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Mendová K, Otáhal M, Drab M, Daniel M. Size Matters: Rethinking Hertz Model Interpretation for Cell Mechanics Using AFM. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7186. [PMID: 39000293 PMCID: PMC11241038 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25137186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Cell mechanics are a biophysical indicator of cell state, such as cancer metastasis, leukocyte activation, and cell cycle progression. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is a widely used technique to measure cell mechanics, where the Young modulus of a cell is usually derived from the Hertz contact model. However, the Hertz model assumes that the cell is an elastic, isotropic, and homogeneous material and that the indentation is small compared to the cell size. These assumptions neglect the effects of the cytoskeleton, cell size and shape, and cell environment on cell deformation. In this study, we investigated the influence of cell size on the estimated Young's modulus using liposomes as cell models. Liposomes were prepared with different sizes and filled with phosphate buffered saline (PBS) or hyaluronic acid (HA) to mimic the cytoplasm. AFM was used to obtain the force indentation curves and fit them to the Hertz model. We found that the larger the liposome, the lower the estimated Young's modulus for both PBS-filled and HA-filled liposomes. This suggests that the Young modulus obtained from the Hertz model is not only a property of the cell material but also depends on the cell dimensions. Therefore, when comparing or interpreting cell mechanics using the Hertz model, it is essential to account for cell size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarína Mendová
- Department of Mechanics, Biomechanics and Mechatronics, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Technická 4, 16000 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Martin Otáhal
- Department of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Náměstí Sítná 3105, 27201 Kladno, Czech Republic;
| | - Mitja Drab
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Trzaska 25, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Matej Daniel
- Department of Mechanics, Biomechanics and Mechatronics, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Technická 4, 16000 Prague, Czech Republic;
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2
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Mi Y, Zhang MN, Ma C, Zheng W, Teng F. Feature Matching of Microsecond-Pulsed Magnetic Fields Combined with Fe 3O 4 Particles for Killing A375 Melanoma Cells. Biomolecules 2024; 14:521. [PMID: 38785928 PMCID: PMC11117552 DOI: 10.3390/biom14050521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The combination of magnetic fields and magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) to kill cancer cells by magneto-mechanical force represents a novel therapy, offering advantages such as non-invasiveness, among others. Pulsed magnetic fields (PMFs) hold promise for application in this therapy due to advantages such as easily adjustable parameters; however, they suffer from the drawback of narrow pulse width. In order to fully exploit the potential of PMFs and MNPs in this therapy, while maximizing therapeutic efficacy within the constraints of the narrow pulse width, a feature-matching theory is proposed, encompassing the matching of three aspects: (1) MNP volume and critical volume of Brownian relaxation, (2) relaxation time and pulse width, and (3) MNP shape and the intermittence of PMF. In the theory, a microsecond-PMF generator was developed, and four kinds of MNPs were selected for in vitro cell experiments. The results demonstrate that the killing rate of the experimental group meeting the requirements of the theory is at least 18% higher than the control group. This validates the accuracy of our theory and provides valuable guidance for the further application of PMFs in this therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Mi
- State Key Laboratory of Power Transmission Equipment Technology, School of Electrical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China; (M.-N.Z.); (C.M.); (W.Z.)
| | - Meng-Nan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Power Transmission Equipment Technology, School of Electrical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China; (M.-N.Z.); (C.M.); (W.Z.)
| | - Chi Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Power Transmission Equipment Technology, School of Electrical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China; (M.-N.Z.); (C.M.); (W.Z.)
| | - Wei Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Power Transmission Equipment Technology, School of Electrical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China; (M.-N.Z.); (C.M.); (W.Z.)
| | - Fei Teng
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Research for Cancer Metastasis and Individualized Treatment, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing 400030, China;
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Kwon O, Lee J, Son H, Park J. Quantitative Understanding of Ionic Channel Network Variation in Nafion with Hydration Using Current Sensing Atomic Force Microscopy. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:604. [PMID: 38475288 DOI: 10.3390/polym16050604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Proton exchange membranes are an essential component of proton-exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC). Their performance is directly related to the development of ionic channel networks through hydration. Current sensing atomic force microscopy (CSAFM) can map the local conductance and morphology of a sample surface with sub-nano resolution simultaneously by applying a bias voltage between the conducting tip and sample holder. In this study, the ionic channel network variation of Nafion by hydration has been quantitatively characterized based on the basic principles of electrodynamics and CSAFM. A nano-sized PEMFC has been created using a Pt-coated tip of CSAFM and one side Pt-coated Nafion, and studied under different relative humidity (RH) conditions. The results have been systematically analyzed. First, the morphology of PEMFC under each RH has been studied using line profile and surface roughness. Second, the CSAFM image has been analyzed statistically through the peak value and full-width half-maximum of the histograms. Third, the number of protons moving through the ionic channel network (NPMI) has been derived and used to understand ionic channel network variation by hydration. This study develops a quantitative method to comprehend variations in the ionic channel network by calculating the movement of protons into the ionic channel network based on CSAFM images. To verify the method, a comparison is made between the NPMI and the changes in proton conductivity under different RH conditions and it reveals a good agreement. This developed method can offer a quantitative approach for characterizing the morphological structure of PEM. Also, it can provide a quantitative tool for interpretating CSAFM images.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osung Kwon
- Faculty of Science, Tabula Rasa College, Keimyung University in Seongseo, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihoon Lee
- AET Co., Ltd., Daegu 41967, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyungju Son
- AET Co., Ltd., Daegu 41967, Republic of Korea
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Stilgoe AB, Kashchuk AV, Balanant MA, Santangelo D, Nieminen TA, Sauret E, Flower R, Rubinsztein-Dunlop H. Tired and stressed: direct holographic quasi-static stretching of aging echinocytes and discocytes in plasma using optical tweezers [Invited]. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 15:656-671. [PMID: 38404345 PMCID: PMC10890887 DOI: 10.1364/boe.504779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Red blood cells (RBCs) undergo a progressive morphological transformation from smooth biconcave discocytes into rounder echinocytes with spicules on their surface during cold storage. The echinocytic morphology impacts RBCs' ability to flow through narrow sections of the circulation and therefore transfusion of RBC units with a high echinocytic content are thought to have a reduced efficiency. We use an optical tweezers-based technique where we directly trap and measure linear stiffness of RBCs under stress without the use of attached spherical probe particles or microfluidic flow to induce shear. We study RBC deformability with over 50 days of storage performing multiple stretches in blood plasma (serum with cold agglutinins removed to eliminate clotting). In particular, we find that discocytes and echinocytes do not show significant changes in linear stiffness in the small strain limit (∼ 20 % change in length) up to day 30 of the storage period, but do find differences between repeated stretches. By day 50 the linear stiffness of discocytes had increased to approximately that measured for echinocytes throughout the entire period of measurements. These changes in stiffness corresponded to recorded morphological changes in the discocytes as they underwent storage lesion. We believe our holographic trapping and direct measurement technique has applications to directly control and quantify forces that stretch other types of cells without the use of attached probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander B. Stilgoe
- School of Mathematics and Physics, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Engineered Quantum Systems, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Anatolii V. Kashchuk
- School of Mathematics and Physics, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
- Currently with LENS, European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy, Via Nello Carrara 1, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019, Italy, and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Florence, Via Sansone 1, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019, Italy
| | - Marie-Anne Balanant
- Faculty of Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
- Australian Red Cross Lifeblood, Brisbane, QLD, 4059, Australia
| | - Deborah Santangelo
- Faculty of Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
- Australian Red Cross Lifeblood, Brisbane, QLD, 4059, Australia
| | - Timo A. Nieminen
- School of Mathematics and Physics, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Emilie Sauret
- Faculty of Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
| | - Robert Flower
- Faculty of Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
- Australian Red Cross Lifeblood, Brisbane, QLD, 4059, Australia
| | - Halina Rubinsztein-Dunlop
- School of Mathematics and Physics, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Engineered Quantum Systems, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
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Markova O, Clanet C, Husson J. Quantifying both viscoelasticity and surface tension: Why sharp tips overestimate cell stiffness. Biophys J 2024; 123:210-220. [PMID: 38087780 PMCID: PMC10808041 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2023.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Revised: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Quantifying the mechanical properties of cells is important to better understand how mechanics constrain cellular processes. Furthermore, because pathologies are usually paralleled by altered cell mechanical properties, mechanical parameters can be used as a novel way to characterize the pathological state of cells. Key features used in models are cell tension, cell viscoelasticity (representing the average of the cell bulk), or a combination of both. It is unclear which of these features is the most relevant or whether both should be included. To clarify this, we performed microindentation experiments on cells with microindenters of various tip radii, including micrometer-sized microneedles. We obtained different cell-indenter contact radii and measured the corresponding contact stiffness. We derived a model predicting that this contact stiffness should be an affine function of the contact radius and that, at vanishing contact radius, the cell stiffness should be equal to the cell tension multiplied by a constant. When microindenting leukocytes and both adherent and trypsinized adherent cells, the contact stiffness was indeed an affine function of the contact radius. For leukocytes, the deduced surface tension was consistent with that measured using micropipette aspiration. For detached endothelial cells, agreement between microindentation and micropipette aspiration was better when considering these as only viscoelastic when analyzing micropipette aspiration experiments. This work suggests that indenting cells with sharp tips but neglecting the presence of surface tension leads to an effective elastic modulus whose origin is in fact surface tension. Accordingly, using sharp tips when microindenting a cell is a good way to directly measure its surface tension without the need to let the viscoelastic modulus relax.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Markova
- Laboratoire d'Hydrodynamique (LadHyX), CNRS, École Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Palaiseau, France
| | - Christophe Clanet
- Laboratoire d'Hydrodynamique (LadHyX), CNRS, École Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Palaiseau, France
| | - Julien Husson
- Laboratoire d'Hydrodynamique (LadHyX), CNRS, École Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Palaiseau, France.
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Yuan W, Ding Y, Wang G. Universal contact stiffness of elastic solids covered with tensed membranes and its application in indentation tests of biological materials. Acta Biomater 2023; 171:202-208. [PMID: 37690593 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2023.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
The inherent membrane tension of biological materials could vitally affect their responses to contact loading but is generally ignored in existing indentation analysis. In this paper, the authors theoretically investigate the contact stiffness of axisymmetric indentations of elastic solids covered with thin tensed membranes. When the indentation size decreases to the same order as the ratio of membrane tension to elastic modulus, the contact stiffness accounting for the effect of membrane tension becomes much higher than the prediction of conventional contact theory. An explicit expression is derived for the contact stiffness, which is universal for axisymmetric indentations using indenters of arbitrary convex profiles. On this basis, a simple method of analysis is proposed to estimate the membrane tension and elastic modulus of biological materials from the indentation load-depth data, which is successfully applied to analyze the indentation experiments of cells and lungs. This study might be helpful for the comprehensive assessment of the mechanical properties of soft biological systems. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: This paper highlights the crucial effect of the inherent membrane tension on the indentation response of soft biomaterials, which has been generally ignored in existing analysis of experiments. For typical indentation tests on cells and organs, the contact stiffness can be twice or higher than the prediction of conventional contact model. A universal expression of the contact stiffness accounting for the membrane tension effect is derived. On this basis, a simple method of analysis is proposed to abstract the membrane tension of biomaterials from the experimentally recorded indentation load-depth data. With this method, the elasticity of soft biomaterials can be characterized more comprehensively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weike Yuan
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, SVL, MMML, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 710049 Xi'an, China
| | - Yue Ding
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, SVL, MMML, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 710049 Xi'an, China
| | - Gangfeng Wang
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, SVL, MMML, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 710049 Xi'an, China.
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Thomas-Chemin O, Séverac C, Trévisiol E, Dague E. Indentation of living cells by AFM tips may not be what we thought! Micron 2023; 174:103523. [PMID: 37595406 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2023.103523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
The models used to calculate Young's moduli from atomic force microscopy (AFM) force curves consider the shape of the indentation. It is then assumed that the geometry of the indentation is identical to the geometry of the indenter, which has been verified for hard materials (E > 1 MPa). Based on this assumption, the force curves calculated by these models, for the same object with a given Young's modulus, are different if the indenter geometry is different. On the contrary, we observe experimentally that the force curves recorded on soft living cells, with pyramidal, spherical, or tipless indenters, are almost similar. This indicates that this basic assumption on the indentation geometry does not work for soft materials (E of the order of 5 kPa or less). This means that, in this case, the shape of the indentation is therefore different from the shape of the indenter. Indentation of living cells by AFM is not what we thought!
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Childérick Séverac
- RESTORE Research Center, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, CNRS, EFS, ENVT, Université P. Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Etienne Dague
- LAAS-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Toulouse, France.
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Elias-Mordechai M, David N, Oren S, Georgia Pelah M, Jopp J, Fichtman B, Harel A, Berkovich R, Sal-Man N. A single filament biomechanical study of the enteropathogenic Escherichia coli Type III secretion system reveals a high elastic aspect ratio. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:15027-15037. [PMID: 37668452 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr01953e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
Type III secretion systems (T3SSs) are syringe-like protein complexes used by some of the most harmful bacterial pathogens to infect host cells. While the T3SS filament, a long hollow conduit that bridges between bacteria and host cells, has been characterized structurally, very little is known about its physical properties. These filaments should endure shear and normal stresses imposed by the viscous mucosal flow during infection within the intestinal tract. We used atomic force microscopy (AFM) to probe the longitudinal and radial mechanical response of individual T3SS filaments by pulling on filaments extending directly from bacterial surfaces and later pressing into filaments that were detached from the bacteria. The measured longitudinal elastic moduli were higher by about two orders of magnitude than the radial elastic moduli. These proportions are commensurate with the role of the T3SS filament, which requires horizontal flexibility while maintaining its structural integrity to withstand intense stresses during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moran Elias-Mordechai
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 8410501, Israel.
| | - Nofar David
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Genetics, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 8410501, Israel.
| | - Sonia Oren
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Genetics, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 8410501, Israel.
| | - Maya Georgia Pelah
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 8410501, Israel.
| | - Jürgen Jopp
- The Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Boris Fichtman
- Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel
| | - Amnon Harel
- Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel
| | - Ronen Berkovich
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 8410501, Israel.
- The Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Neta Sal-Man
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Genetics, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 8410501, Israel.
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Zhou G, Wang C, Wu C, Zhang W. Active learning model for extracting elastic modulus of cell on substrate. Biophys J 2023; 122:2489-2499. [PMID: 37147802 PMCID: PMC10323012 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2023.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The cell elastic modulus (Ec) is widely used as the mechanics-based marker to analyze the biological effects of substrates on cells. However, the employment of the Hertz model to extract the apparent Ec can cause errors due to the disobedience of the small deformation assumption and the infinite half-space assumption, as well as an inability to deduct the deformation of the substrate. So far, no model can effectively solve the errors caused by the above-mentioned aspects simultaneously. In response to this, herein, we propose an active learning model to extract Ec. The numerical calculation with finite element suggests the good prediction accuracy of the model. The indentation experiments on both hydrogel and cell indicate that the established model can efficiently reduce the error caused by the method of extracting Ec. The application of this model may facilitate our understanding about the role of Ec in correlating the stiffness of substrate and the biological behavior of cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanlin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Analysis, Optimization and CAE Software for Industrial Equipment, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Chao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Analysis, Optimization and CAE Software for Industrial Equipment, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Chengwei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Analysis, Optimization and CAE Software for Industrial Equipment, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Analysis, Optimization and CAE Software for Industrial Equipment, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China.
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Ren J, Fan L. A reliable elasticity sensing method for analysis of cell entosis using microfluidic cytometer. Biomed Eng Lett 2023; 13:175-183. [PMID: 37124106 PMCID: PMC10130291 DOI: 10.1007/s13534-023-00264-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell entosis is a novel cell death process starting from cell-in-cell invasion. In general, cancer cells own higher incidence rate of cell entosis comparing to non-cancerous cells. Studies arguing whether cell entosis is a tumor suppressing process or a tumor accelerating process can deepen our understanding of tumor development. Cell elasticity is recognized as one of tumor malignant biomarkers. There have been some researchers studying cell elasticity in cell entosis. However, existing cell elasticity sensing technique (i.e. micropipette aspiration) can hardly be reliable neither high-throughput. In this work, we introduce an elasticity sensing method for quantifying both cell elasticity in cell-in-cell structures and single floating cells using a microfluidic cytometer. We not only argue our cell elasticity sensing method is reliable for already occurred entosis but also apply such method on predicting the "outer" cells in entosis of different cell types. The elasticity sensing method proposed in this manuscript is able to provide an effective and reliable way to further study deeper mechanism in cell entosis. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13534-023-00264-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jifeng Ren
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069 China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Fundamental Research on Biomechanics in Clinical Application, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069 China
| | - Lei Fan
- Centre for Robotics and Automation, Shenzhen Research Institute of City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518057 China
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Sajid N. Topography and mechanical measurements of primary Schwann cells and neuronal cells with atomic force microscope for understanding and controlling nerve growth. Micron 2023; 167:103427. [PMID: 36805164 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2023.103427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injuries require a piece of substantial information for a satisfactory treatment. The prior peripheral nerve injury knowledge, can improve nerve repair, and its growth at molecular and cellular level. In this study, we employed an atomic force microscope (AFM) to investigate the topography and mechanical properties of the primary Schwann cells and neuronal cells. Tapping mode images and contact points force-volume maps provide the cells topography. Two different probes were used to acquire the micro and nanomechanical properties of the primary Schwann cells, NG-108-15 neuronal cells, and growth cones. Moreover, the sharp probe was only used to investigate neurites nanomechanics. A significant difference in the elastic moduli found between primary Schwann cells, and neuronal cells, with both probes, with consistent results. The elastic moduli of the growth cones were found higher, than the neuronal cells and primary Schwann cells, with both probes. Furthermore, the modulus variations were also found between neurites. These results have significant implications for a better understanding of the peripheral nerve system (PNS) in terms of defining the optimal pattern surface and nerve guidance conduits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nusrat Sajid
- Department of Physics, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, Lahore 54000, Pakistan.
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Zhu X, Qin R, Qu K, Wang Z, Zhao X, Xu W. Atomic force microscopy-based assessment of multimechanical cellular properties for classification of graded bladder cancer cells and cancer early diagnosis using machine learning analysis. Acta Biomater 2023; 158:358-373. [PMID: 36581006 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2022.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Cellular mechanical properties (CMPs) have been frequently reported as biomarkers for cell cancerization to assist objective cytology, compared to the current subjective method dependent on cytomorphology. However, single or dual CMPs cannot always successfully distinguish every kind of malignant cell from its benign counterpart. In this work, we extract 4 CMPs of four different graded bladder cancer (BC) cell lines by AFM (atomic force microscopy)-based nanoindentation to generate a CMP database, which is used to train a cancerization-grade classifier by machine learning. The classifier is tested on 4 categories of BC cells at different cancer grades. The classification shows split-independent robustness and an accuracy of 91.25% with an AUC-ROC (ROC stands for receiver operating characteristic, and ROC curve is a graphical plot which illustrates the performance of a binary classifier system as its discrimination threshold is varied) value of 97.98%. Finally, we also compare our proposed method with traditional invasive diagnosis and noninvasive cancer diagnosis relying on cytomorphology, in terms of accuracy, sensitivity and specificity. Unlike former studies focusing on the discrimination between normal and cancerous cells, our study fulfills the classification of 4 graded cell lines at different cancerization stages, and thus provides a potential method for early detection of cancerization. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: We measured four cellular mechanical properties (CMPs) of 4 graded bladder cancer (BC) cell lines using AFM (atomic force microscopy). We found that single or dual CMPs cannot fulfill the task of BC cell classification. Instead, we employ MLA (Machine Learning Algorithm)-based analysis whose inputs are BC CMPs. Compared with traditional cytomorphology-based prognoses, the non-invasive method proposed in this study has higher accuracy but with many fewer cellular properties as inputs. The proposed non-invasive prognosis is characterized with high sensitivity and specificity, and thus provides a potential tumor-grading means to identify cancer cells with different metastatic potential. Moreover, our study proposes an objective grading method based on quantitative characteristics desirable for avoiding misdiagnosis induced by ambiguous subjectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyao Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Mechanism Theory and Equipment Design of Ministry of Education, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China.
| | - Rui Qin
- Key Laboratory of Mechanism Theory and Equipment Design of Ministry of Education, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Kaige Qu
- International Research Centre for Nano Handling and Manufacturing of China, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130022, China; JR3CN & IRAC, University of Bedfordshire, Luton LU1 3JU, UK
| | - Zuobin Wang
- International Research Centre for Nano Handling and Manufacturing of China, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130022, China; JR3CN & IRAC, University of Bedfordshire, Luton LU1 3JU, UK
| | - Xuexia Zhao
- College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030000, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guilford GU2 7XH, UK
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Ke R, Kucukal E, Gurkan UA, Li B. Characterization of fibronectin properties by integrated micro-fluidic experiments and fluid-structure interaction simulations. J Biomech 2023; 150:111505. [PMID: 36867952 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2023.111505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Fibronectin (Fn) has been observed to assemble in the extracellular matrix (ECM) of cell culture and stretch in response to the external force. The alteration of molecule domain functions generally follows the extension of Fn. Several researchers have investigated fibronectin extensively in molecular architecture and conformation structure. However, the bulk material behavior of the Fn in the ECM has not been fully depicted at the cell scale, and many studies have ignored physiological conditions. Conversely, microfluidic techniques that explore cellular properties based on cell deformation and adhesion have emerged as a powerful and effective platform to study cell rheological transformation in a physiological environment. However, directly quantifying properties from microfluidic measurements remains a challenge. Therefore, it is an efficient way to combine experimental measurements with a robust and reliable numerical framework to calibrate the mechanical stress distribution in the test sample. In this paper, we present a monolithic Lagrangian fluid-structure interaction (FSI) approach within the Optimal Transportation Meshfree (OTM) framework that enables the investigation of the adherent Red Blood Cell (RBC) interacting with fluid and overcomes the drawbacks of the traditional computational tools such as the mesh entanglement and interface tracking, etc. This study aims to assess the material properties of the RBC and Fn fiber by calibrating the numerical predictions to experimental measurements. Moreover, a physical-based constitutive model will be proposed to describe the bulk behavior of the Fn fiber inflow, and the rate-dependent deformation and separation of the Fn fiber will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renjie Ke
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Case Western Reserve, University, Cleveland, 44106 OH, USA
| | - Erdem Kucukal
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Case Western Reserve, University, Cleveland, 44106 OH, USA
| | - Umut A Gurkan
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Case Western Reserve, University, Cleveland, 44106 OH, USA
| | - Bo Li
- College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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14
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Magneto-mechanical therapeutic effects and associated cell death pathways of magnetic nanocomposites with distinct geometries. Acta Biomater 2023; 161:238-249. [PMID: 36858162 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2023.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
Recent years have witnessed important developments in the emerging field of magneto-mechanical therapies. While such approaches have been demonstrated as a highly efficient route to augment, complement, or entirely replace other therapeutic strategies, important aspects are still poorly understood. Among these, the dependence between the cell death pathway and the geometry of magnetic nanocomposites enabling magneto-mechanical therapies under a low-frequency rotating magnetic field (RMF) is yet to be deciphered. To provide insights into this important problem, we evaluate the cell death pathway for two magnetic nanocomposites with highly distinct geometries: Zn0.2Fe2.8O4-PLGA magnetic nanospheres (MNSs) and Zn0.2Fe2.8O4-PLGA magnetic nanochains (MNCs). We show that under exposure to an RMF, the MNSs and the MNCs exhibit a corkscrewed circular propulsion mode and a steering propulsion mode, respectively. This distinct behavior, with important implications for the associated magneto-mechanical forces exerted by these nanomaterials on surrounding structures (e.g., the cellular membrane), depends on their specific geometries. Next, using numerical simulations and cell viability experiments, we demonstrate that the field strength of the RMF and the rotating speed of the MNSs or MNCs have strong implications for their magneto-mechanical therapeutic performance. Last, we reveal that the magneto-mechanical effects of MNSs are more prone to induce cell apoptosis, whereas those of the MNCs favor instead cell necrosis. Overall, this work enhances the current understanding of the dependences existing between the magneto-mechanical therapeutic effects of magnetic nanocomposites with different geometries and associated cell death pathways, paving the way for novel functionalization routes which could enable significantly enhanced cures and biomedical tools. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE.
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15
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Machine learning method for extracting elastic modulus of cells. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2022; 21:1603-1612. [PMID: 36001275 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-022-01609-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The Hertz contact mechanics model is commonly used to extract the elastic modulus of the cell, but the basic assumptions of the model are often not met in cell indentation experiments, which can lead to errors in the obtained elastic modulus of cell. The establishment of theoretical formulas or modification of the Hertz formulas has been proposed to reduce the errors introduced by indentation depth and cell thickness, but errors from cell radius and probe radius are largely neglected. Herein, we build a neural network model in machine learning to extract the elastic modulus of cell, which takes into account of four variables: indentation depth, cell thickness, cell radius, and probe radius. The validity of the model is demonstrated by the indentation experiment. The introduction of machine learning methods provides an alternative solution for extracting the elastic modulus of the cell and has potential for application.
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16
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Mukherjee K, Gu C, Collins A, Mettlen M, Samelko B, Altintas MM, Sudhini YR, Wang X, Bouley R, Brown D, Pedro BP, Bane SL, Gupta V, Brinkkoetter PT, Hagmann H, Reiser J, Sever S. Simultaneous stabilization of actin cytoskeleton in multiple nephron-specific cells protects the kidney from diverse injury. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2422. [PMID: 35504916 PMCID: PMC9065033 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30101-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney diseases and acute kidney injury are mechanistically distinct kidney diseases. While chronic kidney diseases are associated with podocyte injury, acute kidney injury affects renal tubular epithelial cells. Despite these differences, a cardinal feature of both acute and chronic kidney diseases is dysregulated actin cytoskeleton. We have shown that pharmacological activation of GTPase dynamin ameliorates podocyte injury in murine models of chronic kidney diseases by promoting actin polymerization. Here we establish dynamin's role in modulating stiffness and polarity of renal tubular epithelial cells by crosslinking actin filaments into branched networks. Activation of dynamin's crosslinking capability by a small molecule agonist stabilizes the actomyosin cortex of the apical membrane against injury, which in turn preserves renal function in various murine models of acute kidney injury. Notably, a dynamin agonist simultaneously attenuates podocyte and tubular injury in the genetic murine model of Alport syndrome. Our study provides evidence for the feasibility and highlights the benefits of novel holistic nephron-protective therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamalika Mukherjee
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Division of Nephrology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Changkyu Gu
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Division of Nephrology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Agnieszka Collins
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Division of Nephrology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marcel Mettlen
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Beata Samelko
- Department of Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Mehmet M Altintas
- Department of Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Xuexiang Wang
- Department of Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Richard Bouley
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Division of Nephrology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Dennis Brown
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Division of Nephrology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bradley P Pedro
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Division of Nephrology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Susan L Bane
- Department of Chemistry, Binghamton University, State University of New York, Binghamton, NY, USA
| | - Vineet Gupta
- Department of Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Paul T Brinkkoetter
- Department of Internal Medicine-Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne and Faculty of Medicine-University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Cologne Cluster of Excellence on Cellular Stress Responses in Ageing-Associated Diseases (CECAD) and Systems Biology of Ageing Cologne (Sybacol), Cologne, Germany
| | - Henning Hagmann
- Department of Internal Medicine-Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne and Faculty of Medicine-University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Cologne Cluster of Excellence on Cellular Stress Responses in Ageing-Associated Diseases (CECAD) and Systems Biology of Ageing Cologne (Sybacol), Cologne, Germany
| | - Jochen Reiser
- Department of Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Sanja Sever
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Division of Nephrology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
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17
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Kulkarni T, Mukhopadhyay D, Bhattacharya S. Dynamic alteration of poroelastic attributes as determinant membrane nanorheology for endocytosis of organ specific targeted gold nanoparticles. J Nanobiotechnology 2022; 20:74. [PMID: 35135558 PMCID: PMC8822666 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-022-01276-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Efficacy of targeted drug delivery using nanoparticles relies on several factors including the uptake mechanisms such as phagocytosis, macropinocytosis, micropinocytosis and receptor mediated endocytosis. These mechanisms have been studied with respect to the alteration in signaling mechanisms, cellular morphology, and linear nanomechanical properties (NMPs). Commonly employed classical contact mechanics models to address cellular NMPs fail to address mesh like structure consisting of bilayer lipids and proteins of cell membrane. To overcome this technical challenge, we employed poroelastic model which accounts for the biphasic nature of cells including their porous behavior exhibiting both solid like (fluid storage) and liquid like (fluid dissipate) behavior. Results In this study, we employed atomic force microscopy to monitor the influence of surface engineering of gold nanoparticles (GNPs) to the alteration of nonlinear NMPs such as drained Poisson’s ratio, effective shear stress, diffusion constant and pore dimensions of cell membranes during their uptake. Herein, we used pancreatic cancer (PDAC) cell lines including Panc1, AsPC-1 and endothelial cell (HUVECs) to understand the receptor-dependent and -independent endocytosis of two different GNPs derived using plectin-1 targeting peptide (PTP-GNP) and corresponding scrambled peptide (sPEP-GNP). Compared to untreated cells, in case of receptor dependent endocytosis of PTP-GNPs diffusion coefficient altered ~ 1264-fold and ~ 1530-fold and pore size altered ~ 320-fold and ~ 260-fold in Panc1 and AsPC-1 cells, respectively. Whereas for receptor independent mechanisms, we observed modest alteration in diffusion coefficient and pore size, in these cells compared to untreated cells. Effective shear stress corresponding to 7.38 ± 0.15 kPa and 20.49 ± 0.39 kPa in PTP-GNP treatment in Panc1 and AsPC-1, respectively was significantly more than that for sPEP-GNP. These results demonstrate that with temporal recruitment of plectin-1 during receptor mediated endocytosis affects the poroelastic attributes of the membrane. Conclusion This study confirms that nonlinear NMPs of cell membrane are directly associated with the uptake mechanism of nanoparticles and can provide promising insights of the nature of endocytosis mechanism involved for organ specific drug delivery using nanoparticles. Hence, nanomechanical analysis of cell membrane using this noninvasive, label-free and live-cell analytical tool can therefore be instrumental to evaluate therapeutic benefit of nanoformulations. Graphical Abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12951-022-01276-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanmay Kulkarni
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo College of Medicine and Science, Griffin 413, Mayo Clinic Florida, 4500 San Pablo Road S, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Debabrata Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo College of Medicine and Science, Griffin 413, Mayo Clinic Florida, 4500 San Pablo Road S, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA.,Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo College of Medicine and Science, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Santanu Bhattacharya
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo College of Medicine and Science, Griffin 413, Mayo Clinic Florida, 4500 San Pablo Road S, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA. .,Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo College of Medicine and Science, Jacksonville, FL, USA.
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18
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Nietmann P, Bodenschatz JE, Cordes AM, Gottwald J, Rother-Nöding H, Oswald T, Janshoff A. Epithelial cells fluidize upon adhesion but display mechanical homeostasis in the adherent state. Biophys J 2022; 121:361-373. [PMID: 34998827 PMCID: PMC8822618 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2021.12.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Atomic force microscopy is used to study the viscoelastic properties of epithelial cells in three different states. Force relaxation data are acquired from cells in suspension, adhered but single cells, and polarized cells in a confluent monolayer using different indenter geometries comprising flat bars, pyramidal cones, and spheres. We found that the fluidity of cells increased substantially from the suspended to the adherent state. Along this line, the prestress of suspended cells generated by cortical contractility is also greater than that of cells adhering to a surface. Polarized cells that are part of a confluent monolayer form an apical cap that is soft and fluid enough to respond rapidly to mechanical challenges from wounding, changes in the extracellular matrix, osmotic stress, and external deformation. In contrast to adherent cells, cells in the suspended state show a pronounced dependence of fluidity on the external areal strain. With increasing areal strain, the suspended cells become softer and more fluid. We interpret the results in terms of cytoskeletal remodeling that softens cells in the adherent state to facilitate adhesion and spreading by relieving internal active stress. However, once the cells spread on the surface they maintain their mechanical phenotype displaying viscoelastic homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Nietmann
- Georg-August Universität, Institute for Physical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Andrea M. Cordes
- Georg-August Universität, Institute for Physical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jannis Gottwald
- Georg-August Universität, Institute for Physical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Helen Rother-Nöding
- Georg-August Universität, Institute for Physical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tabea Oswald
- Georg-August Universität, Institute for Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Janshoff
- Georg-August Universität, Institute for Physical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany,Corresponding author
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19
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Sun W, Gao X, Lei H, Wang W, Cao Y. Biophysical Approaches for Applying and Measuring Biological Forces. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2105254. [PMID: 34923777 PMCID: PMC8844594 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202105254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decades, increasing evidence has indicated that mechanical loads can regulate the morphogenesis, proliferation, migration, and apoptosis of living cells. Investigations of how cells sense mechanical stimuli or the mechanotransduction mechanism is an active field of biomaterials and biophysics. Gaining a further understanding of mechanical regulation and depicting the mechanotransduction network inside cells require advanced experimental techniques and new theories. In this review, the fundamental principles of various experimental approaches that have been developed to characterize various types and magnitudes of forces experienced at the cellular and subcellular levels are summarized. The broad applications of these techniques are introduced with an emphasis on the difficulties in implementing these techniques in special biological systems. The advantages and disadvantages of each technique are discussed, which can guide readers to choose the most suitable technique for their questions. A perspective on future directions in this field is also provided. It is anticipated that technical advancement can be a driving force for the development of mechanobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxu Sun
- School of SciencesNantong UniversityNantong226019P. R. China
| | - Xiang Gao
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and IntegrationNational Laboratory of Solid State Microstructureand Department of PhysicsCollaborative Innovation Center of Advanced MicrostructuresNanjing UniversityNanjing210023P. R. China
- Institute of Brain ScienceNanjing UniversityNanjing210023P. R. China
| | - Hai Lei
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and IntegrationNational Laboratory of Solid State Microstructureand Department of PhysicsCollaborative Innovation Center of Advanced MicrostructuresNanjing UniversityNanjing210023P. R. China
- Institute of Brain ScienceNanjing UniversityNanjing210023P. R. China
- Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation CenterNanjing UniversityNanjing210023P. R. China
| | - Wei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and IntegrationNational Laboratory of Solid State Microstructureand Department of PhysicsCollaborative Innovation Center of Advanced MicrostructuresNanjing UniversityNanjing210023P. R. China
- Institute of Brain ScienceNanjing UniversityNanjing210023P. R. China
| | - Yi Cao
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and IntegrationNational Laboratory of Solid State Microstructureand Department of PhysicsCollaborative Innovation Center of Advanced MicrostructuresNanjing UniversityNanjing210023P. R. China
- Institute of Brain ScienceNanjing UniversityNanjing210023P. R. China
- MOE Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Materials and TechnologyDepartment of Polymer Science & EngineeringCollege of Chemistry & Chemical EngineeringNanjing UniversityNanjing210023P. R. China
- Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation CenterNanjing UniversityNanjing210023P. R. China
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20
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Zhang KS, Nadkarni AV, Paul R, Martin AM, Tang SKY. Microfluidic Surgery in Single Cells and Multicellular Systems. Chem Rev 2022; 122:7097-7141. [PMID: 35049287 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Microscale surgery on single cells and small organisms has enabled major advances in fundamental biology and in engineering biological systems. Examples of applications range from wound healing and regeneration studies to the generation of hybridoma to produce monoclonal antibodies. Even today, these surgical operations are often performed manually, but they are labor intensive and lack reproducibility. Microfluidics has emerged as a powerful technology to control and manipulate cells and multicellular systems at the micro- and nanoscale with high precision. Here, we review the physical and chemical mechanisms of microscale surgery and the corresponding design principles, applications, and implementations in microfluidic systems. We consider four types of surgical operations: (1) sectioning, which splits a biological entity into multiple parts, (2) ablation, which destroys part of an entity, (3) biopsy, which extracts materials from within a living cell, and (4) fusion, which joins multiple entities into one. For each type of surgery, we summarize the motivating applications and the microfluidic devices developed. Throughout this review, we highlight existing challenges and opportunities. We hope that this review will inspire scientists and engineers to continue to explore and improve microfluidic surgical methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin S Zhang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Ambika V Nadkarni
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States.,Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Rajorshi Paul
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Adrian M Martin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Sindy K Y Tang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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21
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Tian Y, Lin W, Qu K, Wang Z, Zhu X. Insights into cell classification based on combination of multiple cellular mechanical phenotypes by using machine learning algorithm. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2022; 128:105097. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2022.105097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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22
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Viscoelastic properties of epithelial cells. Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 49:2687-2695. [PMID: 34854895 DOI: 10.1042/bst20210476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial cells form tight barriers that line both the outer and inner surfaces of organs and cavities and therefore face diverse environmental challenges. The response to these challenges relies on the cells' dynamic viscoelastic properties, playing a pivotal role in many biological processes such as adhesion, growth, differentiation, and motility. Therefore, the cells usually adapt their viscoelastic properties to mirror the environment that determines their fate and vitality. Albeit not a high-throughput method, atomic force microscopy is still among the dominating methods to study the mechanical properties of adherent cells since it offers a broad range of forces from Piconewtons to Micronewtons at biologically significant time scales. Here, some recent work of deformation studies on epithelial cells is reviewed with a focus on viscoelastic models suitable to describe force cycle measurements congruent with the architecture of the actin cytoskeleton. The prominent role of the cortex in the cell's response to external forces is discussed also in the context of isolated cortex extracts on porous surfaces.
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23
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Janshoff A. Viscoelasticity of basal plasma membranes and cortices derived from MDCK II cells. BIOPHYSICAL REPORTS 2021; 1:100024. [PMID: 36425463 PMCID: PMC9680774 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpr.2021.100024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The mechanical properties of cells are largely determined by the architecture and dynamics of their viscoelastic cortex, which consists of a contractile, cross-linked actin mesh attached to the plasma membrane via linker proteins. Measuring the mechanical properties of adherent, polarized epithelial cells is usually limited to the upper, i.e., apical side, of the cells because of their accessibility on culture dishes. Therefore, less is known about the viscoelastic properties of basal membranes. Here, I investigate the viscoelastic properties of basolateral membranes derived from polarized MDCK II epithelia in response to external deformation and compare them to living cells probed at the apical side. MDCK II cells were grown on porous surfaces to confluence, and the upper cell body was removed via a squirting-lysis protocol. The free-standing, defoliated basal membranes were subject to force indentation and relaxation experiments permitting a precise assessment of cortical viscoelasticity. A new theoretical framework to describe the force cycles is developed and applied to obtain the time-dependent area compressibility modulus of cell cortices from adherent cells. Compared with the viscoelastic response of living cells, the basolateral membranes are substantially less fluid and stiffer but obey to the same universal scaling law if excess area is taken correctly into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Janshoff
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Göttingen
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24
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Steinkühler J, Fonda P, Bhatia T, Zhao Z, Leomil FSC, Lipowsky R, Dimova R. Superelasticity of Plasma- and Synthetic Membranes Resulting from Coupling of Membrane Asymmetry, Curvature, and Lipid Sorting. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:e2102109. [PMID: 34569194 PMCID: PMC8564416 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202102109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Biological cells are contained by a fluid lipid bilayer (plasma membrane, PM) that allows for large deformations, often exceeding 50% of the apparent initial PM area. Isolated lipids self-organize into membranes, but are prone to rupture at small (<2-4%) area strains, which limits progress for synthetic reconstitution of cellular features. Here, it is shown that by preserving PM structure and composition during isolation from cells, vesicles with cell-like elasticity can be obtained. It is found that these plasma membrane vesicles store significant area in the form of nanotubes in their lumen. These act as lipid reservoirs and are recruited by mechanical tension applied to the outer vesicle membrane. Both in experiment and theory, it is shown that a "superelastic" response emerges from the interplay of lipid domains and membrane curvature. This finding allows for bottom-up engineering of synthetic biomaterials that appear one magnitude softer and with threefold larger deformability than conventional lipid vesicles. These results open a path toward designing superelastic synthetic cells possessing the inherent mechanics of biological cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Steinkühler
- Theory and Bio‐SystemsMax Planck Institute of Colloids and InterfacesScience Park GolmPotsdam14424Germany
- Present address:
Department of Biomedical EngineeringNorthwestern UniversityEvanstonIL60657USA
| | - Piermarco Fonda
- Theory and Bio‐SystemsMax Planck Institute of Colloids and InterfacesScience Park GolmPotsdam14424Germany
| | - Tripta Bhatia
- Theory and Bio‐SystemsMax Planck Institute of Colloids and InterfacesScience Park GolmPotsdam14424Germany
- Department of Physical SciencesIndian Institute of Science Education and Research MohaliSector 81, Knowledge City, ManauliSAS NagarPunjab140306India
| | - Ziliang Zhao
- Theory and Bio‐SystemsMax Planck Institute of Colloids and InterfacesScience Park GolmPotsdam14424Germany
- Present address:
Leibniz Institute of Photonic TechnologyJena07745Germany
| | - Fernanda S. C. Leomil
- Theory and Bio‐SystemsMax Planck Institute of Colloids and InterfacesScience Park GolmPotsdam14424Germany
- Departamento de BiofísicaUniversidade Federal de São PauloSão Paulo043039‐032Brazil
| | - Reinhard Lipowsky
- Theory and Bio‐SystemsMax Planck Institute of Colloids and InterfacesScience Park GolmPotsdam14424Germany
| | - Rumiana Dimova
- Theory and Bio‐SystemsMax Planck Institute of Colloids and InterfacesScience Park GolmPotsdam14424Germany
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25
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Abstract
Scanning ion conductance microscopy (SICM) has emerged as a versatile tool for studies of interfaces in biology and materials science with notable utility in biophysical and electrochemical measurements. The heart of the SICM is a nanometer-scale electrolyte filled glass pipette that serves as a scanning probe. In the initial conception, manipulations of ion currents through the tip of the pipette and appropriate positioning hardware provided a route to recording micro- and nanoscopic mapping of the topography of surfaces. Subsequent advances in instrumentation, probe design, and methods significantly increased opportunities for SICM beyond recording topography. Hybridization of SICM with coincident characterization techniques such as optical microscopy and faradaic electrodes have brought SICM to the forefront as a tool for nanoscale chemical measurement for a wide range of applications. Modern approaches to SICM realize an important tool in analytical, bioanalytical, biophysical, and materials measurements, where significant opportunities remain for further exploration. In this review, we chronicle the development of SICM from the perspective of both the development of instrumentation and methods and the breadth of measurements performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Kaixiang Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Natasha P Siepser
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Lane A Baker
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
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26
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Borodich FM, Galanov BA, Keer LM, Suarez-Alvarez MM. Contact probing of prestressed adhesive membranes of living cells. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2021; 379:20200289. [PMID: 34148419 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2020.0289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Atomic force microscopy (AFM) studies of living biological cells is one of main experimental tools that enable quantitative measurements of deformation of the cells and extraction of information about their structural and mechanical properties. However, proper modelling of AFM probing and related adhesive contact problems are of crucial importance for interpretation of experimental data. The Johnson-Kendall-Roberts (JKR) theory of adhesive contact has often been used as a basis for modelling of various phenomena including cell-cell interactions. However, strictly speaking the original JKR theory is valid only for contact of isotropic linearly elastic spheres, while the cell membranes are often prestressed. For the first time, effects caused by molecular adhesion for living cells are analytically studied taking into account the mechanical properties of cell membranes whose stiffness depends on the level of the tensile prestress. Another important question is how one can extract the work of adhesion between the probe and the cell. An extended version of the Borodich-Galanov method for non-direct extraction of elastic and adhesive properties of contacted materials is proposed to apply to experiments of cell probing. Evidently, the proposed models of adhesive contact for cells with prestressed membranes do not cover all types of biological cells because the structure and properties of the cells may vary considerably. However, the obtained results can be applied to many types of smooth cells and can be used to describe initial stages of contact and various other processes when effects of adhesion are of crucial importance. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'A cracking approach to inventing new tough materials: fracture stranger than friction'.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Boris A Galanov
- Institute for Problems in Materials Science, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kiev, Ukraine
| | - Leon M Keer
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
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Lee JU, Shin W, Lim Y, Kim J, Kim WR, Kim H, Lee JH, Cheon J. Non-contact long-range magnetic stimulation of mechanosensitive ion channels in freely moving animals. NATURE MATERIALS 2021; 20:1029-1036. [PMID: 33510447 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-020-00896-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Among physical stimulation modalities, magnetism has clear advantages, such as deep penetration and untethered interventions in biological subjects. However, some of the working principles and effectiveness of existing magnetic neurostimulation approaches have been challenged, leaving questions to be answered. Here we introduce m-Torquer, a magnetic toolkit that mimics magnetoreception in nature. It comprises a nanoscale magnetic torque actuator and a circular magnet array, which deliver piconewton-scale forces to cells over a working range of ~70 cm. With m-Torquer, stimulation of neurons expressing bona fide mechanosensitive ion channel Piezo1 enables consistent and reproducible neuromodulation in freely moving mice. With its long working distance and cellular targeting capability, m-Torquer provides versatility in its use, which can range from single cells to in vivo systems, with the potential application in large animals such as primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Uk Lee
- Center for Nanomedicine, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Wookjin Shin
- Center for Nanomedicine, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongjun Lim
- Center for Nanomedicine, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungsil Kim
- Center for Nanomedicine, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Woon Ryoung Kim
- Center for Nanomedicine, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Heehun Kim
- Center for Nanomedicine, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Graduate Program of Nano Biomedical Engineering (NanoBME), Advanced Science Institute, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Hyun Lee
- Center for Nanomedicine, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Graduate Program of Nano Biomedical Engineering (NanoBME), Advanced Science Institute, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinwoo Cheon
- Center for Nanomedicine, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Graduate Program of Nano Biomedical Engineering (NanoBME), Advanced Science Institute, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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28
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Son B, Park J, Kwon O. Analysis of Ionic Domains on a Proton Exchange Membrane Using a Numerical Approximation Model Based on Electrostatic Force Microscopy. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13081258. [PMID: 33924505 PMCID: PMC8069030 DOI: 10.3390/polym13081258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the ionic channel network of proton exchange membranes that dictate fuel cell performance is crucial when developing proton exchange membrane fuel cells. However, it is difficult to characterize this network because of the complicated nanostructure and structure changes that depend on water uptake. Electrostatic force microscopy (EFM) can map surface charge distribution with nano-spatial resolution by measuring the electrostatic force between a vibrating conductive tip and a charged surface under an applied voltage. Herein, the ionic channel network of a proton exchange membrane is analyzed using EFM. A mathematical approximation model of the ionic channel network is derived from the principle of EFM. This model focusses on free charge movement on the membrane based on the force gradient variation between the tip and the membrane surface. To verify the numerical approximation model, the phase lag of dry and wet Nafion is measured with stepwise changes to the bias voltage. Based on the model, the variations in the ionic channel network of Nafion with different amounts of water uptake are analyzed numerically. The mean surface charge density of both membranes, which is related to the ionic channel network, is calculated using the model. The difference between the mean surface charge of the dry and wet membranes is consistent with the variation in their proton conductivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byungrak Son
- Division of Energy Technology, DGIST, Daegu 42988, Korea;
| | - JaeHyoung Park
- Corporate Research Center, HygenPower Co., Ltd., Daegu 42988, Korea;
| | - Osung Kwon
- Tabula Rasa College, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-53-580-5657
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Hodgkinson T, Tsimbouri PM, Llopis-Hernandez V, Campsie P, Scurr D, Childs PG, Phillips D, Donnelly S, Wells JA, O'Brien FJ, Salmeron-Sanchez M, Burgess K, Alexander M, Vassalli M, Oreffo ROC, Reid S, France DJ, Dalby MJ. The use of nanovibration to discover specific and potent bioactive metabolites that stimulate osteogenic differentiation in mesenchymal stem cells. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/9/eabb7921. [PMID: 33637520 PMCID: PMC7909882 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abb7921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Bioactive metabolites have wide-ranging biological activities and are a potential source of future research and therapeutic tools. Here, we use nanovibrational stimulation to induce osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells, in the absence of off-target, nonosteogenic differentiation. We show that this differentiation method, which does not rely on the addition of exogenous growth factors to culture media, provides an artifact-free approach to identifying bioactive metabolites that specifically and potently induce osteogenesis. We first identify a highly specific metabolite, cholesterol sulfate, an endogenous steroid. Next, a screen of other small molecules with a similar steroid scaffold identified fludrocortisone acetate with both specific and highly potent osteogenic-inducing activity. Further, we implicate cytoskeletal contractility as a measure of osteogenic potency and cell stiffness as a measure of specificity. These findings demonstrate that physical principles can be used to identify bioactive metabolites and then enable optimization of metabolite potency can be optimized by examining structure-function relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Hodgkinson
- Centre for the Cellular Microenvironment, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
- Tissue Engineering Research Group, Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin D2, Ireland
| | - P Monica Tsimbouri
- Centre for the Cellular Microenvironment, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Virginia Llopis-Hernandez
- Centre for the Cellular Microenvironment, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Paul Campsie
- SUPA Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1QE, UK
| | - David Scurr
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Peter G Childs
- Centre for the Cellular Microenvironment, Division of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8LT, UK
| | - David Phillips
- School of Chemistry, College of Science and Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Sam Donnelly
- Centre for the Cellular Microenvironment, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Julia A Wells
- Bone and Joint Research Group, Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration, Institute of Developmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Fergal J O'Brien
- Tissue Engineering Research Group, Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin D2, Ireland
| | - Manuel Salmeron-Sanchez
- Centre for the Cellular Microenvironment, Division of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8LT, UK
| | - Karl Burgess
- Glasgow Polyomics, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Switchback Rd., Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Morgan Alexander
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Massimo Vassalli
- Centre for the Cellular Microenvironment, Division of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8LT, UK
| | - Richard O C Oreffo
- Bone and Joint Research Group, Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration, Institute of Developmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Stuart Reid
- SUPA Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1QE, UK
| | - David J France
- School of Chemistry, College of Science and Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Matthew J Dalby
- Centre for the Cellular Microenvironment, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK.
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30
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McCreery KP, Xu X, Scott AK, Fajrial AK, Calve S, Ding X, Neu CP. Nuclear Stiffness Decreases with Disruption of the Extracellular Matrix in Living Tissues. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2006699. [PMID: 33470544 PMCID: PMC7891867 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202006699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Reciprocal interactions between the cell nucleus and the extracellular matrix lead to macroscale tissue phenotype changes. However, little is known about how the extracellular matrix environment affects gene expression and cellular phenotype in the native tissue environment. Here, it is hypothesized that enzymatic disruption of the tissue matrix results in a softer tissue, affecting the stiffness of embedded cell and nuclear structures. The aim is to directly measure nuclear mechanics without perturbing the native tissue structure to better understand nuclear interplay with the cell and tissue microenvironments. To accomplish this, an atomic force microscopy needle-tip probe technique that probes nuclear stiffness in cultured cells to measure the nuclear envelope and cell membrane stiffness within native tissue is expanded. This technique is validated by imaging needle penetration and subsequent repair of the plasma and nuclear membranes of HeLa cells stably expressing the membrane repair protein CHMP4B-GFP. In the native tissue environment ex vivo, it is found that while enzymatic degradation of viable cartilage tissues with collagenase 3 (MMP-13) and aggrecanase-1 (ADAMTS-4) decreased tissue matrix stiffness, cell and nuclear membrane stiffness is also decreased. Finally, the capability for cell and nucleus elastography using the AFM needle-tip technique is demonstrated. These results demonstrate disruption of the native tissue environment that propagates to the plasma membrane and interior nuclear envelope structures of viable cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlin P. McCreery
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Xin Xu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Adrienne K. Scott
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Apresio K. Fajrial
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Sarah Calve
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Xiaoyun Ding
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Corey P. Neu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
- Address correspondence to
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31
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O'Bryan CS, Zhang Q, Lele TP, Angelini TE. Mechanical Characterization of Glandular Acini Using a Micro-indentation Instrument. Bio Protoc 2020; 10:e3847. [PMID: 33889659 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.3847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The linker of nucleoskeleton and cytoskeleton (LINC) complex is responsible for tethering the nucleus to the cytoskeleton, providing a pathway for the cell's nucleus to sense mechanical signals from the environment. Recently, we explored the role of the LINC complex in the development of glandular epithelial acini, such as those found in kidneys, breasts, and other organs. Acini developed with disrupted LINC complexes exhibited a loss of structural integrity, including filling of the lumen structures. As part of our investigation, we performed a mechanical indentation assay of LINC disrupted and undisrupted MDCK II cells using a micro-indentation instrument mounted above a laser-scanning confocal microscope. Through a combination of force measurements acquired from the micro-indentation instrument and contact area measurements taken from fluorescence images, we determined the average contact pressure at which the acini structure ruptured. Here, we provide a detailed description of the design of the micro-indentation instrument, as well as the experimental steps developed to perform these bio-indentation measurements. Furthermore, we discuss the data analysis steps necessary to determine the rupture pressure of the acini structures. While this protocol is focused on the indentation of individual glandular acini, the methods presented here can be adapted to perform a variety of mechanical indentation experiments for both 2D and 3D biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher S O'Bryan
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Qiao Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Tanmay P Lele
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Thomas E Angelini
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.,J. Crayton Pruitt Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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32
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Lüchtefeld I, Bartolozzi A, Mejía Morales J, Dobre O, Basso M, Zambelli T, Vassalli M. Elasticity spectra as a tool to investigate actin cortex mechanics. J Nanobiotechnology 2020; 18:147. [PMID: 33081777 PMCID: PMC7576730 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-020-00706-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The mechanical properties of single living cells have proven to be a powerful marker of the cell physiological state. The use of nanoindentation-based single cell force spectroscopy provided a wealth of information on the elasticity of cells, which is still largely to be exploited. The simplest model to describe cell mechanics is to treat them as a homogeneous elastic material and describe it in terms of the Young’s modulus. Beside its simplicity, this approach proved to be extremely informative, allowing to assess the potential of this physical indicator towards high throughput phenotyping in diagnostic and prognostic applications. Results Here we propose an extension of this analysis to explicitly account for the properties of the actin cortex. We present a method, the Elasticity Spectra, to calculate the apparent stiffness of the cell as a function of the indentation depth and we suggest a simple phenomenological approach to measure the thickness and stiffness of the actin cortex, in addition to the standard Young’s modulus. Conclusions The Elasticity Spectra approach is tested and validated on a set of cells treated with cytoskeleton-affecting drugs, showing the potential to extend the current representation of cell mechanics, without introducing a detailed and complex description of the intracellular structure.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Lüchtefeld
- Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics, ETH Zürich, Gloriastrasse 35, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Alice Bartolozzi
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell'Informazione, Università degli studi di Firenze, Via di S. Marta 3, 50139, Firenze, Italy
| | - Julián Mejía Morales
- Institut de Physique de Nice, Université Côte d'Azur, 1361 Route des Lucioles, 06560, Valbonne, France.,Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Università degli studi di Genova, Via Leon Battista Alberti 2, 16132, Genova, Italy
| | - Oana Dobre
- James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Oakfield avenue, Glasgow, G12 8LT, UK
| | - Michele Basso
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell'Informazione, Università degli studi di Firenze, Via di S. Marta 3, 50139, Firenze, Italy
| | - Tomaso Zambelli
- Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics, ETH Zürich, Gloriastrasse 35, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Massimo Vassalli
- James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Oakfield avenue, Glasgow, G12 8LT, UK.
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33
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Lu Z, Wang Z, Li D. Application of atomic force microscope in diagnosis of single cancer cells. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2020; 14:051501. [PMID: 32922587 PMCID: PMC7474552 DOI: 10.1063/5.0021592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Changes in mechanical properties of cells are closely related to a variety of diseases. As an advanced technology on the micro/nano scale, atomic force microscopy is the most suitable tool for information acquisition of living cells in human body fluids. AFMs are able to measure and characterize the mechanical properties of cells which can be used as effective markers to distinguish between different cell types and cells in different states (benign or cancerous). Therefore, they can be employed to obtain additional information to that obtained via the traditional biochemistry methods for better identifying and diagnosing cancer cells for humans, proposing better treatment methods and prognosis, and unravelling the pathogenesis of the disease. In this report, we review the use of AFMs in cancerous tissues, organs, and cancer cells cultured in vitro to obtain cellular mechanical properties, demonstrate and summarize the results of AFMs in cancer biology, and look forward to possible future applications and the direction of development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengcheng Lu
- JR3CN and IRAC, University of Bedfordshire, Luton LU1 3JU, United Kingdom
| | - Zuobin Wang
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed: and
| | - Dayou Li
- JR3CN and IRAC, University of Bedfordshire, Luton LU1 3JU, United Kingdom
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34
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Cordes A, Witt H, Gallemí-Pérez A, Brückner B, Grimm F, Vache M, Oswald T, Bodenschatz J, Flormann D, Lautenschläger F, Tarantola M, Janshoff A. Prestress and Area Compressibility of Actin Cortices Determine the Viscoelastic Response of Living Cells. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 125:068101. [PMID: 32845697 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.125.068101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Shape, dynamics, and viscoelastic properties of eukaryotic cells are primarily governed by a thin, reversibly cross-linked actomyosin cortex located directly beneath the plasma membrane. We obtain time-dependent rheological responses of fibroblasts and MDCK II cells from deformation-relaxation curves using an atomic force microscope to access the dependence of cortex fluidity on prestress. We introduce a viscoelastic model that treats the cell as a composite shell and assumes that relaxation of the cortex follows a power law giving access to cortical prestress, area-compressibility modulus, and the power law exponent (fluidity). Cortex fluidity is modulated by interfering with myosin activity. We find that the power law exponent of the cell cortex decreases with increasing intrinsic prestress and area-compressibility modulus, in accordance with previous finding for isolated actin networks subject to external stress. Extrapolation to zero tension returns the theoretically predicted power law exponent for transiently cross-linked polymer networks. In contrast to the widely used Hertzian mechanics, our model provides viscoelastic parameters independent of indenter geometry and compression velocity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Cordes
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Hannes Witt
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Aina Gallemí-Pérez
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Bastian Brückner
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Florian Grimm
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Abberior GmbH, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Marian Vache
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tabea Oswald
- Institute of Org. and Biomolecular Chemistry, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jonathan Bodenschatz
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Daniel Flormann
- Leibniz Institute for New Materials, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Franziska Lautenschläger
- Leibniz Institute for New Materials, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
- NT faculty, Experimental Physics, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Marco Tarantola
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Janshoff
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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35
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Hobson CM, Kern M, O'Brien ET, Stephens AD, Falvo MR, Superfine R. Correlating nuclear morphology and external force with combined atomic force microscopy and light sheet imaging separates roles of chromatin and lamin A/C in nuclear mechanics. Mol Biol Cell 2020; 31:1788-1801. [PMID: 32267206 DOI: 10.1101/2020.02.10.942581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclei are often under external stress, be it during migration through tight constrictions or compressive pressure by the actin cap, and the mechanical properties of nuclei govern their subsequent deformations. Both altered mechanical properties of nuclei and abnormal nuclear morphologies are hallmarks of a variety of disease states. Little work, however, has been done to link specific changes in nuclear shape to external forces. Here, we utilize a combined atomic force microscope and light sheet microscope to show SKOV3 nuclei exhibit a two-regime force response that correlates with changes in nuclear volume and surface area, allowing us to develop an empirical model of nuclear deformation. Our technique further decouples the roles of chromatin and lamin A/C in compression, showing they separately resist changes in nuclear volume and surface area, respectively; this insight was not previously accessible by Hertzian analysis. A two-material finite element model supports our conclusions. We also observed that chromatin decompaction leads to lower nuclear curvature under compression, which is important for maintaining nuclear compartmentalization and function. The demonstrated link between specific types of nuclear morphological change and applied force will allow researchers to better understand the stress on nuclei throughout various biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad M Hobson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Megan Kern
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - E Timothy O'Brien
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Andrew D Stephens
- Biology Department, The University of Massachusetts at Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Michael R Falvo
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Richard Superfine
- Department of Applied Physical Sciences, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
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36
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Hobson CM, Kern M, O’Brien ET, Stephens AD, Falvo MR, Superfine R. Correlating nuclear morphology and external force with combined atomic force microscopy and light sheet imaging separates roles of chromatin and lamin A/C in nuclear mechanics. Mol Biol Cell 2020; 31:1788-1801. [PMID: 32267206 PMCID: PMC7521857 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e20-01-0073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclei are often under external stress, be it during migration through tight constrictions or compressive pressure by the actin cap, and the mechanical properties of nuclei govern their subsequent deformations. Both altered mechanical properties of nuclei and abnormal nuclear morphologies are hallmarks of a variety of disease states. Little work, however, has been done to link specific changes in nuclear shape to external forces. Here, we utilize a combined atomic force microscope and light sheet microscope to show SKOV3 nuclei exhibit a two-regime force response that correlates with changes in nuclear volume and surface area, allowing us to develop an empirical model of nuclear deformation. Our technique further decouples the roles of chromatin and lamin A/C in compression, showing they separately resist changes in nuclear volume and surface area, respectively; this insight was not previously accessible by Hertzian analysis. A two-material finite element model supports our conclusions. We also observed that chromatin decompaction leads to lower nuclear curvature under compression, which is important for maintaining nuclear compartmentalization and function. The demonstrated link between specific types of nuclear morphological change and applied force will allow researchers to better understand the stress on nuclei throughout various biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad M. Hobson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Megan Kern
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - E. Timothy O’Brien
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Andrew D. Stephens
- Biology Department, The University of Massachusetts at Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Michael R. Falvo
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Richard Superfine
- Department of Applied Physical Sciences, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
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37
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Witt H, Vache M, Cordes A, Janshoff A. Detachment of giant liposomes - coupling of receptor mobility and membrane shape. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:6424-6433. [PMID: 32588015 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm00863j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Cellular adhesion is an intricate physical process controlled by ligand-receptor affinity, density, mobility, and external forces transmitted through the elastic properties of the cell. As a model for cellular adhesion we study the detachment of cell-sized liposomes and membrane-coated silica beads from supported bilayers using atomic force microscopy. Adhesion between the two surfaces is mediated by the interaction between the adhesive lipid anchored saccharides lactosylceramide and the ganglioside GM3. We found that force-distance curves of liposome detachment have a very peculiar, partially concave shape, reminiscent of the nonlinear extension of polymers. By contrast, detachment of membrane coated beads led to force-distance curves similar to the detachment of living cells. Theoretical modelling of the enforced detachment suggests that the non-convex force curve shape arises from the mobility of ligands provoking a switch of shapes from spherical to unduloidal during detachment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannes Witt
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization, Am Faßberg, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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Li F, Cima I, Vo JH, Tan MH, Ohl CD. Single Cell Hydrodynamic Stretching and Microsieve Filtration Reveal Genetic, Phenotypic and Treatment-Related Links to Cellular Deformability. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:mi11050486. [PMID: 32397447 PMCID: PMC7281218 DOI: 10.3390/mi11050486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Deformability is shown to correlate with the invasiveness and metastasis of cancer cells. Recent studies suggest epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) might enable cancer metastasis. However, the correlation of EMT with cancer cell deformability has not been well elucidated. Cellular deformability could also help evaluate the drug response of cancer cells. Here, we combine hydrodynamic stretching and microsieve filtration to study cellular deformability in several cellular models. Hydrodynamic stretching uses extensional flow to rapidly quantify cellular deformability and size with high throughput at the single cell level. Microsieve filtration can rapidly estimate relative deformability in cellular populations. We show that colorectal cancer cell line RKO with the mesenchymal-like feature is more flexible than the epithelial-like HCT116. In another model, the breast epithelial cells MCF10A with deletion of the TP53 gene are also significantly more deformable compared to their isogenic wildtype counterpart, indicating a potential genetic link to cellular deformability. We also find that the drug docetaxel leads to an increase in the size of A549 lung cancer cells. The ability to associate mechanical properties of cancer cells with their phenotypes and genetics using single cell hydrodynamic stretching or the microsieve may help to deepen our understanding of the basic properties of cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenfang Li
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, 11 Mandalay Road,Singapore 308232, Singapore
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Igor Cima
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, 31 Biopolis Way, Singapore 138669, Singapore
- DKFZ-Division Translational Neurooncology at the WTZ, DKTK partner site, University Hospital Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Jess Honganh Vo
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, 31 Biopolis Way, Singapore 138669, Singapore
- Lucence Diagnostics Pte Ltd., 211 Henderson Road, Henderson Industrial Park, Singapore 159552, Singapore
| | - Min-Han Tan
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, 31 Biopolis Way, Singapore 138669, Singapore
- Lucence Diagnostics Pte Ltd., 211 Henderson Road, Henderson Industrial Park, Singapore 159552, Singapore
| | - Claus Dieter Ohl
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371, Singapore
- Institute for Physics, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Otto-von-Guericke University of Magdeburg, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
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Pradhan S, Banda OA, Farino CJ, Sperduto JL, Keller KA, Taitano R, Slater JH. Biofabrication Strategies and Engineered In Vitro Systems for Vascular Mechanobiology. Adv Healthc Mater 2020; 9:e1901255. [PMID: 32100473 PMCID: PMC8579513 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201901255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The vascular system is integral for maintaining organ-specific functions and homeostasis. Dysregulation in vascular architecture and function can lead to various chronic or acute disorders. Investigation of the role of the vascular system in health and disease has been accelerated through the development of tissue-engineered constructs and microphysiological on-chip platforms. These in vitro systems permit studies of biochemical regulation of vascular networks and parenchymal tissue and provide mechanistic insights into the biophysical and hemodynamic forces acting in organ-specific niches. Detailed understanding of these forces and the mechanotransductory pathways involved is necessary to develop preventative and therapeutic strategies targeting the vascular system. This review describes vascular structure and function, the role of hemodynamic forces in maintaining vascular homeostasis, and measurement approaches for cell and tissue level mechanical properties influencing vascular phenomena. State-of-the-art techniques for fabricating in vitro microvascular systems, with varying degrees of biological and engineering complexity, are summarized. Finally, the role of vascular mechanobiology in organ-specific niches and pathophysiological states, and efforts to recapitulate these events using in vitro microphysiological systems, are explored. It is hoped that this review will help readers appreciate the important, but understudied, role of vascular-parenchymal mechanotransduction in health and disease toward developing mechanotherapeutics for treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shantanu Pradhan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, 161 Colburn Lab, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
- Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| | - Omar A. Banda
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, 161 Colburn Lab, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Cindy J. Farino
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, 161 Colburn Lab, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - John L. Sperduto
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, 161 Colburn Lab, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Keely A. Keller
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, 161 Colburn Lab, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Ryan Taitano
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, 161 Colburn Lab, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - John H. Slater
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, 161 Colburn Lab, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, 201 DuPont Hall, Newark, DE 19716, USA
- Delaware Biotechnology Institute, 15 Innovation Way, Newark, DE 19711, USA
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40
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Saha S, Bhowmick AK. Effect of structure development on the rheological properties of PVDF/HNBR‐based thermoplastic elastomer and its vulcanizates. J Appl Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/app.48758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Subhabrata Saha
- Rubber Technology CentreIndian Institute of Technology Kharagpur 721 302 India
| | - Anil K. Bhowmick
- Rubber Technology CentreIndian Institute of Technology Kharagpur 721 302 India
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringThe University of Houston Houston Texas 77204‐4004
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Skamrahl M, Colin-York H, Barbieri L, Fritzsche M. Simultaneous Quantification of the Interplay Between Molecular Turnover and Cell Mechanics by AFM-FRAP. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2019; 15:e1902202. [PMID: 31419037 PMCID: PMC7612032 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201902202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Quantifying the adaptive mechanical behavior of living cells is essential for the understanding of their inner working and function. Yet, despite the establishment of quantitative methodologies correlating independent measurements of cell mechanics and its underlying molecular kinetics, explicit evidence and knowledge of the sensitivity of the feedback mechanisms of cells controlling their adaptive mechanics behavior remains elusive. Here, a combination of atomic force microscopy and fluorescence recovery after photobleaching is introduced offering simultaneous quantification and direct correlation of molecule kinetics and mechanics in living cells. Systematic application of this optomechanical atomic force microscopy-fluorescence recovery after photobleaching platform reveals changes in the actin turnover and filament lengths of ventral actin stress fibers in response to constant mechanical force at the apical actin cortex with a dynamic range from 0.1 to 10 nN, highlighting a direct relationship of active mechanosensation and adaptation of the cellular actin cytoskeleton. Simultaneous quantification of the relationship between molecule kinetics and cell mechanics may thus open-up unprecedented insights into adaptive mechanobiological mechanisms of cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Skamrahl
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Headley Way, Oxford. OX3 9DS, United Kingdom
| | - Huw Colin-York
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Headley Way, Oxford. OX3 9DS, United Kingdom
| | - Liliana Barbieri
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Headley Way, Oxford. OX3 9DS, United Kingdom
| | - Marco Fritzsche
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Headley Way, Oxford. OX3 9DS, United Kingdom
- Kennedy Institute for Rheumatology, Roosevelt Drive, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LF, United Kingdom
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Zhao Y, Mahajan G, Kothapalli CR, Sun XL. Sialylation status and mechanical properties of THP-1 macrophages upon LPS stimulation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 518:573-578. [PMID: 31445704 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.08.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Cell surface receptors are the key contributors of macrophage function. Most macrophage cell surface receptors are glycoproteins with sialic acids at the terminal of their glycans. It is well recognized that lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induces cell surface sialylation changes that may in turn contribute to macrophage functions. In addition, cellular mechanics such as elasticity is also a major determinant of macrophage function, which in turn is modulated by LPS. In this report, we characterized the sialylation status of macrophages upon LPS stimulation and assessed the changes in its mechanical properties and function. Specifically, we confirmed that sialylation status is closely related to macrophage biomechanical characteristics (elastic modulus, tether force, tether radius, adhesion force, and membrane tension) and thus directly involved in macrophage function. Further, we modulated macrophage sialylation status by feeding the cell with exogenous free sialic acid (Neu5Ac, Neu5Gc) and sialidase inhibitors, and examined the resulting effects on cellular mechanics and function. A systematic recognition of sialylation status related to cellular mechanics of macrophages will contribute to defining their phenotypes and elucidate macrophage functional diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhao
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Gene Regulation of Health and Disease (GRHD), Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH, OH 44115, United States
| | - Gautam Mahajan
- Department of Chemical & Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH, OH 44115, United States
| | - Chandrasekhar R Kothapalli
- Department of Chemical & Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH, OH 44115, United States.
| | - Xue-Long Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Gene Regulation of Health and Disease (GRHD), Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH, OH 44115, United States; Department of Chemical & Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH, OH 44115, United States.
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Dagro A, Rajbhandari L, Orrego S, Kang SH, Venkatesan A, Ramesh KT. Quantifying the Local Mechanical Properties of Cells in a Fibrous Three-Dimensional Microenvironment. Biophys J 2019; 117:817-828. [PMID: 31421835 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2019.07.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Measurements of the mechanical response of biological cells are critical for understanding injury and disease, for developing diagnostic tools, and for computational models in mechanobiology. Although it is well known that cells are sensitive to the topography of their microenvironment, the current paradigm in mechanical testing of adherent cells is mostly limited to specimens grown on flat two-dimensional substrates. In this study, we introduce a technique in which cellular indentation via optical trapping is performed on cells at a high spatial resolution to obtain their regional mechanical properties while they exist in a more favorable three-dimensional microenvironment. We combine our approach with nonlinear contact mechanics theory to consider the effects of a large deformation. This allows us to probe length scales that are relevant for obtaining overall cell stiffness values. The experimental results herein provide the hyperelastic material properties at both high (∼100 s-1) and low (∼1-10 s-1) strain rates of murine central nervous system glial cells. The limitations due to possible misalignment of the indenter in the three-dimensional space are examined using a computational model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Dagro
- U.S. Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland.
| | | | - Santiago Orrego
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Sung Hoon Kang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland; Hopkins Extreme Materials Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Arun Venkatesan
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Kaliat T Ramesh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland; Hopkins Extreme Materials Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
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Brückner BR, Nöding H, Skamrahl M, Janshoff A. Mechanical and morphological response of confluent epithelial cell layers to reinforcement and dissolution of the F-actin cytoskeleton. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 144:77-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2018.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Abstract
Nanostructured devices are able to foster the technology for cell membrane poration. With the size smaller than a cell, nanostructures allow efficient poration on the cell membrane. Emerging nanostructures with various physical transduction have been demonstrated to accommodate effective intracellular delivery. Aside from improving poration and intracellular delivery performance, nanostructured devices also allow for the discovery of novel physiochemical phenomena and the biological response of the cell. This article provides a brief introduction to the principles of nanostructured devices for cell poration and outlines the intracellular delivery capability of the technology. In the future, we envision more exploration on new nanostructure designs and creative applications in biomedical fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apresio K Fajrial
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309 United States of America
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46
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Li X, Matino L, Zhang W, Klausen L, McGuire AF, Lubrano C, Zhao W, Santoro F, Cui B. A nanostructure platform for live-cell manipulation of membrane curvature. Nat Protoc 2019; 14:1772-1802. [PMID: 31101905 PMCID: PMC6716504 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-019-0161-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Membrane curvatures are involved in essential cellular processes, such as endocytosis and exocytosis, in which they are believed to act as microdomains for protein interactions and intracellular signaling. These membrane curvatures appear and disappear dynamically, and their locations are difficult or impossible to predict. In addition, the size of these curvatures is usually below the diffraction limit of visible light, making it impossible to resolve their values using live-cell imaging. Therefore, precise manipulation of membrane curvature is important to understanding how membrane curvature is involved in intracellular processes. Recent studies show that membrane curvatures can be induced by surface topography when cells are in direct contact with engineered substrates. Here, we present detailed procedures for using nanoscale structures to manipulate membrane curvatures and probe curvature-induced phenomena in live cells. We first describe detailed procedures for the design of nanoscale structures and their fabrication using electron-beam (E-beam) lithography. The fabrication process takes 2 d, but the resultant chips can be cleaned and reused repeatedly over the course of 2 years. Then we describe how to use these nanostructures to manipulate local membrane curvatures and probe intracellular protein responses, discussing surface coating, cell plating, and fluorescence imaging in detail. Finally, we describe a procedure to characterize the nanostructure-cell membrane interface using focused ion beam and scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM). Nanotopography-based methods can induce stable membrane curvatures with well-defined curvature values and locations in live cells, which enables the generation of a library of curvatures for probing curvature-related intracellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Li
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Laura Matino
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for Healthcare, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Naples, Italy
- Department of Chemical Materials and Industrial Production Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Lasse Klausen
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Claudia Lubrano
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for Healthcare, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Naples, Italy
| | - Wenting Zhao
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Francesca Santoro
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for Healthcare, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Naples, Italy.
| | - Bianxiao Cui
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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47
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Dagro AM, Ramesh KT. Nonlinear contact mechanics for the indentation of hyperelastic cylindrical bodies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s42558-019-0006-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Chen C, Petterson T, Illergård J, Ek M, Wågberg L. Influence of Cellulose Charge on Bacteria Adhesion and Viability to PVAm/CNF/PVAm-Modified Cellulose Model Surfaces. Biomacromolecules 2019; 20:2075-2083. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.9b00297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Chen
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, School of Engineering Science in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), KTH Royal Institute of Technology. Teknikringen 56-58, Stockholm 100 44, Sweden
| | - Torbjörn Petterson
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, School of Engineering Science in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), KTH Royal Institute of Technology. Teknikringen 56-58, Stockholm 100 44, Sweden
| | - Josefin Illergård
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, School of Engineering Science in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), KTH Royal Institute of Technology. Teknikringen 56-58, Stockholm 100 44, Sweden
| | - Monica Ek
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, School of Engineering Science in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), KTH Royal Institute of Technology. Teknikringen 56-58, Stockholm 100 44, Sweden
| | - Lars Wågberg
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, School of Engineering Science in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), KTH Royal Institute of Technology. Teknikringen 56-58, Stockholm 100 44, Sweden
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Alam F, Kumar S, Varadarajan KM. Quantification of Adhesion Force of Bacteria on the Surface of Biomaterials: Techniques and Assays. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2019; 5:2093-2110. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.9b00213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fahad Alam
- Biomaterials Processing and Characterization Laboratory, Materials Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208016, India
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Masdar Institute, Masdar City, Abu Dhabi United Arab Emirates
| | - Shanmugam Kumar
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Masdar Institute, Masdar City, Abu Dhabi United Arab Emirates
| | - Kartik M. Varadarajan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Harvard Medical School, A-111, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Harris Orthopaedics Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
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Schierbaum N, Rheinlaender J, Schäffer TE. Combined atomic force microscopy (AFM) and traction force microscopy (TFM) reveals a correlation between viscoelastic material properties and contractile prestress of living cells. SOFT MATTER 2019; 15:1721-1729. [PMID: 30657157 DOI: 10.1039/c8sm01585f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Living cells exhibit a complex mechanical behavior, whose underlying mechanisms are still largely unknown. Emerging from the molecular structure and dynamics of the cytoskeleton, the mechanical behavior comprises "passive" viscoelastic material properties and "active" contractile prestress. To directly investigate the connection between these quantities at the single-cell level, we here present the combination of atomic force microscopy (AFM) with traction force microscopy (TFM). With this combination, we simultaneously measure viscoelastic material parameters (stiffness, fluidity) and contractile prestress of adherent fibroblast and epithelial cells. Although stiffness, fluidity, and contractile prestress greatly vary within a cell population, they are highly correlated: stiffer cells have a lower fluidity and a larger prestress than softer cells. We show that viscoelastic material properties and contractile prestress are both governed by the activity of the actomyosin machinery. Our results underline the connection between a cell's viscoelastic material properties and its contractile prestress and their importance in cell mechanics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Schierbaum
- Institute of Applied Physics, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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