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Susukida R, Nestadt PS, Kharrazi H, Wilcox HC. Prevalence and Correlates of Opioid-Involved Suicides in Maryland. Arch Suicide Res 2024; 28:660-673. [PMID: 37143364 PMCID: PMC10624645 DOI: 10.1080/13811118.2023.2207612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Involvement of opioids in suicides has doubled during the past two decades, worsening a major public health concern. This study examined the characteristics of opioid-involved suicides. METHODS The sample of decedents (N = 12,038) in Maryland between 2006 and 2020 was used to compare the characteristics of opioid-involved suicides (n = 947) with suicides not involving opioids (n = 6,896) and accidental opioid deaths (n = 4,125). Direct comparisons were then made between opioid-involved suicides with and without the additional presence of non-opioid substances. RESULTS Opioid-involved suicides were significantly more likely than suicides not involving opioids to occur among those aged 18-64 years, non-Hispanic Whites, and unemployed or disabled individuals. Opioid-involved suicides were more likely than accidental opioid deaths to occur among females, those aged <18 years, non-Hispanic Whites, and employed individuals. Of all suicides involved opioids, 45% involved other non-opioid substances. Polysubstance opioid suicides were significantly more likely than suicides involving opioids only to occur among non-Hispanic Whites. CONCLUSIONS Significant differences were observed in the demographic groups most at risk for opioid-involved suicide than other suicide or accidental opioid death. Among opioid-involved suicides, polysubstance involvement also represents a distinct group. These findings may enhance the targeting of prevention efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoko Susukida
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 624 N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Paul S. Nestadt
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 624 N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe St. Baltimore, MD 21287
| | - Hadi Kharrazi
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 624 N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Division of Health Sciences Informatics, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe St. Baltimore, MD 21287
| | - Holly C. Wilcox
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 624 N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe St. Baltimore, MD 21287
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 624 N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Johns Hopkins University School of Education, Education Building, 2800 N. Charles St. Baltimore, MD 21218
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2
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Yoon J, Masoumirad M, Bui LN, Richard P, Harvey SM. Prenatal opioid use as a predictor of postpartum suicide attempts among reproductive-age women enrolled in Oregon Medicaid. BMC Womens Health 2024; 24:196. [PMID: 38528563 DOI: 10.1186/s12905-024-03019-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The rates of suicide and opioid use disorder (OUD) among pregnant and postpartum women continue to increase. This research characterized OUD and suicide attempts among Medicaid-enrolled perinatal women and examined prenatal OUD diagnosis as a marker for postpartum suicide attempts. METHODS Data from Oregon birth certificates, Medicaid eligibility and claims files, and hospital discharge records were linked and analyzed. The sample included Oregon Medicaid women aged 15-44 who became pregnant and gave live births between January 2008 and January 2016 (N = 61,481). Key measures included indicators of suicide attempts (separately for any means and opioid poisoning) and OUD diagnosis, separately assessed during pregnancy and the one-year postpartum period. Probit regression was used to examine the overall relationship between prenatal OUD diagnosis and postpartum suicide attempts. A simultaneous equations model was employed to explore the link between prenatal OUD diagnosis and postpartum suicide attempts, mediated by postpartum OUD diagnosis. RESULTS Thirty-three prenatal suicide attempts by any means were identified. Postpartum suicide attempts were more frequent with 58 attempts, corresponding to a rate of 94.3 attempts per 100,000. Of these attempts, 79% (46 attempts) involved opioid poisoning. A total of 1,799 unique women (4.6% of the sample) were diagnosed with OUD either during pregnancy or one-year postpartum with 53% receiving the diagnosis postpartum. Postpartum suicide attempts by opioid poisoning increased from 55.5 per 100,000 in 2009 to 105.1 per 100,000 in 2016. The rate of prenatal OUD also almost doubled over the same period. Prenatal OUD diagnosis was associated with a 0.15%-point increase in the probability of suicide attempts by opioid poisoning within the first year postpartum. This increase reflects a three-fold increase compared to the rate for women without a prenatal OUD diagnosis. A prenatal OUD diagnosis was significantly associated with an elevated risk of postpartum suicide attempts by opioid poisoning via a postpartum OUD diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS The risk of suicide attempt by opioid poisoning is elevated for Medicaid-enrolled reproductive-age women during pregnancy and postpartum. Women diagnosed with prenatal OUD may face an increased risk of postpartum suicides attempts involving opioid poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jangho Yoon
- Division of Health Services Administration, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, F. Edward Hebert School of Medicine, The Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Rd, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA.
| | - Mandana Masoumirad
- Department of Health, Society, and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Linh N Bui
- Public Health Program, School of Natural Sciences, Mathematics, and Engineering, California State University, Bakersfield, CA, USA
| | - Patrick Richard
- Division of Health Services Administration, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, F. Edward Hebert School of Medicine, The Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Rd, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - S Marie Harvey
- College of Health, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
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3
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Szlyk HS, Li X, Filiatreau LM, Bierut LJ, Banks D, Cavazos-Rehg P. Principal component regression analysis of familial psychiatric histories and suicide risk factors among adults with opioid use disorder. J Psychiatr Res 2023; 159:6-13. [PMID: 36652753 PMCID: PMC10084714 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2023.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
This study explores familial psychiatric risk factors that are closely linked to suicide risk among patients with opioid use disorder (OUD) as measured by the Family History Assessment Module (FHAM). Data was derived from adults diagnosed with OUD (N = 389). To analyze the covariance between the 11 items of the FHAM, principal component analysis was applied to infer principal components (PC) scores. Log-binominal regression was conducted to quantify the associations between PC scores and mental health symptoms (e.g., lifetime suicidal attempt, P30D suicidal ideation, depression, and anxiety). Analyses revealed that the first 3 three PCs could account for 56% of the total variance of the FHAM items within the data. Family history of substance misuse (PC1) was positively associated with lifetime suicide attempts and severe anxiety. Family history of serious mental illness (PC2) and of suicidal behavior (PC3) were not significantly associated with any outcomes. Our findings suggest current suicide risk is associated with an array of familial psychiatric issues among people with OUD. However, family history of suicide attempts and death by suicide has less bearing on current suicide risk in OUD patients whereas family history of substance use confers significant risk. Findings underscore suicide-related preventive interventions as necessary components of treatment plans among people with OUD, who commonly report family histories of substance misuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah S Szlyk
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S Euclid Ave, Campus Box 8314, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA.
| | - Xiao Li
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S Euclid Ave, Campus Box 8314, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA
| | - Lindsey M Filiatreau
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S Euclid Ave, Campus Box 8314, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA
| | - Laura J Bierut
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S Euclid Ave, Campus Box 8314, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA
| | - Devin Banks
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri - St. Louis, One University Blvd, Louis, MO, USA
| | - Patricia Cavazos-Rehg
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S Euclid Ave, Campus Box 8314, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA
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4
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Sherry TB, Nguyen T, Dick AW, Bradford AC, Simon K, Stein BD. A National Retrospective Study of Antidepressants' Effects on Overdose and Self-Harm Among Adults Treated With Opioid Analgesics. Psychiatr Serv 2023; 74:24-30. [PMID: 35770423 PMCID: PMC10654712 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ps.20220070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Because individuals with a history of depression who are receiving opioids are at higher risk for adverse events, the authors examined whether antidepressant treatment reduces risk for overdose and self-harm among individuals with a history of depression who receive opioids. METHODS Commercial insurance claims of individuals with a history of depression receiving opioids from 2007 to 2017 were used to quantify the association between antidepressant fills and adverse events among individuals after initiation of opioid treatment; the authors accounted for selection into treatment and used discrete-time, proportional hazards survival models. RESULTS Among 283,374 adults with a history of depression treatment, 8,203 experienced 47,486 adverse events from 2007 to 2017 in the 12 months after initiation of opioid treatment. Approximately half (N=144,052, 50.8%) filled an antidepressant prescription at least once in the 12 months after the opioid episode began. Individuals receiving antidepressants for at least 6 weeks had a reduced risk for any adverse event (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]=0.79, 95% confidence interval [CI]=0.65-0.97) as well as a reduced risk for opioid overdoses (AOR=0.78, 95% CI=0.64-0.96), overdoses from nonopioid controlled substances (AOR=0.76, 95% CI=0.62-0.94), overdoses from other substances (AOR=0.79, 95% CI=0.65-0.97), and other self-harm events (AOR=0.82, 95% CI=0.67-1.00). CONCLUSIONS Individuals with a history of depression who received opioid analgesics had a significantly lower risk for overdose and self-harm after they had been taking antidepressants for at least 6 weeks. Universal screening for mood disorders among individuals receiving opioids, and promptly providing evidence-based depression treatment when appropriate, may reduce adverse events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tisamarie B Sherry
- RAND Corporation, Arlington, Virginia (Sherry), Boston (Dick), and Pittsburgh (Stein); Department of Health Management and Policy, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (Nguyen); O'Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington (Bradford, Simon)
| | - Thuy Nguyen
- RAND Corporation, Arlington, Virginia (Sherry), Boston (Dick), and Pittsburgh (Stein); Department of Health Management and Policy, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (Nguyen); O'Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington (Bradford, Simon)
| | - Andrew W Dick
- RAND Corporation, Arlington, Virginia (Sherry), Boston (Dick), and Pittsburgh (Stein); Department of Health Management and Policy, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (Nguyen); O'Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington (Bradford, Simon)
| | - Ashley C Bradford
- RAND Corporation, Arlington, Virginia (Sherry), Boston (Dick), and Pittsburgh (Stein); Department of Health Management and Policy, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (Nguyen); O'Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington (Bradford, Simon)
| | - Kosali Simon
- RAND Corporation, Arlington, Virginia (Sherry), Boston (Dick), and Pittsburgh (Stein); Department of Health Management and Policy, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (Nguyen); O'Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington (Bradford, Simon)
| | - Bradley D Stein
- RAND Corporation, Arlington, Virginia (Sherry), Boston (Dick), and Pittsburgh (Stein); Department of Health Management and Policy, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (Nguyen); O'Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington (Bradford, Simon)
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5
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Delcher C, Harris DR, Anthony N, Stoops WW, Thompson K, Quesinberry D. Substance use disorders and social determinants of health from electronic medical records obtained during Kentucky's "triple wave". Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2022; 221:173495. [PMID: 36427682 PMCID: PMC10082996 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2022.173495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Social determinants of health (SDOH) play a critical role in the risk of harmful drug use. Examining SDOH as a means of differentiating populations with multiple co-occurring substance use disorders (SUDs) is particularly salient in the era of prevalent opioid and stimulant use known as the "Third Wave". This study uses electronic medical records (EMRs) from a safety net hospital system from 14,032 patients in Kentucky from 2017 to 2019 in order to 1) define three types of SUD cohorts with shared/unique risk factors, 2) identify patients with unstable housing using novel methods for EMRs and 3) link patients to their residential neighborhood to obtain quantitative perspective on social vulnerability. We identified patients in three cohorts with statistically significant unique risk factors that included race, biological sex, insurance type, smoking status, and urban/rural residential location. Adjusting for these variables, we found a statistically significant, increasing risk gradient for patients experiencing unstable housing by cohort type: opioid-only (n = 7385, reference), stimulant-only (n = 4794, odds ratio (aOR) 1.86 95 % confidence interval (CI): 1.66-2.09), and co-diagnosed (n = 1853, aOR = 2.75, 95 % CI: 2.39 to 3.16). At the neighborhood-level, we used 8 different measures of social vulnerability and found that, for the most part, increasing proportions of patients with stimulant use living in a census tract was associated with more social vulnerability. Our study identifies potentially modifiable factors that can be tailored by substance type and demonstrates robust use of EMRs to meet national goals of enhancing research on social determinants of health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Delcher
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Outcomes & Policy, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, United States of America; Kentucky Injury Prevention and Research Center, University of Kentucky, United States of America.
| | - Daniel R Harris
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Outcomes & Policy, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, United States of America; Kentucky Injury Prevention and Research Center, University of Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Nicholas Anthony
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Outcomes & Policy, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, United States of America
| | - William W Stoops
- Departments of Behavioral Science and Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Department of Psychology, College of Arts & Sciences, University of Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Katherine Thompson
- Department of Statistics, College of Arts & Sciences, University of Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Dana Quesinberry
- Department of Health Management and Policy, College of Public Health, University of Kentucky, United States of America; Kentucky Injury Prevention and Research Center, University of Kentucky, United States of America
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6
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Shiue KY, Naumann RB, Proescholdbell S, Cox ME, Aurelius M, Austin AE. Differences in overdose deaths by intent: Unintentional & suicide drug poisonings in North Carolina, 2015-2019. Prev Med 2022; 163:107217. [PMID: 35998765 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2022.107217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Comprehensive fatal overdose prevention requires an understanding of the fundamental causes and context surrounding drug overdose. Using a social determinants of health (SDOH) framework, this descriptive study examined unintentional and self-inflicted (i.e., suicide) overdose deaths in North Carolina (NC), focusing on specific drug involvement and contextual factors. Unintentional and suicide overdose deaths were identified using 2015-2019 NC death certificate data. Specific drug involvement was assessed by searching literal text fields for drug mentions. County-level contextual factors were obtained from NC Institute of Medicine and County Health Rankings, encompassing five SDOH domains (economic stability, social/community context, health care access/quality, education access/quality, neighborhood/built environment). Descriptive statistics were calculated by intent for drug involvement and a variety of contextual factors. During 2015-2019, 9% of NC drug overdose deaths were self-inflicted and 89% were unintentional (2% other/undetermined). Unintentional overdoses largely involved illicit drugs [fentanyl (47%), cocaine (33%), heroin (29%)]. Suicide overdoses frequently involved prescription opioids [oxycodone (18%), hydrocodone (10%)] and antidepressants (32%). Overall, overdose deaths tended to occur in under-resourced counties across all SDOH domains, though unintentional overdoses occurred more often among residents of under-resourced counties than suicide overdoses, with differences most pronounced for economic stability-related factors. There are notable distinctions between unintentional and suicide overdose deaths in demographics and drug involvement, though the assessment of SDOH demonstrated that overdose mortality is broadly associated with marginalization across all domains. These findings highlight the value of allocating resources to prevention and intervention approaches that target upstream causes of overdose (e.g., housing first, violence prevention programs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Y Shiue
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2101 McGavran-Greenberg Hall, CB #7435, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7435, United States; Injury Prevention Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 725 Martin Luther King Jr. Blvd, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, United States.
| | - Rebecca B Naumann
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2101 McGavran-Greenberg Hall, CB #7435, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7435, United States; Injury Prevention Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 725 Martin Luther King Jr. Blvd, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, United States
| | - Scott Proescholdbell
- Injury and Violence Prevention Branch, Division of Public Health, North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services, 1915 Mail Service Center, Raleigh, NC 27699-1915, United States
| | - Mary E Cox
- Injury and Violence Prevention Branch, Division of Public Health, North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services, 1915 Mail Service Center, Raleigh, NC 27699-1915, United States
| | - Michelle Aurelius
- Office of the Chief Medical Examiner, Division of Public Health, North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services, 4312 District Drive, Raleigh, NC 27607, United States
| | - Anna E Austin
- Injury Prevention Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 725 Martin Luther King Jr. Blvd, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, United States; Department of Maternal and Child Health, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 401 Rosenau Hall, CB #7445, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7445, United States
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7
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Luo C, Chen K, Doshi R, Rickles N, Chen Y, Schwartz H, Aseltine RH. The association of prescription opioid use with suicide attempts: An analysis of statewide medical claims data. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0269809. [PMID: 35771866 PMCID: PMC9246186 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0269809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background
Suicides and opioid overdose deaths are among the most pressing public health concerns in the US. However direct evidence for the association between opioid use and suicidal behavior is limited. The objective of this article is to examine the association between frequency and dose of prescription opioid use and subsequent suicide attempts.
Methods and findings
This retrospective cohort study analyzed 4 years of statewide medical claims data from the Connecticut All-Payer Claims Database. Commercially insured adult patients in Connecticut (n = 842,773) who had any medical claims beginning in January 2012 were followed through December 2015. The primary outcome was suicide attempt identified using International Classification of Diseases (ICD 9) diagnosis codes. Primary predictor variables included frequency of opioid use, which was defined as the number of months with claims for prescription opioids per year, and strength of opioid dose, which was standardized using morphine milligram equivalent (MME) units. We also controlled for psychiatric and medical comorbidities using ICD 9 codes. We used Cox proportional hazards regression to examine the association between frequency, dose, and suicide attempts, adjusting for medical and psychiatric comorbid conditions. Interactions among measures of opioid use and comorbid conditions were analyzed.
In this cohort study with follow-up time up to 4 years (range = 2–48 months, median = 46 months), the hazard ratios (HR) from the time-to-event analysis indicated that patients prescribed opioid medications for at least 6 months during the past year and at 20–50 MME levels or higher had 4.44 (95% CI: [3.71, 5.32]) to 7.23 (95% CI: [6.22, 8.41]) times the risk of attempted suicide compared to those not prescribed opioids. Risk of suicide attempt was sharply elevated among patients with psychiatric conditions other than anxiety who were prescribed more frequent and higher opioid doses. In contrast, more frequent and higher doses of prescription opioids were associated with lower risk of suicide attempts among patients with medical conditions necessitating pain management.
This study is limited by its exclusive focus on commercially insured patients and does not include patients covered by public insurance. It is also limited to patients’ receipt of prescription opioids and does not take into account opioids obtained through other means, nor does it include measures of actual patient opioid use.
Conclusions
This analysis provides evidence of a complex relationship among prescription opioids, mental health, pain and other medical comorbidities, and suicide risk. Findings indicate the need for proactive suicide surveillance among individuals diagnosed with affective or psychotic disorders who are receiving frequent and high doses of opioids. However, appropriate opioid treatment may have significant value in reducing suicide risk for those without psychiatric comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongliang Luo
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - Kun Chen
- Department of Statistics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States of America
- Center for Population Health, Uconn Health, Farmington, CT, United States of America
| | - Riddhi Doshi
- Center for Population Health, Uconn Health, Farmington, CT, United States of America
- Beacon Health Options, Rocky Hill, CT, United States of America
| | - Nathaniel Rickles
- Center for Population Health, Uconn Health, Farmington, CT, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, School of Pharmacy, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States of America
| | - Yong Chen
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Harold Schwartz
- Institute of Living, Hartford Healthcare, Hartford, CT, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, United States of America
| | - Robert H. Aseltine
- Center for Population Health, Uconn Health, Farmington, CT, United States of America
- Division of Behavioral Sciences and Community Health, Uconn Health, Farmington, CT, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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8
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Al-Garadi MA, Yang YC, Guo Y, Kim S, Love JS, Perrone J, Sarker A. Large-Scale Social Media Analysis Reveals Emotions Associated with Nonmedical Prescription Drug Use. HEALTH DATA SCIENCE 2022; 2022:9851989. [PMID: 37621877 PMCID: PMC10449547 DOI: 10.34133/2022/9851989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Background The behaviors and emotions associated with and reasons for nonmedical prescription drug use (NMPDU) are not well-captured through traditional instruments such as surveys and insurance claims. Publicly available NMPDU-related posts on social media can potentially be leveraged to study these aspects unobtrusively and at scale. Methods We applied a machine learning classifier to detect self-reports of NMPDU on Twitter and extracted all public posts of the associated users. We analyzed approximately 137 million posts from 87,718 Twitter users in terms of expressed emotions, sentiments, concerns, and possible reasons for NMPDU via natural language processing. Results Users in the NMPDU group express more negative emotions and less positive emotions, more concerns about family, the past, and body, and less concerns related to work, leisure, home, money, religion, health, and achievement compared to a control group (i.e., users who never reported NMPDU). NMPDU posts tend to be highly polarized, indicating potential emotional triggers. Gender-specific analyses show that female users in the NMPDU group express more content related to positive emotions, anticipation, sadness, joy, concerns about family, friends, home, health, and the past, and less about anger than males. The findings are consistent across distinct prescription drug categories (opioids, benzodiazepines, stimulants, and polysubstance). Conclusion Our analyses of large-scale data show that substantial differences exist between the texts of the posts from users who self-report NMPDU on Twitter and those who do not, and between males and females who report NMPDU. Our findings can enrich our understanding of NMPDU and the population involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Ali Al-Garadi
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Yuan-Chi Yang
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Yuting Guo
- Department of Computer Science, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Sangmi Kim
- School of Nursing, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jennifer S. Love
- Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Jeanmarie Perrone
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Abeed Sarker
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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9
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Werb D, Scheim AI, Soipe A, Aeby S, Rammohan I, Fischer B, Hadland SE, Marshall BDL. Health harms of non-medical prescription opioid use: A systematic review. Drug Alcohol Rev 2022; 41:941-952. [PMID: 35437841 PMCID: PMC9064965 DOI: 10.1111/dar.13441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
ISSUES Non-medical prescription opioid use (NMPOU) contributes substantially to the global burden of morbidity. However, no systematic assessment of the scientific literature on the associations between NMPOU and health outcomes has yet been undertaken. APPROACH We undertook a systematic review evaluating health outcomes related to NMPOU based on ICD-10 clinical domains. We searched 13 electronic databases for original research articles until 1 July 2021. We employed an adaptation of the Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine 'Levels of Evidence' scale to assess study quality. KEY FINDINGS Overall, 182 studies were included. The evidence base was largest on the association between NMPOU and mental and behavioural disorders; 71% (129) studies reported on these outcomes. Less evidence exists on the association of NMPOU with infectious disease outcomes (26; 14%), and on external causes of morbidity and mortality, with 13 (7%) studies assessing its association with intentional self-harm and 1 study assessing its association with assault (<1%). IMPLICATIONS A large body of evidence has identified associations between NMPOU and opioid use disorder as well as on fatal and non-fatal overdose. We found equivocal evidence on the association between NMPOU and the acquisition of HIV, hepatitis C and other infectious diseases. We identified weak evidence regarding the potential association between NMPOU and intentional self-harm, suicidal ideation and assault. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Findings may inform the prevention of harms associated with NMPOU, although higher-quality research is needed to characterise the association between NMPOU and the full spectrum of physical and mental health disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Werb
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California San Diego, San Diego, USA.,Centre on Drug Policy Evaluation, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Ayden I Scheim
- Centre on Drug Policy Evaluation, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Ayorinde Soipe
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, USA.,Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, State University of New York, New York, USA
| | - Samantha Aeby
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada
| | - Indhu Rammohan
- Centre on Drug Policy Evaluation, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Benedikt Fischer
- Schools of Population Health and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Centre for Applied Research in Mental Health and Addiction, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, Federal University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Scott E Hadland
- Grayken Center for Addiction and Department of Pediatrics, Boston Medical Center, Boston, USA.,Division of General Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, USA
| | - Brandon D L Marshall
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, USA
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10
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Chan KTK, Zhou S, Marsack-Topolewski C. Race Differences in Opioid Misuse and Adolescent Suicidality. CHILD & ADOLESCENT SOCIAL WORK JOURNAL : C & A 2022; 39:167-181. [PMID: 35755966 PMCID: PMC9223481 DOI: 10.1007/s10560-020-00721-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The rise of the opioid epidemic coincided with the increased risk of suicide as the leading causes of death among adolescents in the United States. Past research has linked non-medical prescription opioid use (NMPOU) with adolescent suicide. Less focus has been placed on race and ethnic differences among adolescents impacted by the opioid epidemic. This study examined the relationship of adolescent NMPOU and suicidality, stratified by race. METHOD The 2016 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) was used for this study. Weighted multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted on a sample of 11,489 adolescent respondents to examine the effect of past-year NMPOU with the odds for serious thoughts of suicide, having a suicide plan, and making a suicide attempt. RESULTS Findings indicated a higher prevalence of suicidality among adolescents who engaged in NMPOU compared to non-users. Adolescent opioid misuse was associated with 68% higher odds for having a suicide plan in the past year (OR = 1.68, 95% CI: [1.07, 2.63], p < 0.05). Interaction analysis found that among Asian adolescents, NMPOU was associated with higher odds for having a suicide plan compared to other race groups (OR=1.53, 95% CI: [1.04, 2.23], p < 0.05). DISCUSSION Results indicated that adolescent opioid misuse is a risk factor for suicide, and Asians compared to other race groups were at greater risk. Social workers can serve as a nexus point in effectively engaging at-risk adolescents in substance use and mental health prevention and recovery services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith Tsz-Kit Chan
- Silberman School of Social Work, Hunter College, CUNY, New York, NY, USA
| | - Shangyun Zhou
- Department of Counseling Psychology, University at Albany, SUNY, Albany, NY, USA
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11
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Wallace GT, Buller DB, Pagoto S, Berteletti J, Baker KE, Mathis S, Henry KL. Nonmedical Prescription Drug Use Among Female Adolescents: The Relative Influence of Maternal Factors, Social Norms, and Perceptions of Risk and Availability. DRUGS (ABINGDON, ENGLAND) 2022; 30:334-343. [PMID: 37587980 PMCID: PMC10427131 DOI: 10.1080/09687637.2022.2028727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Increasing understanding of the risk and protective factors for adolescent nonmedical use of prescription drugs (NMUPD) could inform prevention efforts. Several correlates have been identified, including parental factors, perceptions about use and accessibility, social norms, and age. However, these constructs have rarely been simultaneously examined using paired data from parents and adolescents. We aimed to examine the relative influence of these correlates among dyads (N=349) of mothers and adolescent daughters. Using multiple logistic regression, daughters' past NMUPD and inclination for future NMUPD were regressed onto descriptive norms for friend use, perceived drug accessibility and risk of harm from use, daughter age, mothers' disapproval about use, mothers' past NMUPD and inclination for future NMUPD, and the mother-daughter relationship quality. Akaike weights and lasso regressions were also estimated to evaluate the relative importance of each correlate. Higher descriptive norms for friend use, older age, and mothers' inclination for NMUPD were risk factors for daughters' NMUPD, while a closer mother-daughter relationship and mothers' disapproving attitudes towards NMUPD were protective factors. The three analysis approaches were corroborative. Results suggest friend descriptive norms, mother-daughter relationship quality, and mothers' attitudes about NMUPD are important prevention targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma T. Wallace
- Department of Psychology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
| | | | - Sherry Pagoto
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT
| | | | - Katie E. Baker
- Department of Community and Behavioral Health, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN
| | - Stephanie Mathis
- Department of Community and Behavioral Health, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN
| | - Kimberly L. Henry
- Department of Psychology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
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12
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Santaella-Tenorio J, Martins SS, Cerdá M, Olfson M, Keyes KM. Suicidal ideation and attempts following nonmedical use of prescription opioids and related disorder. Psychol Med 2022; 52:372-378. [PMID: 32635959 PMCID: PMC7810360 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291720002160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since 1999, the rate of fatal prescription opioid overdoses and of suicides has dramatically increased in the USA. These increases, which have occurred among similar demographic groups, have led to the hypothesis that the opioid epidemic contributed to increases in suicidal behavior, though the underlying association remains poorly defined. We examine the association between nonmedical use of prescription opioids/opioid use disorder and suicidal ideation/attempts. METHODS We used longitudinal data from a national representative sample of the US adult population, the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. Participants (n = 34 653) were interviewed in 2001-2002 (wave 1) and re-interviewed approximately 3 years later (wave 2). A propensity score analysis estimated the association between exposure to prescription opioids at wave 1 and prevalent/incident suicidal behavior at wave 2. RESULTS Heavy/frequent (⩾2-3 times a month) prescription opioid use was associated with prevalent suicide attempts [adjusted risk ratio (ARR) = 2.75, 95% CI 1.35-5.60]. Prescription opioid use disorder was associated with prevalent (ARR = 1.98, 95% CI 1.20-3.28) and incident suicidal ideation (ARR = 2.59, 95% CI 1.25-5.37), and prevalent attempts (ARR = 4.19, 95% CI 1.71-10.27). None of the exposures was associated with incident suicide attempts. CONCLUSIONS Heavy/frequent opioid use and related disorder were associated with prevalent suicide attempts; opioid use disorder was also associated with the incident and prevalent suicidal ideation. Given population increases in nonmedical use of prescription opioids and disorder, the opioid crisis may have contributed to population increases in suicidal ideation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Silvia S. Martins
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, USA
| | - Magdalena Cerdá
- Center for Opioid Epidemiology and Policy, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, NYU, New York, NY
| | - Mark Olfson
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, USA
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA
| | - Katherine M. Keyes
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, USA
- Society and Health Research Center, Facultad de Humanidades, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
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Karjalainen K, Niemelä S, Rönkä S, Lintonen T. Self-reported health problems due to prescription drug use and non-medical use of prescription drugs – a population-based study. JOURNAL OF SUBSTANCE USE 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/14659891.2021.1968969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karoliina Karjalainen
- Department of Public Health and Welfare, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- Faculty of Social Sciences, Health Sciences, Arvo Ylpön Katu, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Solja Niemelä
- Department of Clinical Medicine (Psychiatry), University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Department of Psychiatry, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Sanna Rönkä
- Department of Public Health and Welfare, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tomi Lintonen
- Faculty of Social Sciences, Health Sciences, Arvo Ylpön Katu, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
- The Finnish Foundation for Alcohol Studies, Helsinki, Finland
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14
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Lundgren L, Padyab M, Sandlund M, McCarty D. Frequency and recency of non-medical opioid use and death due to overdose or suicide among individuals assessed for risky substance use: A national registry study in Sweden. J Subst Abuse Treat 2021; 134:108567. [PMID: 34340844 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsat.2021.108567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Sweden and many other countries have experienced increases in suicide and accidental overdose deaths. An analysis examined the associations between recency of non-medical opioid misuse and frequency of use of non-medical opioids with death due to either suicide or accidental overdose within a sample of 15,000 Swedish adults who completed an Addiction Severity Index (ASI) assessment for risky substance use or a substance use disorder. METHODS AND MATERIALS Suicide (n = 136) and death due to overdose (n = 405) were identified in the official Cause of Death Registry from the Swedish National Board of Health and Welfare. Control variables included demographic characteristics and risks associated with either overdose or suicide. Cox regression analyses controlled for variables statistically significantly at the bivariate level. RESULTS At the multivariable level: a) a higher (modified) ASI Composite Score for mental health; b) history of suicide attempt; c) having used non-medical opioids for 1-2 times per week for at least a year; d) history of injection drug use; and, e) early onset of drug use, were all significantly and positively associated with death due to suicide. At the multivariable level: a) a higher the revised ASI Composite Score for mental health; b) recency of use of non-medical opioids; c) frequency of non-medical opioid use; d) being a male; and e) being of ages 18-24 years compared to ages 43-51 years were all positively and significantly associated with death due to accidental overdose. CONCLUSION These findings underscore the need to integrate mental health and substance use disorder treatment and provide suicide and overdose prevention interventions for individuals with an opioid use disorder. Recency and frequency of non-medical opioids were only associated with death due to overdose and not suicide. However, other drug use related variables (using opioids 1-2 times per week for at least a year, early onset of drug use and drug injection) were significantly associated with death due to suicide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Lundgren
- University of Denver Graduate School of Social Work, USA; Department of Social Work, Umeå University, Sweden
| | - Mojgan Padyab
- Department of Social Work, Umeå University, Sweden; Centre for Demography and Ageing Research (CEDAR), Umeå University, Sweden.
| | - Mikael Sandlund
- Department of Clinical Science, Psychiatry, Umeå University, Sweden
| | - Dennis McCarty
- OHSU-PSU School of Public Health, Oregon Health & Science University, USA
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15
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Wright N, Ramirez MR. A cross sectional study of non-medical use of prescription opioids and suicidal behaviors among adolescents. Inj Epidemiol 2021; 8:36. [PMID: 34275485 PMCID: PMC8287801 DOI: 10.1186/s40621-021-00329-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Non-medical use of prescription opioids (NMUPO), defined as taking an opioid in a manner or dose other than prescribed, taking someone else’s, or for the feelings that it produces, has been reported by 5 to 20% of adolescents, and is associated with a two fold increase in suicidal behaviors among adolescents. Adolescents with long-term health problems (LTHP) have poorer mental health and may seek NMUPO for pain relief that is not obtained through standard care. For this study, we measured the association between NMUPO and suicidal behaviors, and further assessed effect modification by LTHP hypothesizing the association between NMUPO and suicidal behaviors was stronger for adolescents with LTHP. Findings For students with LTHP, 13.5% reported suicide ideation, while 8.0% of students without LTHP reported suicide ideation. For suicide attempt, 4.4% of students with LTHP reported a suicide attempt, while 2.1% of students without LTHP reported a suicide attempt. The proportion of students who reported suicide ideation and attempts increased with higher occasions of NMUPO. Adjusted logistic regression models found increased odds of suicide ideation (OR (95% CI): 1–5 occasions: 2.3 (2.0–2.6); > 6 occasions: 2.7 (2.2–3.8)) and suicide attempts (OR (95% CI): 1–5 occasions: 3.2 (2.7–3.7); > 6 occasions: 4.1 (3.1–5.3)) for students who reported NMUPO. An interaction term for NMUPO and LTHP was then added to the models. Effect modification was not present on the multiplicative scale. On the additive scale, evidence of effect modification was observed: higher risk was indicated for students with LTHP versus no LTHP for both suicide ideation (Predicted risk (95%CI): > 6 occasions NMUPO, LTHP: 0.24 (0.18–0.29); No LTHP: 0.16 (0.13–0.18)) and attempt (Predicted risk (95%CI): 1–5 occasions NMUPO, LTHP: 0.08 (0.07–0.10); No LTHP: 0.05 (0.05–0.06); > 6 occasions NMUPO, LTHP: 0.11 (0.07–0.15); No LTHP: 0.06 (0.05–0.08)). Conclusions The results affirmed that NMUPO is associated with suicidal behaviors among adolescents. A pattern also emerged of higher risk of suicidal behaviors for those with LTHP who reported NMUPO. Areas of further inquiry should explore chronic medical or pain conditions as possible modifying pathways that could exacerbate the effects of NMUPO on suicidal behaviors specific to an adolescent population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nate Wright
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, 1215-1 Mayo, 420 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
| | - Marizen R Ramirez
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, 1215-1 Mayo, 420 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
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Brown LA, Denis CM, Leon A, Blank MB, Douglas SD, Morales KH, Crits-Christoph PF, Metzger DS, Evans DL. Number of opioid overdoses and depression as a predictor of suicidal thoughts. Drug Alcohol Depend 2021; 224:108728. [PMID: 33971515 PMCID: PMC8491541 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.108728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Opioid use disorders are associated with increased risk of suicide thoughts, attempts, and death. We explored key variables from two theories of the development of suicidal thoughts and attempts (the interpersonal and three-step theories of suicide) to understand possible mechanisms underlying the association between opioid use and suicide risk. We hypothesized that interpersonal connections, variables reflecting psychological and physical pain, and variables that reduce fear of death (prior overdoses and risk-taking behaviors) would be associated with increased risk of thoughts of suicide. METHODS Participants (N = 141) were opioid users recruited from an epicenter of the opioid crisis in Philadelphia using a mobile research center and completed an interview to assess substance use, depression, medical comorbidities, and suicidal thoughts among other variables. RESULTS Univariate analyses showed that prior history of overdose, diagnosis of depression, older age, homelessness, and interpersonal connection were each associated with increased likelihood of endorsing thoughts of death/suicide. Multivariable analyses revealed prior history of overdose and depression were the variables most strongly associated with risk for thoughts of suicide. CONCLUSIONS Consistent with two theories of the development of suicidal thoughts and attempts, exposure to variables that reduce fear of death (e.g., overdoses) were associated with suicidal thoughts. In contrast, other risk-taking behaviors, medical comorbidities, and substance use were not key predictors of suicidal thoughts in this sample. Implications for targeted risk assessment among clinicians are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lily A Brown
- University of Pennsylvania, Department of Psychiatry, 3535 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
| | - Cecile M Denis
- University of Pennsylvania, Department of Psychiatry, 3535 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
| | - Anthony Leon
- University of Pennsylvania, Department of Psychiatry, 3535 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
| | - Michael B Blank
- University of Pennsylvania, Department of Psychiatry, 3535 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
| | - Steven D Douglas
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3401 Civic Center Blvd., Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; University of Pennsylvania, Department of Pediatrics, 3401 Civic Center Blvd., Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
| | - Knashawn H Morales
- University of Pennsylvania, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, 423 Guardian Dr, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
| | - Paul F Crits-Christoph
- University of Pennsylvania, Department of Psychiatry, 3535 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
| | - David S Metzger
- University of Pennsylvania, Department of Psychiatry, 3535 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
| | - Dwight L Evans
- University of Pennsylvania, Department of Psychiatry, 3535 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
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17
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Opioids and Suicide: Opportunities for Comprehensive Prevention. JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH MANAGEMENT AND PRACTICE 2021; 26:291-293. [PMID: 32235210 DOI: 10.1097/phh.0000000000001161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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18
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Wilkins NJ, Clayton H, Jones CM, Brown M. Current Prescription Opioid Misuse and Suicide Risk Behaviors Among High School Students. Pediatrics 2021; 147:e2020030601. [PMID: 33648949 PMCID: PMC8555741 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2020-030601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES In previous studies, researchers have reported that youth with a lifetime history of prescription opioid misuse (POM) are at an increased risk for suicidal ideation, planning, and attempts. In this study, we investigate whether the association between youth POM and suicide outcomes differs by recency of POM (ie, none, past, or current misuse). METHODS In this report, we use data from the 2019 Youth Risk Behavior Survey to examine associations between recency of POM (current POM, past POM, and no POM) and suicide risk behaviors among US high school students. RESULTS After controlling for demographics, alcohol, and other drug use, both current POM and past POM were significantly associated with all suicide risk behaviors compared with no POM. Students who reported current POM had the highest adjusted prevalence ratios (aPRs) for suicidal ideation (aPR: 2.30; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.97-2.69), planning (aPR: 2.33; 95% CI 1.99-2.79), attempts (aPR: 3.21; 95% CI 2.56-4.02), and feeling sad or hopeless (aPR: 1.59; 95% CI 1.37-1.84). Students who reported current POM also were significantly more likely than youth who reported past POM to report that they had seriously considered attempting suicide, made a suicide plan, and attempted suicide. CONCLUSIONS Although POM, particularly current POM, is associated with increases in the risk for suicide-related behaviors and experiences of youth, comprehensive prevention approaches that address the intersections between suicide and POM provide a promising path forward for addressing these public health challenges among youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie J Wilkins
- Division of Adolescent and School Health, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; and
| | | | - Christopher M Jones
- Office of the Director, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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Spaderna M, Bennett M, Arnold R, Weintraub E. Case Series of Patients with Opioid Use Disorder and Suicidal Ideation Treated with Buprenorphine. Clin Pract Cases Emerg Med 2021; 5:6-10. [PMID: 33560942 PMCID: PMC7872604 DOI: 10.5811/cpcem.2020.10.49610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Buprenorphine benefits patients with opioid use disorder (OUD) in the emergency department (ED), but its efficacy for OUD patients with suicidal ideation (SI) in the ED is unknown. Case Series We present a case series of 14 OUD patients with SI who were given buprenorphine and a referral to outpatient substance use treatment in the ED. All experienced SI resolution, engaged with outpatient services, and remained in outpatient substance use treatment 30 days after ED discharge. Conclusion Our data provide evidence for the feasibility of starting buprenorphine in OUD patients with SI in the ED, and suggest that buprenorphine may be useful in helping to resolve SI for these patients. Future research with larger samples is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Spaderna
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Melanie Bennett
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Rachel Arnold
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Eric Weintraub
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Baltimore, Maryland
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20
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Pontes NMH, Ayres C, Wunnenberg M, Pontes MCF. Gender differences in the relationship between prescription opioid misuse and depressive symptoms and suicidality among US High School Students. Nurs Outlook 2021; 69:641-651. [PMID: 33579512 DOI: 10.1016/j.outlook.2021.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Revised: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prescription opioid misuse and suicide among adolescents are significant health challenges. PURPOSE This study investigated whether effects of prescription opioid misuse on depressive symptoms and suicidality are greater among female than male students. METHODS Using the 2017 Youth Risk Behavior Survey (N = 14,765), this research estimated additive interactions using risk differences as well as multiplicative interactions using odds ratios. DISCUSSION Results showed prescription opioid misuse was associated with significantly greater risks among females than males for depressive symptoms (31.1% vs. 20.8%), suicidal ideation (27.3% vs. 19.1%), suicide attempts (18.1% vs. 11.9%) and suicide attempts requiring treatment (8.5% vs. 4.4%). In contrast, multiplicative interactions using odds ratios were all nonsignificant. CONCLUSIONS Among students who misused prescription opioids, females compared to males had much higher average predicted margins of depressive symptoms, suicidal ideation, suicide attempts, and suicide attempts requiring treatment. Screening for depression and suicidality among adolescents who misuse prescription opioids, and vice versa, is paramount.
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21
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Schriver E, Lieblich S, AlRabiah R, Mowery DL, Brown LA. Identifying risk factors for suicidal ideation across a large community healthcare system. J Affect Disord 2020; 276:1038-1045. [PMID: 32763588 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.07.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Suicide is the tenth leading cause of death in the United States. Several studies have leveraged electronic health record (EHR) data to predict suicide risk in veteran and military samples; however, few studies have investigated suicide risk factors in a large-scale community health population. METHODS Clinical data was queried for 9,811 patients from the Penn Medicine Health System who had completed a Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) documented in the EHR between January 2017 and June 2019. Patient demographics, PHQ-9 scores, and psychiatric comorbidities were extracted from the EHR. Univariate and multivariable logistic regressions were applied to determine significant risk factors associated with suicide ideation responses from the PHQ-9. RESULTS One-quarter (25.8%% of patients endorsed suicide ideation. Univariate analysis found 22 risk factors of suicide ideation. Multivariable logistic regression found significant positive associations (Odds Ratio, (95% Confidence Interval)) with the following: younger ages less than 18 years: 2.1, (1.69, 2.60) and 19-24 years: 1.55, (1.29, 1.87)), single marital status (1.22, (1.08, 1.38)), African American (1.22, (1.08, 1.38)), non-commercial insurance (1.16, (1.03, 1.31)), multiple comorbidities (1 comorbidity (1.65, (1.32, 2.07); 2 comorbidities (2.07, (1.61, 2.64)), 3+ comorbidities (2.49, (1.87, 3.33))), bipolar disorders (Type I: 1.38, (1.14, 1.67) and Type II: 1.94, (1.52, 2.49)), depressive disorders (1.70, (1.49, 1.94)), obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) (1.43, (1.08, 1.90)), and stress disorders (1.53, (1.33, 1.76)). CONCLUSION Community EHR information can be used to predict suicidal ideation. This information can be used to design tools for identifying patients at risk for suicide in real-time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Schriver
- Data Analytics Center, Penn Medicine; Institute for Biomedical Informatics, University of Pennsylvania
| | | | - Reem AlRabiah
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania
| | - Danielle L Mowery
- Institute for Biomedical Informatics, University of Pennsylvania; Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, & Informatics, University of Pennsylvania
| | - Lily A Brown
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania.
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Morgan E, Feinstein BA, Dyar C. Disparities in Prescription Opioid Misuse Affecting Sexual Minority Adults Are Attenuated by Depression and Suicidal Ideation. LGBT Health 2020; 7:431-438. [PMID: 33112701 DOI: 10.1089/lgbt.2020.0220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Heightened rates of prescription opioid misuse have been observed among sexual minority (SM) compared with heterosexual populations. In addition, depression and suicidal ideation are risk factors for misuse, and they are also elevated among SM populations. The purpose of this analysis was to examine whether depression and suicidal ideation attenuate disparities in prescription opioid misuse among SM adults. Methods: Data came from a publicly available, nationally representative data set, the National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2015-2018. Among adults, survey-weighted logistic regression was used to assess the relationship between sexual orientation and past-year opioid misuse adjusting for demographics and either past-year major depressive episode or suicidal ideation. Probabilities of prescription opioid misuse were also assessed under counterfactual rates of depression and suicidal ideation. Analyses were stratified by sex. Results: Among participants in the analytic sample (N = 169,759; SM = 11,268), 9254 (5.5%) reported past-year prescription opioid misuse. The overall rate of opioid misuse decreased from 6.2% in 2015 to 4.6% in 2018. The association between sexual orientation and opioid misuse was attenuated downward for gay men, lesbian women, and bisexual individuals (men and women) after adjusting for either major depressive episode or suicidal ideation, but opioid misuse remained higher among most SM groups. In addition, rates of opioid misuse were found to be lower in counterfactual analyses with a nearly 2.5- and 4-fold decrease in depression and suicidal ideation among gay men and bisexual women, respectively. Conclusion: Efforts to reduce disparities in depression and suicidal ideation affecting SM individuals may reduce disparities in prescription opioid misuse affecting this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan Morgan
- Infectious Disease Institute, College of Nursing, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Brian A Feinstein
- Institute for Sexual and Gender Minority Health and Wellbeing, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Christina Dyar
- Institute for Sexual and Gender Minority Health and Wellbeing, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Schepis TS, Klare DL, Ford JA, McCabe SE. Prescription Drug Misuse: Taking a Lifespan Perspective. SUBSTANCE ABUSE-RESEARCH AND TREATMENT 2020; 14:1178221820909352. [PMID: 32214819 PMCID: PMC7065295 DOI: 10.1177/1178221820909352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Prescription drug misuse (PDM), or medication use without a prescription or in ways not intended by the prescriber, is a notable public health concern, especially in the United States. Accumulating research has characterized PDM prevalence and processes, but age-based or lifespan changes in PDM are understudied. Given age-based differences in the medical or developmental concerns that often underlie PDM, it is likely that PDM varies by age. This review summarizes the literature on PDM across the lifespan, examining lifespan changes in prevalence, sources, motives and correlates for opioid, stimulant, and tranquilizer/sedative (or benzodiazepine) PDM. In all, prevalence rates, sources and motives vary considerably by age group, with fewer age-based differences in correlates or risk factors. PDM prevalence rates tend to decline with aging, with greater use of physician sources and greater endorsement of self-treatment motives in older groups. Recreational motives (such as to get high) tend to peak in young adulthood, with greater use of peer sources or purchases to obtain medication for PDM in younger groups. PDM co-occurs with other substance use and psychopathology, including suicidality, across age groups. The evidence for lifespan variation in PDM is strongest for opioid PDM, with a need for more research on tranquilizer/sedative and stimulant PDM. The current literature is limited by the few studies of lifespan changes in PDM within a single sample, a lack of longitudinal research, little research addressing PDM in the context of polysubstance use, and little research on minority groups, such as sexual and gender minorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ty S Schepis
- Department of Psychology, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX, USA
| | - Dalton L Klare
- Department of Psychology, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX, USA
| | - Jason A Ford
- Department of Sociology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Sean Esteban McCabe
- Center for the Study of Drugs, Alcohol, Smoking and Health, School of Nursing, University of MI, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Institute for Research on Women and Gender, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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24
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Chan K, Moller M, Marsack-Topolewski C, Winston P, Jennings R, Prifti A. Age Differences in Non-Medical Prescription Opioid Use and Psychological Distress. Subst Use Misuse 2020; 55:1808-1816. [PMID: 32441182 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2020.1765808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Background/Purpose: Prescription opioid use has been recognized as an epidemic in the United States and globally. More research is needed to understand the association of opioids and mental health for older adults. This study examined age differences in the association of non-medical prescription opioid use (NMPOU) and psychological distress, with a focus on older adult populations. Methods: This study used the 2016 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH), and included 37,842 adults aged 18 and older. Weighted multiple regression and logistic regression analyses were used to examine the association of NMPOU and psychological distress, measured by the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K6). Results: NMPOU was associated with higher psychological distress (b = 0.48, SE = 0.16, p < .01). For those 50 and older, NMPOU was associated with 224% increased odds of meeting the clinical threshold for having a serious mental illness (SMI; OR = 2.24, p < .01, 95% CI: 1.23, 4.09). Conclusions: Although the prevalence of NMPOU and psychological distress trended downward throughout the lifespan, the association of NMPOU on SMI was highest among the youngest and oldest adults. These findings highlight the need for services and supports that are tailored for older adult populations. Future research is needed to investigate vulnerabilities from life stage stressors specific to older adults, which may account for the disproportionate odds of opioid use on mental health pathology. Interprofessional collaboration is needed among geriatric professionals to provide effective mental health treatment for this at-risk population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith Chan
- School of Social Welfare, University at Albany, SUNY, Albany, New York, USA.,School of Social Work, Eastern Michigan University, Ypsilanti, Michigan, USA
| | - Mary Moller
- School of Social Welfare, University at Albany, SUNY, Albany, New York, USA
| | | | - Priya Winston
- School of Social Welfare, University at Albany, SUNY, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Rubin Jennings
- School of Social Welfare, University at Albany, SUNY, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Andriana Prifti
- School of Social Welfare, University at Albany, SUNY, Albany, New York, USA
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25
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Attenuation of antidepressant and antisuicidal effects of ketamine by opioid receptor antagonism. Mol Psychiatry 2019; 24:1779-1786. [PMID: 31467392 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-019-0503-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We recently reported that naltrexone blocks antidepressant effects of ketamine in humans, indicating that antidepressant effects of ketamine require opioid receptor activation. However, it is unknown if opioid receptors are also involved in ketamine's antisuicidality effects. Here, in a secondary analysis of our recent clinical trial, we test whether naltrexone attenuates antisuicidality effects of ketamine. Participants were pretreated with naltrexone or placebo prior to intravenous ketamine in a double-blinded crossover design. Suicidality was measured with the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale item 3, Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale item 10, and Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale. In the 12 participants who completed naltrexone and placebo conditions, naltrexone attenuated the antisuicidality effects of ketamine on all three suicidality scales/subscales (linear mixed model, fixed pretreatment effect, p < 0.01). Results indicate that opioid receptor activation plays a significant role in the antisuicidality effects of ketamine.
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26
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Chesin M, Interian A, Kline A, St Hill L, King A, Miller R, Latorre M, Stanley B. Past-year opioid misuse and suicide attempt are positively associated in high suicide risk veterans who endorse past- year substance use. Addict Behav 2019; 99:106064. [PMID: 31425930 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2019.106064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The main purpose of this study was to test the relationship between past-year suicide attempt (SA) and past-year opioid misuse among Veterans at high risk of suicide who reported using at least one illicit substance or alcohol in the past year. Baseline data from 130 high suicide-risk Veterans (n = 39 past-year opioid misusers; n = 91 past-year users of other substances) who enrolled in a randomized controlled trial testing adjunctive Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy to Prevent Suicidal Behavior were used. Information was collected on a semi-structured interview that included the Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale to collect suicide attempt history. Past-year opioid misusers, compared to those who used at least one other illicit substance or alcohol in the past year, were more likely to have made a past-year SA. Past-year opioid misuse remained associated with past-year SA in multivariate analysis that included other known risk factors for SA. Our findings show a robust link between near-term SA and opioid misuse in Veterans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Chesin
- Department of Psychology, William Paterson University, Wayne, NJ, United States of America.
| | - Alejandro Interian
- Mental Health & Behavioral Sciences, VA New Jersey Healthcare System, Lyons, NJ, United States of America; Department of Psychiatry, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, United States of America
| | - Anna Kline
- Department of Psychiatry, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, United States of America
| | - Lauren St Hill
- Mental Health & Behavioral Sciences, VA New Jersey Healthcare System, Lyons, NJ, United States of America
| | - Arlene King
- Mental Health & Behavioral Sciences, VA New Jersey Healthcare System, Lyons, NJ, United States of America
| | - Rachael Miller
- Mental Health & Behavioral Sciences, VA New Jersey Healthcare System, Lyons, NJ, United States of America
| | - Miriam Latorre
- Mental Health & Behavioral Sciences, VA New Jersey Healthcare System, Lyons, NJ, United States of America
| | - Barbara Stanley
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians & Surgeons and New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, United States of America
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27
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Anestis MD, Tull MT, Butterworth SE, Richmond JR, Houtsma C, Forbes CN, Gratz KL. The Role of Opioid Use in Distinguishing between Suicidal Ideation and Attempts. Suicide Life Threat Behav 2019; 49:1680-1692. [PMID: 31141194 DOI: 10.1111/sltb.12557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Opioid use disorders are associated with heightened suicidal ideation, suicide attempts, and suicide death. This study aimed to examine the extent to which opioid differentiates between those with suicide attempts from those with lifetime suicidal ideation but no history of attempt. METHODS Participants were drawn from the US National Guard and a residential substance use treatment facility. Multinomial logistic regression was utilized to determine the extent to which a lifetime history of nonmedical opioid use differentiated between (1) individuals with no lifetime history of suicidal ideation or attempt, (2) individuals with a history of suicidal ideation but no attempt, and (3) individuals with a history of at least one suicide attempt. RESULTS History of opioid use among National Guard personnel and opioid use disorders among substance-dependent patients were associated with an increased likelihood of having at least one suicide attempt relative to both a history of suicidal ideation but no attempts and no history of ideation or attempts. Findings held when accounting for lifetime nonmedical use of other substances and the presence of other lifetime substance use disorders. CONCLUSIONS Results highlight the importance of assessing for suicide risk among opioid users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Anestis
- School of Psychology, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, USA
| | - Matthew T Tull
- Department of Psychology, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Sarah E Butterworth
- School of Psychology, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, USA
| | | | - Claire Houtsma
- School of Psychology, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, USA
| | | | - Kim L Gratz
- Department of Psychology, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
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28
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Allan NP, Ashrafioun L, Kolnogorova K, Raines AM, Hoge CW, Stecker T. Interactive effects of PTSD and substance use on suicidal ideation and behavior in military personnel: Increased risk from marijuana use. Depress Anxiety 2019; 36:1072-1079. [PMID: 31475423 DOI: 10.1002/da.22954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The current study examines the unique and interactive effects of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms and days using alcohol, opioids, and marijuana on PTSD symptoms, suicidal ideation, and suicidal behavior up to 1 year, later in a high-risk sample of military personnel not active in mental health treatment. METHODS Current and former military personnel at risk for suicide (N = 545; M age = 31.91 years, standard deviation = 7.27; 88.2% male) completed self-report measures of PTSD symptoms, past 30 days heavy alcohol use, opioid use, marijuana use, and current suicidal ideation via telephone at baseline and 1, 3, 6, and 12 months later. PTSD symptoms and the substance use variables (and relevant covariates) were entered as predictors of changes in PTSD symptoms, the likelihood of suicidal ideation, suicidal ideation severity, and the likelihood of suicidal behavior during the 11-month follow-up period. RESULTS PTSD symptoms predicted PTSD symptoms 1 month later. PTSD symptoms and marijuana use predicted the likelihood of suicidal ideation 1 month later and suicidal behavior during the 11-month follow-up period. The interaction between PTSD symptoms and marijuana use significantly predicted increased PTSD symptoms over time and suicidal behavior. At high, but not low levels of PTSD symptoms, more days using marijuana predicted increased PTSD symptoms over time and the likelihood of suicidal behavior. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest marijuana, especially for military personnel experiencing elevated PTSD symptoms may negatively impact suicidal thoughts and behavior. These results are relevant to suggestions that medical marijuana could be used in treating or augmenting treatment for PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lisham Ashrafioun
- VA VISN 2 Center of Excellence for Suicide Prevention, Canandaigua VA Medical Center, Canandaigua, New York.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York
| | | | - Amanda M Raines
- Southeast Louisiana Veterans Health Care System, New Orleans, Louisiana.,South Central Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC), New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Charles W Hoge
- Center for Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland.,Behavioral Health Division, Office of the Army Surgeon General, Falls Church, Virginia
| | - Tracy Stecker
- VA VISN 2 Center of Excellence for Suicide Prevention, Canandaigua VA Medical Center, Canandaigua, New York.,College of Nursing, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
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29
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Kim-Godwin Y, Lee MH. Suicidal ideation, plan, and attempts and nonmedical prescription opioid use among U.S. adults. Arch Psychiatr Nurs 2019; 33:9-15. [PMID: 31711601 DOI: 10.1016/j.apnu.2019.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The increase of nonmedical prescription opioid use (NMPOU) in the United States has become a public health concern. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between nonmedical prescription opioid misuse and past-year suicidality (suicide ideation-SI, suicide plan-SP, and suicide attempts-SA) among U.S. adults. METHOD Secondary data analysis was conducted using the 2016 National Survey on Drug Use and Health with 42,625 respondents. NMPOU was grouped in 4 categories: (1) never used, (2) current user, (3) recent user, and (4) past user. The outcome variables were SI, SP and SA and they were predicted in multivariable logistic regression. RESULTS Compared to the never-use of NMPO groups, the current, recent, and past users of NMPO showed significantly higher likelihoods of SI, SP, and SA models adjusting for sociodemographic and mental health-related factors. Presence of a major depressive episode had the significantly highest Odds Ratio of SI, SP, and SA. Suicidality among NMPO users is high, and there are multiple, sociodemographic and mental health related factors associated with this finding. CONCLUSION Policy and prevention efforts to improve screening and treatment should focus on the at-risk populations identified in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- YeounSoo Kim-Godwin
- School of Nursing, College of Health and Human Services, University of North Carolina Wilmington, NC. 601 South College Road, Wilmington, NC 28403, United States of America
| | - Meen Hye Lee
- School of Nursing, College of Health and Human Services, University of North Carolina Wilmington, NC. 601 South College Road, Wilmington, NC 28403, United States of America.
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30
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Frohe T, Beseler CL, Mendoza AM, Cottler LB, Leeman RF. Perceived health, medical, and psychiatric conditions in individual and dual-use of marijuana and nonprescription opioids. J Consult Clin Psychol 2019; 87:859-871. [PMID: 31556663 PMCID: PMC6764520 DOI: 10.1037/ccp0000431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Marijuana and nonprescription opioids remain the two most commonly used illicit substances in the United States. They have commonalities, yet the use of both at the same time may have a greater impact on psychological and health outcomes. Research is needed to determine whether dual-use is associated with more negative outcomes than individual substance use. METHOD We used the National Epidemiologic Survey of Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC) Wave 1 (W1; N = 43,093), Wave 2 (W2; N = 34,653), and the more recent NESARC-III (N3; N = 36,171) to compare nonuse with use of marijuana, nonprescription opioids, or both. We examined perceived health, pain interference, pain-related medical conditions, psychiatric conditions, and suicidality. RESULTS Individual use and dual-use were more common in N3 than in W1. W1 dual-use and nonprescription opioid-only use predicted worse outcomes for most variables prospectively and cross-sectionally, including pain interference and poorer general health. Associations between marijuana-only use and outcomes were not as strong; however, marijuana was associated with depression and suicidal ideation. CONCLUSION Nonprescription opioid use is concerning with dual-use predicting poorer perceived health and pain interference with work 3 years later along with strong relationships to suicidality and psychiatric conditions. Marijuana and nonprescription opioid dual-use is a possible treatment target. Substance interventions may be enhanced by addressing alternative pain care; chronic conditions; and/or psychiatric comorbidity. Differences in outcomes between substance use and nonuse were smaller recently in N3, particularly for marijuana use only. This may be due to increased access decreasing differences between those using and not using these drugs. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tessa Frohe
- University of Florida, Department of Health Education and Behavior, College of Health and Human Performance, Center for Addiction Research and Education and the Southern HIV & Alcohol Research Consortium, P.O. Box 118210, Gainesville, FL, USA 32611
- University of Florida, Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health and Health Professions and College of Medicine, P.O. Box 100231, Gainesville, FL, USA 32610
| | - Cheryl L. Beseler
- Colorado State University, Department of Psychology, College of Natural Sciences, 1879 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO, USA 80523-1879
| | - Andres M. Mendoza
- University of Florida, Department of Health Education and Behavior, College of Health and Human Performance, Center for Addiction Research and Education and the Southern HIV & Alcohol Research Consortium, P.O. Box 118210, Gainesville, FL, USA 32611
| | - Linda B. Cottler
- University of Florida, Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health and Health Professions and College of Medicine, P.O. Box 100231, Gainesville, FL, USA 32610
| | - Robert F. Leeman
- University of Florida, Department of Health Education and Behavior, College of Health and Human Performance, Center for Addiction Research and Education and the Southern HIV & Alcohol Research Consortium, P.O. Box 118210, Gainesville, FL, USA 32611
- Yale School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, 300 George Street, New Haven, CT 06511
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31
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Barman-Adhikari A, Hsu HT, Brydon D, Petering R, Santa Maria D, Narendorf S, Shelton J, Bender K, Ferguson K. Prevalence and correlates of nonmedical use of prescription drugs (NMUPD) among Young adults experiencing homelessness in seven cities across the United States. Drug Alcohol Depend 2019; 200:153-160. [PMID: 31132682 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nonmedical use of prescription drugs (NMUPD) is an urgent public health concern facing the United States. Young adults experiencing homelessness (YEH) are at increased risk of NMUPD; however, community estimates of NMUPD among YEH are sparse. This current study sought to understand patterns and correlates of NMUPD in a geographically heterogeneous sample of YEH recruited from seven cities across the United States. METHODS From June 2016 to July 2017, 1,426 YEH (aged 18-26) were recruited from seven cities (Houston, Los Angeles, Denver, Phoenix, New York City, St. Louis, San Jose). Participants provided information on substance use, mental health, trauma, and sexual-risk behaviors. Multivariable logistic regression was utilized to assess demographic, psychological, and behavioral correlates of self-reported past-month NMUPD and NMUPD types (i.e., prescription stimulant, sedative, and opioids). RESULTS Approximately 20% of participants reported past-month NMUPD. Almost 9% reported misusing prescription opioids, 8.7% misused prescription sedatives, and 6% misused prescription stimulants. Multivariable logistic regressions revealed unmet mental health needs were associated with sedative and stimulant misuse but not opioid misuse. Having suicidal thoughts was associated with opioid misuse but not sedative or stimulant misuse. Although no geographical differences emerged for stimulant and sedative misuse, youth from Denver, Phoenix, and San Jose were more likely to engage in opioid misuse relative to youth in Los Angeles. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that interventions designed to address NMUPD need to be multifaceted, designed to address other risk behaviors correlated with NMUPD, and target unmet mental health needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anamika Barman-Adhikari
- Graduate School of Social Work, University of Denver, 2148 S. High St. Denver, CO, 80208, USA.
| | - Hsun-Ta Hsu
- School of Social Work, University of Missouri, 729 Clark Hall, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.
| | - Daphne Brydon
- Graduate School of Social Work, University of Denver, 2148 S. High St. Denver, CO, 80208, USA.
| | - Robin Petering
- Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work, University of Southern California, 1150 South Olive St. 1503-1, Los Angeles, CA, 90015, USA.
| | - Diane Santa Maria
- Department of Nursing Systems, Cizik School of Nursing, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6901 Bertner Ave. Ste. 591, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Sarah Narendorf
- Graduate College of Social Work, University of Houston, 3511 Cullen Blvd. #110HA, Houston, TX, 77204-4013, USA.
| | - Jama Shelton
- Silberman School of Social Work at Hunter College, 2180 Third Ave. New York, NY, 10035, USA.
| | - Kimberly Bender
- Graduate School of Social Work, University of Denver, 2148 S. High St. Denver, CO, 80208, USA.
| | - Kristin Ferguson
- School of Social Work, Arizona State University, 411 N. Central Ave. #865, Phoenix, AZ 85004-0689, USA.
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Samples H, Stuart EA, Olfson M. Opioid Use and Misuse and Suicidal Behaviors in a Nationally Representative Sample of US Adults. Am J Epidemiol 2019; 188:1245-1253. [PMID: 30834448 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwz061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Prior research has shown associations between opioid misuse and suicidal behaviors, but the relationship between medical opioid use and suicidal behaviors is not known. We assessed associations of opioid use and misuse with suicidal ideation, suicide plans, and suicide attempts among adults aged 18-64 years (n = 86,186) using nationally representative cross-sectional data from the 2015 and 2016 administrations of the National Survey on Drug Use and Health. We used logistic regression to estimate associations between opioid use/misuse and suicidal behaviors and propensity score-weighted logistic regression analysis to examine the counterfactual scenario in which persons with misuse had instead not misused opioids. In propensity score-weighted analyses, compared with opioid misuse, opioid use without misuse was associated with lower odds of suicidal ideation (odds ratio (OR) = 0.57, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.45, 0.72) and suicide plans (OR = 0.53, 95% CI: 0.35, 0.80), and no use was associated with lower odds of suicidal ideation (OR = 0.62, 95% CI: 0.49, 0.80), suicide plans (OR = 0.56, 95% CI: 0.39, 0.79), and suicide attempts (OR = 0.54, 95% CI: 0.33, 0.89). These findings suggest that opioid misuse is associated with greater odds of suicidal behaviors, but opioid use without misuse is not. Compared with persons with opioid misuse, similar persons without misuse have a reduced risk of suicidal behaviors. Clinical and public health interventions should focus on preventing misuse of opioids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hillary Samples
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Elizabeth A Stuart
- Department of Mental Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Mark Olfson
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
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Ashrafioun L, Heavey S, Canarapen T, Bishop TM, Pigeon WR. The relationship between past 12-month suicidality and reasons for prescription opioid misuse. J Affect Disord 2019; 249:45-51. [PMID: 30753953 PMCID: PMC7870327 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2019.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding reasons for prescription opioid misuse can help elucidate suicide prevention efforts. The goal of the current study is to assess associations of reasons for prescription opioid misuse subtypes and suicide-related variables. We also assessed whether prescription opioid misuse differentiates ideators from those who attempt suicide. METHODS Using data from the 2015-2017 National Survey of Drug Use and Health (N = 45,074), prescription opioid misuse subtypes were grouped as follows: (a) Pain only, (b) Other reasons, and (c) Mixed reasons (i.e., pain and at least one other reason). Logistic regressions examined associations of misuse subtypes and past 12-month suicide-related variables (ideation, planning, attempts) relative to non-misusers. Logistic regression analyses were also conducted among the subset reporting ideation to assess whether prescription opioid misuse differentiated ideators with no attempt from ideators with an attempt. RESULTS In adjusted models, the Pain only and the Other reasons subtypes were associated with ideation and planning, but not attempts. The Mixed reasons subtype had higher odds of suicide ideation and planning compared to those not misusing prescription opioids and the Pain only misuse subtype. The Mixed reasons subtype had higher odds of a suicide attempt only when compared to those not misusing prescription opioids. Prescription opioid misuse was also associated with suicide attempts among the subset of ideators. CONCLUSIONS Findings indicate that people misuse prescription opioids for various reasons, and misuse subtypes are associated with past 12-month suicidality. Addressing pain and other reasons for misuse together through use of evidence-based treatments may help mitigate suicide risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisham Ashrafioun
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Rochester Medical Center, USA; VA Center of Excellence for Suicide Prevention, Canandaigua VA Medical Center, USA.
| | - Sarah Heavey
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Rochester Medical Center
| | | | - Todd M. Bishop
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Rochester Medical Center,VA Center of Excellence for Suicide Prevention, Canandaigua VA Medical Center
| | - Wilfred R. Pigeon
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Rochester Medical Center,VA Center of Excellence for Suicide Prevention, Canandaigua VA Medical Center
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Grigsby TJ, Howard JT. Prescription opioid misuse and comorbid substance use: Past 30-day prevalence, correlates and co-occurring behavioral indicators in the 2016 National Survey on Drug Use and Health. Am J Addict 2019; 28:111-118. [PMID: 30701620 DOI: 10.1111/ajad.12866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Prescription opioid misuse has not been well examined in the context of comorbid substance use in representative samples of substance users. Past 30-day comorbid prescription opioid misuse and recreational substance use (eg, alcohol, marijuana, cocaine, etc.) was studied in a representative sample of substance users in the United States using the 2016 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH). METHODS Prevalence of prescription opioid misuse with and without comorbid substance use was estimated with the 2016 NSDUH. Generalized linear modeling was used to describe demographic correlates of opioid and comorbid substance use and explore the relation of opioid and comorbid substance use with social and behavioral health indicators. RESULTS The majority of past month prescription opioid misusers reported use of other substances including cigarettes, alcohol, marijuana, or hard drugs (cocaine, methamphetamine, etc.). Males and younger respondents had a significantly higher risk of reporting past month prescription opioid misuse with illicit drug or polydrug use (p's < .01). Prescription opioid and polydrug users had the greatest odds of stealing property, selling drugs, having suicidal ideations, major depressive episode, and perceived treatment need in the past year compared to all other categories of prescription opioid misuse categories. CONCLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC SIGNIFICANCE Prescription opioid misuse is likely a part of a larger set of psychological, behavioral, and mental health problems. More attention should be given to the profiles of recreational (non-medical) substance use involving prescription opioids to curtail the current opioid crisis and prevent other similar epidemics in the future. (Am J Addict 2019;XX:1-8).
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Grigsby
- Department of Kinesiology, Health, & Nutrition, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Jeffrey T Howard
- Department of Kinesiology, Health, & Nutrition, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
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Schepis TS, Simoni-Wastila L, McCabe SE. Prescription opioid and benzodiazepine misuse is associated with suicidal ideation in older adults. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2019; 34:122-129. [PMID: 30328160 PMCID: PMC6445380 DOI: 10.1002/gps.4999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Suicide in older adults is a major public health issue. Past research across the US adult population has linked prescription medication misuse with suicidal ideation. No work has evaluated associations between prescription opioid or benzodiazepine misuse and suicidal ideation in older adults, and this work aimed to address that gap. METHODS/DESIGN Data were from adults 50 years and older participating in the 2015 to 2016 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (n = 17 608). Design-based logistic regression evaluated links between any past-year prescription opioid or benzodiazepine use without misuse or prescription misuse and past-year suicidal ideation, after controlling for sociodemographic, physical health, mental health, and substance use correlates associated with suicidal ideation. RESULTS After controlling for all correlates, past-year use without misuse of prescription opioids or benzodiazepines was not associated with past-year suicidal ideation in older adults. In contrast, past-year opioid misuse (AOR = 1.84, 95% CI = 1.07-3.19) and benzodiazepine misuse (AOR = 2.00, 95% CI = 1.01-3.94) were significantly associated with past-year suicidal ideation, even after controlling for all covariates. While 2.2% of US older adults not engaged in either opioid or benzodiazepine misuse reported past-year suicidal ideation, 25.4% of those who misused both medication classes endorsed such suicidality (AOR = 4.73, 95% CI = 2.07-10.79). CONCLUSIONS Both past-year prescription opioid and benzodiazepine misuse are associated with past-year suicidal ideation in US older adults. Clinicians encountering older adult patients at-risk for or engaged in prescription medication misuse also should screen for suicidality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ty S. Schepis
- Department of Psychology, Texas State University, San Marcos, Texas, USA
| | - Linda Simoni-Wastila
- Peter Lamy Center on Drug Therapy and Aging, and Department of Pharmaceutical Health Services Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sean Esteban McCabe
- Center for the Study of Drugs, Alcohol, Smoking and Health, School of Nursing, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA,Institute for Research on Women and Gender, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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Gilmore AK, Hahn CK, Jaffe AE, Walsh K, Moreland AD, Ward-Ciesielski EF. Suicidal ideation among adults with a recent sexual assault: Prescription opioid use and prior sexual assault. Addict Behav 2018; 85:120-124. [PMID: 29902682 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Sexual assault (SA) is common, and recent sexual assault is associated with suicidal ideation and prescription opioid (PO) use. PO use is also associated with increased risk of suicidal ideation. The current study examined suicidal ideation among adults seeking medical and psychological follow-up care after a SA medical forensic examination based on PO use and prior SA. METHODS Adults (n = 60) who received a SA medical forensic exam at the emergency room within 120 h of a SA were invited to receive medical and psychological follow-up care, which included a questionnaire about current mental health symptoms. RESULTS Results from a linear regression model revealed that more acute stress symptoms were associated with higher suicidal ideation. Further, there was a significant association between PO use and suicidal ideation among those with a prior SA such that those with a prior SA and who used POs reported more severe suicidal ideation than those with a prior SA who did not use POs. CONCLUSIONS Routine screening at the emergency department for PO use and prior SA may help prevention efforts for suicide among adults who recently experienced SA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda K Gilmore
- College of Nursing, Medical University of South Carolina, United States; Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, United States.
| | - Christine K Hahn
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, United States
| | - Anna E Jaffe
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, United States
| | - Kate Walsh
- Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology, Yeshiva University, United States
| | - Angela D Moreland
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, United States
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Conroy SC, Bjork JM. Death Ambivalence and Treatment Seeking: Suicidality in Opiate Addiction. CURRENT TREATMENT OPTIONS IN PSYCHIATRY 2018; 5:291-300. [PMID: 30598866 PMCID: PMC6309408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Rates of suicide and opiate overdose have recently skyrocketed in the United States. In light of impulsivity and impaired motivation common in people with substance use disorders, suicidality is common in addiction. RECENT FINDINGS Chart review surveys indicate two primary suicidal populations that are important to distinguish for clinical practice and healthcare policy. One group is heavily composed of people with SUDs, in whom chronic compulsive use fosters a numb ambivalence about death (low death intentionality). Many of these individuals with opiate use disorder (OUD) exaggerate suicidality to get prompt psychiatric care to treat the OUD. The second group is composed of those who have co-morbid psychiatric disorders and/or chronic pain who have a higher intent to die consistent with traditionally understood suicide risk factors. SUMMARY We contend that easier access to outpatient opiate agonist treatment would avoid unnecessary hospitalizations for death-ambivalent OUD patients, and for OUD patients in either group. First line treatment with an opioid agonist has high potential to effectively treat suicidal ideation as a secondary benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacey C. Conroy
- Hunter Holmes McGuire Veterans Administration Medical Center, Richmond Virginia USA
| | - James M. Bjork
- Hunter Holmes McGuire Veterans Administration Medical Center, Richmond Virginia USA
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Abbasi-Ghahramanloo A, Khodadost M, Moradpour F, Karimirad MR, Kamali R, Ziarati F. Prevalence of nonmedical use of prescription-type opioids, methylphenidate, and sedative-hypnotics among university students in the south of Iran: a regression analysis. Electron Physician 2018; 10:6981-6987. [PMID: 30034667 PMCID: PMC6049969 DOI: 10.19082/6981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and aim Nonmedical use of prescription drugs needs particular attention. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of prescription-type opioids, methylphenidate and sedative-hypnotics use, and related factors in university students. Methods In this cross-sectional study, 524 students of Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences were selected by multi-stage sampling in 2016. A self-report questionnaire had been used examining substance use, religious beliefs and parental support. The questions about substance use were prepared based on the World Health Organization Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test (WHO ASSIST). Religious beliefs were measured by Kendler's general religiosity questionnaire. Parental support was measured by the Persian version of Aneshensel and Sucoff's scale. All of the analysis was performed using Chi-square test, Fisher exact test, independent-samples t-test and binary logistic regression in SPSS 16 software. The level of significance was 0.05. Results The last year prevalence of prescription-type opioids, methylphenidate and sedative-hypnotics use was 16.1%, 3.3%, and 10.3%, respectively. The final model of logistic regression indicated hookah use (OR=2.5), methylphenidate use (OR=4.5), sedative-hypnotics use (OR=2.7), and were associated with students' prescription-type opioids use. The protective factor was familial support (OR=0.97) for prescription-type opioids use. Moreover, sedative-hypnotics use (OR=5.7) and illicit drug use (OR=27.6) were associated with methylphenidate use among students. Conclusions The results of this study showed that the prevalence of nonmedical use of prescription drugs is considerably high among students and is in need of interventions to reduce the prevalence of these drugs in universities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbas Abbasi-Ghahramanloo
- PhD Candidate in Epidemiology, Health Management Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,PhD Candidate in Epidemiology, Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Khodadost
- PhD Candidate in Epidemiology, Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,PhD Candidate in Epidemiology, Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farhad Moradpour
- PhD Candidate in Epidemiology, Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,PhD Candidate in Epidemiology, Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Karimirad
- M.Sc. of Nursing, Lecturer, Department of Nursing, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Razieh Kamali
- M.Sc. of Psychology, Lecturer, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Foroogh Ziarati
- B.Sc. of Nursing, Department of Nursing, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
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Stephen AH, Karlin DR, Luppens CL, Adams CA. Self-inflicted penetrating injury: A review. TRAUMA-ENGLAND 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/1460408617694404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Austin AE, Proescholdbell SK, Creppage KE, Asbun A. Characteristics of self-inflicted drug overdose deaths in North Carolina. Drug Alcohol Depend 2017; 181:44-49. [PMID: 29032024 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Drug overdose mortality is a major public health concern in the United States, with prescription opioids contributing substantially to recent increases in drug overdose deaths. Compared to unintentional drug overdose deaths, relatively little data describes intentional self-inflicted drug overdose deaths (i.e., suicide by drug overdose). The aim of this study was to examine the characteristics of self-inflicted drug overdose deaths, overall and in comparison to unintentional drug overdose deaths. METHODS We linked vital statistics, prescription drug monitoring program, and toxicology data for self-inflicted and unintentional drug overdose deaths among North Carolina residents in 2012. RESULTS Most self-inflicted (79.2%) and unintentional (75.6%) drug overdose decedents had a prescription for a controlled substance within one year of death. Toxicology results revealed that antidepressants contributed to a significantly higher percent of self-inflicted compared to unintentional drug overdose deaths (45.0% vs. 8.1%). Among deaths in which commonly prescribed opioids (oxycodone, hydrocodone) or benzodiazepines (alprazolam, clonazepam) contributed to death, a significantly higher percent of self-inflicted drug overdose decedents had a prescription for the substance within 30days of death compared to unintentional drug overdose decedents. CONCLUSIONS The results highlight the use of prescription opioids, benzodiazepines, and antidepressants among self-inflicted drug overdose decedents. Importantly, the results indicate that self-inflicted drug overdose decedents were more likely than unintentional drug overdose decedents to have potential contact with the health care system in the weeks preceding death, offering an opportunity for professionals to identify and intervene on risk factors or signs of distress and potential for self-harm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna E Austin
- Department of Maternal and Child Health and Injury Prevention Research Center, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, United States.
| | - Scott K Proescholdbell
- Injury and Violence Prevention Branch, Chronic Disease and Injury Section, Division of Public Health, North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services, United States
| | - Kathleen E Creppage
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, United States
| | - Alex Asbun
- Drug Control Unit, Division of Mental Health, Developmental Disabilities, and Substance Abuse Services, North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services, United States
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Ashrafioun L, Bishop TM, Conner KR, Pigeon WR. Frequency of prescription opioid misuse and suicidal ideation, planning, and attempts. J Psychiatr Res 2017; 92:1-7. [PMID: 28364579 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2017.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The goal of this study was to examine the relationship between past-year frequency of prescription opioid misuse and past-year suicidal ideation, suicide planning, and suicide attempts. Secondary data analyses were conducted using data from 41,053 participants of the 2014 National Survey of Drug Use and Health. Past-year frequency of prescription opioid misuse was grouped into 4 categories: none, less than monthly (1-11 times), monthly to weekly (12-51 times), and weekly or more (52 times or more). Binomial logistic regression analyses adjusted for demographics, overall health rating, depression, anxiety, and substance use disorders to test the associations between frequency of prescription opioid misuse and suicide-related variables. Compared to those who did not endorse prescription opioid misuse in the past year, prescription opioid misuse was significantly associated with suicidal ideation, suicide planning, and suicide attempts for each frequency of use category in unadjusted models (p < 0.05). In adjusted models, frequency of prescription opioid misuse remained significantly associated with suicidal ideation (p < 0.05 for each frequency category); however, only the group reporting weekly or more use on average was associated with suicide planning and attempts (p < 0.05). The findings provide novel specificity regarding prescription opioid use in relation to suicide-related outcomes further supporting enhanced access to suicide prevention and nonpharmacological approaches to pain management across various settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisham Ashrafioun
- VA VISN 2 Center for Excellence for Suicide Prevention, Canandaigua VA Medical Center, Canandaigua, NY, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA.
| | - Todd M Bishop
- VA VISN 2 Center for Excellence for Suicide Prevention, Canandaigua VA Medical Center, Canandaigua, NY, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Kenneth R Conner
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Rochester Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Wilfred R Pigeon
- VA VISN 2 Center for Excellence for Suicide Prevention, Canandaigua VA Medical Center, Canandaigua, NY, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
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Marchand K, Palis H, Fikowski J, Harrison S, Spittal P, Schechter MT, Oviedo-Joekes E. The Role of Gender in Suicidal Ideation among Long-term Opioid Users. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY. REVUE CANADIENNE DE PSYCHIATRIE 2017; 62:465-472. [PMID: 28521111 PMCID: PMC5528992 DOI: 10.1177/0706743717711173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aims to examine factors associated with suicidal ideation among people with opioid dependence and to explore whether these factors are gender-specific. METHODS Cross-sectional data were collected among long-term opioid-dependent individuals ( n = 176; 46.0% women). Lifetime histories of suicidal ideation were measured using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview, and additional data were collected regarding sociodemographic characteristics, drug use, health, and adverse life events. Multivariable logistic regression was used to determine the relationships between these variables and suicidal ideation for the full study sample and separately for women and men to explore the potential role of gender. RESULTS A total of 43.8% ( n = 77) of participants reported a lifetime history of suicidal ideation. Among those with suicidal ideation, 49.3% were women and the overall average age of first ideation was 19.82 years (SD, 11.66 years). Results from multivariable analyses showed that a history of depression, anxiety, and childhood emotional neglect and the number of lifetime traumatic events were significantly associated with higher odds of suicidal ideation. The gender-based analysis suggested that histories of depression and anxiety remained independently associated with lifetime suicidal ideation among women, whereas for men, childhood emotional neglect and the number of lifetime potentially traumatic events were independently associated with lifetime suicidal ideation. CONCLUSIONS This study offers a critical first step to understanding factors associated with suicidal ideation among long-term opioid-dependent men and women and the potential importance of gender-sensitive approaches for suicidal behavior interventions. These data inform further research and clinical opportunities aiming to better respond to the psychological health needs of this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Marchand
- 1 Centre for Health Evaluation & Outcome Sciences, Providence Health Care, St Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia.,2 School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia
| | - Heather Palis
- 1 Centre for Health Evaluation & Outcome Sciences, Providence Health Care, St Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia.,2 School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia
| | - Jill Fikowski
- 1 Centre for Health Evaluation & Outcome Sciences, Providence Health Care, St Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia.,2 School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia
| | - Scott Harrison
- 3 Urban Health & HIV/AIDS, Providence Health Care, Vancouver, British Columbia
| | - Patricia Spittal
- 1 Centre for Health Evaluation & Outcome Sciences, Providence Health Care, St Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia.,2 School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia
| | - Martin T Schechter
- 1 Centre for Health Evaluation & Outcome Sciences, Providence Health Care, St Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia.,2 School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia
| | - Eugenia Oviedo-Joekes
- 1 Centre for Health Evaluation & Outcome Sciences, Providence Health Care, St Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia.,2 School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia
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Gender differences among medically serious suicide attempters aged 15-54 years in rural China. Psychiatry Res 2017; 252:57-62. [PMID: 28249203 PMCID: PMC5438887 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2017.02.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
China is one of few countries which reported higher female suicide rates in the worldwide. However, little is known about the gender differences among Chinese rural suicide attempters. This study aims to analyze the gender differences among medically serious suicide attempters aged 15-54 years in rural China. Subjects were 791 medically serious suicide attempters and 791 controls aged 15-54 years in rural China. Socio-demographic, psychological and some critical variables were assessed in the interview. The results showed that all of the factors (education years, family suicide history, negative life events, social support, impulsivity and mental disorder) associated with male suicide attempters also could be found for females. Physical disease, mental disorder and pesticide ingestion played more roles on male suicide attempters. Ever married, peasant, religious belief, and less social support played more roles on female suicide attempters. Compared with male suicide attempters, female ones are mainly influenced by social factors. A gender-specific approach should be emphasized in suicide prevention.
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Martins SS, Ghandour LA. Nonmedical use of prescription drugs in adolescents and young adults: not just a Western phenomenon. World Psychiatry 2017; 16:102-104. [PMID: 28127929 PMCID: PMC5269500 DOI: 10.1002/wps.20350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia S. Martins
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public HealthNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Lilian A. Ghandour
- Department of Epidemiology and Population HealthAmerican University of BeirutBeirutLebanon
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Boyd CJ, Cranford JA, McCabe SE. Longitudinal trajectories of non-medical use of prescription medication among middle and high school students. J Addict Dis 2016; 35:258-265. [PMID: 27167900 PMCID: PMC5086405 DOI: 10.1080/10550887.2016.1186413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The non-medical use of prescription medications has been identified as a major public health problem among youth, although few longitudinal studies have examined non-medical use of prescription medications in the context of other drug use. Previous cross-sectional studies have shown gender and race differences in non-medical use of prescription medications. It was hypothesized that (1) non-medical use of prescription medications increases with age, and (2) these increases will be stronger in magnitude among female and Caucasian adolescents. Changes in non-medical use of prescription medications across 4 years were examined and compared with changes in other drug use (e.g., alcohol and marijuana). Middle and high school students enrolled in 5 schools in southeastern Michigan completed web-based surveys at 4 annual time points. The cumulative sample size was 5,217. The sample ranged from 12 to 18 years, 61% were Caucasian, 34% were African American, and 50% were female. Using a series of repeated measures latent class analyses, the trajectories of non-medical use of prescription medications were examined, demonstrating a 2-class solution: (1) the no/low non-medical use of prescription medications group had low probabilities of any non-medical use of prescription medications across all grades, and (2) the any non-medical use of prescription medications group showed a roughly linear increase in the probability of non-medical use of prescription medications over time. The probability of any non-medical use of prescription medications increased during the transition from middle school to high school. Results from this longitudinal study yielded several noteworthy findings: Participants who were classified in the any/high non-medical use of prescription medications group showed a discontinuous pattern of non-medical use of prescription medications over time, indicating that non-medical use of prescription medications is a relatively sporadic behavior that does not persist over time. However, among the "any/high non-medical use of prescription medications" group the pattern of change over time varied by race/ethnicity, with Caucasians showing a clear increase in the probability of non-medical use of prescription medications over time compared to non-Caucasians. This study fills gaps in knowledge by examining non-medical use of prescription medications over time and provides important information about the course of non-medical use of prescription medications among adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol J. Boyd
- Institute for Research on Women and Gender, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Addiction Research Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- School of Nursing, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - James A. Cranford
- Addiction Research Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Sean Esteban McCabe
- Institute for Research on Women and Gender, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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Masferrer L, Garre-Olmo J, Caparros B. Risk of suicide: its occurrence and related variables among bereaved substance users. JOURNAL OF SUBSTANCE USE 2015. [DOI: 10.3109/14659891.2014.998733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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The association between nonmedical use of prescription medication status and change in health-related quality of life: results from a Nationally Representative Survey. Drug Alcohol Depend 2014; 142:161-7. [PMID: 24999057 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Revised: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nonmedical use of prescription medication (NUPM) is associated cross-sectionally with a host of medical and psychosocial consequences. Few studies, however, have examined longitudinal outcomes based on NUPM indicators. This study aimed to address this gap by examining change in health-related quality of life as a function of NUPM status. METHODS Data are from waves 1 and 2 of the National Epidemiological Survey on Alcoholism and Related Conditions (NESARC) a household-based, nationally-representative survey of the US population. 34,653 participants who completed both NESARC waves were included in analyses. The primary outcome measure was the 12-item Short Form Health Survey (SF-12), with history of NUPM of opioids, tranquilizer/sedatives and stimulants (examined separately) at wave 1 and any NUPM between waves 1 and 2 used to group participants. Sociodemographic characteristics were used as control variables. RESULTS Across medication classes, results indicated that individuals who initiated NUPM between waves (initiators) had greater declines or smaller increases on many SF-12 scales, when compared to other groups. Individuals with a history of NUPM at wave 1 but no use between waves (quitters) and never users generally had the best outcomes in terms of change in SF-12 scales, with quitters making larger gains (or smaller losses) in mental health-related quality of life. Persistent users were generally intermediate between initiators and quitters or never users. CONCLUSIONS These data reinforce the importance of preventing NUPM initiation and of promoting NUPM cessation, highlighting the need for greater use of NUPM-related public health interventions.
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Davis JM, Searles VB, Severtson SG, Dart RC, Bucher-Bartelson B. Seasonal variation in suicidal behavior with prescription opioid medication. J Affect Disord 2014; 158:30-6. [PMID: 24655762 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2014.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/11/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Suicide attempts by self-poisoning utilizing prescription opioids account for more than half of prescription drug abuse and misuse emergency calls received by poison centers. Additionally seasonal suicidal behavior using other means is a commonly replicated finding. We hypothesized seasonal behavior would exist in individuals using opioid medication as a suicide means, and that this pattern would change at different latitudes in the United States. METHODS We used a harmonic regression strategy to investigate sinusoidal seasonal variations of suicidal behavior utilizing prescription opioids, and to contrast changes in seasonal behavior by latitude within the United States. Further, we investigated associations between suicide frequency utilizing opioid medication and frequency of dispensed opioid prescriptions. RESULTS Seasonal patterns were identified; overall, all harmonic terms were significant (p<0.05). Interaction terms of harmonic by latitude and harmonic by gender also were significant (p<0.05). After stratification, females had significant harmonic terms at all latitudes. A changing peak time period with latitude also was observed, such that the peak appeared later at more southern latitudes. Additionally, increased dispensed prescriptions rates per population were associated with increased suicidal behavior utilizing prescription opioids. LIMITATIONS This study has limitations due to its ecological nature and to missing data that may inform our understanding of suicide risk factors, such as marital status and socio-economic status. CONCLUSION Suicidal behavior with prescription opioids follows a seasonal pattern that changes with latitude within the United States. Further, increased accessibility may contribute to increased suicidal attempt rates utilizing prescription opioids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Davis
- Rocky Mountain Poison and Drug Center, Denver Health and Hospital Authority, 777 Bannock St., MC 0180, Denver, CO 80204, United States; University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, United States.
| | - Veronica B Searles
- University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Medical Scientist Training Program, United States
| | - S Geoff Severtson
- Rocky Mountain Poison and Drug Center, Denver Health and Hospital Authority, 777 Bannock St., MC 0180, Denver, CO 80204, United States
| | - Richard C Dart
- Rocky Mountain Poison and Drug Center, Denver Health and Hospital Authority, 777 Bannock St., MC 0180, Denver, CO 80204, United States; University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, United States
| | - Becki Bucher-Bartelson
- Rocky Mountain Poison and Drug Center, Denver Health and Hospital Authority, 777 Bannock St., MC 0180, Denver, CO 80204, United States
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