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Zhou WH, Qiao LR, Xie SJ, Chang Z, Yin X, Xu GK. Mechanical guidance to self-organization and pattern formation of stem cells. SOFT MATTER 2024; 20:3448-3457. [PMID: 38567443 DOI: 10.1039/d4sm00172a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
The self-organization of stem cells (SCs) constitutes the fundamental basis of the development of biological organs and structures. SC-driven patterns are essential for tissue engineering, yet unguided SCs tend to form chaotic patterns, impeding progress in biomedical engineering. Here, we show that simple geometric constraints can be used as an effective mechanical modulation approach that promotes the development of controlled self-organization and pattern formation of SCs. Using the applied SC guidance with geometric constraints, we experimentally uncover a remarkable deviation in cell aggregate orientation from a random direction to a specific orientation. Subsequently, we propose a dynamic mechanical framework, including cells, the extracellular matrix (ECM), and the culture environment, to characterize the specific orientation deflection of guided cell aggregates relative to initial geometric constraints, which agrees well with experimental observation. Based on this framework, we further devise various theoretical strategies to realize complex biological patterns, such as radial and concentric structures. Our study highlights the key role of mechanical factors and geometric constraints in governing SCs' self-organization. These findings yield critical insights into the regulation of SC-driven pattern formation and hold great promise for advancements in tissue engineering and bioactive material design for regenerative application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Hua Zhou
- Laboratory for Multiscale Mechanics and Medical Science, Department of Engineering Mechanics, State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, School of Aerospace Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
| | - Lin-Ru Qiao
- Laboratory for Multiscale Mechanics and Medical Science, Department of Engineering Mechanics, State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, School of Aerospace Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
| | - She-Juan Xie
- Laboratory for Multiscale Mechanics and Medical Science, Department of Engineering Mechanics, State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, School of Aerospace Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
| | - Zhuo Chang
- Laboratory for Multiscale Mechanics and Medical Science, Department of Engineering Mechanics, State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, School of Aerospace Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
| | - Xu Yin
- Laboratory for Multiscale Mechanics and Medical Science, Department of Engineering Mechanics, State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, School of Aerospace Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
| | - Guang-Kui Xu
- Laboratory for Multiscale Mechanics and Medical Science, Department of Engineering Mechanics, State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, School of Aerospace Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
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2
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Qi X, Ma S, Jiang X, Wu H, Zheng J, Wang S, Han K, Zhang T, Gao J, Li X. Single-cell characterization of deformation and dynamics of mesenchymal stem cells in microfluidic systems: A computational study. Phys Rev E 2023; 108:054402. [PMID: 38115453 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.108.054402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the homing dynamics of individual mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in physiologically relevant microenvironments is crucial for improving the efficacy of MSC-based therapies for therapeutic and targeting purposes. This study investigates the passive homing behavior of individual MSCs in micropores that mimic interendothelial clefts through predictive computational simulations informed by previous microfluidic experiments. Initially, we quantified the size-dependent behavior of MSCs in micropores and elucidated the underlying mechanisms. Subsequently, we analyzed the shape deformation and traversal dynamics of each MSC. In addition, we conducted a systematic investigation to understand how the mechanical properties of MSCs impact their traversal process. We considered geometric and mechanical parameters, such as reduced cell volume, cell-to-nucleus diameter ratio, and cytoskeletal prestress states. Furthermore, we quantified the changes in the MSC traversal process and identified the quantitative limits in their response to variations in micropore length. Taken together, the computational results indicate the complex dynamic behavior of individual MSCs in the confined microflow. This finding offers an objective way to evaluate the homing ability of MSCs in an interendothelial-slit-like microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Qi
- Department of Engineering Mechanics and Center for X-Mechanics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Shuhao Ma
- Department of Engineering Mechanics and Center for X-Mechanics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Xinchi Jiang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Honghui Wu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Juanjuan Zheng
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Shuo Wang
- Department of Engineering Mechanics and Center for X-Mechanics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Keqin Han
- Department of Engineering Mechanics and Center for X-Mechanics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Tianyuan Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Jianqing Gao
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Xuejin Li
- Department of Engineering Mechanics and Center for X-Mechanics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
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3
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Willis JA, Cheburkanov V, Yakovlev VV. High-Dose Photodynamic Therapy Increases Tau Protein Signals in Drosophila. IEEE JOURNAL OF SELECTED TOPICS IN QUANTUM ELECTRONICS : A PUBLICATION OF THE IEEE LASERS AND ELECTRO-OPTICS SOCIETY 2023; 29:7201108. [PMID: 38327699 PMCID: PMC10846862 DOI: 10.1109/jstqe.2023.3270403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Amyloid-Detection and imaging of amyloid-β plaques (Aβ) has been a focus in the field of neurodegeneration (ND) due to the high correlation with Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases. Here, a novel approach is being proposed and developed to induce and assess those diseases. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is applied to the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster as a model of systemic oxidative stress to induce rapid Aβ accumulation. Excised brains are evaluated by Brillouin-Raman spectroscopy and microscopy with UV surface emissions (MUSE) to interrogate physical property changes due to fixation and high-dose PDT. MUSE reveals reasonable autofluorescence in the spectral range of Aβ, particularly for females, with increased signal once stained. A presence of significant mechanical changes in fresh brains treated with PDT compared to healthy controls is revealed using Brillouin spectroscopy. Aβ plaque presence was confirmed with confocal analysis, with female PDT flies yielding nearly four-fold the mean intensity of controls, thus marking PDT as a potential neurodegenerative disease model. MUSE may serve as a viable early screening method for Aβ presence and quantification in a research setting. This reduces the time for sample preparation and drastically decreases the cost of Aβ quantification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jace A. Willis
- Department of Biomedical Engineering at Texas A&M University, TX 77840, USA
| | | | - Vladislav V. Yakovlev
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Physics at Texas A&M University, TX 77840, USA
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4
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Zhao C, Yang Q, Tang R, Li W, Wang J, Yang F, Zhao J, Zhu J, Pang W, Li N, Zhang X, Tian XY, Yao W, Zhou J. DNA methyltransferase 1 deficiency improves macrophage motility and wound healing by ameliorating cholesterol accumulation. NPJ Regen Med 2023; 8:29. [PMID: 37291182 DOI: 10.1038/s41536-023-00306-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Healing of the cutaneous wound requires macrophage recruitment at the sites of injury, where chemotactic migration of macrophages toward the wound is regulated by local inflammation. Recent studies suggest a positive contribution of DNA methyltransferase 1 (Dnmt1) to macrophage pro-informatory responses; however, its role in regulating macrophage motility remains unknown. In this study, myeloid-specific depletion of Dnmt1 in mice promoted cutaneous wound healing and de-suppressed the lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-inhibited macrophage motility. Dnmt1 inhibition in macrophages eliminated the LPS-stimulated changes in cellular mechanical properties in terms of elasticity and viscoelasticity. LPS increased the cellular accumulation of cholesterol in a Dnmt1-depedent manner; cholesterol content determined cellular stiffness and motility. Lipidomic analysis indicated that Dnmt1 inhibition altered the cellular lipid homeostasis, probably through down-regulating the expression of cluster of differentiation 36 CD36 (facilitating lipid influx) and up-regulating the expression of ATP-binding cassette transporter ABCA1 (mediating lipid efflux) and sterol O-acyltransferase 1 SOAT1 (also named ACAT1, catalyzing the esterification of cholesterol). Our study revealed a Dnmt1-dependent epigenetic mechanism in the control of macrophage mechanical properties and the related chemotactic motility, indicating Dnmt1 as both a marker of diseases and a potential target of therapeutic intervention for wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanrong Zhao
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
- State Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Remodeling, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Molecular Biology and Regulatory Peptides; Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Qianru Yang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
- State Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Remodeling, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Molecular Biology and Regulatory Peptides; Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Runze Tang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
- State Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Remodeling, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Molecular Biology and Regulatory Peptides; Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Wang Li
- School of Engineering Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100190, China
- Center for Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology and Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory), Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Jin Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
- State Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Remodeling, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Molecular Biology and Regulatory Peptides; Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Fangfang Yang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
- State Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Remodeling, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Molecular Biology and Regulatory Peptides; Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Jianan Zhao
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
- State Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Remodeling, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Molecular Biology and Regulatory Peptides; Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Juanjuan Zhu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
- State Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Remodeling, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Molecular Biology and Regulatory Peptides; Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Wei Pang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Ning Li
- School of Engineering Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100190, China
- Center for Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology and Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory), Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, The Province and Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics, Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Research Center of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Xiao Yu Tian
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Heart and Vascular Institute, CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Weijuan Yao
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China.
| | - Jing Zhou
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Remodeling, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China.
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Molecular Biology and Regulatory Peptides; Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China.
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5
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Xue S, Xu Q, Xu Z, Zhang X, Zhang H, Zhang X, He F, Chen Y, Xue Y, Hao P. Manipulation of Particle/Cell Based on Compressibility in a Divergent Microchannel by Surface Acoustic Wave. Anal Chem 2023; 95:4282-4290. [PMID: 36815437 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c03841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
The mechanical properties (compressibility or deformability) of cells are closely related to their death, migration, and differentiation. Accurate separation and manipulation of bioparticles based on these mechanical properties are still a challenging in the field of acoustofluidics. In this work, based on surface acoustic waves (SAW) and divergent microchannels, we developed a new method for separating and detecting particles or cells with different compressibility. The difference in acoustic radiation force (Fr) caused by compressibility are gradually amplified and accumulated by decreasing the flow velocity, and they are finally reflected in the particle migration distance. During the transverse migration process, the alternating dominance of the acoustic radiation force and the Stokes resistance force (Fs) drives the particles to create three typical migration patterns: intermittent migration, compound migration, and near-wall migration. In the present tilted SAW device, a 91% separation success rate of ∼10 μm polystyrene (PS) and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) particles can be achieved by optimizing the acoustic field input power and the fluid velocity. The application potential of the present divergent microchannel is validated by separating the myelogenous leukemia cell K562 and the natural killer cell NK92 that have similar densities and sizes (∼15 μm) but different compressibility. The results of this work are expected to provide valuable insights into the acoustofluidics separation and detection of the cells that are with different compressibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen Xue
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Qingmei Xu
- School of Integrated Circuits, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhike Xu
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Xuanhe Zhang
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Haixiang Zhang
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Xiwen Zhang
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Feng He
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yiqing Chen
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yu Xue
- School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Pengfei Hao
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
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6
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In Situ Measurements of Cell Mechanical Properties Using Force Spectroscopy. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2600:25-43. [PMID: 36587088 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2851-5_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Mechanobiology focuses on how physical forces and the mechanical properties of cells and whole tissues affect their function. The mechanical properties of cells are of particular interest to developmental biology and stem cell differentiation, lymphocyte activation and phagocytic action in phagocytes, and development of malignant tumors and metastases. These properties can be measured on whole tissue and cell culture. Advances in instrument sensitivity and design, as well as improved techniques and scientific know-how achieved over the past few decades, allow researchers to study the mechanical properties of single cells and even at the subcellular level. Particularly, nanoindentation measurements using atomic force microscopy (AFM) mechanically probes single cells and even allows mapping of these traits. This chapter discusses these measurements from the experimental design to the analysis.
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7
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Edwin PERG, Kumar S, Roy S, Roy B, Bajpai SK. Anisotropic 3D confinement of MCF-7 cells induces directed cell-migration and viscoelastic anisotropy of cell-membrane. Phys Biol 2023; 20. [DOI: 10.1088/1478-3975/ac9bc1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Tumor-associated collagen signature-3 (TACS-3) is a prognostic indicator for breast cancer survival. It is characterized by highly organized, parallel bundles of collagen fibers oriented perpendicular to the tumor boundary, serving as directional, confining channels for cancer cell invasion. Here we design a TACS-3-mimetic anisotropic, confined collagen I matrix and examine the relation between anisotropy of matrix, directed cellular migration, and anisotropy of cell membrane-the first direct contact between TACS-3 and cell-using Michigan Cancer Foundation-7 (MCF-7) cells as cancer-model. Using unidirectional freezing, we generated ∼50 μm-wide channels filled with collagen I. Optical tweezer (OT) microrheology shows that anisotropic confinement increases collagen viscoelasticity by two orders of magnitude, and the elastic modulus is significantly greater along the direction of anisotropic confinement compared to that along the orthogonal direction, thus establishing matrix anisotropy. Furthermore, MCF-7 cells embedded in anisotropic collagen I, exhibit directionality in cellular morphology and migration. Finally, using customized OT to trap polystyrene probes bound to cell-membrane (and not to ECM) of either free cells or cells under anisotropic confinement, we quantified the effect of matrix anisotropy on membrane viscoelasticity, both in-plane and out-of-plane, vis-à-vis the membrane. Both bulk and viscous modulus of cell-membrane of MCF-7 cells exhibit significant anisotropy under anisotropic confinement. Moreover, the cell membrane of MCF-7 cells under anisotropic confinement is significantly softer (both in-plane and out-of-plane moduli) despite their local environment being five times stiffer than free cells. In order to test if the coupling between anisotropy of extracellular matrix and anisotropy of cell-membrane is regulated by cell-cytoskeleton, actin cytoskeleton was depolymerized for both free and confined cells. Results show that cell membrane viscoelasticity of confined MCF-7 cells is unaffected by actin de-polymerization, in contrast to free cells. Together, these findings suggest that anisotropy of ECM induces directed migration and correlates with anisotropy of cell-membrane viscoelasticity of the MCF-7 cells in an actin-independent manner.
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8
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He F, Yang C, Liu H, Wang J. Changes in the mechanical properties of human mesenchymal stem cells during differentiation. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2023; 10:220607. [PMID: 36636310 PMCID: PMC9810430 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.220607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
A thorough understanding of the changes in mechanical property behind intracellular biophysical and biochemical processes during differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) is helpful to direct and enhance the commitment of cells to a particular lineage. In this study, displacement creep of the mesenchymal cell lineages (osteogenic, chondrogenic and adipogenic hMSCs) were determined by using atomic force microscopy, which was then used to determine their mechanical properties. We found that at any stages of differentiation, the mesenchymal cell lineages are linear viscoelastic materials and well matched with a simple power-law creep compliance. In addition, the viscoelasticity of mesenchymal cell lineages showed different trends during differentiation. The adipogenic hMSCs showed continuous softening at all stages. The osteogenic and chondrogenic hMSCs only continuously soften and become more fluid-like in the early stage of differentiation, and get stiffened and less fluid-like in the later stage. These findings will help more accurately imitate cellular biomechanics in the microenvironment, and provided an important reference in the biophysics biomimetic design of stem cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei He
- Key Laboratory of Mechanics on Disaster and Environment in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Civil Engineering and Mechanics, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Chendong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Mechanics on Disaster and Environment in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Civil Engineering and Mechanics, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Haoye Liu
- Key Laboratory of Mechanics on Disaster and Environment in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Civil Engineering and Mechanics, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jizeng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Mechanics on Disaster and Environment in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Civil Engineering and Mechanics, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, People's Republic of China
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9
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Chen Y, Guo K, Jiang L, Zhu S, Ni Z, Xiang N. Microfluidic deformability cytometry: A review. Talanta 2022; 251:123815. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.123815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Revised: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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10
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Shen Y, Weitz DA, Forde NR, Shayegan M. Line optical tweezers as controllable micromachines: techniques and emerging trends. SOFT MATTER 2022; 18:5359-5365. [PMID: 35819100 DOI: 10.1039/d2sm00259k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In the past three decades, the technology of optical tweezers has made significant contributions in various scientific areas, including optics, photonics, and nanosciences. Breakthroughs include manipulating particles in both static and dynamic ways, particle sorting, and constructing controllable micromachines. Advances in shaping and controlling the laser beam profile enable control over the position and location of the trap, which has many possible applications. A line optical tweezer (LOT) can be created by rapidly moving a spot optical tweezer using a tool such as a galvanometer mirror or an acousto-optic modulator. By manipulating the intensity profile along the beam line to be asymmetric or non-uniform, the technique can be adapted to various specific applications. Among the many exciting applications of line optical tweezers, in this work, we discuss in detail applications of LOT, including probing colloidal interactions, transporting and sorting of colloidal microspheres, self-propelled motions, trapping anisotropic particles, exploring colloidal interactions at fluid-fluid interfaces, and building optical thermal ratchets. We further discuss prospective applications in each of these areas of soft matter, including polymeric and biological soft materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinan Shen
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - David A Weitz
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
| | - Nancy R Forde
- Department of Physics, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Marjan Shayegan
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
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11
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Zeng Y, Hao J, Zhang J, Jiang L, Youn S, Lu G, Yan D, Kang H, Sun Y, Shung KK, Shen K, Zhou Q. Manipulation and Mechanical Deformation of Leukemia Cells by High-Frequency Ultrasound Single Beam. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ULTRASONICS, FERROELECTRICS, AND FREQUENCY CONTROL 2022; 69:1889-1897. [PMID: 35468061 PMCID: PMC9753557 DOI: 10.1109/tuffc.2022.3170074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Ultrasound single-beam acoustic tweezer system has attracted increasing attention in the field of biomechanics. Cell biomechanics play a pivotal role in leukemia cell functions. To better understand and compare the cell mechanics of the leukemia cells, herein, we fabricated an acoustic tweezer system in-house connected with a 50-MHz high-frequency cylinder ultrasound transducer. Selected leukemia cells (Jurkat, K562, and MV-411 cells) were cultured, trapped, and manipulated by high-frequency ultrasound single beam, which was transmitted from the ultrasound transducer without contacting any cells. The relative deformability of each leukemia cell was measured, characterized, and compared, and the leukemia cell (Jurkat cell) gaining the highest deformability was highlighted. Our results demonstrate that the high-frequency ultrasound single beam can be utilized to manipulate and characterize leukemia cells, which can be applied to study potential mechanisms in the immune system and cell biomechanics in other cell types.
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12
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Villa S, Palamidessi A, Frittoli E, Scita G, Cerbino R, Giavazzi F. Non-invasive measurement of nuclear relative stiffness from quantitative analysis of microscopy data. THE EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL. E, SOFT MATTER 2022; 45:50. [PMID: 35604494 PMCID: PMC9165292 DOI: 10.1140/epje/s10189-022-00189-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The connection between the properties of a cell tissue and those of the single constituent cells remains to be elucidated. At the purely mechanical level, the degree of rigidity of different cellular components, such as the nucleus and the cytoplasm, modulates the interplay between the cell inner processes and the external environment, while simultaneously mediating the mechanical interactions between neighboring cells. Being able to quantify the correlation between single-cell and tissue properties would improve our mechanobiological understanding of cell tissues. Here we develop a methodology to quantitatively extract a set of structural and motility parameters from the analysis of time-lapse movies of nuclei belonging to jammed and flocking cell monolayers. We then study in detail the correlation between the dynamical state of the tissue and the deformation of the nuclei. We observe that the nuclear deformation rate linearly correlates with the local divergence of the velocity field, which leads to a non-invasive estimate of the elastic modulus of the nucleus relative to the one of the cytoplasm. We also find that nuclei belonging to flocking monolayers, subjected to larger mechanical perturbations, are about two time stiffer than nuclei belonging to dynamically arrested monolayers, in agreement with atomic force microscopy results. Our results demonstrate a non-invasive route to the determination of nuclear relative stiffness for cells in a monolayer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Villa
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche e Medicina Traslazionale, Universitá degli Studi di Milano, 20090 Segrate, Italy
| | | | | | - Giorgio Scita
- IFOM-FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, 20139 Milan, Italy
- Dipartimento di Oncologia e Emato-Oncologia, Universitá degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Roberto Cerbino
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Physics, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Fabio Giavazzi
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche e Medicina Traslazionale, Universitá degli Studi di Milano, 20090 Segrate, Italy
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13
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Braidotti N, do R. B. F. Lima MA, Zanetti M, Rubert A, Ciubotaru C, Lazzarino M, Sbaizero O, Cojoc D. The Role of Cytoskeleton Revealed by Quartz Crystal Microbalance and Digital Holographic Microscopy. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23084108. [PMID: 35456926 PMCID: PMC9029771 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23084108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The connection between cytoskeleton alterations and diseases is well known and has stimulated research on cell mechanics, aiming to develop reliable biomarkers. In this study, we present results on rheological, adhesion, and morphological properties of primary rat cardiac fibroblasts, the cytoskeleton of which was altered by treatment with cytochalasin D (Cyt-D) and nocodazole (Noc), respectively. We used two complementary techniques: quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) and digital holographic microscopy (DHM). Qualitative data on cell viscoelasticity and adhesion changes at the cell–substrate near-interface layer were obtained with QCM, while DHM allowed the measurement of morphological changes due to the cytoskeletal alterations. A rapid effect of Cyt-D was observed, leading to a reduction in cell viscosity, loss of adhesion, and cell rounding, often followed by detachment from the surface. Noc treatment, instead, induced slower but continuous variations in the rheological behavior for four hours of treatment. The higher vibrational energy dissipation reflected the cell’s ability to maintain a stable attachment to the substrate, while a cytoskeletal rearrangement occurs. In fact, along with the complete disaggregation of microtubules at prolonged drug exposure, a compensatory effect of actin polymerization emerged, with increased stress fiber formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicoletta Braidotti
- Department of Physics, University of Trieste, Via A. Valerio 2, 34127 Trieste, Italy; (N.B.); (M.A.d.R.B.F.L.); (M.Z.)
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Istituto Officina dei Materiali (IOM), Area Science Park-Basovizza, Strada Statale 14, Km 163,5, 34149 Trieste, Italy; (C.C.); (M.L.); (D.C.)
| | - Maria Augusta do R. B. F. Lima
- Department of Physics, University of Trieste, Via A. Valerio 2, 34127 Trieste, Italy; (N.B.); (M.A.d.R.B.F.L.); (M.Z.)
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Istituto Officina dei Materiali (IOM), Area Science Park-Basovizza, Strada Statale 14, Km 163,5, 34149 Trieste, Italy; (C.C.); (M.L.); (D.C.)
| | - Michele Zanetti
- Department of Physics, University of Trieste, Via A. Valerio 2, 34127 Trieste, Italy; (N.B.); (M.A.d.R.B.F.L.); (M.Z.)
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Istituto Officina dei Materiali (IOM), Area Science Park-Basovizza, Strada Statale 14, Km 163,5, 34149 Trieste, Italy; (C.C.); (M.L.); (D.C.)
| | - Alessandro Rubert
- Department of Engineering and Architecture, University of Trieste, Via A. Valerio 6/A, 34127 Trieste, Italy;
| | - Catalin Ciubotaru
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Istituto Officina dei Materiali (IOM), Area Science Park-Basovizza, Strada Statale 14, Km 163,5, 34149 Trieste, Italy; (C.C.); (M.L.); (D.C.)
| | - Marco Lazzarino
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Istituto Officina dei Materiali (IOM), Area Science Park-Basovizza, Strada Statale 14, Km 163,5, 34149 Trieste, Italy; (C.C.); (M.L.); (D.C.)
| | - Orfeo Sbaizero
- Department of Engineering and Architecture, University of Trieste, Via A. Valerio 6/A, 34127 Trieste, Italy;
- Correspondence:
| | - Dan Cojoc
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Istituto Officina dei Materiali (IOM), Area Science Park-Basovizza, Strada Statale 14, Km 163,5, 34149 Trieste, Italy; (C.C.); (M.L.); (D.C.)
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García García CE, Verdier C, Lardy B, Bossard F, Soltero Martínez JFA, Rinaudo M. Chondrocyte cell adhesion on chitosan supports using single-cell atomic force microscopy. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF POLYMER ANALYSIS AND CHARACTERIZATION 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/1023666x.2021.2008135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Enrique García García
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP (Grenoble Institute of Engineering), LRP, Grenoble, France
| | | | - Bernard Lardy
- Pôle Biologie, DBTP, Biochimie des Enzymes et des Protéines, CHU-Grenoble, Grenoble, France
| | - Frédéric Bossard
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP (Grenoble Institute of Engineering), LRP, Grenoble, France
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15
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Multi-frequency passive and active microrheology with optical tweezers. Sci Rep 2021; 11:13917. [PMID: 34230533 PMCID: PMC8260820 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-93130-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Optical tweezers have attracted significant attention for microrheological applications, due to the possibility of investigating viscoelastic properties in vivo which are strongly related to the health status and development of biological specimens. In order to use optical tweezers as a microrheological tool, an exact force calibration in the complex system under investigation is required. One of the most promising techniques for optical tweezers calibration in a viscoelastic medium is the so-called active–passive calibration, which allows determining both the trap stiffness and microrheological properties of the medium with the least a-priori knowledge in comparison to the other methods. In this manuscript, we develop an optimization of the active–passive calibration technique performed with a sample stage driving, whose implementation is more straightforward with respect to standard laser driving where two different laser beams are required. We performed microrheological measurements over a broad frequency range in a few seconds implementing an accurate multi-frequency driving of the sample stage. The optical tweezers-based microrheometer was first validated by measuring water, and then exemplarily applied to more viscous medium and subsequently to a viscoelastic solution of methylcellulose in water. The described method paves the way to microrheological precision metrology in biological samples with high temporal- and spatial-resolution allowing for investigation of even short time-scale phenomena.
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Amphiphilic Block Copolymer-Catalyzed Cell Membrane Sealing Is Linked to Decreased Membrane Tension. REGENERATIVE ENGINEERING AND TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s40883-021-00206-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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17
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Li X, Chen Z, Li Y, Liang H, Wang H, Li M. Optical tweezers study of membrane fluidity in small cell lung cancer cells. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:11976-11986. [PMID: 33984967 DOI: 10.1364/oe.420288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The fluidity of the cell membrane is closely related to cancer metastasis/invasion. To test the relationship of membrane fluidity and invasiveness, we first demonstrated that transfection of small RNA miR-92b-3p can significantly increase invasiveness of the small cell lung cancer cell line SHP77. Then optical tweezers were used to measure membrane fluidity. This study employed continuous and step-like stretching methods to examine fluidity changes in SHP77 cell membranes before and after miR-92b-3p transfection. A newly developed physical model was used to derive the effective viscosity and static tension of the cell membrane from relaxation curves obtained via step-like stretching. Experiments showed that invasiveness and fluidity increased significantly after miR-92b-3p transfection. This study paved the way toward a better understanding of cancer cell invasion and membrane mechanical characteristics.
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Abstract
Cholesterol is an integral component of eukaryotic cell membranes and a key molecule in controlling membrane fluidity, organization, and other physicochemical parameters. It also plays a regulatory function in antibiotic drug resistance and the immune response of cells against viruses, by stabilizing the membrane against structural damage. While it is well understood that, structurally, cholesterol exhibits a densification effect on fluid lipid membranes, its effects on membrane bending rigidity are assumed to be nonuniversal; i.e., cholesterol stiffens saturated lipid membranes, but has no stiffening effect on membranes populated by unsaturated lipids, such as 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DOPC). This observation presents a clear challenge to structure-property relationships and to our understanding of cholesterol-mediated biological functions. Here, using a comprehensive approach-combining neutron spin-echo (NSE) spectroscopy, solid-state deuterium NMR (2H NMR) spectroscopy, and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations-we report that cholesterol locally increases the bending rigidity of DOPC membranes, similar to saturated membranes, by increasing the bilayer's packing density. All three techniques, inherently sensitive to mesoscale bending fluctuations, show up to a threefold increase in effective bending rigidity with increasing cholesterol content approaching a mole fraction of 50%. Our observations are in good agreement with the known effects of cholesterol on the area-compressibility modulus and membrane structure, reaffirming membrane structure-property relationships. The current findings point to a scale-dependent manifestation of membrane properties, highlighting the need to reassess cholesterol's role in controlling membrane bending rigidity over mesoscopic length and time scales of important biological functions, such as viral budding and lipid-protein interactions.
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Soares J, Araujo GRDS, Santana C, Matias D, Moura-Neto V, Farina M, Frases S, Viana NB, Romão L, Nussenzveig HM, Pontes B. Membrane Elastic Properties During Neural Precursor Cell Differentiation. Cells 2020; 9:E1323. [PMID: 32466390 PMCID: PMC7349228 DOI: 10.3390/cells9061323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Neural precursor cells differentiate into several cell types that display distinct functions. However, little is known about how cell surface mechanics vary during the differentiation process. Here, by precisely measuring membrane tension and bending modulus, we map their variations and correlate them with changes in neural precursor cell morphology along their distinct differentiation fates. Both cells maintained in culture as neural precursors as well as those plated in neurobasal medium reveal a decrease in membrane tension over the first hours of culture followed by stabilization, with no change in bending modulus. During astrocyte differentiation, membrane tension initially decreases and then increases after 72 h, accompanied by consolidation of glial fibrillary acidic protein expression and striking actin reorganization, while bending modulus increases following observed alterations. For oligodendrocytes, the changes in membrane tension are less abrupt over the first hours, but their values subsequently decrease, correlating with a shift from oligodendrocyte marker O4 to myelin basic protein expressions and a remarkable actin reorganization, while bending modulus remains constant. Oligodendrocytes at later differentiation stages show membrane vesicles with similar membrane tension but higher bending modulus as compared to the cell surface. Altogether, our results display an entire spectrum of how membrane elastic properties are varying, thus contributing to a better understanding of neural differentiation from a mechanobiological perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Soares
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-902, Brazil; (J.S.); (C.S.); (D.M.); (V.M.-N.); (M.F.); (L.R.)
- Centro Nacional de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem (CENABIO), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-902, Brazil;
| | - Glauber R. de S. Araujo
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-902, Brazil; (G.R.d.S.A.); (S.F.)
| | - Cintia Santana
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-902, Brazil; (J.S.); (C.S.); (D.M.); (V.M.-N.); (M.F.); (L.R.)
| | - Diana Matias
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-902, Brazil; (J.S.); (C.S.); (D.M.); (V.M.-N.); (M.F.); (L.R.)
- Instituto Estadual do Cérebro Paulo Niemeyer, Secretaria de Estado de Saúde, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 20231-092, Brazil
| | - Vivaldo Moura-Neto
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-902, Brazil; (J.S.); (C.S.); (D.M.); (V.M.-N.); (M.F.); (L.R.)
- Instituto Estadual do Cérebro Paulo Niemeyer, Secretaria de Estado de Saúde, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 20231-092, Brazil
| | - Marcos Farina
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-902, Brazil; (J.S.); (C.S.); (D.M.); (V.M.-N.); (M.F.); (L.R.)
| | - Susana Frases
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-902, Brazil; (G.R.d.S.A.); (S.F.)
| | - Nathan B. Viana
- Centro Nacional de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem (CENABIO), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-902, Brazil;
- Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-942, Brazil
| | - Luciana Romão
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-902, Brazil; (J.S.); (C.S.); (D.M.); (V.M.-N.); (M.F.); (L.R.)
| | - H. Moysés Nussenzveig
- Centro Nacional de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem (CENABIO), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-902, Brazil;
- Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-942, Brazil
| | - Bruno Pontes
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-902, Brazil; (J.S.); (C.S.); (D.M.); (V.M.-N.); (M.F.); (L.R.)
- Centro Nacional de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem (CENABIO), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-902, Brazil;
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Wang H, Qiao Y, Liu J, Jiang B, Zhang G, Zhang C, Liu X. Experimental study of the difference in deformation between normal and pathological, renal and bladder, cells induced by acoustic radiation force. EUROPEAN BIOPHYSICS JOURNAL: EBJ 2020; 49:155-161. [PMID: 32006056 DOI: 10.1007/s00249-020-01422-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that alterations in the mechanical properties of cells may be associated with the onset and progression of some forms of pathology. In this paper, an experimental study of two types of cells, renal (cancer) and bladder (cancer) cells, is described which used acoustic radiation force (ARF) generated by a high-frequency ultrasound focusing transducer and performed on the operating platform of an inverted light microscope. Comparing images of cancer cells with those of normal cells of the same kind, we find that the cancer cells are more prone to deform than normal cells of the same kind under the same ARF. In addition, cancer cells with higher malignancy are more deformable than those with lower malignancy. This means that the deformability of cells may be used to distinguish diseased cells from normal ones, and more aggressive cells from less aggressive ones, which may provide a more rapid and accurate method for clinical diagnosis of urological disease in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Acoustics, Institute of Acoustics, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
- School of Science, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212003, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yupei Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Modern Acoustics, Institute of Acoustics, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Jiehui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Modern Acoustics, Institute of Acoustics, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Bo Jiang
- Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Gutian Zhang
- Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Chengwei Zhang
- Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Xiaozhou Liu
- Key Laboratory of Modern Acoustics, Institute of Acoustics, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Acoustics, Institute of Acoustics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.
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21
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Martinac B, Nikolaev YA, Silvani G, Bavi N, Romanov V, Nakayama Y, Martinac AD, Rohde P, Bavi O, Cox CD. Cell membrane mechanics and mechanosensory transduction. CURRENT TOPICS IN MEMBRANES 2020; 86:83-141. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctm.2020.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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22
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Pires RH, Shree N, Manu E, Guzniczak E, Otto O. Cardiomyocyte mechanodynamics under conditions of actin remodelling. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2019; 374:20190081. [PMID: 31587648 PMCID: PMC6792454 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanical performance of cardiomyocytes (CMs) is an important indicator of their maturation state and of primary importance for the development of therapies based on cardiac stem cells. As the mechanical analysis of adherent cells at high-throughput remains challenging, we explore the applicability of real-time deformability cytometry (RT-DC) to probe cardiomyocytes in suspension. RT-DC is a microfluidic technology allowing for real-time mechanical analysis of thousands of cells with a throughput exceeding 1000 cells per second. For CMs derived from human-induced pluripotent stem cells, we determined a Young's modulus of 1.25 ± 0.08 kPa which is in close range to previous reports. Upon challenging the cytoskeleton with cytochalasin D (CytoD) to induce filamentous actin depolymerization, we distinguish three different regimes in cellular elasticity. Transitions are observed below 10 nM and above 103 nM and are characterized by a decrease in Young's modulus. These regimes can be linked to cytoskeletal and sarcomeric actin contributions by CM contractility measurements at varying CytoD concentrations, where we observe a significant reduction in pulse duration only above 103 nM while no change is found for compound exposure at lower concentrations. Comparing our results to mechanical cell measurements using atomic force microscopy, we demonstrate for the first time to our knowledge, the feasibility of using a microfluidic technique to measure mechanical properties of large samples of adherent cells while linking our results to the composition of the cytoskeletal network. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'Single cell ecology'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo H. Pires
- Zentrum für Innovationskompetenz: Humorale Immunreaktionen bei kardiovaskulären Erkrankungen, Universität Greifswald, Fleischmannstrasse 42, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Nithya Shree
- Zentrum für Innovationskompetenz: Humorale Immunreaktionen bei kardiovaskulären Erkrankungen, Universität Greifswald, Fleischmannstrasse 42, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Emmanuel Manu
- Zentrum für Innovationskompetenz: Humorale Immunreaktionen bei kardiovaskulären Erkrankungen, Universität Greifswald, Fleischmannstrasse 42, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Ewa Guzniczak
- Heriot-Watt University School of Engineering and Physical Science, Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering, Edinburgh Campus, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK
| | - Oliver Otto
- Zentrum für Innovationskompetenz: Humorale Immunreaktionen bei kardiovaskulären Erkrankungen, Universität Greifswald, Fleischmannstrasse 42, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
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23
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Casula E, Traversari G, Fadda S, Klymenko OV, Kontoravdi C, Cincotti A. Modelling the osmotic behaviour of human mesenchymal stem cells. Biochem Eng J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2019.107296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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24
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Sanyour HJ, Li N, Rickel AP, Childs JD, Kinser CN, Hong Z. Membrane cholesterol and substrate stiffness co-ordinate to induce the remodelling of the cytoskeleton and the alteration in the biomechanics of vascular smooth muscle cells. Cardiovasc Res 2019; 115:1369-1380. [PMID: 30395154 PMCID: PMC11268160 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvy276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
AIMS Cholesterol not only deposits in foam cells at the atherosclerotic plaque, but also plays an important role as a regulator of cell migration in atherogenesis. In addition, the progression of atherosclerosis leads to arterial wall stiffening, and thus altering the micromechanical environment of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) in vivo. Our studies aim to test the hypothesis that membrane cholesterol and substrate stiffness co-ordinate to regulate VSMCs biomechanics, and thus potentially regulate VSMCs migration and atherosclerotic plaque formation. METHODS AND RESULTS Methyl-β-cyclodextrin was used to manipulate membrane cholesterol content in VSMCs isolated from the descending thoracic aorta of male Sprague-Dawley rats and cultured on Type I collagen-coated polyacrylamide gel substrates with varying stiffness. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used to determine VSMCs stiffness and integrin-fibronectin (FN) adhesion. The alignment of submembranous actin filaments was visualized with AFM and confocal microscopy. The constriction force of rat aorta was measured ex vivo using a multi-wire myograph system. Our results demonstrated that cholesterol-depletion and substrate-softening induced a significant decrease in VSMCs stiffness and adhesion to FN, as well as cytoskeletal disorganization. In addition, the contractile force of rat aorta was reduced upon cholesterol-depletion. Cholesterol-enrichment resulted in an increase in stiffness, adhesion to FN, cytoskeletal organization of VSMCs compared with the cholesterol-depleted cells, and enhanced contractile force of rat aortas compared with the cholesterol-depleted vessel rings. CONCLUSION Cell membrane cholesterol and substrate stiffness synergistically affect VSMCs elastic modulus (E-modulus) by regulating the organization of the actin cytoskeleton. Except for the 3.5 kPa gel substrate, cholesterol-depletion decreased VSMCs-FN adhesion force, adhesion loading rate, cytoskeletal orientation, and E-modulus compared with the control VSMCs. Conversely, cholesterol-enrichment significantly increased cytoskeleton orientation, stiffness, and VSMCs-FN cell adhesion force compared with both control and cholesterol-depleted VSMCs on a soft substrate.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Aorta, Thoracic/metabolism
- Aorta, Thoracic/pathology
- Aorta, Thoracic/physiopathology
- Atherosclerosis/metabolism
- Atherosclerosis/pathology
- Atherosclerosis/physiopathology
- Biomechanical Phenomena
- Cell Adhesion
- Cell Membrane/metabolism
- Cell Membrane/pathology
- Cells, Cultured
- Cholesterol/metabolism
- Cytoskeleton/metabolism
- Cytoskeleton/pathology
- Elastic Modulus
- Male
- Mechanotransduction, Cellular
- Microscopy, Atomic Force
- Microscopy, Confocal
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/physiopathology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/pathology
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Stress, Mechanical
- Vascular Stiffness
- Vasoconstriction
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna J. Sanyour
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of South Dakota, 4800 N Career Ave, Suite 221, Sioux Falls, SD 57107, USA
- BioSNTR, Sioux Falls, SD, USA
| | - Na Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of South Dakota, 4800 N Career Ave, Suite 221, Sioux Falls, SD 57107, USA
- BioSNTR, Sioux Falls, SD, USA
| | - Alex P. Rickel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of South Dakota, 4800 N Career Ave, Suite 221, Sioux Falls, SD 57107, USA
- BioSNTR, Sioux Falls, SD, USA
| | - Josh D. Childs
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of South Dakota, 4800 N Career Ave, Suite 221, Sioux Falls, SD 57107, USA
- BioSNTR, Sioux Falls, SD, USA
| | - Courtney N. Kinser
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of South Dakota, 4800 N Career Ave, Suite 221, Sioux Falls, SD 57107, USA
- BioSNTR, Sioux Falls, SD, USA
| | - Zhongkui Hong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of South Dakota, 4800 N Career Ave, Suite 221, Sioux Falls, SD 57107, USA
- BioSNTR, Sioux Falls, SD, USA
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25
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Sun S, Adyshev D, Dudek S, Paul A, McColloch A, Cho M. Cholesterol-dependent Modulation of Stem Cell Biomechanics: Application to Adipogenesis. J Biomech Eng 2019; 141:2729412. [PMID: 30901381 DOI: 10.1115/1.4043253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Cell mechanics has been shown to regulate stem cell differentiation. We have previously reported that altered cell stiffness of mesenchymal stem cells can delay or facilitate biochemically directed differentiation. One of the factors that can affect the cell stiffness is cholesterol. However, the effect of cholesterol on differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) remains elusive. In this paper, we demonstrate that cholesterol is involved in the modulation of the cell stiffness and subsequent adipogenic differentiation. Rapid cytoskeletal actin reorganization was evident and correlated with the cell's Young's modulus measured using atomic force microscopy (AFM). In addition, the level of membrane-bound cholesterol was found to increase during adipogenic differentiation and inversely varied with the cell stiffness. Furthermore, cholesterol played a key role in the regulation of the cell morphology and biomechanics, suggesting its crucial involvement in mechanotransduction. To better understand the underlying mechanisms, we investigated the effect of cholesterol on the membrane-cytoskeleton linker proteins (ezrin and moesin). Cholesterol depletion was found to up-regulate the ezrin expression which promoted cell spreading, increased Young's modulus, and hindered adipogenesis. In contrast, cholesterol enrichment increased the moesin expression, decreased Young's modulus, and induced cell rounding and facilitated adipogenesis. Taken together, cholesterol appears to regulate the stem cell mechanics and adipogenesis through the membrane-associated linker proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Sun
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607
| | - Djanybek Adyshev
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607
| | - Steve Dudek
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607
| | - Amit Paul
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607
| | - Andrew McColloch
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019
| | - Michael Cho
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019
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26
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Lee G, Han SB, Lee JH, Kim HW, Kim DH. Cancer Mechanobiology: Microenvironmental Sensing and Metastasis. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2019; 5:3735-3752. [PMID: 33405888 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.8b01230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The cellular microenvironment plays an important role in regulating cancer progress. Cancer can physically and chemically remodel its surrounding extracellular matrix (ECM). Critical cellular behaviors such as recognition of matrix geometry and rigidity, cell polarization and motility, cytoskeletal reorganization, and proliferation can be changed as a consequence of these ECM alternations. Here, we present an overview of cancer mechanobiology in detail, focusing on cancer microenvironmental sensing of exogenous cues and quantification of cancer-substrate interactions. In addition, mechanics of metastasis classified with tumor progression will be discussed. The mechanism underlying cancer mechanosensation and tumor progression may provide new insights into therapeutic strategies to alleviate cancer malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- GeonHui Lee
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
| | - Seong-Beom Han
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
| | - Jung-Hwan Lee
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, South Korea.,Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Dentistry, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, South Korea
| | - Hae-Won Kim
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, South Korea.,Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Dentistry, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, South Korea.,Department of Nanobiomedical Science and BK21 PLUS Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, South Korea
| | - Dong-Hwee Kim
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
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27
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Matellan C, Del Río Hernández AE. Where No Hand Has Gone Before: Probing Mechanobiology at the Cellular Level. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2018; 5:3703-3719. [PMID: 33405886 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.8b01206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Physical forces and other mechanical stimuli are fundamental regulators of cell behavior and function. Cells are also biomechanically competent: they generate forces to migrate, contract, remodel, and sense their environment. As the knowledge of the mechanisms of mechanobiology increases, the need to resolve and probe increasingly small scales calls for novel technologies to mechanically manipulate cells, examine forces exerted by cells, and characterize cellular biomechanics. Here, we review novel methods to quantify cellular force generation, measure cell mechanical properties, and exert localized piconewton and nanonewton forces on cells, receptors, and proteins. The combination of these technologies will provide further insight on the effect of mechanical stimuli on cells and the mechanisms that convert these stimuli into biochemical and biomechanical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Matellan
- Cellular and Molecular Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Armando E Del Río Hernández
- Cellular and Molecular Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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28
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Basoli F, Giannitelli SM, Gori M, Mozetic P, Bonfanti A, Trombetta M, Rainer A. Biomechanical Characterization at the Cell Scale: Present and Prospects. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1449. [PMID: 30498449 PMCID: PMC6249385 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapidly growing field of mechanobiology demands for robust and reproducible characterization of cell mechanical properties. Recent achievements in understanding the mechanical regulation of cell fate largely rely on technological platforms capable of probing the mechanical response of living cells and their physico–chemical interaction with the microenvironment. Besides the established family of atomic force microscopy (AFM) based methods, other approaches include optical, magnetic, and acoustic tweezers, as well as sensing substrates that take advantage of biomaterials chemistry and microfabrication techniques. In this review, we introduce the available methods with an emphasis on the most recent advances, and we discuss the challenges associated with their implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Basoli
- Department of Engineering, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Manuele Gori
- Department of Engineering, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Pamela Mozetic
- Center for Translational Medicine, International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital, Brno, Czechia
| | - Alessandra Bonfanti
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Marcella Trombetta
- Department of Engineering, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Alberto Rainer
- Department of Engineering, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy.,Institute for Photonics and Nanotechnologies, National Research Council, Rome, Italy
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29
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Septiadi D, Crippa F, Moore TL, Rothen-Rutishauser B, Petri-Fink A. Nanoparticle-Cell Interaction: A Cell Mechanics Perspective. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1704463. [PMID: 29315860 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201704463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Progress in the field of nanoparticles has enabled the rapid development of multiple products and technologies; however, some nanoparticles can pose both a threat to the environment and human health. To enable their safe implementation, a comprehensive knowledge of nanoparticles and their biological interactions is needed. In vitro and in vivo toxicity tests have been considered the gold standard to evaluate nanoparticle safety, but it is becoming necessary to understand the impact of nanosystems on cell mechanics. Here, the interaction between particles and cells, from the point of view of cell mechanics (i.e., bionanomechanics), is highlighted and put in perspective. Specifically, the ability of intracellular and extracellular nanoparticles to impair cell adhesion, cytoskeletal organization, stiffness, and migration are discussed. Furthermore, the development of cutting-edge, nanotechnology-driven tools based on the use of particles allowing the determination of cell mechanics is emphasized. These include traction force microscopy, colloidal probe atomic force microscopy, optical tweezers, magnetic manipulation, and particle tracking microrheology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dedy Septiadi
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Federica Crippa
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Lee Moore
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | | | - Alke Petri-Fink
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 9, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
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30
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Lipowsky HH, Bowers DT, Banik BL, Brown JL. Mesenchymal Stem Cell Deformability and Implications for Microvascular Sequestration. Ann Biomed Eng 2018; 46:640-654. [PMID: 29352448 PMCID: PMC5862759 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-018-1985-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have received considerable attention in regenerative medicine, particularly in light of prospects for targeted delivery by intra-arterial injection. However, little is known about the mechanics of MSC sequestration in the microvasculature and the yield pressure (PY), above which MSCs will pass through microvessels of a given diameter. The objectives of the current study were to delineate the dependency of PY on cell size and the heterogeneity of cell mechanical properties and diameters (DCELL) of cultured MSCs. To this end the transient filtration test was employed to elucidate the mean filtration pressure (〈PY〉) for an ensemble of pores of a given size (DPORE) similar to in vivo microvessels. Cultured MSCs had a log-normal distribution of cell diameters (DCELL) with a mean of 15.8 ± 0.73 SD μm. MSC clearance from track-etched polycarbonate filters was studied for pore diameters of 7.3-15.4 μm. The pressure required to clear cells from filters with 30-85 × 103 pores rose exponentially with the ratio λ = DCELL/DPORE for 1.1 ≤ λ ≤ 2.2. The clearance of cells from each filter was characterized by a log-normal distribution in PY, with a mean filtration pressure of 0.02 ≤ 〈PY〉 ≤ 6.7 cmH2O. For λ ≤ 1.56, the yield pressure (PY) was well represented by the cortical shell model of a cell with a viscous interior encapsulated by a shell under cortical tension τ0 = 0.99 ± 0.42 SD dyn/cm. For λ > 1.56, the 〈PY〉 characteristic of the cell population rose exponentially with λ. Analysis of the mean filtration pressure (〈PY〉) of each sample suggested that the larger diameter cells that skewed the distribution of DCELL contributed to about 20% of the mean filtration pressure. Further, if all cells had the same deformability (i.e., PY as a function of λ) as the average cell population, then 〈PY〉 would have risen an order of magnitude above the average from fivefold at λ = 1.56 to 200-fold at λ = 2.1. Comparison of 〈PY〉 to published microvascular pressures suggested that 〈PY〉 may exceed microvessel pressure drops for λ exceeding 2.1, and rise 14-fold above capillary pressure drop at λ = 3 leading to 100% sequestration. However, due to the large variance of in vivo microvascular pressures entrapment of MSCs may be mitigated. Thus it is suggested that selecting fractions of the MSC population according to cell deformability may permit optimization of entrapment at sites targeted for tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herbert H Lipowsky
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, 215 Hallowell Bldg, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
| | - Daniel T Bowers
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, 215 Hallowell Bldg, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Brittany L Banik
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, 215 Hallowell Bldg, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Justin L Brown
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, 215 Hallowell Bldg, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
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31
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Cushing KW, Garofalo F, Magnusson C, Ekblad L, Bruus H, Laurell T. Ultrasound Characterization of Microbead and Cell Suspensions by Speed of Sound Measurements of Neutrally Buoyant Samples. Anal Chem 2017; 89:8917-8923. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b01388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin W. Cushing
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Fabio Garofalo
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Magnusson
- Department
of Translational Medicine, Lund University, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Lars Ekblad
- Division
of Oncology, Clinical Sciences, Lund University and Skane University Hospital, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Henrik Bruus
- Department
of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Thomas Laurell
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
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32
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Holguin SY, Anderson CF, Thadhani NN, Prausnitz MR. Role of cytoskeletal mechanics and cell membrane fluidity in the intracellular delivery of molecules mediated by laser‐activated carbon nanoparticles. Biotechnol Bioeng 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.26355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefany Y. Holguin
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringGeorgia Institute of TechnologyAtlantaGeorgia 30332
| | - Caleb F. Anderson
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringGeorgia Institute of TechnologyAtlantaGeorgia 30332
| | - Naresh N. Thadhani
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringGeorgia Institute of TechnologyAtlantaGeorgia 30332
| | - Mark R. Prausnitz
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringGeorgia Institute of TechnologyAtlantaGeorgia 30332
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33
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Preedy EC, Perni S, Prokopovich P. Cobalt and titanium nanoparticles influence on mesenchymal stem cell elasticity and turgidity. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2017; 157:146-156. [PMID: 28586727 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2017.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Bone cells are damaged by wear particles originating from total joint replacement implants. We investigated Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) nanomechanical properties when exposed to cobalt and titanium nanoparticles (resembling wear debris) of different sizes for up to 3days using AFM nanoindentation; along with flow-cytometry and MTT assay. The results demonstrated that cells exposed to increasing concentrations of nanoparticles had a lower value of elasticity and spring constant without significant effect on cell metabolic activity and viability but some morphological alteration (bleeping). Cobalt induced greater effects than titanium and this is consistent with the general knowledge of cyto-compatibility of the later. This work demonstrates for the first time that metal nanoparticles do not only influence MSCs enzymes activity but also cell structure; however, they do not result in full membrane damage. Furthermore, the mechanical changes are concentration and particles composition dependent but little influenced by the particle size.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stefano Perni
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Polina Prokopovich
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
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34
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Kumar A, Nune KC, Misra RDK. Electric field-mediated growth of osteoblasts - the significant impact of dynamic flow of medium. Biomater Sci 2017; 4:136-44. [PMID: 26465881 DOI: 10.1039/c5bm00350d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The endogenous electric field plays an important role in accomplishing various functions including communication with the brain and with different parts of the physiological system, wound healing, and cellular functions. Furthermore, the endogenous electric field can be modified using the external electric field to induce changes in cell functionality. Given that the cells grow in contact with the dynamic flow of blood and nutrients, the objective of the study is to elucidate the effect of media flow (dynamic conditions) on osteoblast functions at a pulsed DC (direct current) electric field of strength of 0.5-1 V cm(-1) and compared with the static conditions (no flow of media and in the presence of an electric field). The electric field provided a guiding cue to cells to move towards the cathode. An interesting aspect of the electric field was the migration of cells towards the cathode with the axis parallel to the direction of the electric field such that the lamellipodia was aligned. Furthermore, there was an absence of membrane blebbing or necrosis at the cathode. However, cell growth and expression of proteins (actin and vinculin) were higher than the anode. In contrast, at the anode, while the cells were healthy, the cell growth was less such that the expression of vinculin was relatively low together with less densely packed actin stress fibers. It is underscored that the biological functionality is favorably altered in the presence of an electrical field under dynamic conditions with a consequent effect on cell proliferation, growth, and expression level of prominent proteins, actin and vinculin.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kumar
- Department of Metallurgical, Materials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA.
| | - K C Nune
- Department of Metallurgical, Materials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA.
| | - R D K Misra
- Department of Metallurgical, Materials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA.
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35
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Li L, Xu GK, Song F. Impact of lipid rafts on the T-cell-receptor and peptide-major-histocompatibility-complex interactions under different measurement conditions. Phys Rev E 2017; 95:012403. [PMID: 28208397 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.95.012403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The interactions between T-cell receptor (TCR) and peptide-major-histocompatibility complex (pMHC), which enable T-cell development and initiate adaptive immune responses, have been intensively studied. However, a central issue of how lipid rafts affect the TCR-pMHC interactions remains unclear. Here, by using a statistical-mechanical membrane model, we show that the binding affinity of TCR and pMHC anchored on two apposing cell membranes is significantly enhanced because of the lipid raft-induced signaling protein aggregation. This finding may provide an alternative insight into the mechanism of T-cell activation triggered by very low densities of pMHC. In the case of cell-substrate adhesion, our results indicate that the loss of lateral mobility of the proteins on the solid substrate leads to the inhibitory effect of lipid rafts on TCR-pMHC interactions. Our findings help to understand why different experimental methods for measuring the impact of lipid rafts on the receptor-ligand interactions have led to contradictory conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Li
- State Key Laboratory of Nonlinear Mechanics (LNM) and Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Guang-Kui Xu
- International Center for Applied Mechanics, State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, School of Aerospace, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Fan Song
- State Key Laboratory of Nonlinear Mechanics (LNM) and Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.,School of Engineering Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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36
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Jokhadar ŠZ, Derganc J. Structural Rearrangements in CHO Cells After Disruption of Individual Cytoskeletal Elements and Plasma Membrane. Cell Biochem Biophys 2016; 71:1605-13. [PMID: 25395197 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-014-0383-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Cellular structural integrity is provided primarily by the cytoskeleton, which comprises microtubules, actin filaments, and intermediate filaments. The plasma membrane has been also recognized as a mediator of physical forces, yet its contribution to the structural integrity of the cell as a whole is less clear. In order to investigate the relationship between the plasma membrane and the cytoskeleton, we selectively disrupted the plasma membrane and each of the cytoskeletal elements in Chinese hamster ovary cells and assessed subsequent changes in cellular structural integrity. Confocal microscopy was used to visualize cytoskeletal rearrangements, and optical tweezers were utilized to quantify membrane tether extraction. We found that cholesterol depletion from the plasma membrane resulted in rearrangements of all cytoskeletal elements. Conversely, the state of the plasma membrane, as assessed by tether extraction, was affected by disruption of any of the cytoskeletal elements, including microtubules and intermediate filaments, which are located mainly in the cell interior. The results demonstrate that, besides the cytoskeleton, the plasma membrane is an important contributor to cellular integrity, possibly by acting as an essential framework for cytoskeletal anchoring. In agreement with the tensegrity model of cell mechanics, our results support the notion of the cell as a prestressed structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Špela Zemljič Jokhadar
- Institute of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Jure Derganc
- Institute of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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37
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Hwang JY, Kim J, Park JM, Lee C, Jung H, Lee J, Shung KK. Cell Deformation by Single-beam Acoustic Trapping: A Promising Tool for Measurements of Cell Mechanics. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27238. [PMID: 27273365 PMCID: PMC4897707 DOI: 10.1038/srep27238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We demonstrate a noncontact single-beam acoustic trapping method for the quantification of the mechanical properties of a single suspended cell with label-free. Experimentally results show that the single-beam acoustic trapping force results in morphological deformation of a trapped cell. While a cancer cell was trapped in an acoustic beam focus, the morphological changes of the immobilized cell were monitored using bright-field imaging. The cell deformability was then compared with that of a trapped polystyrene microbead as a function of the applied acoustic pressure for a better understanding of the relationship between the pressure and degree of cell deformation. Cell deformation was found to become more pronounced as higher pressure levels were applied. Furthermore, to determine if this acoustic trapping method can be exploited in quantifying the cell mechanics in a suspension and in a non-contact manner, the deformability levels of breast cancer cells with different degrees of invasiveness due to acoustic trapping were compared. It was found that highly-invasive breast cancer cells exhibited greater deformability than weakly-invasive breast cancer cells. These results clearly demonstrate that the single-beam acoustic trapping technique is a promising tool for non-contact quantitative assessments of the mechanical properties of single cells in suspensions with label-free.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Youn Hwang
- Department of Information and Communication Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science &Technology, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihun Kim
- Department of Information and Communication Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science &Technology, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Man Park
- Department of Information and Communication Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science &Technology, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Changyang Lee
- NIH Resource Center for Medical Ultrasonic Transducer Technology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Hayong Jung
- NIH Resource Center for Medical Ultrasonic Transducer Technology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jungwoo Lee
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - K Kirk Shung
- NIH Resource Center for Medical Ultrasonic Transducer Technology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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38
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Coceano G, Yousafzai MS, Ma W, Ndoye F, Venturelli L, Hussain I, Bonin S, Niemela J, Scoles G, Cojoc D, Ferrari E. Investigation into local cell mechanics by atomic force microscopy mapping and optical tweezer vertical indentation. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 27:065102. [PMID: 26683826 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/27/6/065102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Investigating the mechanical properties of cells could reveal a potential source of label-free markers of cancer progression, based on measurable viscoelastic parameters. The Young's modulus has proved to be the most thoroughly studied so far, however, even for the same cell type, the elastic modulus reported in different studies spans a wide range of values, mainly due to the application of different experimental conditions. This complicates the reliable use of elasticity for the mechanical phenotyping of cells. Here we combine two complementary techniques, atomic force microscopy (AFM) and optical tweezer microscopy (OTM), providing a comprehensive mechanical comparison of three human breast cell lines: normal myoepithelial (HBL-100), luminal breast cancer (MCF-7) and basal breast cancer (MDA-MB-231) cells. The elastic modulus was measured locally by AFM and OTM on single cells, using similar indentation approaches but different measurement parameters. Peak force tapping AFM was employed at nanonewton forces and high loading rates to draw a viscoelastic map of each cell and the results indicated that the region on top of the nucleus provided the most meaningful results. OTM was employed at those locations at piconewton forces and low loading rates, to measure the elastic modulus in a real elastic regime and rule out the contribution of viscous forces typical of AFM. When measured by either AFM or OTM, the cell lines' elasticity trend was similar for the aggressive MDA-MB-231 cells, which were found to be significantly softer than the other two cell types in both measurements. However, when comparing HBL-100 and MCF-7 cells, we found significant differences only when using OTM.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Coceano
- CNR-IOM National Research Council-Institute of Materials, Area Science Park, Basovizza, S.S. 14, Km 163.5, 34149 Trieste, Italy. Università degli studi di Trieste, Piazzale Europa 1, 34128 Trieste, Italy
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39
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Wang X, Hu X, Li J, Russe ACM, Kawazoe N, Yang Y, Chen G. Influence of cell size on cellular uptake of gold nanoparticles. Biomater Sci 2016; 4:970-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c6bm00171h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cell size affects cellular uptake of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinlong Wang
- Tissue Regeneration Materials Unit
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics
- National Institute for Materials Science
- Tsukuba
- Japan
| | - Xiaohong Hu
- Tissue Regeneration Materials Unit
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics
- National Institute for Materials Science
- Tsukuba
- Japan
| | - Jingchao Li
- Tissue Regeneration Materials Unit
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics
- National Institute for Materials Science
- Tsukuba
- Japan
| | - Adriana C. Mulero Russe
- Tissue Regeneration Materials Unit
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics
- National Institute for Materials Science
- Tsukuba
- Japan
| | - Naoki Kawazoe
- Tissue Regeneration Materials Unit
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics
- National Institute for Materials Science
- Tsukuba
- Japan
| | - Yingnan Yang
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Science
- University of Tsukuba
- Tsukuba
- Japan
| | - Guoping Chen
- Tissue Regeneration Materials Unit
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics
- National Institute for Materials Science
- Tsukuba
- Japan
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40
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Preedy EC, Perni S, Prokopovich P. Nanomechanical and surface properties of rMSCs post-exposure to CAP treated UHMWPE wear particles. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2015; 12:723-734. [PMID: 26554392 PMCID: PMC4819529 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2015.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Revised: 09/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Wear debris generated by ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) used in joint replacement devices has been of concern due to reductions of the implant longevity. Cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) has been used to improve the wear performance of UHMWPE. Our aim was to investigate the elastic and adhesive properties of rat mesenchymal stem cells (rMSCs), through AFM, after exposure to UHMWPE wear debris pre- and post-CAP treatment. The results indicated that the main changes in cell elasticity and spring constant of MSC exposed to wear particles occurred in the first 24 h of contact and the particle concentration from 0.5 to 50 mg/l did not play a significant role. For UHMWPE treated for 7.5 min, with progression of the wear simulation the results of the CAP treated samples were getting closer to the result of untreated samples; while with longer CAP treatment this was not observed. From the Clinical Editor Joint replacements are now common clinical practice. However, the use of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) still poses a concern, due to the presence of wear debris. The authors here investigated the effects of wear debris after cold atmospheric plasma treatment on rat mesenchymal stem cells. The positive results provided new strategies in future design of joint replacement materials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stefano Perni
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK; Department of Biological Engineering, MA Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Polina Prokopovich
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK; Department of Biological Engineering, MA Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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41
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Quantifying Molecular-Level Cell Adhesion on Electroactive Conducting Polymers using Electrochemical-Single Cell Force Spectroscopy. Sci Rep 2015; 5:13334. [PMID: 26335299 PMCID: PMC4558606 DOI: 10.1038/srep13334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Single Cell Force Spectroscopy was combined with Electrochemical-AFM to quantify the adhesion between live single cells and conducting polymers whilst simultaneously applying a voltage to electrically switch the polymer from oxidized to reduced states. The cell-conducting polymer adhesion represents the non-specific interaction between cell surface glycocalyx molecules and polymer groups such as sulfonate and dodecylbenzene groups, which rearrange their orientation during electrical switching. Single cell adhesion significantly increases as the polymer is switched from an oxidized to fully reduced state, indicating stronger cell binding to sulfonate groups as opposed to hydrophobic groups. This increase in single cell adhesion is concomitant with an increase in surface hydrophilicity and uptake of cell media, driven by cation movement, into the polymer film during electrochemical reduction. Binding forces between the glycocalyx and polymer surface are indicative of molecular-level interactions and during electrical stimulation there is a decrease in both the binding force and stiffness of the adhesive bonds. The study provides insight into the effects of electrochemical switching on cell adhesion at the cell-conducting polymer interface and is more broadly applicable to elucidating the binding of cell adhesion molecules in the presence of electrical fields and directly at electrode interfaces.
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42
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Abstract
Traditionally, cell analysis has focused on using molecular biomarkers for basic research, cell preparation, and clinical diagnostics; however, new microtechnologies are enabling evaluation of the mechanical properties of cells at throughputs that make them amenable to widespread use. We review the current understanding of how the mechanical characteristics of cells relate to underlying molecular and architectural changes, describe how these changes evolve with cell-state and disease processes, and propose promising biomedical applications that will be facilitated by the increased throughput of mechanical testing: from diagnosing cancer and monitoring immune states to preparing cells for regenerative medicine. We provide background about techniques that laid the groundwork for the quantitative understanding of cell mechanics and discuss current efforts to develop robust techniques for rapid analysis that aim to implement mechanophenotyping as a routine tool in biomedicine. Looking forward, we describe additional milestones that will facilitate broad adoption, as well as new directions not only in mechanically assessing cells but also in perturbing them to passively engineer cell state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric M Darling
- Center for Biomedical Engineering.,Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Physiology, and Biotechnology.,Department of Orthopaedics, and.,School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912;
| | - Dino Di Carlo
- Department of Bioengineering.,California NanoSystems Institute, and.,Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095;
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43
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Taşlı PN, Doğan A, Demirci S, Şahin F. Myogenic and neurogenic differentiation of human tooth germ stem cells (hTGSCs) are regulated by pluronic block copolymers. Cytotechnology 2015; 68:319-29. [PMID: 25698158 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-014-9784-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem cells with high proliferation, self-renewal and differentiation capacities are promising for tissue engineering approaches. Among stem cells, human tooth germ stem cells (hTGSCs) having mesenchymal stem cell characteristics are highly proliferative and able to differentiate into several cell lineages. Researchers have recently focused on transplanting stem cells with bioconductive and/or bioinductive materials that can provide cell commitment to the desired cell lineages. In the present study, effects of pluronic block copolymers (F68, F127 and P85) on in vitro myo- and neurogenic differentiation of human tooth germ stem cells (hTGSCs) were investigated. As P85 was found to exert considerable toxicity to hTGSCs even at low concentrations, it was not evaluated for further differentiation experiments. Immunocytochemical analysis, gene and protein expression studies revealed that while F68 treatment increased lineage-specific gene expression in both myo- and neuro-genically differentiated cells, F127 did not result in any remarkable difference compared to cells treated with differentiation medium. Subsequent studies are required to explore the exact mechanisms of how F68 increases the myogenic and neurogenic differentiation of hTGSCs. The present work indicates that pluronic F68 might be used in functional skeletal and neural tissue engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Neslihan Taşlı
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Yeditepe University, 26 Agustos Campus, Kayisdagi cad., Kayisdagi, 34755, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ayşegül Doğan
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Yeditepe University, 26 Agustos Campus, Kayisdagi cad., Kayisdagi, 34755, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Selami Demirci
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Yeditepe University, 26 Agustos Campus, Kayisdagi cad., Kayisdagi, 34755, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Fikrettin Şahin
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Yeditepe University, 26 Agustos Campus, Kayisdagi cad., Kayisdagi, 34755, Istanbul, Turkey.
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44
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Bradamante S, Barenghi L, Maier JAM. Stem Cells toward the Future: The Space Challenge. Life (Basel) 2014; 4:267-80. [PMID: 25370198 PMCID: PMC4187162 DOI: 10.3390/life4020267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2014] [Revised: 05/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Astronauts experience weightlessness-induced bone loss due to an unbalanced process of bone remodeling that involves bone mesenchymal stem cells (bMSCs), as well as osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts. The effects of microgravity on osteo-cells have been extensively studied, but it is only recently that consideration has been given to the role of bone MSCs. These live in adult bone marrow niches, are characterized by their self-renewal and multipotent differentiation capacities, and the published data indicate that they may lead to interesting returns in the biomedical/bioengineering fields. This review describes the published findings concerning bMSCs exposed to simulated/real microgravity, mainly concentrating on how mechanosignaling, mechanotransduction and oxygen influence their proliferation, senescence and differentiation. A comprehensive understanding of bMSC behavior in microgravity and their role in preventing bone loss will be essential for entering the future age of long-lasting, manned space exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Bradamante
- CNR-ISTM, Institute of Molecular Science and Technologies, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Livia Barenghi
- CNR-ISTM, Institute of Molecular Science and Technologies, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Jeanette A M Maier
- Department Biomedical and Clinical Sciences L. Sacco, Università di Milano, Via GB Grassi 74, 20157 Milano, Italy.
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45
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Neubauer MP, Poehlmann M, Fery A. Microcapsule mechanics: from stability to function. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2014; 207:65-80. [PMID: 24345731 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2013.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Revised: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Microcapsules are reviewed with special emphasis on the relevance of controlled mechanical properties for functional aspects. At first, assembly strategies are presented that allow control over the decisive geometrical parameters, diameter and wall thickness, which both influence the capsule's mechanical performance. As one of the most powerful approaches the layer-by-layer technique is identified. Subsequently, ensemble and, in particular, single-capsule deformation techniques are discussed. The latter generally provide more in-depth information and cover the complete range of applicable forces from smaller than pN to N. In a theory chapter, we illustrate the physics of capsule deformation. The main focus is on thin shell theory, which provides a useful approximation for many deformation scenarios. Finally, we give an overview of applications and future perspectives where the specific design of mechanical properties turns microcapsules into (multi-)functional devices, enriching especially life sciences and material sciences.
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46
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Grundner M, Zemljič Jokhadar S. Cytoskeleton modification and cholesterol depletion affect membrane properties and caveolae positioning of CHO cells. J Membr Biol 2014; 247:201-10. [PMID: 24413749 DOI: 10.1007/s00232-013-9625-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The formation of protrusions is necessary for numerous biological processes. It involves extension of the plasma membrane, and the force needed for this is provided by the actin cytoskeleton. Tether pulling with optical tweezers can mimic the formation of a protrusion, so we used this method to investigate the effects of modifying not only actin (with latrunculin A) but also microtubules (with nocodazole) and the plasma membrane itself (with methyl-β-cyclodextrin) on the Chinese hamster ovary cell membrane. After these modifications, the membrane reservoir was supposed to redistribute. Caveolae constitute a small part of the reservoir, so the redistribution of caveolar proteins such as caveolin-1 and cavin-1 that represents caveolae per se was assessed. The main findings concerning protrusion force and membrane reservoir availability were as follows: (1) they correlated inversely, (2) their values underwent the greatest change after microtubule disruption, and (3) membrane composition had a major influence on the parameters studied. F-actin disruption and cholesterol depletion decreased, and microtubule disruption increased the amount of the caveolar proteins (caveolae). Caveolae presented just an example of the membrane reservoir, and from our findings, we suppose that the perturbations caused were too large to be related to caveolae redistribution alone. The integrity of the cytoskeleton and plasma membrane composition are important factors in the formation of protrusions and in determining the availability and distribution of the membrane reservoir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Grundner
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Biophysics, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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47
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Moo E, Amrein M, Epstein M, Duvall M, Abu Osman N, Pingguan-Murphy B, Herzog W. The properties of chondrocyte membrane reservoirs and their role in impact-induced cell death. Biophys J 2013; 105:1590-600. [PMID: 24094400 PMCID: PMC3822719 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2013.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2013] [Revised: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Impact loading of articular cartilage causes extensive chondrocyte death. Cell membranes have a limited elastic range of 3-4% strain but are protected from direct stretch during physiological loading by their membrane reservoir, an intricate pattern of membrane folds. Using a finite-element model, we suggested previously that access to the membrane reservoir is strain-rate-dependent and that during impact loading, the accessible membrane reservoir is drastically decreased, so that strains applied to chondrocytes are directly transferred to cell membranes, which fail when strains exceed 3-4%. However, experimental support for this proposal is lacking. The purpose of this study was to measure the accessible membrane reservoir size for different membrane strain rates using membrane tethering techniques with atomic force microscopy. We conducted atomic force spectroscopy on isolated chondrocytes (n = 87). A micron-sized cantilever was used to extract membrane tethers from cell surfaces at constant pulling rates. Membrane tethers could be identified as force plateaus in the resulting force-displacement curves. Six pulling rates were tested (1, 5, 10, 20, 40, and 80 μm/s). The size of the membrane reservoir, represented by the membrane tether surface areas, decreased exponentially with increasing pulling rates. The current results support our theoretical findings that chondrocytes exposed to impact loading die because of membrane ruptures caused by high tensile membrane strain rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eng Kuan Moo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, The University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Matthias Amrein
- Departments of Cell Biology and Anatomy and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Marcelo Epstein
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, The University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Mike Duvall
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, The University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Noor Azuan Abu Osman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Belinda Pingguan-Murphy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Walter Herzog
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, The University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, The University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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48
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Tay CY, Koh CG, Tan NS, Leong DT, Tan LP. Mechanoregulation of stem cell fate via micro-/nano-scale manipulation for regenerative medicine. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2013; 8:623-38. [PMID: 23560412 DOI: 10.2217/nnm.13.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent developments in the field of mechanobiology have renewed the call for a better understanding of the role of mechanical forces as potent regulators and indicators of stem cell fate. Although it is well established that mechanical forces play a crucial role in guiding tissue development, little is known about how submicroscopic biomechanical forces can influence key stem cell behaviors. This review will detail the use of micro-/nano-technologies that are advancing our current understanding of stem cell mechanobiology, and mechanoregulation of stem cell fate using engineered surface topographies and small-scale patterning techniques. The involvement of focal adhesions and the cytoskeleton systems as a common biophysical impetus through which these mechanical signals are transduced via distinct signaling pathways will also be discussed. These insights are envisioned to provide the basis for the rational design of future biocompatible materials and may inspire alternative drug-free therapeutic strategies to manage diseased sites via biomechanical management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chor Yong Tay
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, 117576, Singapore
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49
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Sanz-Sánchez L, Risco C. Multilamellar structures and filament bundles are found on the cell surface during bunyavirus egress. PLoS One 2013; 8:e65526. [PMID: 23799021 PMCID: PMC3683019 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Inside cells, viruses build specialized compartments for replication and morphogenesis. We observed that virus release associates with specific structures found on the surface of mammalian cells. Cultured adherent cells were infected with a bunyavirus and processed for oriented sectioning and transmission electron microscopy. Imaging of cell basal regions showed sophisticated multilamellar structures (MLS) and extracellular filament bundles with attached viruses. Correlative light and electron microscopy confirmed that both MLS and filaments proliferated during the maximum egress of new viruses. MLS dimensions and structure were reminiscent of those reported for the nanostructures on gecko fingertips, which are responsible for the extraordinary attachment capacity of these lizards. As infected cells with MLS were more resistant to detachment than control cells, we propose an adhesive function for these structures, which would compensate for the loss of adherence during release of new virus progeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Sanz-Sánchez
- Cell Structure Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, CNB-CSIC, Campus de Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Risco
- Cell Structure Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, CNB-CSIC, Campus de Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
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50
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Fathi N, Moradi AR, Habibi M, Vashaee D, Tayebi L. Digital holographic microscopy of the myelin figure structural dynamics and the effect of thermal gradient. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2013; 4:950-957. [PMID: 23760951 PMCID: PMC3675873 DOI: 10.1364/boe.4.000950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Revised: 04/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/19/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Myelin figures (MFs) are cylindrical multilamellar lipid tubes that can be found in various healthy and diseased living cells. Their formation and dynamics involve some of the most mysterious configurations that lipid molecules can adopt under certain conditions. They have been studied with different microscopy methods. Due to the frequent coiling of their structure, the usual methods of microscopy fail to give precise quantitative information about their dynamics. In this paper, we introduced Digital Holographic Microscopy (DHM) as a useful method to calculate the precise dynamical volume, thickness, surface and length of the myelin figures. As an example of DHM imaging of myelin figures, their structure and growth rate in the presence and absence of temperature gradient have been studied in this work. We showed that the thickness of a myelin figure can be changed during the first few seconds. However, after approximately ten seconds, the thickness stabilizes and does not alter significantly. We further studied the effect of the thermal gradient on the length growth. The calculation of the length growth from the measurement of the myelin figure volume shows that the length (L) grows in time (t) as [Formula: see text]at the early stage of the myelin protrusion in both the presence and the absence of the thermal gradient. However, thermal gradient facilitates the growth and increases its rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narges Fathi
- Department of Physics, University of Zanjan, PO Box 45195-313, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Ali-Reza Moradi
- Department of Physics, University of Zanjan, PO Box 45195-313, Zanjan, Iran
- Optics Research Center, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences, PO Box 45137-66731, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Mehdi Habibi
- Department of Physics, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences, PO Box 45195-1159, Zanjan, Iran
- Van der Waals-Zeeman Institute, University of Amsterdam, Valckenierstraat 65, 1018 XE Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Daryoosh Vashaee
- Helmerich Advanced Technology Research Center, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Oklahoma State University, OK 74106, USA
| | - Lobat Tayebi
- Helmerich Advanced Technology Research Center, School of Material Science and Engineering, Oklahoma State University, Tulsa, OK 74106, USA
- School of Chemical Engineering, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
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