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Zhang H, Wen N, Gong X, Li X. Application of triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) in cancer prevention and adjuvant therapy. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2024; 242:114078. [PMID: 39018914 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2024.114078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Revised: 06/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024]
Abstract
Cancer is a malignant tumor that kills about 940,000 people worldwide each year. In addition, about 30-77 % of cancer patients will experience cancer metastasis and recurrence, which can increase the cancer mortality rate without prompt treatment. According to the US Food and Drug Administration, wearable devices can detect several physiological indicators of patients to reflect their health status and adjuvant cancer treatment. Based on the triboelectric effect and electrostatic induction phenomenon, triboelectric nanopower generation (TENG) technology can convert mechanical energy into electricity and drive small electronic devices. This article reviewed the research status of TENG in the areas of cancer prevention and adjuvant therapy. TENG can be used for cancer prevention with advanced sensors. At the same time, electrical stimulation generated by TENG can also be used to help inhibit the growth of cancer cells to reduce the proliferation, recurrence, and metastasis of cancer cells. This review will promote the practical application of TENG in healthcare and provide clean and sustainable energy solutions for wearable bioelectronic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haohao Zhang
- Nanjing Institute of Technology, Jiangning District, Nanjing City, Jiangsu Province 211167, China
| | - Ning Wen
- National Engineering Research Center for Colloidal Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - Xiaoran Gong
- Nanjing Institute of Technology, Jiangning District, Nanjing City, Jiangsu Province 211167, China
| | - Xue Li
- Nanjing Institute of Technology, Jiangning District, Nanjing City, Jiangsu Province 211167, China.
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2
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Kift RC, Webb AR. Globally Estimated UVB Exposure Times Required to Maintain Sufficiency in Vitamin D Levels. Nutrients 2024; 16:1489. [PMID: 38794727 PMCID: PMC11124381 DOI: 10.3390/nu16101489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
A paucity of vitamin D is a common deficiency globally, with implications for many aspects of health besides the well-known impact on musculoskeletal health. The two sources of vitamin D are through oral intake, or through endogenous synthesis in the skin when exposed to ultraviolet radiation in sunlight. Assessing nutritional needs, whether by food, food fortification or supplementation, is aided by an understanding of local potential for cutaneous synthesis of the vitamin, dependent on latitude and climate, personal skin type and local culture. To aid these discussions we provide indicative exposure times for the maintenance of vitamin D status as a function of latitude, month and skin type, for the clear-sky case and all-sky conditions, for an ambulatory person wearing modest skirt/shorts and T-shirt. At latitudes greater than ±40 degrees, lack of available sunlight limits vitamin D synthesis in some months for all, while at the equator exposure times range from 3 to 15 min at noontime, for white and black skin, respectively. Rather than a sun exposure prescription, the data are intended to show where nutritional vitamin D intake is necessary, advisable, or can be mitigated by sun exposure, and allows for such advice to be personalized to account for different sub-groups in a multicultural population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ann R. Webb
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK;
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Elliott TM, Gordon LG, Webb A, Kift R, Foeglein A, Neale RE. Making the sunshine vitamin - How much sun exposure is needed to maintain 25-hydroxy vitamin D concentration? Photochem Photobiol 2024; 100:746-755. [PMID: 37691266 DOI: 10.1111/php.13854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Our objective was to calculate the time in the sun necessary to maintain existing 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentration at locations across Australia and New Zealand. We used a microsimulation model to estimate changes in monthly 25(OH)D concentration using data on standard erythemal dose, solar zenith angle, and climatological ozone. We estimated the number of standard vitamin D doses per 10-min interval and used a dose-response equation to determine the average time in the sun to maintain existing 25(OH)D concentration according to month and time of day. Across all locations in summer, 5-10 min outdoors between 8 a.m. and 4 p.m. on most days of the week, with 35% of the body surface area exposed, is sufficient to maintain existing 25(OH)D concentration. In winter, at mid-to-high latitudes, time outdoors during the middle of the day is required. In winter, with 10% of the body surface area exposed, greater than 45 min in the middle of the day is required in most locations to maintain existing 25(OH)D concentration. These data can be used to inform guidelines regarding maintaining vitamin D via sun exposure and may help health practitioners identify patients who may be vitamin D deficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Elliott
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Louisa G Gordon
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Brisbane, Australia
- School of Nursing and Cancer and Palliative Care Outcomes Centre, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Kelvin Grove, Brisbane, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Ann Webb
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Richard Kift
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Anna Foeglein
- Heisenberg Analytics, Indooroopilly, Queensland, Australia
| | - Rachel E Neale
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Brisbane, Australia
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4
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Hribar M, Pravst I, Pogačnik T, Žmitek K. Results of longitudinal Nutri-D study: factors influencing winter and summer vitamin D status in a Caucasian population. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1253341. [PMID: 38035360 PMCID: PMC10684958 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1253341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Inadequate vitamin D status is a worldwide public health issue. In humans, vitamin D status is affected by diet, and even more by exposure to ultraviolet B (UVB) light and consequential endogenous synthesis. Various personal and environmental factors influence endogenous synthesis. Factors affecting vitamin D status were investigated in a prospective longitudinal cohort study with a summer and winter observation period. Methods The final sample included 292 adults, of those 111 (38%) males and 181 (62%) females, with a mean age of 38.2 (±11.8) years from Slovenia who were not supplementing vitamin D. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentrations were measured in both periods; vitamin D intake, self-reported body mass index (BMI), and protective behaviors against sun were also recorded. Other measured parameters included measurements of constitutive skin color using the objective individual typology angle (ITA), and difference in the melanin index (ΔMI) for assessment of objective sun exposure. Results In winter a high prevalence (63.4%) of insufficient vitamin D status (< 50 nmoL/L) was observed with higher odds ratios (OR) for insufficiency in those with a higher BMI and light ITA. During summer, insufficiency prevalence was low (5.5%), but half of the participants (50.0%) had suboptimal 25(OH)D concentration (< 75 nmol/L). In summer OR for suboptimal status were higher in those with obesity, lower ΔMI, light ITA, low vitamin D intake, and protective clothing behaviors. Conclusion Using a series of measures, we showed that vitamin D status is hugely affected by several personal factors such as BMI, ITA, vitamin D intake, ΔMI, and protective behavior against the sun. This conclusion questions the usefulness of generalized population-level recommendations since personal factors are a major predictor of vitamin D status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maša Hribar
- Nutrition Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Igor Pravst
- Nutrition Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- VIST – Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tina Pogačnik
- VIST – Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Katja Žmitek
- Nutrition Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- VIST – Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Wimalawansa SJ. Controlling Chronic Diseases and Acute Infections with Vitamin D Sufficiency. Nutrients 2023; 15:3623. [PMID: 37630813 PMCID: PMC10459179 DOI: 10.3390/nu15163623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Apart from developmental disabilities, the prevalence of chronic diseases increases with age especially in those with co-morbidities: vitamin D deficiency plays a major role in it. Whether vitamin D deficiency initiates and/or aggravates chronic diseases or vice versa is unclear. It adversely affects all body systems but can be eliminated using proper doses of vitamin D supplementation and/or safe daily sun exposure. Maintaining the population serum 25(OH)D concentration above 40 ng/mL (i.e., sufficiency) ensures a sound immune system, minimizing symptomatic diseases and reducing infections and the prevalence of chronic diseases. This is the most cost-effective way to keep a population healthy and reduce healthcare costs. Vitamin D facilitates physiological functions, overcoming pathologies such as chronic inflammation and oxidative stress and maintaining broader immune functions. These are vital to overcoming chronic diseases and infections. Therefore, in addition to following essential public health and nutritional guidance, maintaining vitamin D sufficiency should be an integral part of better health, preventing acute and chronic diseases and minimize their complications. Those with severe vitamin D deficiency have the highest burdens of co-morbidities and are more vulnerable to developing complications and untimely deaths. Vitamin D adequacy improves innate and adaptive immune systems. It controls excessive inflammation and oxidative stress, generates antimicrobial peptides, and neutralizes antibodies via immune cells. Consequently, vitamin D sufficiency reduces infections and associated complications and deaths. Maintaining vitamin D sufficiency reduces chronic disease burden, illnesses, hospitalizations, and all-cause mortality. Vulnerable communities, such as ethnic minorities living in temperate countries, older people, those with co-morbidities, routine night workers, and institutionalized persons, have the highest prevalence of vitamin D deficiency-they would significantly benefit from vitamin D and targeted micronutrient supplementation. At least now, health departments, authorities, and health insurance companies should start assessing, prioritizing, and encouraging this economical, non-prescription, safe micronutrient to prevent and treat acute and chronic diseases. This approach will significantly reduce morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs and ensure healthy aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil J Wimalawansa
- Department of Medicine, CardioMetabolic & Endocrine Institute, North Brunswick, NJ 08902, USA
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Turck D, Bohn T, Castenmiller J, de Henauw S, Hirsch‐Ernst K, Knutsen HK, Maciuk A, Mangelsdorf I, McArdle HJ, Pentieva K, Siani A, Thies F, Tsabouri S, Vinceti M, Lanham‐New S, Passeri G, Craciun I, Fabiani L, De Sousa RF, Martino L, Martínez SV, Naska A. Scientific opinion on the tolerable upper intake level for vitamin D, including the derivation of a conversion factor for calcidiol monohydrate. EFSA J 2023; 21:e08145. [PMID: 37560437 PMCID: PMC10407748 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2023.8145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Following two requests from the European Commission (EC), the EFSA Panel on Nutrition, Novel Foods and Food Allergens (NDA) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the revision of the tolerable upper intake level (UL) for vitamin D and to propose a conversion factor (CF) for calcidiol monohydrate into vitamin D3 for labelling purposes. Vitamin D refers to ergocalciferol (vitamin D2), cholecalciferol (vitamin D3), and calcidiol monohydrate. Systematic reviews of the literature were conducted to assess the relative bioavailability of calcidiol monohydrate versus vitamin D3 on serum 25(OH)D concentrations, and for priority adverse health effects of excess vitamin D intake, namely persistent hypercalcaemia/hypercalciuria and endpoints related to musculoskeletal health (i.e. falls, bone fractures, bone mass/density and indices thereof). Based on the available evidence, the Panel proposes a CF for calcidiol monohydrates of 2.5 for labelling purposes. Persistent hypercalciuria, which may be an earlier sign of excess vitamin D than persistent hypercalcaemia, is selected as the critical endpoint on which to base the UL for vitamin D. A lowest-observed-adverse-effect-level (LOAEL) of 250 μg/day is identified from two randomised controlled trials in humans, to which an uncertainty factor of 2.5 is applied to account for the absence of a no-observed-adverse-effect-level (NOAEL). A UL of 100 μg vitamin D equivalents (VDE)/day is established for adults (including pregnant and lactating women) and for adolescents aged 11-17 years, as there is no reason to believe that adolescents in the phase of rapid bone formation and growth have a lower tolerance for vitamin D compared to adults. For children aged 1-10 years, a UL of 50 μg VDE/day is established by considering their smaller body size. Based on available intake data, European populations are unlikely to exceed the UL, except for regular users of food supplements containing high doses of vitamin D.
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Tran V, Janda M, Lucas RM, McLeod DSA, Thompson BS, Waterhouse M, Whiteman DC, Neale RE. Vitamin D and Sun Exposure: A Community Survey in Australia. Curr Oncol 2023; 30:2465-2481. [PMID: 36826149 PMCID: PMC9955356 DOI: 10.3390/curroncol30020188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Sun exposure carries both harms and benefits. Exposing the skin to the sun is the main modifiable cause of skin cancers, which exert a considerable health and economic burden in Australia. The most well-established benefit of exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation is vitamin D production. Australia has the highest incidence of skin cancer in the world but, despite the high ambient UV radiation, approximately one quarter of the population is estimated to be vitamin D deficient. Balancing the risks and benefits is challenging and requires effective communication. We sought to provide a snapshot of public knowledge and attitudes regarding sun exposure and vitamin D and to examine the associations between these factors and sun protective behaviors. In 2020 we administered an online survey; 4824 participants with self-reported fair or medium skin color were included in this analysis. Only 25% and 34% of participants were able to identify the amount of time outdoors needed to maintain adequate vitamin D status in summer and winter, respectively and 25% were concerned that sunscreen use inhibits vitamin D synthesis. This lack of knowledge was associated with suboptimal sun protection practices. Public education is warranted to prevent over-exposure, while supporting natural vitamin D production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vu Tran
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia
- The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Monika Janda
- The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Robyn M. Lucas
- The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Donald S. A. McLeod
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia
- Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital, Brisbane, QLD 4029, Australia
| | - Bridie S. Thompson
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Mary Waterhouse
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - David C. Whiteman
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia
- The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Rachel E. Neale
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia
- The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia
- Correspondence:
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Beauchesne AR, Cara KC, Krobath DM, Penkert LP, Shertukde SP, Cahoon DS, Prado B, Li R, Yao Q, Huang J, Reh T, Chung M. Vitamin D intakes and health outcomes in infants and preschool children: Summary of an evidence report. Ann Med 2022; 54:2278-2301. [PMID: 35975961 PMCID: PMC9387322 DOI: 10.1080/07853890.2022.2111602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A systematic review was commissioned to support an international expert group charged to update the Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations (FAO)/World Health Organisation (WHO)'s vitamin D intake recommendations for children aged 0-4 years. MATERIALS AND METHODS Multiple electronic databases were searched to capture studies published from database inception to the 2nd week of June 2020 according to key questions formulated by the FAO/WHO. Relevant studies were summarised and synthesised by key questions and by health outcomes using the Grades of Recommendation, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) approach. RESULTS The 146 included studies examined the effects of different vitamin D intake levels on a variety of health outcomes (e.g. infectious disease, growth, neurodevelopment, rickets, and bone mineral density), and on outcomes for setting vitamin D upper limits (e.g. hypercalcemia, hypercalciuria, and nephrocalcinosis). For most outcomes, the strength of evidence was low or very low. Evidence was rated moderate for the effect of daily vitamin D supplementation on raising serum 25(OH)D concentrations, and a random-effects meta-regression analysis of 28 randomised controlled trials (mostly in infants 0-12 months) showed that each 100 IU/d increase in vitamin D supplementation was associated with an average of 1.92 (95% CI 0.28, 3.56) nmol/L increase in achieved 25-hydroxy-vitaminn D (25[OH]D) concentration (n = 53 intervention arms; p = .022) with large residual heterogeneity (I2 = 99.39%). Evidence was very low on two of the upper limit outcomes - hypercalcemia and hypercalciuria. CONCLUSIONS The evidence report provided the expert group with a foundation and core set of data to begin their work to set vitamin D nutrient reference values. To move the field forward, future studies should use standardised 25(OH)D assay measurements and should examine the relationship between long-term vitamin D status and health outcomes.Key MessagesResults of a large complex systematic review suggest the current totality of evidence from trials and prospective observational studies do not reach sufficient certainty level to support a causal relationship between vitamin D intake and asthma, wheeze, eczema, infectious diseases, or rickets (most trials reported no rickets) in generally healthy infants and young children.In this systematic review, the only body of evidence that reached a moderate level of certainty was regarding the effect of daily vitamin D supplementation (vitamin D3 or D2 supplements to infants/children) on increasing serum 25(OH)D concentrations. However, currently there is no consensus on the definitions of vitamin D status, e.g. deficiency, insufficiency, sufficiency and toxicity, based on serum 25(OH)D concentrations.This systematic review provided an international expert group a foundation and core set of data through intake-response modelling to help set vitamin D nutrient reference values for infants and children up to 4 years of age.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kelly Copeland Cara
- School of Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Danielle M Krobath
- School of Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Laura Paige Penkert
- School of Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Shruti P Shertukde
- School of Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Danielle S Cahoon
- School of Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Belen Prado
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ruogu Li
- School of Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Qisi Yao
- School of Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jing Huang
- School of Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Tee Reh
- School of Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mei Chung
- School of Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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9
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Wu SE, Chen WL. Moderate Sun Exposure Is the Complementor in Insufficient Vitamin D Consumers. Front Nutr 2022; 9:832659. [PMID: 35350415 PMCID: PMC8957913 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.832659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims Vitamin (Vit) D plays a vital role in human health, and the prevalence of Vit D deficiency worldwide has been a rising concern. This study investigates the serum 25-hydroxy-Vit D [25(OH)D] status in healthy US civilians and identifies how the two main sources, sun exposure and dietary Vit D intake, determine the final 25(OH)D levels in individuals. Methods A total of 2,360 of participants from The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2009–2014 were analyzed. We divided the levels of sun exposure and dietary Vit D intake of all subjects into 10 strata and gave a score ranging from 1 to 10 points, respectively. Scores 1–5 in sun exposure and dietary intake were considered as relatively low exposure groups, whereas scores 6–10 were considered as relatively high exposure groups. Serum Vit D inadequacy was defined as <50 nmol/L. Linear and logistic regression analyses were used to examine the associations between sources of Vit D and serum 25(OH)D levels. Results In relatively low Vit D intake groups (Vit D intake score 1–5), relatively high sun exposure (sun exposure score >5) resulted in higher serum 25(OH)D levels (average 57 nmol/L) compared with relatively low sun exposure (sun exposure score <5) (average 50 nmol/L), whereas this difference became negligible in high intake groups (Vit D intake score 6–10). Moreover, the greatest slope occurred in the low Vit D intake curve (decile 3 of Vit D intake), which shows increased sun exposure time causing the greatest degree of change in serum 25(OH)D level in this group. Conclusion Sun exposure can significantly make up for deficiencies in subjects who consume insufficient dietary Vit D. Compared with the extra cost and time for building habits of Vit D supplementation, moderate sun exposure appears to be a simple and costless means for the public to start in daily practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shou-En Wu
- Department of Dermatology, Tri-Service General Hospital, School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei City, Taiwan
- Division of Family Medicine, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei City, Taiwan
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Liang Chen
- Division of Family Medicine, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei City, Taiwan
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei City, Taiwan
- Department of Biochemistry, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei City, Taiwan
- *Correspondence: Wei-Liang Chen,
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Köhrle J, Rauner M, Lanham-New SA. 100 YEARS OF VITAMIN D: Light and health: a century after the therapeutic use of UV light and vitamin D, hormones advanced medical care. Endocr Connect 2022; 11:EC-21-0609. [PMID: 34889777 PMCID: PMC8859935 DOI: 10.1530/ec-21-0609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Josef Köhrle
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie, Berlin, Germany
- Correspondence should be addressed to J Köhrle:
| | - Martina Rauner
- Department of Medicine III, Universitätsklinikum Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Center for Healthy Aging, Universitätsklinikum Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Susan A Lanham-New
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Biosciences and Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
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11
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Indian Academy of Pediatrics Revised (2021) Guidelines on Prevention and Treatment of Vitamin D Deficiency and Rickets. Indian Pediatr 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13312-022-2448-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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