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Wei X, Wu F, Dong H, Jing Y, Song Y, Pang H, Chen J, Du Z, He W, Ma L, Wang Y, Hu J, Li Q, Yang S. 68Ga-pentixafor PET/CT in the localization diagnosis of primary aldosteronism concurrent subclinical cushing's syndrsome: two case reports. Endocrine 2024:10.1007/s12020-024-03865-6. [PMID: 38914747 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-024-03865-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Adrenal venous sampling (AVS) is recommended for subtyping primary aldosteronism (PA). However, in cases of PA, concurrent subclinical Cushing's syndrome (SCS) has the potential to confound AVS results. Pentixafor, a CXC chemokine receptor type 4-specific ligand, has been reported as a promising marker to evaluate functional nature of adrenal adenomas. This study aims to investigate the clinical value of Gallium-68 Pentixafor Positron Emission Tomography-Computed Tomography (68Ga-Pentixafor PET/CT) in the localization diagnosis of patients with PA plus SCS. METHODS Two patients with a confirmed diagnosis of PA plus SCS underwent AVS and 68Ga-Pentixafor PET/CT. RESULTS AVS results revealed no lateralization for both patients while 68Ga-Pentixafor PET/CT showed a unilateral adrenal nodule with increased uptake of 68Ga-Pentixafor. Unilateral adrenalectomy was performed based on the results of 68Ga-Pentixafor PET/CT. Subsequently, complete biochemical remission of autonomous aldosterone and cortisol secretion were achieved in both cases. CONCLUSIONS 68Ga-Pentixafor PET/CT shows promising potential for the localization of aldosterone and cortisol co-secreting adrenal adenoma in patients with PA plus SCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wei
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Feifei Wu
- Department of Endocrinology, Heping Hospital Affiliated to Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi, China
| | - Haoyu Dong
- Department of Endocrinology, Heping Hospital Affiliated to Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi, China
| | - Ying Jing
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ying Song
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hua Pang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhipeng Du
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wenwen He
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Linqiang Ma
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jinbo Hu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qifu Li
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Shumin Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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Jiang Y, Zhou L, Zhang C, Su T, Jiang L, Zhou W, Zhong X, Wu L, Wang W. The influence of cortisol co-secretion on clinical characteristics and postoperative outcomes in unilateral primary aldosteronism. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 15:1369582. [PMID: 38745957 PMCID: PMC11091262 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1369582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Context The prevalence of unilateral primary aldosteronism (UPA) with cortisol co-secretion varies geographically. Objective To investigate the prevalence and clinical characteristics of UPA with cortisol co-secretion in a Chinese population. Design Retrospective cohort study. Methods We recruited 580 patients with UPA who underwent cosyntropin stimulation test (CST) after the 1-mg dexamethasone suppression test (DST) and retrospectively analyzed the clinical characteristics and postoperative outcomes of UPA with and without cortisol co-secretion. Results UPA with cortisol co-secretion (1 mg DST>1.8 ug/dL) was identified in 65 of 580 (11.2%) patients. These patients were characterized by older age, longer duration of hypertension, higher concentration of plasma aldosterone and midnight cortisol, lower adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), larger tumor diameter, and more history of diabetes mellitus. Cortisol and aldosterone levels were higher and DHEAS level was lower in UPA with cortisol co-secretion at 0-120 min after CST. Among 342 UPA patients with KCNJ5 gene sequencing and follow-up results, the complete clinical success rate was lower in UPA with cortisol co-secretion (33.3% vs. 56.4%, P<0.05); the complete biochemical success rate and KCNJ5 mutation did not differ between the two groups. Age, tumor size, and ACTH were independent predictors of UPA with cortisol co-secretion. Sex, BMI, duration of hypertension, KCNJ5 mutation, and cortisol co-secretion were independent predictors for complete clinical success in UPA after surgery. Conclusions UPA with cortisol co-secretion is not uncommon in China, but the clinical features were distinctly different from those without co-secretion. Cortisol co-secretion is an independent risk factor for incomplete clinical success after surgery in UPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiran Jiang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumors, Shanghai Clinical Centre for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lihua Zhou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumors, Shanghai Clinical Centre for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Cui Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumors, Shanghai Clinical Centre for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tingwei Su
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumors, Shanghai Clinical Centre for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Jiang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumors, Shanghai Clinical Centre for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiwei Zhou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumors, Shanghai Clinical Centre for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xu Zhong
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumors, Shanghai Clinical Centre for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Luming Wu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumors, Shanghai Clinical Centre for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiqing Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumors, Shanghai Clinical Centre for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic diseases of Institute of Health Science, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine and Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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Hua R, Gao H, He C, Xin S, Wang B, Zhang S, Gao L, Tao Q, Wu W, Sun F, Xu J. An emerging view on vascular fibrosis molecular mediators and relevant disorders: from bench to bed. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10:1273502. [PMID: 38179503 PMCID: PMC10764515 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1273502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Vascular fibrosis is a widespread pathologic condition that arises during vascular remodeling in cardiovascular dysfunctions. According to previous studies, vascular fibrosis is characterized by endothelial matrix deposition and vascular wall thickening. The RAAS and TGF-β/Smad signaling pathways have been frequently highlighted. It is, however, far from explicit in terms of understanding the cause and progression of vascular fibrosis. In this review, we collected and categorized a large number of molecules which influence the fibrosing process, in order to acquire a better understanding of vascular fibrosis, particularly of pathologic dysfunction. Furthermore, several mediators that prevent vascular fibrosis are discussed in depth in this review, with the aim that this will contribute to the future prevention and treatment of related conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongxuan Hua
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Han Gao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Aerospace Center Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Chengwei He
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Shuzi Xin
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Boya Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Holistic Integrative Management of Gastrointestinal Cancers, Beijing Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Sitian Zhang
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Gao
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, School of Biomedical Engineering, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Qiang Tao
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, School of Biomedical Engineering, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wenqi Wu
- Experimental Center for Morphological Research Platform, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Fangling Sun
- Department of Experimental Animal Laboratory, Xuan-Wu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jingdong Xu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Kao TW, Liao CW, Tsai CH, Chang YY, Pan CT, Chang CC, Lee BC, Huang WC, Huang KH, Lu CC, Lai TS, Chan CK, Chueh JS, Wu VC, Hung CS, Chen ZW, Lin YH. Synergistic effect of albuminuria on atherosclerosis in patients with primary aldosteronism. Ther Adv Chronic Dis 2023; 14:20406223231210114. [PMID: 38362007 PMCID: PMC10867404 DOI: 10.1177/20406223231210114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Primary aldosteronism (PA) has been associated with atherosclerosis beyond the extent of essential hypertension, but the impact of albuminuria remains unknown. Objective To investigate the effect of concomitant albuminuria on arterial stiffness in PA. Design Prospective cohort study. Methods A prospective cohort study was conducted to evaluate the association of albuminuria (>30 mg/g in morning spot urine) with arterial stiffness, as measured non-invasively by pulse wave velocity (PWV) in patients with PA. Propensity score matching (PSM) with age, sex, diabetes, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, creatinine, potassium, number of antihypertensive medications, and hypertension history was used to balance baseline characteristics. The effects of albuminuria on PWV before and 1 year after treatment were analyzed. Results A total of 840 patients with PA were enrolled, of whom 243 had concomitant albuminuria. After PSM, there were no significant differences in baseline demographic parameters except alpha-blocker and spironolactone use. PWV was greater in the presence of albuminuria (p = 0.012) and positively correlated with urine albumin-creatinine ratio. Multivariable regression analysis identified albuminuria, age, body weight, systolic blood pressure, and calcium channel blocker use as independent predictors of PWV. As for treatment response, only PA patients with albuminuria showed significant improvements in PWV after PSM (p = 0.001). The magnitude of improvement in PWV increased with urine albumin-creatinine ratio and reached plateau when it exceeded 100 mg/g according to restricted cubic spline analysis. Conclusion Concomitant albuminuria in PA was associated with greater arterial stiffness and more substantial improvement after targeted treatment. Both the baseline and the improved extent of PWV increased in correlation with rising urine albumin-creatinine ratio levels, reaching a plateau when the urine albumin-creatinine ratio surpassed 100 mg/g.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Wei Kao
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Che-Wei Liao
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Medicine, National University Cancer Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Hsuan Tsai
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Yao Chang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Ting Pan
- Department of Internal Medicine, National University Hospital and National University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, National University Hospital Yun-Lin Branch, Yun-Lin, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Chen Chang
- Department of Medical Imaging, National University Hospital and National University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Bo-Ching Lee
- Department of Medical Imaging, National University Hospital and National University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chieh Huang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-How Huang
- Department of Urology, National University Hospital and National University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Chu Lu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, National University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tai-Shuan Lai
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chieh-Kai Chan
- Department of Internal Medicine, National University Hospital Hsin-Chu Branch, Hsin-Chu, Taiwan
| | | | - Vin-Cent Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Sheng Hung
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Zheng-Wei Chen
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital Yun-Lin Branch, No. 579, Sec. 2, Yun-Lin Rd., Douliu City, Yun-Lin County 640203
| | - Yen-Hung Lin
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
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de Paula VF, Tardelli LP, Amaral SL. Dexamethasone-Induced Arterial Stiffening Is Attenuated by Training due to a Better Balance Between Aortic Collagen and Elastin Levels. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2023:10.1007/s10557-023-07438-z. [PMID: 36795192 DOI: 10.1007/s10557-023-07438-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Although the cardioprotective benefits of exercise training are well known, the effects of training on dexamethasone (DEX)-induced arterial stiffness are still unclear. This study was aimed at investigating the mechanisms induced by training to prevent DEX-induced arterial stiffness. METHODS Wistar rats were allocated into 4 groups and submitted to combined training (aerobic and resistance exercises, on alternate days, 60% of maximal capacity, for 74 d) or were kept sedentary: sedentary control rats (SC), DEX-treated sedentary rats (DS), combined training control (CT), and DEX-treated trained rats (DT). During the last 14 d, rats were treated with DEX (50 μg/kg per body weight, per day, s.c.) or saline. RESULTS DEX increased PWV (+44% vs +5% m/s, for DS vs SC, p<0.001) and increased aortic COL 3 protein level (+75%) in DS. In addition, PWV was correlated with COL3 levels (r=0.682, p<0.0001). Aortic elastin and COL1 protein levels remained unchanged. On the other hand, the trained and treated groups showed lower PWV values (-27% m/s, p<0.001) vs DS and lower values of aortic and femoral COL3 compared with DS. CONCLUSION As DEX is widely used in several situations, the clinical relevance of this study is that the maintenance of good physical capacity throughout life can be crucial to alleviate some of its side effects, such as arterial stiffness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinicius F de Paula
- Joint Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, PIPGCF UFSCar/UNESP, Rodovia Washington Luiz, km 235, São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil
- Department of Physical Education, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Sciences, Av. Eng. Luiz Edmundo Carrijo Coube, 14-01, Bauru, SP, 17033-360, Brazil
| | - Lidieli P Tardelli
- Department of Physical Education, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Sciences, Av. Eng. Luiz Edmundo Carrijo Coube, 14-01, Bauru, SP, 17033-360, Brazil
| | - Sandra L Amaral
- Joint Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, PIPGCF UFSCar/UNESP, Rodovia Washington Luiz, km 235, São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil.
- Department of Physical Education, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Sciences, Av. Eng. Luiz Edmundo Carrijo Coube, 14-01, Bauru, SP, 17033-360, Brazil.
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Chen UL, Liao CW, Wang SM, Lai TS, Huang KH, Chang CC, Lee BC, Lu CC, Chang YR, Chang YY, Hung CS, Chueh JS, Wu VC, Tsai CH, Lin YH. Diabetes mellitus is associated with more adverse non-hemodynamic left ventricular remodeling and less recovery in patients with primary aldosteronism. J Investig Med 2023; 71:101-112. [PMID: 36647318 DOI: 10.1177/10815589221141840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The elevated aldosterone in primary aldosteronism (PA) is associated with increased insulin resistance and prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM). Both aldosterone excess and DM lead to left ventricular (LV) pathological remodeling. In this study, we investigated the impact of DM on LV non-hemodynamic remodeling in patients with PA. We enrolled 665 PA patients, of whom 112 had DM and 553 did not. Clinical, biochemical, and echocardiographic data were analyzed at baseline and 1 year after adrenalectomy. LV non-hemodynamic remodeling was represented by inappropriate excess left ventricular mass index (ieLVMI), which was defined as the difference between left ventricular mass index (LVMI) and predicted left ventricular mass index (pLVMI). Propensity score matching (PSM) was used with age, sex, systolic, and diastolic blood pressure to adjust for baseline variables. After PSM, the patient characteristics were balanced between the DM and non-DM groups, except for fasting glucose, HbA1c, and lipid profile. A total of 111 DM and 419 non-DM patients were selected for further analysis. Compared to the non-DM group, the DM group had significantly higher ieLVMI and LVMI. After multivariable linear regression analysis, the presence of DM remained a significant predictor of increased ieLVMI. After adrenalectomy, ieLVMI decreased significantly in the non-DM group but not in DM group. The presence of DM in PA patients was associated with more prominent non-hemodynamic LV remodeling and less recovery after adrenalectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uei-Lin Chen
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei.,Cardiovascular Center, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei
| | - Che-Wei Liao
- Department of Medicine, National Taiwan University Cancer Center, Taipei
| | - Shuo-Meng Wang
- Department of Urology, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei
| | - Tai-Shuan Lai
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei
| | - Kuo-How Huang
- Department of Urology, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei
| | - Chin-Chen Chang
- Department of Medical Imaging, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei
| | - Bo-Ching Lee
- Department of Medical Imaging, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei
| | - Ching-Chu Lu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei
| | - Yi-Ru Chang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei.,Cardiovascular Center, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei
| | - Yi-Yao Chang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei.,Cardiology Division of Cardiovascular Medical Center, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City.,Center of General Education, Chihlee University of Technology, New Taipei City
| | - Chi-Sheng Hung
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei.,Cardiovascular Center, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei
| | - Jeff S Chueh
- Department of Urology, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei
| | - Vin-Cent Wu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei
| | - Cheng-Hsuan Tsai
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei.,Cardiovascular Center, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei.,National Taiwan University College of Medicine Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine
| | - Yen-Hung Lin
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei.,Cardiovascular Center, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei
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Vaidya A, Hundemer GL, Nanba K, Parksook WW, Brown JM. Primary Aldosteronism: State-of-the-Art Review. Am J Hypertens 2022; 35:967-988. [PMID: 35767459 PMCID: PMC9729786 DOI: 10.1093/ajh/hpac079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We are witnessing a revolution in our understanding of primary aldosteronism (PA). In the past 2 decades, we have learned that PA is a highly prevalent syndrome that is largely attributable to pathogenic somatic mutations, that contributes to cardiovascular, metabolic, and kidney disease, and that when recognized, can be adequately treated with widely available mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists and/or surgical adrenalectomy. Unfortunately, PA is rarely diagnosed, or adequately treated, mainly because of a lack of awareness and education. Most clinicians still possess an outdated understanding of PA; from primary care physicians to hypertension specialists, there is an urgent need to redefine and reintroduce PA to clinicians with a modern and practical approach. In this state-of-the-art review, we provide readers with the most updated knowledge on the pathogenesis, prevalence, diagnosis, and treatment of PA. In particular, we underscore the public health importance of promptly recognizing and treating PA and provide pragmatic solutions to modify clinical practices to achieve this.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand Vaidya
- Department of Medicine, Center for Adrenal Disorders, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Gregory L Hundemer
- Department of Medicine (Division of Nephrology) and the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kazutaka Nanba
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Wasita W Parksook
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, and Division of General Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, and King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Jenifer M Brown
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Carsote M. The Entity of Connshing Syndrome: Primary Aldosteronism with Autonomous Cortisol Secretion. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12112772. [PMID: 36428832 PMCID: PMC9689802 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12112772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Connshing syndrome (CoSh) (adrenal-related synchronous aldosterone (A) and cortisol (C) excess) represents a distinct entity among PA (primary hyperaldosteronisms) named by W. Arlt et al. in 2017, but the condition has been studied for more than 4 decades. Within the last few years, this is one of the most dynamic topics in hormonally active adrenal lesions due to massive advances in steroids metabolomics, molecular genetics from CYP11B1/B2 immunostaining to genes constellations, as well as newly designated pathological categories according to the 2022 WHO classification. In gross, PA causes 4-10% of all high blood pressure (HBP) cases, and 20% of resistant HBP; subclinical Cushing syndrome (SCS) is identified in one-third of adrenal incidentalomas (AI), while CoSh accounts for 20-30% to 77% of PA subjects, depending on the tests used to confirm autonomous C secretion (ACS). The clinical picture overlaps with PA, hypercortisolemia being mild. ACS is suspected in PA if a more severe glucose and cardiovascular profile is identified, or there are larger tumours, ACS being an independent factor risk for kidney damage, and probably also for depression/anxiety and osteoporotic fractures. It seems that one-third of the PA-ACS group harbours mutations of C-related lines like PRKACA and GNAS. A novel approach means we should perform CYP11B2/CYP11B1 immunostaining; sometimes negative aldosteronoma for CYP11B1 is surrounded by micronodules or cell clusters with positive CYP11B1 to sustain the C excess. Pitfalls of hormonal assessments in CoSh include the index of suspicion (check for ACS in PA patients) and the interpretation of A/C ratio during adrenal venous sample. Laparoscopic adrenalectomy is the treatment of choice. Post-operative clinical remission rate is lower in CoSh than PA. The risk of clinically manifested adrenal insufficiency is low, but a synthetic ACTH stimulating testing might help to avoid unnecessary exposure to glucocorticoids therapy. Finally, postponing the choice of surgery may impair the outcome, having noted that long-term therapy with mineralocorticoids receptors antagonists might not act against excessive amounts of C. Awareness of CoSh improves management and overall prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara Carsote
- Department of Endocrinology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy & C.I. Parhon National Institute of Endocrinology, 011683 Bucharest, Romania
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