinking and trauma symptoms is mediated by drinking to cope, which has not been previously demonstrated in a battered population. Results suggest the importance of assessing trauma symptoms and motives for drinking in understanding alcohol use in recent survivors of domestic violence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debra Kaysen
- Center for Trauma Recovery, University of Missouri-St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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Zlotnick C, Johnson DM, Stout RL, Zywiak WH, Johnson JE, Schneider RJ. Childhood abuse and intake severity in alcohol disorder patients. J Trauma Stress 2006; 19:949-59. [PMID: 17195983 DOI: 10.1002/jts.20177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In a sample of 336 patients with an alcohol use disorder, this study examined, whether patients with histories of childhood sexual abuse (CSA) and childhood physical abuse (CPA) compared to those without such histories have a greater severity of alcohol and other clinical difficulties. Whether lifetime posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) mediates the relationship between childhood abuse and clinical outcomes was explored. Results were that CSA was associated with earlier age of onset for alcohol disorder, greater Axis I comorbidity as defined by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV; American Psychiatric Association, 1994), more social and psychiatric problems, but lower drinking frequency. Childhood physical abuse was related to greater drinking consequences, social and psychiatric dysfunction, and Axis I comorbidity, but also lower drinking frequency. Posttraumatic stress disorder partially mediated the effect of both CSA and CPA on severity of psychiatric problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caron Zlotnick
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, RI, USA.
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Kaysen D, Dillworth TM, Simpson T, Waldrop A, Larimer ME, Resick PA. Domestic violence and alcohol use: trauma-related symptoms and motives for drinking. Addict Behav 2006. [PMID: 17098370 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2006.09.007|] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/30/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol use is frequently associated with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), especially in the face of chronic traumatic experiences. However, the relationship between alcohol use and symptoms associated with chronic trauma exposure has not been evaluated. This study examined alcohol use in recently battered women (N=369). Differences were found in trauma symptoms between abstainers, moderate drinkers, and heavy drinkers, with heavy drinkers reporting more severe symptoms. Mediational analyses suggest that the relationship between drinking and trauma symptoms is mediated by drinking to cope, which has not been previously demonstrated in a battered population. Results suggest the importance of assessing trauma symptoms and motives for drinking in understanding alcohol use in recent survivors of domestic violence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debra Kaysen
- Center for Trauma Recovery, University of Missouri-St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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Conner KR, Duberstein PR. Predisposing and Precipitating Factors for Suicide Among Alcoholics: Empirical Review and Conceptual Integration. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2006; 28:6S-17S. [PMID: 15166632 DOI: 10.1097/01.alc.0000127410.84505.2a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol dependence is a potent risk factor for suicide. Accordingly, alcoholics should be targeted in suicide prevention efforts. This article reviews the literature on suicide among alcoholics and provides a model that may inform research, clinical work, and prevention efforts. In this model, we propose that aggression/impulsivity, severe alcoholism, negative affect, and hopelessness are key predisposing factors for suicide among alcoholics. We propose that major depressive episodes and stressful life events, particularly interpersonal difficulties, are key precipitating factors. We also integrate these constructs in a model that proposes that many acts of suicide among alcoholics may be viewed as acts of reactive aggression executed in the midst of distress over a lost or threatened relationship. Empirical evidence for the model is discussed along with its limitations. The next generation of research on alcoholism and suicide should include a focus on the interpersonal anlage of suicide in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth R Conner
- Center for the Study and Prevention of Suicide and Laboratory of Personality and Development, Department of Psychiatry, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA.
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Najavits LM, Schmitz M, Gotthardt S, Weiss RD. Seeking Safety Plus Exposure Therapy: An Outcome Study on Dual Diagnosis Men. J Psychoactive Drugs 2005; 37:425-35. [PMID: 16480170 DOI: 10.1080/02791072.2005.10399816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
This study arose out of a prominent clinical need: effective treatment for comorbid posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and substance use disorder (SUD) in civilian men. This dual diagnosis is estimated to occur in up to 38% of men in substance abuse treatment, and generally portends a more severe clinical course than SUD alone. Clinical issues include self-harm, suicidality, perpetration of violence against others, and HIV risk behaviors. This study appears to be the first outcome trial to address a sample of civilian men with PTSD and SUD using manualized psychosocial treatment. It evaluates a novel combination treatment, Seeking Safety plus Exposure Therapy-Revised. The former is a coping skills treatment designed for PTSD and SUD; the latter is an adaptation of Foa's exposure therapy, modified for PTSD and SUD. In this small sample (n = 5) outpatient pilot trial, patients with current PTSD and current SUD were offered 30 sessions over five months, with the option to select how much of each type of treatment they preferred. Outcome results showed significant improvements in drug use; family/social functioning; trauma symptoms; anxiety; dissociation; sexuality; hostility; overall functioning; meaningfulness; and feelings and thoughts related to safety. Trends indicating improvement on 11 other outcome variables were also found. Treatment attendance, satisfaction, and alliance were extremely high. The need for further evaluation using more rigorous methodology is discussed.
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Pirard S, Sharon E, Kang SK, Angarita GA, Gastfriend DR. Prevalence of physical and sexual abuse among substance abuse patients and impact on treatment outcomes. Drug Alcohol Depend 2005; 78:57-64. [PMID: 15769558 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2004.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2004] [Revised: 09/20/2004] [Accepted: 09/20/2004] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
More than half of substance abusers entering addiction treatment report a history of physical or sexual abuse. It is unclear if such a history impacts treatment outcomes. This one-year follow-up study of 700 substance abusers sought to clarify the relationship between lifetime physical and/or sexual abuse and addiction treatment outcome to help address the specific needs of this population. To achieve this goal, baseline characteristics, no-show for treatment status, post-treatment clinical outcomes, and treatment history were studied for subjects with lifetime history of abuse (47.3%) versus without. Abused subjects, predominantly women, were significantly more impaired at baseline on clinical dimensions including family/social severity and psychiatric severity as measured by the Addiction Severity Index (ASI), and general level of functioning. The two groups endorsed different drugs as primary, with the abused group less frequently endorsing heroin and cocaine in favor of alcohol and polydrug use. Abused subjects reported more prior medical and psychiatric treatments. Abuse history was not a predictor of no-show for treatment. Over the 1-year follow-up, lifetime physical and/or sexual abuse was significantly associated with worse psychiatric status and more psychiatric hospitalizations and outpatient treatment despite receiving similar intensive addiction treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Pirard
- Addiction Research Program, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, 388 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Langeland W, Draijer N, van den Brink W. Psychiatric Comorbidity in Treatment-Seeking Alcoholics: The Role of Childhood Trauma and Perceived Parental Dysfunction. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2004; 28:441-7. [PMID: 15084902 DOI: 10.1097/01.alc.0000117831.17383.72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study among treatment-seeking alcoholics examined the relationship between childhood abuse (sexual abuse only [CSA], physical abuse only [CPA], or dual abuse [CDA]) and the presence of comorbid affective disorders, anxiety disorders, and suicide attempts, controlling for the potential confounding effects of other childhood adversities (early parental loss, witnessing domestic violence, parental alcoholism, and/or dysfunction) and adult assault histories. METHOD We assessed 155 (33 females, 122 males) treatment-seeking alcoholics using the European Addiction Severity Index, the Structured Trauma Interview, and the Composite International Diagnostic Interview. RESULTS The severity of childhood abuse was associated with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and suicide attempts in females and with PTSD, social phobia, agoraphobia, and dysthymia in males. Among men, multiple logistic regression models showed that CPA and CDA were not independently associated with any of the examined comorbid disorders or with suicide attempts. However, CSA independently predicted comorbid social phobia, agoraphobia, and PTSD. For the presence of comorbid affective disorders (mainly major depression) and suicide attempts, maternal dysfunctioning was particularly important. CSA also independently contributed to the number of comorbid diagnoses. For females, small sample size precluded the use of multivariate analyses. CONCLUSION Childhood abuse is an important factor in understanding clinical impairment in treated alcoholics, especially regarding comorbid phobic anxiety disorders, PTSD, and suicidality. These findings underline the importance of routine assessment of childhood trauma and possible trauma-related disorders in individuals presenting to alcohol treatment services. More studies with bigger samples sizes of female alcohol-dependent patients are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willie Langeland
- Amsterdam Institute for Addiction Research, Department of Psychiatry, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Abstract
Alcohol misuse among women is an important and growing problem. There is epidemiological and metabolic evidence that risk factors for and consequences of alcohol misuse are significantly different for women than for men. Understanding these differences is imperative if effective preventative and treatment interventions are to be undertaken. This article reviews the epidemiology of alcohol misuse by women, effects of alcohol misuse on women, fetuses, and relationships, and assessment and treatment strategies. We then suggest directions for future research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- G W Redgrave
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA.
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Young AM, Boyd C, Hubbell A. Self-Perceived Effects of SEXUAL TRAUMA Among Women Who Smoke Crack. J Psychosoc Nurs Ment Health Serv 2002; 40:46-53. [PMID: 12385199 DOI: 10.3928/0279-3695-20021001-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This descriptive study examined how Black women who smoke crack cocaine spoke about their experiences of sexual trauma, drug use, and the implications of these experiences for their lives. The authors also explored whether the women's perceptions of the effects of sexual abuse were related to objective indicators of mental health and drug use. The most commonly reported effects of sexual trauma were feeling dirty or ashamed or blaming self, having negative feelings toward the perpetrator, experiencing a general dislike of men or sex, and reporting a conscious reluctance to cope with the incident. In addition, conscious or unconscious denial of the effects of sexual trauma was associated with use of drugs to cope with intrapersonal and interpersonal feelings, inwardly directed responses to the trauma (e.g., self-blaming, feeling ashamed) were positively related to depression, and outwardly directed responses to the trauma (e.g., anger at the perpetrator) were positively related to self-esteem. These findings are discussed in terms of their implications for the self-medication model of substance use, treatment implications for women who have been sexually abused, and the role of self-perception in the relationship between sexual trauma and long-term outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy M Young
- Substance Abuse Research Center, University of Michigan, 475 Market Place, Suite D, Ann Arbor, MI 48108-1649, USA.
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Greenfield SF, Kolodziej ME, Sugarman DE, Muenz LR, Vagge LM, He DY, Weiss RD. History of abuse and drinking outcomes following inpatient alcohol treatment: a prospective study. Drug Alcohol Depend 2002; 67:227-34. [PMID: 12127193 DOI: 10.1016/s0376-8716(02)00072-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about the impact of sexual or physical abuse history on response to alcohol treatment. This prospective study investigated the relationships between sexual and physical abuse histories, participants' characteristics, and response to inpatient alcohol treatment. Forty-one women and 59 men were assessed monthly for 1 year following hospitalization for alcohol dependence. Survival analyses showed that sexual abuse history was associated with shorter times to first drink and relapse. Physical abuse history was not associated with poorer drinking outcomes. Although women were more likely than men to have a history of sexual abuse, no gender differences were found in drinking outcomes. Poorer drinking outcomes were found among participants who at baseline were not married, had less than a college education, were not employed full time, or carried a diagnosis of depression or other psychiatric disorder. When adjusted for these characteristics, the associations between sexual abuse history and times to first drink and relapse were no longer statistically significant. While sexual abuse history is a clinically meaningful predictor of return to drinking we note the importance of considering patients' background and clinical characteristics in examining the impact of sexual abuse history on drinking outcomes following treatment.
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Walton MA, Chermack ST, Blow FC. Correlates of received and expressed violence persistence following substance abuse treatment. Drug Alcohol Depend 2002; 67:1-12. [PMID: 12062775 DOI: 10.1016/s0376-8716(02)00016-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
This study examined different types of violence (i.e. 'expressed' towards others and 'received' from others) across different relationship types (i.e. 'partners' and 'non-partners') among men and women in substance abuse treatment, and during a 2-year follow-up period. For received violence, participants were divided into three groups: no-violence before or after treatment, violence before treatment only, and violence both before and after treatment. Similarly, participants also were divided into three groups based on expressed violence: no-violence before or after treatment, violence before treatment only, and violence both before and after treatment. Both expressed and received violence (either before or after treatment) was associated with younger age. Unique demographic markers of received violence included being female, reporting less income and greater unemployment. For both received and expressed violence, several problem severity indicators (e.g. drug consequences, psychological distress) and psychosocial relapse risk indicators (e.g. resource needs, substance-using leisure activities) differentiated those who reported violence (either before or after treatment) and those who did not report violence. In addition, received violence was related to greater exposure to substances whereas expressed violence was related to greater cocaine use and craving. Continued received and expressed violence post-treatment was related to substance use during the follow-up, recruitment from inpatient treatment, and baseline psychological distress (expressed violence only). The results are consistent with contemporary models of violence specifying the impact of substance use, social/contextual and individual difference factors, and highlight risk factors that could be targeted during treatment to potentially reduce post-treatment substance use and violence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen A Walton
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48108, USA.
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