1
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Bernard C, Carotenuto AR, Pugno NM, Fraldi M, Deseri L. Modelling lipid rafts formation through chemo-mechanical interplay triggered by receptor-ligand binding. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2024; 23:485-505. [PMID: 38060155 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-023-01787-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Cell membranes, mediator of many biological mechanisms from adhesion and metabolism up to mutation and infection, are highly dynamic and heterogeneous environments exhibiting a strong coupling between biochemical events and structural re-organisation. This involves conformational changes induced, at lower scales, by lipid order transitions and by the micro-mechanical interplay of lipids with transmembrane proteins and molecular diffusion. Particular attention is focused on lipid rafts, ordered lipid microdomains rich of signalling proteins, that co-localise to enhance substance trafficking and activate different intracellular biochemical pathways. In this framework, the theoretical modelling of the dynamic clustering of lipid rafts implies a full multiphysics coupling between the kinetics of phase changes and the mechanical work performed by transmembrane proteins on lipids, involving the bilayer elasticity. This mechanism produces complex interspecific dynamics in which membrane stresses and chemical potentials do compete by determining different morphological arrangements, alteration in diffusive walkways and coalescence phenomena, with a consequent influence on both signalling potential and intracellular processes. Therefore, after identifying the leading chemo-mechanical interactions, the present work investigates from a modelling perspective the spatio-temporal evolution of raft domains to theoretically explain co-localisation and synergy between proteins' activation and raft formation, by coupling diffusive and mechanical phenomena to observe different morphological patterns and clustering of ordered lipids. This could help to gain new insights into the remodelling of cell membranes and could potentially suggest mechanically based strategies to control their selectivity, by orienting intracellular functions and mechanotransduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Bernard
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Mechanical Engineering, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Angelo Rosario Carotenuto
- Department of Structures for Engineering and Architecture, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
- Laboratory of Integrated Mechanics and Imaging for Testing and Simulation (LIMITS), University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Nicola Maria Pugno
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Mechanical Engineering, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
- Laboratory for Bioinspired, Bionic, Nano, Meta Materials and Mechanics, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Massimiliano Fraldi
- Department of Structures for Engineering and Architecture, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
- Laboratory of Integrated Mechanics and Imaging for Testing and Simulation (LIMITS), University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
- Département de Physique, LPENS, École Normale Supérieure-PSL, Paris, France
| | - Luca Deseri
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Mechanical Engineering, University of Trento, Trento, Italy.
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Material Sciences, MEMS-SSoE, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA.
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, USA.
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, USA.
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2
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Ma S, Ding R, Cao J, Liu Z, Li A, Pei D. Mitochondria transfer reverses the inhibitory effects of low stiffness on osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells. Eur J Cell Biol 2023; 102:151297. [PMID: 36791653 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2023.151297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Microenvironment biophysical factors such as matrix stiffness can noticeably affect the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). In this mechanobiology transduction process, mitochondria are shown to be an active participant. The present study aims to systematically elucidate the phenotypic and functional changes of mitochondria during the stiffness-mediated osteogenic differentiation. Additionally, the effect of mitochondria transfer on the osteogenesis of impaired MSCs caused by stiffness was investigated. Human periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) were used as model cells in the current study. Low stiffness restrained the cell spreading and significantly inhibited the proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of PDLSCs. Mitochondria of PDLSCs cultured on low stiffness exhibited shorter length, rounded shape, fusion/fission imbalance, ROS and mitophagy level increase, and ATP production reduction. The inhibited mitochondria function and osteogenic differentiation capacity were recovered to near-normal levels after transferring the mitochondria of PDLSCs cultured on the high stiffness. This study indicated that low matrix stiffness altered the mitochondrial morphology and induced systematical mitochondrial dysfunction during the osteogenic differentiation of MSCs. Mitochondria transfer was proved to be a feasible technique for maintaining MSCs function in vitro by reversing the osteogenesis ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoyang Ma
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Rui Ding
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jiao Cao
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhongbo Liu
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ang Li
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Dandan Pei
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
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3
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Liu G, Li J, Wu C. Reciprocal regulation of actin filaments and cellular metabolism. Eur J Cell Biol 2022; 101:151281. [PMID: 36343493 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2022.151281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
For cells to adhere, migrate and proliferate, remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton is required. This process consumes a large amount of ATP while having an intimate connection with cellular metabolism. Signaling pathways that regulate energy homeostasis can also affect actin dynamics, whereas a variety of actin binding proteins directly or indirectly interact with the anabolic and catabolic regulators in cells. Here, we discuss the inter-regulation between actin filaments and cellular metabolism, reviewing recent discoveries on key metabolic enzymes that respond to actin remodeling as well as historical findings on metabolic stress-induced cytoskeletal reorganization. We also address emerging techniques that would benefit the study of cytoskeletal dynamics and cellular metabolism in high spatial-temporal resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geyao Liu
- Institute of Systems Biomedicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jiayi Li
- Institute of Systems Biomedicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Congying Wu
- Institute of Systems Biomedicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China; International Cancer Institute, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China.
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4
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Woo JH, Park SJ, Park SM, Joe E, Jou I. Interleukin‐6 signaling requires EHD1‐mediated alteration of membrane rafts. FEBS J 2022; 289:5914-5932. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.16458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Joo Hong Woo
- Inflamm‐aging Translational Research Center Ajou University School of Medicine Suwon Korea
| | - Soo Jung Park
- Inflamm‐aging Translational Research Center Ajou University School of Medicine Suwon Korea
| | - Sang Myun Park
- Department of Pharmacology Ajou University School of Medicine Suwon Korea
- Center for Convergence Research of Neurological Disorders Ajou University School of Medicine Suwon Korea
| | - Eun‐hye Joe
- Department of Pharmacology Ajou University School of Medicine Suwon Korea
- Center for Convergence Research of Neurological Disorders Ajou University School of Medicine Suwon Korea
| | - Ilo Jou
- Inflamm‐aging Translational Research Center Ajou University School of Medicine Suwon Korea
- Department of Pharmacology Ajou University School of Medicine Suwon Korea
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5
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De Zotti M. Bloody spin: I caught you at last. Biophys J 2022; 121:1352-1353. [PMID: 35316644 PMCID: PMC9072572 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2022.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Marta De Zotti
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
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6
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Hall D, Foster AS. Practical considerations for feature assignment in high-speed AFM of live cell membranes. Biophys Physicobiol 2022; 19:1-21. [PMID: 35797405 PMCID: PMC9173863 DOI: 10.2142/biophysico.bppb-v19.0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Damien Hall
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute, Kanazawa University
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7
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Palaia I, Paraschiv A, Debets VE, Storm C, Šarić A. Durotaxis of Passive Nanoparticles on Elastic Membranes. ACS NANO 2021; 15:15794-15802. [PMID: 34550677 DOI: 10.1101/2021.04.01.438065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The transport of macromolecules and nanoscopic particles to a target cellular site is a crucial aspect in many physiological processes. This directional motion is generally controlled via active mechanical and chemical processes. Here we show, by means of molecular dynamics simulations and an analytical theory, that completely passive nanoparticles can exhibit directional motion when embedded in nonuniform mechanical environments. Specifically, we study the motion of a passive nanoparticle adhering to a mechanically nonuniform elastic membrane. We observe a nonmonotonic affinity of the particle to the membrane as a function of the membrane's rigidity, which results in the particle transport. This transport can be both up or down the rigidity gradient, depending on the absolute values of the rigidities that the gradient spans across. We conclude that rigidity gradients can be used to direct average motion of passive macromolecules and nanoparticles on deformable membranes, resulting in the preferential accumulation of the macromolecules in regions of certain mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Palaia
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Alexandru Paraschiv
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Vincent E Debets
- Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis Storm
- Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Anđela Šarić
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
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8
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Palaia I, Paraschiv A, Debets VE, Storm C, Šarić A. Durotaxis of Passive Nanoparticles on Elastic Membranes. ACS NANO 2021; 15:15794-15802. [PMID: 34550677 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c02777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The transport of macromolecules and nanoscopic particles to a target cellular site is a crucial aspect in many physiological processes. This directional motion is generally controlled via active mechanical and chemical processes. Here we show, by means of molecular dynamics simulations and an analytical theory, that completely passive nanoparticles can exhibit directional motion when embedded in nonuniform mechanical environments. Specifically, we study the motion of a passive nanoparticle adhering to a mechanically nonuniform elastic membrane. We observe a nonmonotonic affinity of the particle to the membrane as a function of the membrane's rigidity, which results in the particle transport. This transport can be both up or down the rigidity gradient, depending on the absolute values of the rigidities that the gradient spans across. We conclude that rigidity gradients can be used to direct average motion of passive macromolecules and nanoparticles on deformable membranes, resulting in the preferential accumulation of the macromolecules in regions of certain mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Palaia
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Alexandru Paraschiv
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Vincent E Debets
- Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis Storm
- Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Anđela Šarić
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
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9
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Clarke GA, Hartse BX, Niaraki Asli AE, Taghavimehr M, Hashemi N, Abbasi Shirsavar M, Montazami R, Alimoradi N, Nasirian V, Ouedraogo LJ, Hashemi NN. Advancement of Sensor Integrated Organ-on-Chip Devices. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 21:1367. [PMID: 33671996 PMCID: PMC7922590 DOI: 10.3390/s21041367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Organ-on-chip devices have provided the pharmaceutical and tissue engineering worlds much hope since they arrived and began to grow in sophistication. However, limitations for their applicability were soon realized as they lacked real-time monitoring and sensing capabilities. The users of these devices relied solely on endpoint analysis for the results of their tests, which created a chasm in the understanding of life between the lab the natural world. However, this gap is being bridged with sensors that are integrated into organ-on-chip devices. This review goes in-depth on different sensing methods, giving examples for various research on mechanical, electrical resistance, and bead-based sensors, and the prospects of each. Furthermore, the review covers works conducted that use specific sensors for oxygen, and various metabolites to characterize cellular behavior and response in real-time. Together, the outline of these works gives a thorough analysis of the design methodology and sophistication of the current sensor integrated organ-on-chips.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel A. Clarke
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (G.A.C.); (B.X.H.); (A.E.N.A.); (M.T.); (M.A.S.); (R.M.); (N.A.); (V.N.); (L.J.O.)
| | - Brenna X. Hartse
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (G.A.C.); (B.X.H.); (A.E.N.A.); (M.T.); (M.A.S.); (R.M.); (N.A.); (V.N.); (L.J.O.)
| | - Amir Ehsan Niaraki Asli
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (G.A.C.); (B.X.H.); (A.E.N.A.); (M.T.); (M.A.S.); (R.M.); (N.A.); (V.N.); (L.J.O.)
| | - Mehrnoosh Taghavimehr
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (G.A.C.); (B.X.H.); (A.E.N.A.); (M.T.); (M.A.S.); (R.M.); (N.A.); (V.N.); (L.J.O.)
| | - Niloofar Hashemi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran 11365, Iran;
| | - Mehran Abbasi Shirsavar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (G.A.C.); (B.X.H.); (A.E.N.A.); (M.T.); (M.A.S.); (R.M.); (N.A.); (V.N.); (L.J.O.)
| | - Reza Montazami
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (G.A.C.); (B.X.H.); (A.E.N.A.); (M.T.); (M.A.S.); (R.M.); (N.A.); (V.N.); (L.J.O.)
| | - Nima Alimoradi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (G.A.C.); (B.X.H.); (A.E.N.A.); (M.T.); (M.A.S.); (R.M.); (N.A.); (V.N.); (L.J.O.)
| | - Vahid Nasirian
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (G.A.C.); (B.X.H.); (A.E.N.A.); (M.T.); (M.A.S.); (R.M.); (N.A.); (V.N.); (L.J.O.)
| | - Lionel J. Ouedraogo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (G.A.C.); (B.X.H.); (A.E.N.A.); (M.T.); (M.A.S.); (R.M.); (N.A.); (V.N.); (L.J.O.)
| | - Nicole N. Hashemi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (G.A.C.); (B.X.H.); (A.E.N.A.); (M.T.); (M.A.S.); (R.M.); (N.A.); (V.N.); (L.J.O.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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10
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Müller DJ, Dumitru AC, Lo Giudice C, Gaub HE, Hinterdorfer P, Hummer G, De Yoreo JJ, Dufrêne YF, Alsteens D. Atomic Force Microscopy-Based Force Spectroscopy and Multiparametric Imaging of Biomolecular and Cellular Systems. Chem Rev 2020; 121:11701-11725. [PMID: 33166471 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
During the last three decades, a series of key technological improvements turned atomic force microscopy (AFM) into a nanoscopic laboratory to directly observe and chemically characterize molecular and cell biological systems under physiological conditions. Here, we review key technological improvements that have established AFM as an analytical tool to observe and quantify native biological systems from the micro- to the nanoscale. Native biological systems include living tissues, cells, and cellular components such as single or complexed proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, or sugars. We showcase the procedures to customize nanoscopic chemical laboratories by functionalizing AFM tips and outline the advantages and limitations in applying different AFM modes to chemically image, sense, and manipulate biosystems at (sub)nanometer spatial and millisecond temporal resolution. We further discuss theoretical approaches to extract the kinetic and thermodynamic parameters of specific biomolecular interactions detected by AFM for single bonds and extend the discussion to multiple bonds. Finally, we highlight the potential of combining AFM with optical microscopy and spectroscopy to address the full complexity of biological systems and to tackle fundamental challenges in life sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Müller
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zürich, Mattenstrasse 28, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andra C Dumitru
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Croix du Sud, 4-5, bte L7.07.07, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Cristina Lo Giudice
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Croix du Sud, 4-5, bte L7.07.07, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Hermann E Gaub
- Applied Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Amalienstrasse 54, 80799 München, Germany
| | - Peter Hinterdorfer
- Institute of Biophysics, Johannes Kepler University of Linz, Gruberstrasse 40, 4020 Linz, Austria
| | - Gerhard Hummer
- Department of Theoretical Biophysics, Max Planck Institute of Biophysics and Department of Physics, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - James J De Yoreo
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Yves F Dufrêne
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Croix du Sud, 4-5, bte L7.07.07, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - David Alsteens
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Croix du Sud, 4-5, bte L7.07.07, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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11
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Niu L, Jia Y, Wu M, Liu H, Feng Y, Hu Y, Zhang X, Gao D, Xu F, Huang G. Matrix stiffness controls cardiac fibroblast activation through regulating YAP via AT 1 R. J Cell Physiol 2020; 235:8345-8357. [PMID: 32239716 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac fibrosis is a common pathway leading to heart failure and involves continued activation of cardiac fibroblasts (CFs) into myofibroblasts during myocardium damage, causing excessive deposition of the extracellular matrix (ECM) and thus increases matrix stiffness. Increasing evidence has shown that stiffened matrix plays an important role in promoting CF activation and cardiac fibrosis, and several signaling factors mediating CF mechanotransduction have been identified. However, the key molecules that perceive matrix stiffness to regulate CF activation remain to be further explored. Here, we detected significantly increased expression and nuclear localization of Yes-associated protein (YAP) in native fibrotic cardiac tissues. By using mechanically regulated in vitro cell culture models, we found that a stiff matrix-induced high expression and nuclear localization of YAP in CFs, accompanied by enhanced cell activation. We also demonstrated that YAP knockdown decreased fibrogenic response of CFs and that YAP overexpression promoted CF activation, indicating that YAP plays an important role in mediating matrix stiffness-induced CF activation. Further mechanistic studies revealed that the YAP pathway is an important signaling branch downstream of angiotensin II type 1 receptor in CF mechanotransduction. The findings help elucidate the mechanism of fibrotic mechanotransduction and may contribute to the development of new approaches for treating fibrotic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lele Niu
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yuanbo Jia
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Mian Wu
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Han Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yanjing Feng
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yan Hu
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaohui Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Dengfeng Gao
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Feng Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Guoyou Huang
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Department of Engineering Mechanics, School of Civil Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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12
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Navarro-Hernandez IC, López-Ortega O, Acevedo-Ochoa E, Cervantes-Díaz R, Romero-Ramírez S, Sosa-Hernández VA, Meza-Sánchez DE, Juárez-Vega G, Pérez-Martínez CA, Chávez-Munguía B, Galván-Hernández A, Antillón A, Ortega-Blake I, Santos-Argumedo L, Hernández-Hernández JM, Maravillas-Montero JL. Tetraspanin 33 (TSPAN33) regulates endocytosis and migration of human B lymphocytes by affecting the tension of the plasma membrane. FEBS J 2020; 287:3449-3471. [PMID: 31958362 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
B lymphocytes are a leukocyte subset capable of developing several functions apart from differentiating into antibody-secreting cells. These processes are triggered by external activation signals that induce changes in the plasma membrane properties, regulated by the formation of different lipid-bilayer subdomains that are associated with the underlying cytoskeleton through different linker molecules, thus allowing the functional specialization of regions within the membrane. Among these, there are tetraspanin-enriched domains. Tetraspanins constitute a superfamily of transmembrane proteins that establish lateral associations with other molecules, determining its activity and localization. In this study, we identified TSPAN33 as an active player during B-lymphocyte cytoskeleton and plasma membrane-related phenomena, including protrusion formation, adhesion, phagocytosis, and cell motility. By using an overexpression model of TSPAN33 in human Raji cells, we detected a specific distribution of this protein that includes membrane microvilli, the Golgi apparatus, and extracellular vesicles. Additionally, we identified diminished phagocytic ability and altered cell adhesion properties due to the aberrant expression of integrins. Accordingly, these cells presented an enhanced migratory phenotype, as shown by its augmented chemotaxis and invasion rates. When we evaluated the mechanic response of cells during fibronectin-induced spreading, we found that TSPAN33 expression inhibited changes in roughness and membrane tension. Contrariwise, TSPAN33 knockdown cells displayed opposite phenotypes to those observed in the overexpression model. Altogether, our data indicate that TSPAN33 represents a regulatory element of the adhesion and migration of B lymphocytes, suggesting a novel implication of this tetraspanin in the control of the mechanical properties of their plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itze C Navarro-Hernandez
- Red de Apoyo a la Investigación, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México e Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico.,Departamento de Biología Celular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Orestes López-Ortega
- Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ernesto Acevedo-Ochoa
- Red de Apoyo a la Investigación, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México e Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico.,Unidad de Investigación Médica en Inmunoquímica, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico
| | - Rodrigo Cervantes-Díaz
- Red de Apoyo a la Investigación, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México e Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico.,Facultad De Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma De México, Mexico
| | - Sandra Romero-Ramírez
- Red de Apoyo a la Investigación, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México e Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico.,Facultad De Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma De México, Mexico
| | - Víctor A Sosa-Hernández
- Red de Apoyo a la Investigación, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México e Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico.,Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - David E Meza-Sánchez
- Red de Apoyo a la Investigación, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México e Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico
| | - Guillermo Juárez-Vega
- Red de Apoyo a la Investigación, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México e Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico
| | - César A Pérez-Martínez
- Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Bibiana Chávez-Munguía
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Armando Antillón
- Instituto de Ciencias Físicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Iván Ortega-Blake
- Instituto de Ciencias Físicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Leopoldo Santos-Argumedo
- Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - José M Hernández-Hernández
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - José L Maravillas-Montero
- Red de Apoyo a la Investigación, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México e Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico
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13
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Abstract
AbstractAtomic force microscopy (AFM) has been widely used to acquire surface topography upon different scanning modes and to quantify mechanical properties of a cell using single-point ramp force mode. However, these traditional measurements need massive force curves originating from multiple points of a cell to exclude the potential errors resulted from limited and factitious selections of testing points, making the measurements time-consuming and highly localized. PeakForce Quantitative NanoMechanics (PF QNM) is a high-speed (faster by 3–4 order of magnitude) and global surface mechanical property mapping method with high spatial resolution, overcoming the drawbacks of traditional ramp mode especially used for a live cell with high heterogeneity. In this protocol, we elaborated how to run PF QNM measurements for live cells and relevant modification may be needed when extending this method to other cell-like soft materials.
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14
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Janel S, Popoff M, Barois N, Werkmeister E, Divoux S, Perez F, Lafont F. Stiffness tomography of eukaryotic intracellular compartments by atomic force microscopy. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:10320-10328. [PMID: 31106790 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr08955h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Precise localization and biophysical characterization of cellular structures is a key to the understanding of biological processes happening both inside the cell and at the cell surface. Atomic force microscopy is a powerful tool to study the cell surface - topography, elasticity, viscosity, interactions - and also the viscoelastic behavior of the underlying cytoplasm, cytoskeleton or the nucleus. Here, we demonstrate the ability of atomic force microscopy to also map and characterize organelles and microorganisms inside cells, at the nanoscale, by combining stiffness tomography with super-resolution fluorescence and electron microscopy. By using this correlative approach, we could both identify and characterize intracellular compartments. The validation of this approach was performed by monitoring the stiffening effect according to the metabolic status of the mitochondria in living cells in real-time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Janel
- Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, CNRS UMR 8204, INSERM U1019, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Univ Lille, F-59000 Lille, France.
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15
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Zhang L, Zhao L, Ouyang PK, Chen P. Insight into the role of cholesterol in modulation of morphology and mechanical properties of CHO-K1 cells: An in situ AFM study. Front Chem Sci Eng 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11705-018-1775-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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16
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Sarem M, Otto O, Tanaka S, Shastri VP. Cell number in mesenchymal stem cell aggregates dictates cell stiffness and chondrogenesis. Stem Cell Res Ther 2019; 10:10. [PMID: 30630531 PMCID: PMC6329065 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-018-1103-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Although mesenchymal stem/stromal cell (MSC) chondrogenic differentiation has been thoroughly investigated, the rudiments for enhancing chondrogenesis have remained largely dependent on external cues. Focus to date has been on extrinsic variables such as soluble signals, culture conditions (bioreactors), and mechanical stimulation. However, the role of intrinsic mechanisms of MSC programming-based mechanobiology remains to be explored. Since aggregation of MSCs, a prerequisite for chondrogenesis, generates tension within the cell agglomerate, we inquired if the initial number of cells forming the aggregate (aggregate cell number (ACN)) can impact chondrogenesis. Methods Aggregates of varying ACN were formed using well-established centrifugation approach. Progression of chondrogenic differentiation in the aggregates was assessed over 3 weeks in presence and absence of transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1). Mechanical properties of the cells were characterized using high-throughput real-time deformability cytometry (RT-DC), and gene expression was analyzed using Affymetrix gene array. Expression of molecular markers linked to chondrogenesis was assessed using western blot and immunofluorescence. Results Reducing ACN from 500 k to 70 k lead to activation and acceleration of the chondrogenic differentiation, independent of soluble chondro-inductive factors, which involves changes to β-catenin-dependent TCF/LEF transcriptional activity and expression of anti-apoptotic protein survivin. RT-DC analysis revealed that stiffness and size of cells within aggregates are modulated by ACN. A direct correlation between progression of chondrogenesis and emergence of stiffer cell phenotype was found. Affymetrix gene array analysis revealed a downregulation of genes associated with lipid synthesis and regulation, which could account for observed changes in cell stiffness. Immunofluorescence and western blot analysis revealed that increasing ACN upregulates the expression of lipid raft protein caveolin-1, a β-catenin binding partner, and downregulates the expression of N-cadherin. As a demonstration of the relevance of these findings in MSC-based strategies for skeletal repair, it is shown that implanting aggregates within collagenous matrix not only decreases the necessity for high cell numbers but also leads to marked improvement in the quality of the deposited tissue. Conclusions This study presents a simple and donor-independent strategy to enhance the efficiency of MSC chondrogenic differentiation and identifies changes in cell mechanics coincident with MSC chondrogenesis with potential translational applications. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13287-018-1103-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melika Sarem
- Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry, University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier Str.31, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.,BIOSS Centre for Biological Signaling Studies, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.,Helmholtz Virtual Institute on Multifunctional Biomaterials for Medicine, Kantstr. 55, 14513, Teltow, Germany
| | - Oliver Otto
- Centre for Innovation Competence - Humoral Immune Response in Cardiovascular Diseases, University of Greifswald, Fleischmannstr. 42-44, 17489, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Simon Tanaka
- Computational Biology Group, D-BSSE, ETH Zürich, Mattenstrasse 26, 4058, Basel, Switzerland
| | - V Prasad Shastri
- Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry, University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier Str.31, 79104, Freiburg, Germany. .,BIOSS Centre for Biological Signaling Studies, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany. .,Helmholtz Virtual Institute on Multifunctional Biomaterials for Medicine, Kantstr. 55, 14513, Teltow, Germany.
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17
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Pollet H, Conrard L, Cloos AS, Tyteca D. Plasma Membrane Lipid Domains as Platforms for Vesicle Biogenesis and Shedding? Biomolecules 2018; 8:E94. [PMID: 30223513 PMCID: PMC6164003 DOI: 10.3390/biom8030094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) contribute to several pathophysiological processes and appear as emerging targets for disease diagnosis and therapy. However, successful translation from bench to bedside requires deeper understanding of EVs, in particular their diversity, composition, biogenesis and shedding mechanisms. In this review, we focus on plasma membrane-derived microvesicles (MVs), far less appreciated than exosomes. We integrate documented mechanisms involved in MV biogenesis and shedding, focusing on the red blood cell as a model. We then provide a perspective for the relevance of plasma membrane lipid composition and biophysical properties in microvesiculation on red blood cells but also platelets, immune and nervous cells as well as tumor cells. Although only a few data are available in this respect, most of them appear to converge to the idea that modulation of plasma membrane lipid content, transversal asymmetry and lateral heterogeneity in lipid domains may play a significant role in the vesiculation process. We suggest that lipid domains may represent platforms for inclusion/exclusion of membrane lipids and proteins into MVs and that MVs could originate from distinct domains during physiological processes and disease evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Pollet
- CELL Unit, de Duve Institute & Université Catholique de Louvain, UCL B1.75.05, Avenue Hippocrate, 75, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Louise Conrard
- CELL Unit, de Duve Institute & Université Catholique de Louvain, UCL B1.75.05, Avenue Hippocrate, 75, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Anne-Sophie Cloos
- CELL Unit, de Duve Institute & Université Catholique de Louvain, UCL B1.75.05, Avenue Hippocrate, 75, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Donatienne Tyteca
- CELL Unit, de Duve Institute & Université Catholique de Louvain, UCL B1.75.05, Avenue Hippocrate, 75, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium.
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18
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AFM contribution to unveil pro- and eukaryotic cell mechanical properties. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2018; 73:177-187. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Revised: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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19
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Ezrin enhances line tension along transcellular tunnel edges via NMIIa driven actomyosin cable formation. Nat Commun 2017. [PMID: 28643776 PMCID: PMC5490010 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Transendothelial cell macroaperture (TEM) tunnels control endothelium barrier function and are triggered by several toxins from pathogenic bacteria that provoke vascular leakage. Cellular dewetting theory predicted that a line tension of uncharacterized origin works at TEM boundaries to limit their widening. Here, by conducting high-resolution microscopy approaches we unveil the presence of an actomyosin cable encircling TEMs. We develop a theoretical cellular dewetting framework to interpret TEM physical parameters that are quantitatively determined by laser ablation experiments. This establishes the critical role of ezrin and non-muscle myosin II (NMII) in the progressive implementation of line tension. Mechanistically, fluorescence-recovery-after-photobleaching experiments point for the upstream role of ezrin in stabilizing actin filaments at the edges of TEMs, thereby favouring their crosslinking by NMIIa. Collectively, our findings ascribe to ezrin and NMIIa a critical function of enhancing line tension at the cell boundary surrounding the TEMs by promoting the formation of an actomyosin ring.
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20
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Saha AK, Osmulski P, Dallo SF, Gaczynska M, Huang THM, Ramasubramanian AK. Cholesterol Regulates Monocyte Rolling through CD44 Distribution. Biophys J 2017; 112:1481-1488. [PMID: 28402890 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2017.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Revised: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol is an important risk factor of atherosclerosis, due to its active uptake by monocytes/macrophages. Monocyte recruitment from flowing blood to atherosclerotic foci is the key first step in the development of atherosclerosis. Cholesterol content alters cell membrane stiffness, and lateral lipid and protein diffusion. We hypothesized that cholesterol content will modulate the recruitment of monocytes to inflamed endothelial surface by altering the dynamics of adhesion receptors. We depleted or enriched the cellular cholesterol levels using methyl-β-cyclodextran in freshly isolated human monocytes. We investigated the effect of these changes on the mechanics of monocyte rolling on E-selectin surfaces at 1 dyn/cm2 in microchannels. Using imaging flow cytometry and atomic force microscopy, we characterized the distribution of lipid rafts and the E-selectin counterreceptor CD44 on the monocyte surface. We observed that lower levels of cholesterol resulted in the uniform, CD44-mediated rolling of monocytes on the E-selectin-coated surfaces. We also observed that cells depleted of cholesterol had higher membrane fluidity, and more uniform distribution of CD44 counterreceptor, which resulted in smooth motion of the cells compared to cells enriched with cholesterol. This work demonstrates that cholesterol can modulate monocyte adhesion by regulating the receptor mobility, and our results provide insights into the biophysical regulation of inflammation for the better understanding of diseases like atherosclerosis and hypercholesterolemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit K Saha
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Pawel Osmulski
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Shatha F Dallo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Maria Gaczynska
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Tim H-M Huang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Anand K Ramasubramanian
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas; Department of Biomedical, Chemical and Materials Engineering, San José State University, San José, California.
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21
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Janel S, Werkmeister E, Bongiovanni A, Lafont F, Barois N. CLAFEM: Correlative light atomic force electron microscopy. Methods Cell Biol 2017; 140:165-185. [PMID: 28528632 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2017.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is becoming increasingly used in the biology field. It can give highly accurate topography and biomechanical quantitative data, such as adhesion, elasticity, and viscosity, on living samples. Nowadays, correlative light electron microscopy is a must-have tool in the biology field that combines different microscopy techniques to spatially and temporally analyze the structure and function of a single sample. Here, we describe the combination of AFM with superresolution light microscopy and electron microscopy. We named this technique correlative light atomic force electron microscopy (CLAFEM) in which AFM can be used on fixed and living cells in association with superresolution light microscopy and further processed for transmission or scanning electron microscopy. We herein illustrate this approach to observe cellular bacterial infection and cytoskeleton. We show that CLAFEM brings complementary information at the cellular level, from on the one hand protein distribution and topography at the nanometer scale and on the other hand elasticity at the piconewton scales to fine ultrastructural details.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Janel
- Univ. Lille, CNRS UMR 8204, Inserm U1019, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille - CIIL - Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Elisabeth Werkmeister
- Univ. Lille, CNRS UMR 8204, Inserm U1019, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille - CIIL - Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Antonino Bongiovanni
- Univ. Lille, CNRS UMR 8204, Inserm U1019, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille - CIIL - Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Frank Lafont
- Univ. Lille, CNRS UMR 8204, Inserm U1019, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille - CIIL - Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Nicolas Barois
- Univ. Lille, CNRS UMR 8204, Inserm U1019, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille - CIIL - Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
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22
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Dufrêne YF, Ando T, Garcia R, Alsteens D, Martinez-Martin D, Engel A, Gerber C, Müller DJ. Imaging modes of atomic force microscopy for application in molecular and cell biology. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 12:295-307. [PMID: 28383040 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2017.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 478] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is a powerful, multifunctional imaging platform that allows biological samples, from single molecules to living cells, to be visualized and manipulated. Soon after the instrument was invented, it was recognized that in order to maximize the opportunities of AFM imaging in biology, various technological developments would be required to address certain limitations of the method. This has led to the creation of a range of new imaging modes, which continue to push the capabilities of the technique today. Here, we review the basic principles, advantages and limitations of the most common AFM bioimaging modes, including the popular contact and dynamic modes, as well as recently developed modes such as multiparametric, molecular recognition, multifrequency and high-speed imaging. For each of these modes, we discuss recent experiments that highlight their unique capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yves F Dufrêne
- Institute of Life Sciences and Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and Biotechnology (WELBIO), Université catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud 4-5, bte L7.07.06., B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Toshio Ando
- Department of Physics, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Ricardo Garcia
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, CSIC, Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - David Alsteens
- Institute of Life Sciences and Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and Biotechnology (WELBIO), Université catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud 4-5, bte L7.07.06., B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - David Martinez-Martin
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zürich, Mattenstrasse 28, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Engel
- Department of BioNanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Christoph Gerber
- Swiss Nanoscience Institute, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 80, 4057 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Daniel J Müller
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zürich, Mattenstrasse 28, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
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23
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Steuer A, Wende K, Babica P, Kolb JF. Elasticity and tumorigenic characteristics of cells in a monolayer after nanosecond pulsed electric field exposure. EUROPEAN BIOPHYSICS JOURNAL: EBJ 2017; 46:567-580. [PMID: 28365791 DOI: 10.1007/s00249-017-1205-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Nanosecond pulsed electric fields (nsPEFs) applied to cells can induce different biological effects depending on pulse duration and field strength. One known process is the induction of apoptosis whereby nsPEFs are currently investigated as a novel cancer therapy. Another and probably related change is the breakdown of the cytoskeleton. We investigated the elasticity of rat liver epithelial cells WB-F344 in a monolayer using atomic force microscopy (AFM) with respect to the potential of cells to undergo malignant transformation or to develop a potential to metastasize. We found that the elastic modulus of the cells decreased significantly within the first 8 min after treatment with 20 pulses of 100 ns and with a field strength of 20 kV/cm but was still higher than the elasticity of their tumorigenic counterpart WB-ras. AFM measurements and immunofluorescent staining showed that the cellular actin cytoskeleton became reorganized within 5 min. However, both a colony formation assay and a cell migration assay revealed no significant changes after nsPEF treatment, implying that cells seem not to adopt malignant characteristics associated with metastasis formation despite the induced transient changes to elasticity and cytoskeleton that can be observed for up to 1 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Steuer
- Leibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology, Felix-Hausdorff-Strasse 2, 17489, Greifswald, Germany
| | - K Wende
- Leibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology, Felix-Hausdorff-Strasse 2, 17489, Greifswald, Germany
| | - P Babica
- Faculty of Science, Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - J F Kolb
- Leibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology, Felix-Hausdorff-Strasse 2, 17489, Greifswald, Germany.
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24
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Saha AK, Dallo SF, Detmar AL, Osmulski P, Gaczynska M, Huang THM, Ramasubramanian AK. Cellular cholesterol regulates monocyte deformation. J Biomech 2016; 52:83-88. [PMID: 28082022 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2016.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Revised: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The role of cholesterol content on monocyte biomechanics remains understudied despite the well-established link between cholesterol and monocytes/macrophages in atherosclerosis, and the effect on other cell types. In this work, we have investigated the effect of cholesterol on monocyte deformability and the underlying molecular mechanisms. We altered the baseline cholesterol in human monocytic cell line THP-1, and investigated the changes in monocyte deformability using a custom microfluidic platform and atomic force microscopy. We observed that the cholesterol depletion lowered deformability while enrichment increased deformability compared to untreated cells. As a consequence of altered deformability, cholesterol depleted cells spread more on collagen-coated surfaces with elongated morphology, whereas cholesterol enriched cells had a more rounded morphology. We observed that the decreased deformability in cholesterol depleted cells, despite an increase in the fluidity of the membrane, is due to an increase in phosphorylation of Protein Kinase C (PKC), which translates to a higher degree of actin polymerization. Together, our results highlight the importance of biophysical regulation of monocyte response to cholesterol levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit K Saha
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Shatha F Dallo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Ariana L Detmar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Pawel Osmulski
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Maria Gaczynska
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Tim Hui-Ming Huang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Anand K Ramasubramanian
- Department of Biomedical, Chemical and Materials Engineering, San José State University, San José, CA, United States.
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25
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Barbieux C, Bacharouche J, Soussen C, Hupont S, Razafitianamaharavo A, Klotz R, Pannequin R, Brie D, Bécuwe P, Francius G, Grandemange S. DDB2 (damaged-DNA binding 2) protein: a new modulator of nanomechanical properties and cell adhesion of breast cancer cells. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:5268-79. [PMID: 26879405 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr09126h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
DDB2, known for its role in DNA repair, was recently shown to reduce mammary tumor invasiveness by inducing the transcription of IκBα, an inhibitor of NF-κB activity. Since cellular adhesion is a key event during the epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) leading to the invasive capacities of breast tumor cells, the aim of this study was to investigate the role of DDB2 in this process. Thus, using low and high DDB2-expressing MDA-MB231 and MCF7 cells, respectively, in which DDB2 expression was modulated experimentally, we showed that DDB2 overexpression was associated with a decrease of adhesion abilities on glass and plastic areas of breast cancer cells. Then, we investigated cell nanomechanical properties by atomic force microscopy (AFM). Our results revealed significant changes in the Young's Modulus value and the adhesion force in MDA-MB231 and MCF7 cells, whether DDB2 was expressed or not. The cell stiffness decrease observed in MDA-MB231 and MCF7 expressing DDB2 was correlated with a loss of the cortical actin-cytoskeleton staining. To understand how DDB2 regulates these processes, an adhesion-related gene PCR-Array was performed. Several adhesion-related genes were differentially expressed according to DDB2 expression, indicating that important changes are occurring at the molecular level. Thus, this work demonstrates that AFM technology is an important tool to follow cellular changes during tumorigenesis. Moreover, our data revealed that DDB2 is involved in early events occurring during metastatic progression of breast cancer cells and will contribute to define this protein as a new marker of metastatic progression in this type of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Barbieux
- Université de Lorraine, Centre de Recherche en Automatique de Nancy, CRAN, UMR 7039, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, F-54506, France. and CNRS, Centre de Recherche en Automatique de Nancy, CRAN, UMR 7039, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, F-54506, France
| | - Jalal Bacharouche
- Université de Lorraine, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour l'Environnement, LCPME, UMR 7564, Villers-lès-Nancy, F-54600, France. and CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour l'Environnement, LCPME, UMR 7564, Villers-lès-Nancy, F-54600, France
| | - Charles Soussen
- Université de Lorraine, Centre de Recherche en Automatique de Nancy, CRAN, UMR 7039, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, F-54506, France. and CNRS, Centre de Recherche en Automatique de Nancy, CRAN, UMR 7039, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, F-54506, France
| | - Sébastien Hupont
- CNRS, FR3209 Biologie Moléculaire Cellulaire et Thérapeutique (BMCT), Plateforme d'Imagerie Cellulaire et Tissulaire PTIBC-IBISA, Biopôle de l'Université de Lorraine, Campus Biologie-Santé, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, F-54506, France
| | - Angélina Razafitianamaharavo
- Université de Lorraine, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Environnements Continentaux, LIEC, UMR 7360, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, F-54500, France and CNRS, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Environnements Continentaux, LIEC, UMR 7360, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, F-54500, France
| | - Rémi Klotz
- Université de Lorraine, Centre de Recherche en Automatique de Nancy, CRAN, UMR 7039, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, F-54506, France. and CNRS, Centre de Recherche en Automatique de Nancy, CRAN, UMR 7039, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, F-54506, France
| | - Rémi Pannequin
- Université de Lorraine, Centre de Recherche en Automatique de Nancy, CRAN, UMR 7039, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, F-54506, France. and CNRS, Centre de Recherche en Automatique de Nancy, CRAN, UMR 7039, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, F-54506, France
| | - David Brie
- Université de Lorraine, Centre de Recherche en Automatique de Nancy, CRAN, UMR 7039, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, F-54506, France. and CNRS, Centre de Recherche en Automatique de Nancy, CRAN, UMR 7039, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, F-54506, France
| | - Philippe Bécuwe
- Université de Lorraine, Centre de Recherche en Automatique de Nancy, CRAN, UMR 7039, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, F-54506, France. and CNRS, Centre de Recherche en Automatique de Nancy, CRAN, UMR 7039, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, F-54506, France
| | - Grégory Francius
- Université de Lorraine, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour l'Environnement, LCPME, UMR 7564, Villers-lès-Nancy, F-54600, France. and CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour l'Environnement, LCPME, UMR 7564, Villers-lès-Nancy, F-54600, France
| | - Stéphanie Grandemange
- Université de Lorraine, Centre de Recherche en Automatique de Nancy, CRAN, UMR 7039, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, F-54506, France. and CNRS, Centre de Recherche en Automatique de Nancy, CRAN, UMR 7039, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, F-54506, France
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Arnal L, Longo G, Stupar P, Castez MF, Cattelan N, Salvarezza RC, Yantorno OM, Kasas S, Vela ME. Localization of adhesins on the surface of a pathogenic bacterial envelope through atomic force microscopy. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:17563-17572. [PMID: 26446736 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr04644k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial adhesion is the first and a significant step in establishing infection. This adhesion normally occurs in the presence of flow of fluids. Therefore, bacterial adhesins must be able to provide high strength interactions with their target surface in order to maintain the adhered bacteria under hydromechanical stressing conditions. In the case of B. pertussis, a Gram-negative bacterium responsible for pertussis, a highly contagious human respiratory tract infection, an important protein participating in the adhesion process is a 220 kDa adhesin named filamentous haemagglutinin (FHA), an outer membrane and also secreted protein that contains recognition domains to adhere to ciliated respiratory epithelial cells and macrophages. In this work, we obtained information on the cell-surface localization and distribution of the B. pertussis adhesin FHA using an antibody-functionalized AFM tip. Through the analysis of specific molecular recognition events we built a map of the spatial distribution of the adhesin which revealed a non-homogeneous pattern. Moreover, our experiments showed a force induced reorganization of the adhesin on the surface of the cells, which could explain a reinforced adhesive response under external forces. This single-molecule information contributes to the understanding of basic molecular mechanisms used by bacterial pathogens to cause infectious disease and to gain insights into the structural features by which adhesins can act as force sensors under mechanical shear conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Arnal
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo de Fermentaciones Industriales (CINDEFI-CONICET-CCT La Plata), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, UNLP. 50 No 227, 1900 La Plata, Argentina
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27
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Liu Y, Wang Z, Wang X. AFM-Based Study of Fullerenol (C 60 (OH) 24 )-Induced Changes of Elasticity in Living SMCC-7721 Cells. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2015; 45:65-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2014.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Revised: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Roduit C, Longo G, Dietler G, Kasas S. Measuring cytoskeleton and cellular membrane mechanical properties by atomic force microscopy. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1232:153-159. [PMID: 25331135 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1752-5_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Atomic force microscope is an invaluable device to explore living specimens at a nanometric scale. It permits to image the topography of the sample in 3D, to measure its mechanical properties and to detect the presence of specific molecules bound on its surface. Here we describe the procedure to gather such a data set on living macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Roduit
- Laboratoire de Physique de la Matière Vivante, IPSB, SB, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
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29
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Guo S, Puniredd SR, Jańczewski D, Lee SSC, Teo SLM, He T, Zhu X, Vancso GJ. Barnacle larvae exploring surfaces with variable hydrophilicity: influence of morphology and adhesion of "footprint" proteins by AFM. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2014; 6:13667-13676. [PMID: 25055115 DOI: 10.1021/am503147m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Interaction forces of adhesive proteins employed by cyprid larvae of Amphibalanus amphitrite for temporary attachment during surface exploration in marine fouling were studied by AFM force spectroscopy using chemically modified, reactive colloidal probes. The proteins were covalently attached to the surfaces of the probes by incubation in the protein deposits (footprints) left behind at the surface by the cyprids. This covalent coupling enabled robust and reproducible probing of adhesion of the attachment proteins to model surfaces with variable hydrophilicity. Three model monolayer surfaces were designed and prepared that exhibited different wettabilities derived from variations in the monolayer chemical composition. The morphology and size of cyprid protein deposits was imaged by AFM. The deposits showed larger area of spreading on more hydrophobic surfaces, whereas the overall volume of the secreted proteins exhibited no significant variation. Notable difference in adhesion forces was found among the surfaces by force spectroscopy, with substantially higher values measured on the hydrophobic surface (21 ± 2 nN) than that measured on the more hydrophilic surface (7.2 ± 1 nN). The same surfaces were also tested in laboratory essays. Rather surprisingly, no significant differences were found in values of fractional cyprid settlement among the surfaces studied, indicating that variations of surface wettability and adhesion strength of settlement proteins may be insufficient to explain settlement trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shifeng Guo
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research) , 3 Research Link, Singapore 117602
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Atomic force microscopy in microbiology: new structural and functional insights into the microbial cell surface. mBio 2014; 5:e01363-14. [PMID: 25053785 PMCID: PMC4120197 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01363-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial cells sense and respond to their environment using their surface constituents. Therefore, understanding the assembly and biophysical properties of cell surface molecules is an important research topic. With its ability to observe living microbial cells at nanometer resolution and to manipulate single-cell surface molecules, atomic force microscopy (AFM) has emerged as a powerful tool in microbiology. Here, we survey major breakthroughs made in cell surface microbiology using AFM techniques, emphasizing the most recent structural and functional insights.
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31
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Pathogenic Neisseria meningitidis utilizes CD147 for vascular colonization. Nat Med 2014; 20:725-31. [PMID: 24880614 PMCID: PMC7095922 DOI: 10.1038/nm.3563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Neisseria meningitidis is a cause of meningitis epidemics worldwide and of rapidly progressing fatal septic shock. A crucial step in the pathogenesis of invasive meningococcal infections is the adhesion of bloodborne meningococci to both peripheral and brain endothelia, leading to major vascular dysfunction. Initial adhesion of pathogenic strains to endothelial cells relies on meningococcal type IV pili, but the endothelial receptor for bacterial adhesion remains unknown. Here, we report that the immunoglobulin superfamily member CD147 (also called extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer (EMMPRIN) or Basigin) is a critical host receptor for the meningococcal pilus components PilE and PilV. Interfering with this interaction potently inhibited the primary attachment of meningococci to human endothelial cells in vitro and prevented colonization of vessels in human brain tissue explants ex vivo and in humanized mice in vivo. These findings establish the molecular events by which meningococci target human endothelia, and they open new perspectives for treatment and prevention of meningococcus-induced vascular dysfunctions.
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32
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Dufrêne YF, Martínez-Martín D, Medalsy I, Alsteens D, Müller DJ. Multiparametric imaging of biological systems by force-distance curve–based AFM. Nat Methods 2013; 10:847-54. [DOI: 10.1038/nmeth.2602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 326] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2012] [Accepted: 07/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Interaction of membrane/lipid rafts with the cytoskeleton: impact on signaling and function: membrane/lipid rafts, mediators of cytoskeletal arrangement and cell signaling. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2013; 1838:532-45. [PMID: 23899502 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2013.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 376] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Revised: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The plasma membrane in eukaryotic cells contains microdomains that are enriched in certain glycosphingolipids, gangliosides, and sterols (such as cholesterol) to form membrane/lipid rafts (MLR). These regions exist as caveolae, morphologically observable flask-like invaginations, or as a less easily detectable planar form. MLR are scaffolds for many molecular entities, including signaling receptors and ion channels that communicate extracellular stimuli to the intracellular milieu. Much evidence indicates that this organization and/or the clustering of MLR into more active signaling platforms depends upon interactions with and dynamic rearrangement of the cytoskeleton. Several cytoskeletal components and binding partners, as well as enzymes that regulate the cytoskeleton, localize to MLR and help regulate lateral diffusion of membrane proteins and lipids in response to extracellular events (e.g., receptor activation, shear stress, electrical conductance, and nutrient demand). MLR regulate cellular polarity, adherence to the extracellular matrix, signaling events (including ones that affect growth and migration), and are sites of cellular entry of certain pathogens, toxins and nanoparticles. The dynamic interaction between MLR and the underlying cytoskeleton thus regulates many facets of the function of eukaryotic cells and their adaptation to changing environments. Here, we review general features of MLR and caveolae and their role in several aspects of cellular function, including polarity of endothelial and epithelial cells, cell migration, mechanotransduction, lymphocyte activation, neuronal growth and signaling, and a variety of disease settings. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Reciprocal influences between cell cytoskeleton and membrane channels, receptors and transporters. Guest Editor: Jean Claude Hervé.
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Zeng Y, Waters M, Andrews A, Honarmandi P, Ebong EE, Rizzo V, Tarbell JM. Fluid shear stress induces the clustering of heparan sulfate via mobility of glypican-1 in lipid rafts. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2013; 305:H811-20. [PMID: 23851278 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00764.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The endothelial glycocalyx plays important roles in mechanotransduction. We recently investigated the distribution and interaction of glycocalyx components on statically cultured endothelial cells. In the present study, we further explored the unknown organization of the glycocalyx during early exposure (first 30 min) to shear stress and tested the hypothesis that proteoglycans with glycosaminoglycans, which are localized in different lipid microdomains, respond distinctly to shear stress. During the initial 30 min of exposure to shear stress, the very early responses of the glycocalyx and membrane rafts were detected using confocal microscopy. We observed that heparan sulfate (HS) and glypican-1 clustered in the cell junctions. In contrast, chondroitin sulfate (CS), bound albumin, and syndecan-1 did not move. The caveolae marker caveolin-1 did not move, indicating that caveolae are anchored sufficiently to resist shear stress during the 30 min of exposure. Shear stress induced significant changes in the distribution of ganglioside GM1 (a marker for membrane rafts labeled with cholera toxin B subunit). These data suggest that fluid shear stress induced the cell junctional clustering of lipid rafts with their anchored glypican-1 and associated HS. In contrast, the mobility of CS, transmembrane bound syndecan-1, and caveolae were constrained during exposure to shear stress. This study illuminates the role of changes in glycocalyx organization that underlie mechanisms of mechanotransduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Zeng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York, New York
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35
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Destabilization induced by electropermeabilization analyzed by atomic force microscopy. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2013; 1828:2223-9. [PMID: 23756780 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2013.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Revised: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Electropermeabilization is a physical method that uses electric field pulses to deliver molecules into cells and tissues. Despite its increasing interest in clinics, little is known about plasma membrane destabilization process occurring during electropermeabilization. In this work, we took advantage of atomic force microscopy to directly visualize the consequences of electropermeabilization in terms of membrane reorganization and to locally measure the membrane elasticity. We visualized transient rippling of membrane surface and measured a decrease in membrane elasticity by 40%. Our results obtained both on fixed and living CHO cells give evidence of an inner effect affecting the entire cell surface that may be related to cytoskeleton destabilization. Thus, AFM appears as a useful tool to investigate basic process of electroporation on living cells in absence of any staining or cell preparation.
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36
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Dufrêne YF, Pelling AE. Force nanoscopy of cell mechanics and cell adhesion. NANOSCALE 2013; 5:4094-4104. [PMID: 23535827 DOI: 10.1039/c3nr00340j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Cells are constantly exposed to mechanical stimuli in their environment and have several evolved mechanisms to sense and respond to these cues. It is becoming increasingly recognized that many cell types, from bacteria to mammalian cells, possess a diverse set of proteins to translate mechanical cues into biochemical signalling and to mediate cell surface interactions such as cell adhesion. Moreover, the mechanical properties of cells are involved in regulating cell function as well as serving as indicators of disease states. Importantly, the recent development of biophysical tools and nanoscale methods has facilitated a deeper understanding of the role that physical forces play in modulating cell mechanics and cell adhesion. Here, we discuss how atomic force microscopy (AFM) has recently been used to investigate cell mechanics and cell adhesion at the single-cell and single-molecule levels. This knowledge is critical to our understanding of the molecular mechanisms that govern mechanosensing, mechanotransduction, and mechanoresponse in living cells. While pushing living cells with the AFM tip provides a means to quantify their mechanical properties and examine their response to nanoscale forces, pulling single surface proteins with a functionalized tip allows one to understand their role in sensing and adhesion. The combination of these nanoscale techniques with modern molecular biology approaches, genetic engineering and optical microscopies provides a powerful platform for understanding the sophisticated functions of the cell surface machinery, and its role in the onset and progression of complex diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yves F Dufrêne
- Université catholique de Louvain, Institute of Life Sciences, Croix du Sud, 1, bte L7.04.01., B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
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37
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Duran JM, Campelo F, van Galen J, Sachsenheimer T, Sot J, Egorov MV, Rentero C, Enrich C, Polishchuk RS, Goñi FM, Brügger B, Wieland F, Malhotra V. Sphingomyelin organization is required for vesicle biogenesis at the Golgi complex. EMBO J 2012. [PMID: 23178595 DOI: 10.1038/emboj.2012.317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Sphingomyelin and cholesterol can assemble into domains and segregate from other lipids in the membranes. These domains are reported to function as platforms for protein transport and signalling. Do similar domains exist in the Golgi membranes and are they required for protein secretion? We tested this hypothesis by using D-ceramide-C6 to manipulate lipid homeostasis of the Golgi membranes. Lipidomics of the Golgi membranes isolated from D-ceramide-C6-treated HeLa cells revealed an increase in the levels of C6-sphingomyelin, C6-glucosylceramide, and diacylglycerol. D-ceramide-C6 treatment in HeLa cells inhibited transport carrier formation at the Golgi membranes without affecting the fusion of incoming carriers. The defect in protein secretion as a result of D-ceramide-C6 treatment was alleviated by knockdown of the sphingomyelin synthases 1 and 2. C6-sphingomyelin prevented liquid-ordered domain formation in giant unilamellar vesicles and reduced the lipid order in the Golgi membranes of HeLa cells. These findings highlight the importance of a regulated production and organization of sphingomyelin in the biogenesis of transport carriers at the Golgi membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan M Duran
- Cell and Developmental Biology Programme, Centre for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona, Spain
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38
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Heinisch JJ, Lipke PN, Beaussart A, El Kirat Chatel S, Dupres V, Alsteens D, Dufrêne YF. Atomic force microscopy - looking at mechanosensors on the cell surface. J Cell Sci 2012; 125:4189-95. [PMID: 23077172 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.106005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Living cells use cell surface proteins, such as mechanosensors, to constantly sense and respond to their environment. However, the way in which these proteins respond to mechanical stimuli and assemble into large complexes remains poorly understood at the molecular level. In the past years, atomic force microscopy (AFM) has revolutionized the way in which biologists analyze cell surface proteins to molecular resolution. In this Commentary, we discuss how the powerful set of advanced AFM techniques (e.g. live-cell imaging and single-molecule manipulation) can be integrated with the modern tools of molecular genetics (i.e. protein design) to study the localization and molecular elasticity of individual mechanosensors on the surface of living cells. Although we emphasize recent studies on cell surface proteins from yeasts, the techniques described are applicable to surface proteins from virtually all organisms, from bacteria to human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen J Heinisch
- Universität Osnabrück, Fachbereich Biologie/Chemie, AG Genetik, Barbarastr. 11, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany.
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39
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Shi X, Zhang X, Xia T, Fang X. Living cell study at the single-molecule and single-cell levels by atomic force microscopy. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2012; 7:1625-37. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm.12.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Atomic force microscopy (AFM) has been emerging as a multifunctional molecular tool in nanobiology and nanomedicine. This review summarizes the recent advances in AFM study of living mammalian cells at the single-molecule and single-cell levels. Besides nanoscale imaging of cell membrane structure, AFM-based force measurements on living cells are mainly discussed. These include the development and application of single-molecule force spectroscopy to investigate ligand–receptor binding strength and dissociation dynamics, and the characterization of cell mechanical properties in a physiological environment. Molecular manipulation of cells by AFM to change the cellular process is also described. Living-cell AFM study offers a new approach to understand the molecular mechanisms of cell function, disease development and drug effect, as well as to develop new strategies to achieve single-cell-based diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Shi
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2 Zhongguancun North First Street, 100190 Beijing, PR China
| | - Xuejie Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2 Zhongguancun North First Street, 100190 Beijing, PR China
| | - Tie Xia
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2 Zhongguancun North First Street, 100190 Beijing, PR China
| | - Xiaohong Fang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2 Zhongguancun North First Street, 100190 Beijing, PR China
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40
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Amin L, Ercolini E, Shahapure R, Migliorini E, Torre V. The role of membrane stiffness and actin turnover on the force exerted by DRG lamellipodia. Biophys J 2012; 102:2451-60. [PMID: 22713560 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2012.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2011] [Revised: 04/16/2012] [Accepted: 04/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
We used optical tweezers to analyze the effect of jasplakinolide and cyclodextrin on the force exerted by lamellipodia from developing growth cones (GCs) of isolated dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons. We found that 25 nM of jasplakinolide, which is known to inhibit actin filament turnover, reduced both the maximal exerted force and maximal velocity during lamellipodia leading-edge protrusion. By using atomic force microscopy, we verified that cyclodextrin, which is known to remove cholesterol from membranes, decreased the membrane stiffness of DRG neurons. Lamellipodia treated with 2.5 mM of cyclodextrin exerted a larger force, and their leading edge could advance with a higher velocity. Neither jasplakinolide nor cyclodextrin affected force or velocity during lamellipodia retraction. The amplitude and frequency of elementary jumps underlying force generation were reduced by jasplakinolide but not by cyclodextrin. The action of both drugs at the used concentration was fully reversible. These results support the notion that membrane stiffness provides a selective pressure that shapes force generation, and confirm the pivotal role of actin turnover during protrusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ladan Amin
- Neuroscience Department, International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA), Trieste, Italy
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41
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Marszalek PE, Dufrêne YF. Stretching single polysaccharides and proteins using atomic force microscopy. Chem Soc Rev 2012; 41:3523-34. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cs15329g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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42
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Wang T, Shogomori H, Hara M, Yamada T, Kobayashi T. Nanomechanical Recognition of Sphingomyelin-Rich Membrane Domains by Atomic Force Microscopy. Biochemistry 2011; 51:74-82. [DOI: 10.1021/bi2011652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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43
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Abstract
Cell membranes are composed of a lipid bilayer, containing proteins that span the bilayer and/or interact with the lipids on either side of the two leaflets. Although recent advances in lipid analytics show that membranes in eukaryotic cells contain hundreds of different lipid species, the function of this lipid diversity remains enigmatic. The basic structure of cell membranes is the lipid bilayer, composed of two apposing leaflets, forming a two-dimensional liquid with fascinating properties designed to perform the functions cells require. To coordinate these functions, the bilayer has evolved the propensity to segregate its constituents laterally. This capability is based on dynamic liquid-liquid immiscibility and underlies the raft concept of membrane subcompartmentalization. This principle combines the potential for sphingolipid-cholesterol self-assembly with protein specificity to focus and regulate membrane bioactivity. Here we will review the emerging principles of membrane architecture with special emphasis on lipid organization and domain formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Simons
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307 Dresden, Germany.
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Stewart MP, Toyoda Y, Hyman AA, Muller DJ. Force probing cell shape changes to molecular resolution. Trends Biochem Sci 2011; 36:444-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2011.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2011] [Revised: 04/26/2011] [Accepted: 05/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Müller DJ, Dufrêne YF. Atomic force microscopy: a nanoscopic window on the cell surface. Trends Cell Biol 2011; 21:461-9. [PMID: 21664134 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2011.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2011] [Revised: 04/22/2011] [Accepted: 04/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Atomic force microscopy (AFM) techniques provide a versatile platform for imaging and manipulating living cells to single-molecule resolution, thereby enabling us to address pertinent questions in key areas of cell biology, including cell adhesion and signalling, embryonic and tissue development, cell division and shape, and microbial pathogenesis. In this review, we describe the principles of AFM, and survey recent breakthroughs made in AFM-based cell nanoscopy, showing how the technology has increased our molecular understanding of the organization, mechanics, interactions and processes of the cell surface. We also discuss the advantages and limitations of AFM techniques, and the challenges remaining to be addressed in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Müller
- ETH Zürich, Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, Basel, Switzerland.
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46
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How ubiquitination and autophagy participate in the regulation of the cell response to bacterial infection. Biol Cell 2011; 102:621-34. [PMID: 21077843 PMCID: PMC2975374 DOI: 10.1042/bc20100101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial infection relies on the micro-organism's ability to orchestrate the host's cell signalling such that the immune response is not activated. Conversely, the host cell has dedicated signalling pathways for coping with intrusions by pathogens. The autophagy of foreign micro-organisms (known as xenophagy) has emerged as one of the most powerful of these pathways, although the triggering mode remains largely unknown. In the present paper, we discuss the role that certain post-translational modifications (primarily ubiquitination) may play in the activation of xenophagy and how some bacteria have evolved mechanisms to subvert or hijack this process. In particular, we address the role played by P62/SQSTM1 (sequestosome 1). Finally, we discuss how autophagy can be subverted to eliminate bacteria-induced danger signals.
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Aranda JF, Reglero-Real N, Kremer L, Marcos-Ramiro B, Ruiz-Sáenz A, Calvo M, Enrich C, Correas I, Millán J, Alonso MA. MYADM regulates Rac1 targeting to ordered membranes required for cell spreading and migration. Mol Biol Cell 2011; 22:1252-62. [PMID: 21325632 PMCID: PMC3078064 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e10-11-0910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Membrane organization into condensed domains or rafts provides molecular platforms for selective recruitment of proteins. Cell migration is a general process that requires spatiotemporal targeting of Rac1 to membrane rafts. The protein machinery responsible for making rafts competent to recruit Rac1 remains elusive. Some members of the MAL family of proteins are involved in specialized processes dependent on this type of membrane. Because condensed membrane domains are a general feature of the plasma membrane of all mammalian cells, we hypothesized that MAL family members with ubiquitous expression and plasma membrane distribution could be involved in the organization of membranes for cell migration. We show that myeloid-associated differentiation marker (MYADM), a protein with unique features within the MAL family, colocalizes with Rac1 in membrane protrusions at the cell surface and distributes in condensed membranes. MYADM knockdown (KD) cells had altered membrane condensation and showed deficient incorporation of Rac1 to membrane raft fractions and, similar to Rac1 KD cells, exhibited reduced cell spreading and migration. Results of rescue-of-function experiments by expression of MYADM or active Rac1L61 in cells knocked down for Rac1 or MYADM, respectively, are consistent with the idea that MYADM and Rac1 act on parallel pathways that lead to similar functional outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan F Aranda
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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Fuhrmann A, Staunton JR, Nandakumar V, Banyai N, Davies PCW, Ros R. AFM stiffness nanotomography of normal, metaplastic and dysplastic human esophageal cells. Phys Biol 2011; 8:015007. [PMID: 21301067 DOI: 10.1088/1478-3975/8/1/015007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The mechanical stiffness of individual cells is important in tissue homeostasis, cell growth, division and motility, and the epithelial-mesenchymal transition in the initiation of cancer. In this work, a normal squamous cell line (EPC2) and metaplastic (CP-A) as well as dysplastic (CP-D) Barrett's Esophagus columnar cell lines are studied as a model of pre-neoplastic progression in the human esophagus. We used the combination of an atomic force microscope (AFM) with a scanning confocal fluorescence lifetime imaging microscope to study the mechanical properties of single adherent cells. Sixty four force indentation curves were taken over the nucleus of each cell in an 8 x 8 grid pattern. Analyzing the force indentation curves, indentation depth-dependent Young's moduli were found for all cell lines. Stiffness tomograms demonstrate distinct differences between the mechanical properties of the studied cell lines. Comparing the stiffness for indentation forces of 1 nN, most probable Young's moduli were calculated to 4.7 kPa for EPC2 (n = 18 cells), 3.1 kPa for CP-A (n = 10) and 2.6 kPa for CP-D (n = 19). We also tested the influence of nuclei and nucleoli staining organic dyes on the mechanical properties of the cells. For stained EPC2 cells (n = 5), significant stiffening was found (9.9 kPa), while CP-A cells (n = 5) showed no clear trend (2.9 kPa) and a slight softening was observed (2.1 kPa) in the case of CP-D cells (n = 16). Some force-indentation curves show non-monotonic discontinuities with segments of negative slope, resembling a sawtooth pattern. We found the incidence of these 'breakthrough events' to be highest in the dysplastic CP-D cells, intermediate in the metaplastic CP-A cells and lowest in the normal EPC2 cells. This observation suggests that the microscopic explanation for the increased compliance of cancerous and pre-cancerous cells may lie in their susceptibility to 'crumble and yield' rather than their ability to 'bend and flex'.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Fuhrmann
- Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
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Allison DP, Mortensen NP, Sullivan CJ, Doktycz MJ. Atomic force microscopy of biological samples. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2011; 2:618-34. [PMID: 20672388 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The ability to evaluate structural-functional relationships in real time has allowed scanning probe microscopy (SPM) to assume a prominent role in post genomic biological research. In this mini-review, we highlight the development of imaging and ancillary techniques that have allowed SPM to permeate many key areas of contemporary research. We begin by examining the invention of the scanning tunneling microscope (STM) by Binnig and Rohrer in 1982 and discuss how it served to team biologists with physicists to integrate high-resolution microscopy into biological science. We point to the problems of imaging nonconductive biological samples with the STM and relate how this led to the evolution of the atomic force microscope (AFM) developed by Binnig, Quate, and Gerber, in 1986. Commercialization in the late 1980s established SPM as a powerful research tool in the biological research community. Contact mode AFM imaging was soon complemented by the development of non-contact imaging modes. These non-contact modes eventually became the primary focus for further new applications including the development of fast scanning methods. The extreme sensitivity of the AFM cantilever was recognized and has been developed into applications for measuring forces required for indenting biological surfaces and breaking bonds between biomolecules. Further functional augmentation to the cantilever tip allowed development of new and emerging techniques including scanning ion-conductance microscopy (SICM), scanning electrochemical microscope (SECM), Kelvin force microscopy (KFM) and scanning near field ultrasonic holography (SNFUH).
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Affiliation(s)
- David P Allison
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, TN 37831-6445, USA
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Mechanical properties of cells and ageing. Ageing Res Rev 2011; 10:16-25. [PMID: 19897057 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2009.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2009] [Revised: 10/21/2009] [Accepted: 10/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Mechanical properties are fundamental properties of the cells and tissues of living organisms. The mechanical properties of a single cell as a biocomposite are determined by the interdependent combination of cellular components mechanical properties. Quantitative estimate of the cell mechanical properties depends on a cell state, method of measurement, and used theoretical model. Predominant tendency for the majority of cells with ageing is an increase of cell stiffness and a decrease of cell ability to undergo reversible large deformations. The mechanical signal transduction in old cells becomes less effective than that in young cells, and with ageing, the cells lose the ability of the rapid functional rearrangements of cellular skeleton. The article reviews the theoretical and experimental facts touching the age-related changes of the mechanical properties of cellular components and cells in the certain systems of an organism (the blood, the vascular system, the musculoskeletal system, the lens, and the epithelium). In fact, the cell mechanical parameters (including elastic modulii) can be useful as specific markers of cell ageing.
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