1
|
Santoni G, Amantini C, Santoni M, Maggi F, Morelli MB, Santoni A. Mechanosensation and Mechanotransduction in Natural Killer Cells. Front Immunol 2021; 12:688918. [PMID: 34335592 PMCID: PMC8320435 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.688918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are a main subset of innate lymphocytes that contribute to host immune protection against viruses and tumors by mediating target cell killing and secreting a wide array of cytokines. Their functions are finely regulated by a balance between activating and inhibitory receptors and involve also adhesive interactions. Mechanotransduction is the process in which physical forces sensed by mechanosensors are translated into chemical signaling. Herein, we report findings on the involvement of this mechanism that is mainly mediated by actin cytoskeleton, in the regulation of NK cell adhesion, migration, tissue infiltration and functions. Actin represents the structural basis for NK cell immunological synapse (NKIS) and polarization of secretory apparatus. NK-target cell interaction involves the formation of both uropods and membrane nanotubes that allow target cell interaction over long distances. Actin retrograde flow (ARF) regulates NK cell signaling and controls the equilibrium between activation versus inhibition. Activating NKIS is associated with rapid lamellipodial ARF, whereas lower centripetal actin flow is present during inhibitory NKIS where β actin can associate with the tyrosine phosphatase SHP-1. Overall, a better knowledge of mechanotransduction might represent a future challenge: Realization of nanomaterials tailored for NK cells, would be important to translate in vitro studies in in vivo new immunotherapeutic approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Santoni
- School of Pharmacy, Section of Experimental Medicine, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Consuelo Amantini
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | | | - Federica Maggi
- School of Pharmacy, Section of Experimental Medicine, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Beatrice Morelli
- School of Pharmacy, Section of Experimental Medicine, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Angela Santoni
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy.,IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Nawroth JC, Lucchesi C, Cheng D, Shukla A, Ngyuen J, Shroff T, Varone A, Karalis K, Lee HH, Alves S, Hamilton GA, Salmon M, Villenave R. A Microengineered Airway Lung Chip Models Key Features of Viral-induced Exacerbation of Asthma. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2020; 63:591-600. [PMID: 32706623 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2020-0010ma] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral-induced exacerbation of asthma remains a major cause of hospitalization and mortality. New human-relevant models of the airways are urgently needed to understand how respiratory infections may trigger asthma attacks and to advance treatment development. Here, we describe a new human-relevant model of rhinovirus-induced asthma exacerbation that recapitulates viral infection of asthmatic airway epithelium and neutrophil transepithelial migration, and enables evaluation of immunomodulatory therapy. Specifically, a microengineered model of fully differentiated human mucociliary airway epithelium was stimulated with IL-13 to induce a T-helper cell type 2 asthmatic phenotype and infected with live human rhinovirus 16 (HRV16) to reproduce key features of viral-induced asthma exacerbation. We observed that the infection with HRV16 replicated key hallmarks of the cytopathology and inflammatory responses observed in human airways. Generation of a T-helper cell type 2 microenvironment through exogenous IL-13 stimulation induced features of asthmatic airways, including goblet cell hyperplasia, reduction of cilia beating frequency, and endothelial activation, but did not alter rhinovirus infectivity or replication. High-resolution kinetic analysis of secreted inflammatory markers revealed that IL-13 treatment altered IL-6, IFN-λ1, and CXCL10 secretion in response to HRV16. Neutrophil transepithelial migration was greatest when viral infection was combined with IL-13 treatment, whereas treatment with MK-7123, a CXCR2 antagonist, reduced neutrophil diapedesis in all conditions. In conclusion, our microengineered Airway Lung-Chip provides a novel human-relevant platform for exploring the complex mechanisms underlying viral-induced asthma exacerbation. Our data suggest that IL-13 may impair the hosts' ability to mount an appropriate and coordinated immune response to rhinovirus infection. We also show that the Airway Lung-Chip can be used to assess the efficacy of modulators of the immune response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Hyun-Hee Lee
- Merck Research Laboratories, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
A Pilot Study Identifying Brain-Targeting Adaptive Immunity in Pediatric Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Patients With Acquired Brain Injury. Crit Care Med 2020; 47:e206-e213. [PMID: 30640221 PMCID: PMC6377324 DOI: 10.1097/ccm.0000000000003621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. Objectives: Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation provides short-term cardiopulmonary life support, but is associated with peripheral innate inflammation, disruptions in cerebral autoregulation, and acquired brain injury. We tested the hypothesis that extracorporeal membrane oxygenation also induces CNS-directed adaptive immune responses which may exacerbate extracorporeal membrane oxygenation-associated brain injury. Design: A single center prospective observational study. Setting: Pediatric and cardiac ICUs at a single tertiary care, academic center. Patients: Twenty pediatric extracorporeal membrane oxygenation patients (0–14 yr; 13 females, 7 males) and five nonextracorporeal membrane oxygenation Pediatric Logistic Organ Dysfunction score matched patients Interventions: None. Measurements and Main Results: Venous blood samples were collected from the extracorporeal membrane oxygenation circuit at day 1 (10–23 hr), day 3, and day 7 of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Flow cytometry quantified circulating innate and adaptive immune cells, and CNS-directed autoreactivity was detected using an in vitro recall response assay. Disruption of cerebral autoregulation was determined using continuous bedside near-infrared spectroscopy and acquired brain injury confirmed by MRI. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation patients with acquired brain injury (n = 9) presented with a 10-fold increase in interleukin-8 over extracorporeal membrane oxygenation patients without brain injury (p < 0.01). Furthermore, brain injury within extracorporeal membrane oxygenation patients potentiated an inflammatory phenotype in adaptive immune cells and selective autoreactivity to brain peptides in circulating B cell and cytotoxic T cell populations. Correlation analysis revealed a significant relationship between adaptive immune responses of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation patients with acquired brain injury and loss of cerebral autoregulation. Conclusions: We show that pediatric extracorporeal membrane oxygenation patients with acquired brain injury exhibit an induction of pro-inflammatory cell signaling, a robust activation of adaptive immune cells, and CNS-targeting adaptive immune responses. As these patients experience developmental delays for years after extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, it is critical to identify and characterize adaptive immune cell mechanisms that target the developing CNS.
Collapse
|
4
|
Hornung A, Sbarrato T, Garcia-Seyda N, Aoun L, Luo X, Biarnes-Pelicot M, Theodoly O, Valignat MP. A Bistable Mechanism Mediated by Integrins Controls Mechanotaxis of Leukocytes. Biophys J 2019; 118:565-577. [PMID: 31928762 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2019.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Recruitment of leukocytes from blood vessels to inflamed zones is guided by biochemical and mechanical stimuli, with the mechanisms only partially deciphered. Here, we studied the guidance by the flow of primary human effector T lymphocytes crawling on substrates coated with ligands of integrins lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1 (LFA-1) (αLβ2) and very late antigen 4 (VLA-4) (α4β1). We reveal that cells segregate in two populations of opposite orientation for combined adhesion and show that decisions of orientation rely on a bistable mechanism between LFA-1-mediated upstream and VLA-4-mediated downstream phenotypes. At the molecular level, bistability results from a differential front-rear polarization of both integrin affinities, combined with an inhibiting cross talk of LFA-1 toward VLA-4. At the cellular level, direction is determined by the passive, flow-mediated orientation of the nonadherent cell parts, the rear uropod for upstream migration, and the front lamellipod for downstream migration. This chain of logical events provides a comprehensive mechanism of guiding, from stimuli to cell orientation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas Sbarrato
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, INSERM, LAI, Marseille, France
| | | | - Laurene Aoun
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, INSERM, LAI, Marseille, France
| | - Xuan Luo
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, INSERM, LAI, Marseille, France
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Buscher K, Marcovecchio P, Hedrick CC, Ley K. Patrolling Mechanics of Non-Classical Monocytes in Vascular Inflammation. Front Cardiovasc Med 2017; 4:80. [PMID: 29312957 PMCID: PMC5742122 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2017.00080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-classical monocytes have emerged as the preeminent vascular housekeepers. Continuous intravascular screening is enabled by slow patrolling on the endothelium and allows a rapid response to local perturbations. Intravital imaging has been crucial to elucidate the molecular mechanisms and migratory phenotype of patrolling. In this review, we discuss technical requirements of intravital microscopy such as imaging modalities, labeling strategies, and data analysis. We further focus on patrolling kinetics and adhesion receptors in different organs and vascular beds including arteries during homeostasis and vascular inflammation and define pertinent questions in the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Konrad Buscher
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States.,Department of Internal Medicine, Nephrology and Rheumatology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Paola Marcovecchio
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Catherine C Hedrick
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Klaus Ley
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Shumakovich MA, Mencio CP, Siglin JS, Moriarty RA, Geller HM, Stroka KM. Astrocytes from the brain microenvironment alter migration and morphology of metastatic breast cancer cells. FASEB J 2017; 31:5049-5067. [PMID: 32083386 PMCID: PMC5636694 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201700254r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Tumor cell metastasis to the brain involves cell migration through biochemically and physically complex microenvironments at the blood-brain barrier (BBB). The current understanding of tumor cell migration across the BBB is limited. We hypothesize that an interplay between biochemical cues and physical cues at the BBB affects the mechanisms of brain metastasis. We found that astrocyte conditioned medium(ACM) applied directly to tumor cells increased tumor cell velocity, induced elongation, and promoted actin stress fiber organization. Notably, treatment of the extracellular matrix with ACM led to even more significant increases in tumor cell velocity in comparison with ACM treatment of cells directly. Furthermore, inhibiting matrix metalloproteinases in ACM reversed ACM's effect on tumor cells. The effects of ACM on tumor cell morphology and migration also depended on astrocytes' activation state. Finally, using a microfluidic device, we found that the effects of ACM were abrogated in confinement. Overall, our work demonstrates that astrocyte-secreted factors alter migration and morphology of metastatic breast tumor cells, and this effect depends on the cells' mechanical microenvironment.-Shumakovich, M. A., Mencio, C. P., Siglin, J. S., Moriarty, R. A., Geller, H. M., Stroka, K. M. Astrocytes from the brain microenvironment alter migration and morphology of metastatic breast cancer cells. FASEB J. 31, 5049-5067 (2017). www.fasebj.org.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marina A. Shumakovich
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Caitlin P. Mencio
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jonathan S. Siglin
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Rebecca A. Moriarty
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Herbert M. Geller
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Kimberly M. Stroka
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; and
- Marlene and Stewart Greenbaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Volz KR, Evans KD, Kanner CD, Buford JA, Freimer M, Sommerich CM. Molecular Ultrasound Imaging of the Spinal Cord for the Detection of Acute Inflammation. JOURNAL OF DIAGNOSTIC MEDICAL SONOGRAPHY 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/8756479317729671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Molecular ultrasound imaging provides the ability to detect physiologic processes non-invasively by targeting a wide variety of biological markers in vivo. The current study investigates the novel application of molecular ultrasound imaging for the detection of neural inflammation. Using a murine model with acutely injured spinal cords (n=31), subjects were divided into four groups, each being administered ultrasound contrast microbubbles bearing antibodies against various known inflammatory molecules (P-selectin, vascular cell adhesion protein 1 [VCAM-1], intercellular adhesion molecule 1 [ICAM-1], and isotype control) during molecular ultrasound imaging. Upon administration of the targeted contrast agent, ultrasound imaging of the injured spinal cord was performed at 40MHz for seven minutes, followed by a bursting pulse. We observed significantly enhanced signals from contrast targeted to P-selectin and VCAM-1, using a variety of outcome measures. These findings provide preclinical evidence that molecular ultrasound imaging could be a useful tool in the detection of neural inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin R. Volz
- College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Kevin D. Evans
- College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | | | - John A. Buford
- College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Miriam Freimer
- College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Lauridsen HM, Pellowe AS, Ramanathan A, Liu R, Miller-Jensen K, McNiff JM, Pober JS, Gonzalez AL. Tumor Necrosis Factor-α and IL-17A Activation Induces Pericyte-Mediated Basement Membrane Remodeling in Human Neutrophilic Dermatoses. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2017; 187:1893-1906. [PMID: 28609645 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2017.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Revised: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Sweet syndrome (SS) is a prototypical neutrophilic dermatosis, a class of inflammatory diseases marked by elevated levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and IL-17A, pathologic neutrophil recruitment, and microvascular remodeling. Histologic analyses of four matrix proteins-collagen I and IV, laminin, and fibronectin-in skin biopsies of patients with SS reveal that the basement membrane of dermal postcapillary venules undergoes changes in structure and composition. Increased neutrophil recruitment in vivo was associated with increases in collagen IV, decreases in laminin, and varied changes in fibronectin. In vitro studies using TNF-α and IL-17A were conducted to dissect basement membrane remodeling. Prolonged dual activation of cultured human pericytes with TNF-α and IL-17A augmented collagen IV production, similar to in vivo remodeling. Co-activation of pericytes with TNF-α and IL-17A also elevated fibronectin levels with little direct effect on laminin. However, the expression of fibronectin- and laminin-specific matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), particularly MMP-3, was significantly up-regulated. Interactions between pericytes and neutrophils in culture yielded even higher levels of active MMPs, facilitating fibronectin and laminin degradation, and likely contributing to the varied levels of detectable fibronectin and the decreases in laminin observed in vivo. These data indicate that pericyte-neutrophil interactions play a role in mediating microvascular changes in SS and suggest that targeting MMP-3 may be effective in protecting vascular wall integrity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Holly M Lauridsen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Amanda S Pellowe
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Anand Ramanathan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Rebecca Liu
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | | | - Jennifer M McNiff
- Department of Dermatology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Jordan S Pober
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut; Department of Dermatology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Anjelica L Gonzalez
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Volz KR, Evans KD, Kanner CD, Basso DM. Exploring Targeted Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound to Detect Neural Inflammation. JOURNAL OF DIAGNOSTIC MEDICAL SONOGRAPHY 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/8756479316665865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Targeted contrast-enhanced ultrasound (TCEUS) is an innovative method of molecular imaging used for detection of inflammatory biomarkers in vivo. By targeting ultrasound contrast to cell adhesion molecules (CAMs), which are known inflammatory markers within neural tissue, a more direct evaluation of neural inflammation can be made. Due to the novel nature of TCEUS, standardized methods of image analysis do not yet exist. Time intensity curve (TIC) shape analysis is currently used in magnetic resonance contrast imaging to determine temporal behavior of perfusion. Therefore, the presented research attempts to determine TIC shape analysis utility in TCEUS imaging by applying it to TCEUS scans targeted to CAMs present in neural inflammation. This was done in an animal model that underwent a traumatic spinal cord injury to induce inflammation ( n = 31). Subjects were divided into four groups, each receiving a TCEUS targeted to a different CAM seven days after surgery (P-selectin, intracellular adhesion molecule 1 [ICAM-1], vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 [VCAM-1], and control). TICs were generated using average pixel intensity within the injured region of the spinal cord. TIC shape analysis found similar curves were produced while targeting P-selectin and VCAM-1, both demonstrating rapid and sustained enhancement. Control injections demonstrated no enhancement. ICAM-1 injections demonstrated limited enhancement and a shape similar to the control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin R. Volz
- College of Medicine, School of Health and Rehabilitation Science, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Kevin D. Evans
- College of Medicine, School of Health and Rehabilitation Science, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Christopher D. Kanner
- College of Medicine, School of Health and Rehabilitation Science, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - D. Michele Basso
- College of Medicine, School of Health and Rehabilitation Science, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Zhu X, Bouffanais R, Yue DKP. Interplay between motility and cell-substratum adhesion in amoeboid cells. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2015; 9:054112. [PMID: 26487898 PMCID: PMC4592429 DOI: 10.1063/1.4931762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The effective migration of amoeboid cells requires a fine regulation of cell-substratum adhesion. These entwined processes have been shown to be regulated by a host of biophysical and biochemical cues. Here, we reveal the pivotal role played by calcium-based mechanosensation in the active regulation of adhesion resulting in a high migratory adaptability. Using mechanotactically driven Dictyostelium discoideum amoebae, we uncover the existence of optimal mechanosensitive conditions-corresponding to specific levels of extracellular calcium-for persistent directional migration over physicochemically different substrates. When these optimal mechanosensitive conditions are met, noticeable enhancement in cell migration directionality and speed is achieved, yet with significant differences among the different substrates. In the same narrow range of calcium concentrations that yields optimal cellular mechanosensory activity, we uncovered an absolute minimum in cell-substratum adhesion activity, for all considered substrates, with differences in adhesion strength among them amplified. The blocking of the mechanosensitive ion channels with gadolinium-i.e., the inhibition of the primary mechanosensory apparatus-hampers the active reduction in substrate adhesion, thereby leading to the same undifferentiated and drastically reduced directed migratory response. The adaptive behavioral responses of Dictyostelium cells sensitive to substrates with varying physicochemical properties suggest the possibility of novel surface analyses based on the mechanobiological ability of mechanosensitive and guidable cells to probe substrates at the nanometer-to-micrometer level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Zhu
- Singapore University of Technology and Design , 8 Somapah Road, Singapore 487372
| | - Roland Bouffanais
- Singapore University of Technology and Design , 8 Somapah Road, Singapore 487372
| | - Dick K P Yue
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Sohrabi S, Zheng J, Finol EA, Liu Y. Numerical simulation of particle transport and deposition in the pulmonary vasculature. J Biomech Eng 2015; 136:121010. [PMID: 25322073 DOI: 10.1115/1.4028800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
To quantify the transport and adhesion of drug particles in a complex vascular environment, computational fluid particle dynamics (CFPD) simulations of blood flow and drug particulate were conducted in three different geometries representing the human lung vasculature for steady and pulsatile flow conditions. A fully developed flow profile was assumed as the inlet velocity, and a lumped mathematical model was used for the calculation of the outlet pressure boundary condition. A receptor-ligand model was used to simulate the particle binding probability. The results indicate that bigger particles have lower deposition fraction due to less chance of successful binding. Realistic unsteady flow significantly accelerates the binding activity over a wide range of particle sizes and also improves the particle deposition fraction in bifurcation regions when comparing with steady flow condition. Furthermore, surface imperfections and geometrical complexity coupled with the pulsatility effect can enhance fluid mixing and accordingly particle binding efficiency. The particle binding density at bifurcation regions increases with generation order and drug carriers are washed away faster in steady flow. Thus, when studying drug delivery mechanism in vitro and in vivo, it is important to take into account blood flow pulsatility in realistic geometry. Moreover, tissues close to bifurcations are more susceptible to deterioration due to higher uptake.
Collapse
|
12
|
Baker-Groberg SM, Phillips KG, Healy LD, Itakura A, Porter JE, Newton PK, Nan X, McCarty OJT. Critical behavior of subcellular density organization during neutrophil activation and migration. Cell Mol Bioeng 2015; 8:543-552. [PMID: 26640599 DOI: 10.1007/s12195-015-0400-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Physical theories of active matter continue to provide a quantitative understanding of dynamic cellular phenomena, including cell locomotion. Although various investigations of the rheology of cells have identified important viscoelastic and traction force parameters for use in these theoretical approaches, a key variable has remained elusive both in theoretical and experimental approaches: the spatiotemporal behavior of the subcellular density. The evolution of the subcellular density has been qualitatively observed for decades as it provides the source of image contrast in label-free imaging modalities (e.g., differential interference contrast, phase contrast) used to investigate cellular specimens. While these modalities directly visualize cell structure, they do not provide quantitative access to the structures being visualized. We present an established quantitative imaging approach, non-interferometric quantitative phase microscopy, to elucidate the subcellular density dynamics in neutrophils undergoing chemokinesis following uniform bacterial peptide stimulation. Through this approach, we identify a power law dependence of the neutrophil mean density on time with a critical point, suggesting a critical density is required for motility on 2D substrates. Next we elucidate a continuum law relating mean cell density, area, and total mass that is conserved during neutrophil polarization and migration. Together, our approach and quantitative findings will enable investigators to define the physics coupling cytoskeletal dynamics with subcellular density dynamics during cell migration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra M Baker-Groberg
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239
| | - Kevin G Phillips
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239
| | - Laura D Healy
- Department of Cell, Developmental & Cancer Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239
| | - Asako Itakura
- Department of Cell, Developmental & Cancer Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239
| | - Juliana E Porter
- Viterbi School of Engineering, Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089
| | - Paul K Newton
- Viterbi School of Engineering, Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089 ; Department of Mathematics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089 ; Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089
| | - Xiaolin Nan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239
| | - Owen J T McCarty
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239 ; Department of Cell, Developmental & Cancer Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239 ; Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Dominguez GA, Anderson NR, Hammer DA. The direction of migration of T-lymphocytes under flow depends upon which adhesion receptors are engaged. Integr Biol (Camb) 2015; 7:345-55. [PMID: 25674729 DOI: 10.1039/c4ib00201f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
T-lymphocyte migration is important for homing, cell trafficking, and immune surveillance. T-lymphocytes express lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 (LFA-1; αLβ2) and very late antigen-4 (VLA-4; α4β1), which bind to their cognate ligands, intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1). These adhesive interactions provide T-lymphocytes with the ability to withstand hemodynamic shear forces to facilitate adhesion and migration along the blood endothelium. Recently, it has been shown that T-lymphocytes will crawl upstream against the direction of flow on surfaces functionalized with ICAM-1. Here, we have investigated whether the identity of the receptor and the magnitude of its engagement affects the direction of T-lymphocyte migration under flow. We used microcontact printed ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 PDMS surfaces on which density and type of adhesion molecule can be tightly controlled and non-specific adhesion adequately blocked. Using a laminar flow chamber, we demonstrate that T-lymphocytes migrate either upstream or downstream dependent upon ligand type, ligand concentration and shear rate. T-lymphocytes were found to migrate upstream on ICAM-1 but downstream on VCAM-1 surfaces - a behavior unique to T-lymphocytes. By varying concentrations of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1, directed migration under flow was observed to be dependent upon the type and concentration of ligand. As shear rates increase, T-lymphocytes favor upstream migration when any ICAM-1 is present, even in the presence of substantial amounts of VCAM-1. Furthermore, a loss of cytoskeletal polarity was observed upon introduction of fluid flow with reorganization that is dependent upon ligand presentation. These results indicate that T-lymphocytes exhibit two different modes of motility - upstream or downstream - under fluid flow that depends on ligand composition and the shear rate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- George A Dominguez
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, 210 S. 33rd St, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Lamberti G, Prabhakarpandian B, Garson C, Smith A, Pant K, Wang B, Kiani MF. Bioinspired microfluidic assay for in vitro modeling of leukocyte-endothelium interactions. Anal Chem 2014; 86:8344-51. [PMID: 25135319 PMCID: PMC4139165 DOI: 10.1021/ac5018716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Current in vitro models of the leukocyte adhesion cascade cannot be used for real-time studies of the entire leukocyte adhesion cascade, including rolling, adhesion, and migration in a single assay. In this study, we have developed and validated a novel bioinspired microfluidic assay (bMFA) and used it to test the hypothesis that blocking of specific steps in the adhesion/migration cascade significantly affects other steps of the cascade. The bMFA consists of an endothelialized microvascular network in communication with a tissue compartment via a 3 μm porous barrier. Human neutrophils in bMFA preferentially adhered to activated human endothelial cells near bifurcations with rolling and adhesion patterns in close agreement with in vivo observations. Treating endothelial cells with monoclonal antibodies to E-selectin or ICAM-1 or treating neutrophils with wortmannin reduced rolling, adhesion, and migration of neutrophils to 60%, 20%, and 18% of their respective control values. Antibody blocking of specific steps in the adhesion/migration cascade (e.g., mAb to E-selectin) significantly downregulated other steps of the cascade (e.g., migration). This novel in vitro assay provides a realistic human cell based model for basic science studies, identification of new treatment targets, selection of pathways to target validation, and rapid screening of candidate agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina Lamberti
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Temple University, 1947 N. 12th street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
| | | | - Charles Garson
- Biomedical
Technology, CFD Research Corporation, 701 McMillian Way, Huntsville, Alabama 35806, United
States
| | - Ashley Smith
- Biomedical
Technology, CFD Research Corporation, 701 McMillian Way, Huntsville, Alabama 35806, United
States
| | - Kapil Pant
- Biomedical
Technology, CFD Research Corporation, 701 McMillian Way, Huntsville, Alabama 35806, United
States
| | - Bin Wang
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Temple University, 1947 N. 12th street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Widener University, One University Place, Chester, Pennsylvania 19013-5792, United States
| | - Mohammad F. Kiani
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Temple University, 1947 N. 12th street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
- Department
of Radiation Oncology, Temple University
School of Medicine, 3500
N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140, United States
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Valignat MP, Theodoly O, Gucciardi A, Hogg N, Lellouch AC. T lymphocytes orient against the direction of fluid flow during LFA-1-mediated migration. Biophys J 2013; 104:322-31. [PMID: 23442854 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2012.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2012] [Revised: 12/01/2012] [Accepted: 12/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
As they leave the blood stream and travel to lymph nodes or sites of inflammation, T lymphocytes are captured by the endothelium and migrate along the vascular wall to permissive sites of transmigration. These processes take place under the influence of hemodynamic shear stress; therefore, we investigated how migrational speed and directionality are influenced by variations in shear stress. We examined human effector T lymphocytes on intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1)-coated surfaces under the influence of shear stresses from 2 to 60 dyn.cm(-2). T lymphocytes were shown to respond to shear stress application by a rapid (30 s) and fully reversible orientation of their migration against the fluid flow without a change in migration speed. Primary T lymphocytes migrating on ICAM-1 in the presence of uniformly applied SDF-1α were also found to migrate against the direction of shear flow. In sharp contrast, neutrophils migrating in the presence of uniformly applied fMLP and leukemic HSB2 T lymphocytes migrating on ICAM-1 alone oriented their migration downstream, with the direction of fluid flow. Our findings suggest that, in addition to biochemical cues, shear stress is a contributing factor to leukocyte migration directionality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Pierre Valignat
- Laboratoire d'Adhésion Cellulaire et Inflammation, Aix Marseille Université, CNRS UMR7333, Marseille, France.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Lamberti G, Tang Y, Prabhakarpandian B, Wang Y, Pant K, Kiani MF, Wang B. Adhesive interaction of functionalized particles and endothelium in idealized microvascular networks. Microvasc Res 2013; 89:107-14. [PMID: 23557880 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2013.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2012] [Revised: 03/22/2013] [Accepted: 03/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Leukocytes play a key role in the early response to tissue injury/infection resulting from physical, chemical or biological stimuli. This process involves the initiation of the leukocyte adhesion cascade mediated by a series of interactions between receptors and ligands on the endothelium and the leukocytes. Here, we characterize the adhesion profile of functionalized particles under physiological flow conditions in an idealized synthetic microvascular network (SMN) characterized by a bifurcation. We hypothesize that differences in the level of adhesion of functionalized particles in bifurcating SMNs are dependent on the ratio of adhesion molecules on the particles as well as geometric features of the in vitro networks. METHODS Functionalized particles were prepared by coating their surfaces with different ratios of antibodies against ICAM-1 and E-selectin (aICAM-1:aE-selectin=100:0, 70:30, 50:50, 30:70, and 0:100). The adhesion of functionalized particles to 4h TNF-α activated human umbilical vein endothelial cells under shear flow (0.5, 2, and 4dyn/cm(2)) in bifurcating SMNs and in a parallel plate flow chamber was then quantified. RESULTS The level of adhesion of 50:50 aICAM-1:aE-selectin particles was significantly higher compared to other particles in the bifurcating SMNs (~1.5-4 fold higher). However, in the parallel plate flow chamber 70:30 aICAM-1:aE-selectin particles exhibited a significantly higher level of adhesion (~1.5-2.5 fold higher). Furthermore, the adhesion of particles in junction regions was about 3-18 fold higher than that in straight sections of the SMNs. As expected, in straight sections of the SMNs and in the parallel plate flow chamber particle adhesion increased with decreasing shear. However, particle adhesion did not change significantly with decreasing shear at the junction regions of SMNs for all functionalized particles. CONCLUSION Adhesion efficiency of functionalized particles is significantly affected by cell-adhesion molecule ratio density as well as geometric features of the vessels. Moreover, the differential adhesion patterns of particles between straight sections of bifurcating SMNs and parallel plate flow chamber, as well as straight sections and junction regions of bifurcating SMNs, indicates that adhesion profile of particles is highly dependent on the vascular geometry of the system used.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina Lamberti
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Temple University, 1947 N. 12th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
The CX3C chemokine fractalkine mediates platelet adhesion via the von Willebrand receptor glycoprotein Ib. Blood 2011; 117:4999-5008. [PMID: 21398580 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2011-02-335471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The membrane-anchored CX3C chemokine fractalkine (FKN) is expressed on activated endothelium and is associated with the development of atherosclerosis. The potential of FKN in mediating platelet adhesion beyond platelet activation remains unexplored to date. A flow-based adhesion assay was used to study the adhesion of platelets to immobilized FKN under physiologic flow conditions. Platelet adhesion to von Willebrand factor (VWF) was increased in the presence of FKN at 600 inverse seconds. Additional platelet adhesion to FKN coimmobilized with VWF was dependent on the FKN receptor CX3CR1 and activation of glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa. The number of platelets rolling on VWF was likewise enhanced in the presence of FKN. The enhancement of rolling on FKN and VWF was insensitive to anti-CX3CR1 antibody but was fully inhibited by neutralizing GPIbα function. The extracellular domain of GPIbα was covalently coupled to fluorescent microspheres, and microsphere binding was significantly higher in the presence of FKN. Platelet adhesion to activated endothelium in vitro and to intact human arteries was substantially increased in an FKN-dependent manner. These data demonstrate that endothelial expressed FKN activates platelets via its cognate receptor CX3CR1, whereas platelet adhesion is predominantly mediated by GPIbα and independent of CX3CR1.
Collapse
|
18
|
Zakkar M, Luong LA, Chaudhury H, Ruud O, Punjabi PP, Anderson JR, Mullholand JW, Clements AT, Krams R, Foin N, Athanasiou T, Leen ELS, Mason JC, Haskard DO, Evans PC. Dexamethasone arterializes venous endothelial cells by inducing mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase-1: a novel antiinflammatory treatment for vein grafts? Circulation 2011; 123:524-32. [PMID: 21262999 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.110.979542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vein grafting in coronary artery surgery is complicated by a high restenosis rate resulting from the development of vascular inflammation, intimal hyperplasia, and accelerated atherosclerosis. In contrast, arterial grafts are relatively resistant to these processes. Vascular inflammation is regulated by signaling intermediaries, including p38 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase, that trigger endothelial cell (EC) expression of chemokines (eg, interleukin-8, monocyte chemotactic protein-1) and other proinflammatory molecules. Here, we have tested the hypothesis that p38 MAP kinase activation in response to arterial shear stress (flow) may occur more readily in venous ECs, leading to greater proinflammatory activation. METHODS AND RESULTS Comparative reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting revealed that arterial shear stress induced p38-dependent expression of monocyte chemotactic protein-1 and interleukin-8 in porcine jugular vein ECs. In contrast, porcine aortic ECs were protected from shear stress-induced expression of p38-dependent chemokines as a result of rapid induction of MAP kinase phosphatase-1. However, we observed with both cultured porcine jugular vein ECs and perfused veins that venous ECs can be protected by brief treatment with dexamethasone, which induced MAP kinase phosphatase-1 to suppress proinflammatory activation. CONCLUSIONS Arterial but not venous ECs are protected from proinflammatory activation in response to short-term exposure to high shear stress by the induction of MAP kinase phosphatase-1. Dexamethasone pretreatment arterializes venous ECs by inducing MAP kinase phosphatase-1 and may protect veins from inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Zakkar
- British Heart Fund Cardiovascular Sciences Unit, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Probing microbubble targeting with atomic force microscopy. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2010; 80:12-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2010.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2009] [Revised: 05/11/2010] [Accepted: 05/11/2010] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
|
20
|
Calderon AJ, Muzykantov V, Muro S, Eckmann DM. Flow dynamics, binding and detachment of spherical carriers targeted to ICAM-1 on endothelial cells. Biorheology 2010; 46:323-41. [PMID: 19721193 DOI: 10.3233/bir-2009-0544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Vascular drug delivery by administration of carriers targeted to endothelial surface determinants, such as intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM-1), holds considerable promise to improve disease treatment. As a model to define elusive factors controlling the interplay between carrier motion in the bloodstream and its interactions with molecular targets in the endothelial wall, we used 1 mum beads coated with ICAM-1 monoclonal antibody (Ab) at 370, 1100 or 4100 Ab/microm2. Carriers were perfused at two shear rates over resting or activated endothelial cells, expressing minimum vs. maximum ICAM-1 levels, to determine carrier rolling, binding and detachment. Even at 0.1 Pa and 4100 Ab/microm2, carriers attached only to activated cells (21 fold increase over resting cells), ideal for specific drug targeting to sites of pathology. Binding was increased by raising the Ab surface density on the carrier, e.g., 59.4+/-11.1% increase for carriers having 4100 vs. 1100 Ab/microm2, as a consequence of decreased rolling velocity. Carrier binding was stable even under a high shear stress: carriers with 1100 and 4100 Ab/microm2 withstand shear stress over 3 Pa without detaching from the cells. This is further supported by theoretical modeling. These results will guide vascular targeting of drug carriers via rational design of experimentally tunable parameters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andres J Calderon
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania Medical School, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Ferrante EA, Pickard JE, Rychak J, Klibanov A, Ley K. Dual targeting improves microbubble contrast agent adhesion to VCAM-1 and P-selectin under flow. J Control Release 2009; 140:100-7. [PMID: 19666063 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2009.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2009] [Revised: 06/11/2009] [Accepted: 08/01/2009] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
To improve ultrasound contrast agents targeted to the adhesion molecules P-selectin and VCAM-1 for the purpose of molecular imaging of atherosclerotic plaques, perfluorocarbon-filled phospholipid microbubble contrast agents were coupled by a polyethylene glycol-biotin-streptavidin bridge with mAb MVCAM.A(429), a sialyl Lewis(x) polymer (PAA-sLe(x)), or both (dual). Approximately three hundred thousand antibody molecules were coupled to the surface of each microbubble. Recombinant mouse P-selectin and/or VCAM-1 coated on flow chambers showed saturation of binding at approximately 15 ng/microl, resulting in 800 and 1200 molecules/microm(2) for P-selectin and VCAM-1, respectively. Dual substrates coated with equal concentrations of P-selectin and VCAM-1 had site densities between 50 and 60% of single substrates. When microbubbles were perfused through flow chambers at 5 x 10(6) microbubbles/ml (wall shear stress from 1.5 to 6 dyn/cm(2)) dual-targeted microbubbles adhered almost twice as efficiently as single-targeted microbubbles at 6 dyn/cm(2). The present study suggests that dual-targeted contrast agents may be useful for atherosclerotic plaque detection at physiologically relevant shear stresses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E A Ferrante
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Stroka KM, Aranda-Espinoza H. Neutrophils display biphasic relationship between migration and substrate stiffness. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 66:328-41. [DOI: 10.1002/cm.20363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
|
23
|
Sumagin R, Lamkin-Kennard KA, Sarelius IH. A separate role for ICAM-1 and fluid shear in regulating leukocyte interactions with straight regions of venular wall and venular convergences. Microcirculation 2009; 16:508-20. [PMID: 19468960 DOI: 10.1080/10739680902942271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Variation in expression of adhesion molecules plays a key role in regulating leukocyte behavior, but the contribution of fluid shear to these interactions cannot be ignored. Here, we dissected the effects of each of these factors on leukocyte behavior in different venular regions. MATERIALS AND METHODS Leukocyte behavior was quantified in blood-perfused microvascular networks in anesthetized mouse cremaster muscle, using intravital confocal microscopy. ICAM-1 expression and fluid shear rate were quantified by using ICAM-1 fluorescent labeling, fluorescent particle tracking, and computational fluid dynamics. RESULTS Tumor necrosis factor alpha induced an increase in ICAM-1 expression and abolished the differences observed among control venules of different sizes. Consequently, leukocyte adhesion was increased to a similar level across all vessel sizes [5.1+/-0.46 leukocytes/100 microm vs. 2.1+/-0.47 (control)], but remained significantly higher in venular convergences (7.8+/-0.4). Leukocyte transmigration occurred primarily in the smallest venules and venular convergences (23.9+/-5.1 and 31.9+/-2.7 leukocytes/10,000 microm(2) tissue, respectively). In venular convergences, the two inlet vessels are predicted to create a region of low velocity, increasing leukocyte adhesion probability. CONCLUSIONS In straight regions of different-sized venules, the variability in ICAM-1 expression accounts for the differences in leukocyte behavior; in converging regions, fluid shear potentially has a greater effect on leukocyte endothelial cell interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ronen Sumagin
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester, New York, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Rosano JM, Tousi N, Scott RC, Krynska B, Rizzo V, Prabhakarpandian B, Pant K, Sundaram S, Kiani MF. A physiologically realistic in vitro model of microvascular networks. Biomed Microdevices 2009; 11:1051-7. [PMID: 19452279 DOI: 10.1007/s10544-009-9322-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Existing microfluidic devices, e.g. parallel plate flow chambers, do not accurately depict the geometry of microvascular networks in vivo. We have developed a synthetic microvascular network (SMN) on a polydimethalsiloxane (PDMS) chip that can serve as an in vitro model of the bifurcations, tortuosities, and cross-sectional changes found in microvascular networks in vivo. Microvascular networks from a cremaster muscle were mapped using a modified Geographical Information System, and then used to manufacture the SMNs on a PDMS chip. The networks were cultured with bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAEC), which reached confluency 3-4 days after seeding. Propidium iodide staining indicated viable and healthy cells showing normal behavior in these networks. Anti-ICAM-1 conjugated 2-mum microspheres adhered to BAEC cells activated with TNF-alpha in significantly larger numbers compared to control IgG conjugated microspheres. This preferential adhesion suggests that cultured cells retain an intact cytokine response in the SMN. This microfluidic system can provide novel insight into characterization of drug delivery particles and dynamic flow conditions in microvascular networks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jenna M Rosano
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Temple University, 1947 N. 12th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Kerby MB, Urban JC, Mouallem L, Tripathi A. Circulating IgSF Proteins Inhibit Adhesion of Antibody Targeted Microspheres to Endothelial Inflammatory Ligands. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2009; 159:208-20. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-008-8474-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2008] [Accepted: 12/03/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
26
|
Simone E, Ding BS, Muzykantov V. Targeted delivery of therapeutics to endothelium. Cell Tissue Res 2008; 335:283-300. [PMID: 18815813 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-008-0676-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2008] [Accepted: 08/18/2008] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The endothelium is a target for therapeutic and diagnostic interventions in a plethora of human disease conditions including ischemia, inflammation, edema, oxidative stress, thrombosis and hemorrhage, and metabolic and oncological diseases. Unfortunately, drugs have no affinity to the endothelium, thereby limiting the localization, timing, specificity, safety, and effectiveness of therapeutic interventions. Molecular determinants on the surface of resting and pathologically altered endothelial cells, including cell adhesion molecules, peptidases, and receptors involved in endocytosis, can be used for drug delivery to the endothelial surface and into intracellular compartments. Drug delivery platforms such as protein conjugates, recombinant fusion constructs, targeted liposomes, and stealth polymer carriers have been designed to target drugs and imaging agents to these determinants. We review endothelial target determinants and drug delivery systems, describe parameters that control the binding of drug carriers to the endothelium, and provide examples of the endothelial targeting of therapeutic enzymes designed for the treatment of acute vascular disorders including ischemia, oxidative stress, inflammation, and thrombosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Simone
- Department of Bioengineering, Program in Targeted Therapeutics of Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Lee BPL, Imhof BA. Lymphocyte transmigration in the brain: a new way of thinking. Nat Immunol 2008; 9:117-8. [PMID: 18204421 DOI: 10.1038/ni0208-117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
28
|
Riffell JA, Zimmer RK. Sex and flow: the consequences of fluid shear for sperm–egg interactions. J Exp Biol 2007; 210:3644-60. [PMID: 17921166 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.008516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARYFertilization is a complex interaction among biological traits of gametes and physical properties of the fluid environment. At the scale of fertilization (0.01–1 mm), sperm encounter eggs while being transported within a laminar (or viscous) shear flow. Varying laminar-shear in a Taylor-Couette flow tank, our experiments simulated important aspects of small-scale turbulence within the natural habitats of red abalone(Haliotis rufescens), a large marine mollusk and external fertilizer. Behavioral interactions between individual cells, sperm–egg encounter rates, and fertilization success were quantified, simultaneously, using a custom-built infrared laser and computer-assisted video imaging system. Relative to still water, sperm swam faster and moved towards an egg surface,but only in comparatively slow flows. Encounter rate, swim speed and orientation, and fertilization success each peaked at the lowest shear tested(0.1 s–1), and then decayed as shear increased beyond 1.0 s–1. The decay did not result, however, from damage to either sperm or eggs. Analytical and numerical models were used to estimate the propulsive force generated by sperm swimming (Fswim) and the shear force produced by fluid motion within the vicinity of a rotating egg(Fshear). To first order, male gametes were modeled as prolate spheroids. The ratio Fswim/Fshear was useful in explaining sperm–egg interactions. At low shears where Fswim/Fshear>1, sperm swam towards eggs, encounter rates were pronounced, and fertilization success was very high; behavior overpowered fluid motion. In contrast, sperm swimming,encounter rate and fertilization success all decayed rapidly when Fswim/Fshear<1; fluid motion dominated behavior. The shears maximizing fertilization success in the lab typically characterized natural flow microenvironments of spawning red abalone. Gamete behavior thus emerges as a critical determinant of sexual reproduction in the turbulent sea.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A. Riffell
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California,Los Angeles, CA 90095-1606, USA
| | - Richard K. Zimmer
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California,Los Angeles, CA 90095-1606, USA
- Neurosciences Program and Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1606, USA
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Wacker BK, Alford SK, Scott EA, Das Thakur M, Longmore GD, Elbert DL. Endothelial cell migration on RGD-peptide-containing PEG hydrogels in the presence of sphingosine 1-phosphate. Biophys J 2007; 94:273-85. [PMID: 17827231 PMCID: PMC2134859 DOI: 10.1529/biophysj.107.109074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) is a potent chemokinetic agent for endothelial cells that is released by activated platelets. We previously developed Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD)-containing polyethylene glycol biomaterials for the controlled delivery of S1P to promote endothelialization. Here, we studied the effects of cell adhesion strength on S1P-stimulated endothelial cell migration in the presence of arterial levels of fluid shear stress, since an upward shift in optimal cell adhesion strengths may be beneficial for promoting long-term cell adhesion to materials. Two RGD peptides with different integrin-binding specificities were added to the polyethylene glycol hydrogels. A linear RGD bound primarily to beta(3) integrins, whereas a cyclic RGD bound through both beta(1) and beta(3) integrins. We observed increased focal adhesion formation and better long-term adhesion in flow with endothelial cells on linear RGD peptide, versus cyclic RGD, even though initial adhesion strengths were higher for cells on cyclic RGD. Addition of 100 nM S1P increased cell speed and random motility coefficients on both RGD peptides, with the largest increases found on cyclic RGD. For both peptides, much of the increase in cell migration speed was found for smaller cells (<1522 microm(2) projected area), although the large increases on cyclic RGD were also due to medium-sized cells (2288-3519 microm(2)). Overall, a compromise between high cell migration rates and long-term adhesion will be important in the design of materials that endothelialize after implantation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bradley K Wacker
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Center for Materials Innovation, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Smith LA, Aranda-Espinoza H, Haun JB, Dembo M, Hammer DA. Neutrophil traction stresses are concentrated in the uropod during migration. Biophys J 2007; 92:L58-60. [PMID: 17218464 PMCID: PMC1864841 DOI: 10.1529/biophysj.106.102822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We find that in contrast to strongly adherent, slow moving cells such as fibroblasts, neutrophils exert contractile stresses largely in the rear of the cell (uropod) relative to the direction of motion. Rather than the leading edge pulling the cell, the rear is both anchoring the cell and the area in which the contractile forces are concentrated. These tractions rapidly reorient themselves during a turn, on a timescale of seconds to minutes, and their repositioning precedes and sets the direction of motion during a turn. We find the total average root mean-squared traction force to be 28+/-10 nN during chemokinesis, and 67+/-10 nN during chemotaxis. We hypothesize that the contraction forces in the back of the neutrophil not only break uropodial adhesive contacts but also create a rearward squeezing contractility, as seen in amoeboid or amoeboidlike cells and the formation of blebs in cells, causing a flow of intracellular material to the fluidlike lamellipod. Our findings suggest an entirely new model of neutrophil locomotion.
Collapse
|