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Serrano QA, Le Garf S, Martin V, Colson SS, Chevalier N. Is Physical Activity an Efficient Strategy to Control the Adverse Effects of Persistent Organic Pollutants in the Context of Obesity? A Narrative Review. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:883. [PMID: 38255955 PMCID: PMC10815489 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25020883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Obesity affects nearly 660 million adults worldwide and is known for its many comorbidities. Although the phenomenon of obesity is not fully understood, science regularly reveals new determinants of this pathology. Among them, persistent organic pollutants (POPs) have been recently highlighted. Mainly lipophilic, POPs are normally stored in adipose tissue and can lead to adverse metabolic effects when released into the bloodstream. The main objective of this narrative review is to discuss the different pathways by which physical activity may counteract POPs' adverse effects. The research that we carried out seems to indicate that physical activity could positively influence several pathways negatively influenced by POPs, such as insulin resistance, inflammation, lipid accumulation, adipogenesis, and gut microbiota dysbiosis, that are associated with the development of obesity. This review also indicates how, through the controlled mobilization of POPs, physical activity could be a valuable approach to reduce the concentration of POPs in the bloodstream. These findings suggest that physical activity should be used to counteract the adverse effects of POPs. However, future studies should accurately assess its impact in specific situations such as bariatric surgery, where weight loss promotes POPs' blood release.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Vincent Martin
- Université Clermont Auvergne, AME2P, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France;
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), 75005 Paris, France
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Yang Z, Huang G, Zhou P, Zhang Y, Ding J, Sun Q, Hua T. Exercise ameliorates high-fat diet-induced insulin resistance accompanied by changes in protein levels of hepatic ATF3-related signaling in rats. Physiol Behav 2022; 249:113766. [PMID: 35240124 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2022.113766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Exercise is an effective way to alleviate insulin resistance (IR). However, the underlying mechanisms remain to be elucidated. Previous studies demonstrated that cardiolipin synthase 1 (CRLS1)/interferon-regulatory factor-2 binding protein 2 (IRF2bp2)-activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3)-adiponectin receptor 2 (AdipoR2)-adaptor protein containing pH domain, PTB domain and leucine zipper motif 1 (APPL1)-protein kinase B (AKT/PKB)-related signaling was closely associated with obesity-induced IR-related diseases, but the correlation between exercise training alleviating obesity-induced IR and the protein levels of hepatic CRLS1/IRF2bp2-ATF3-AdipoR2-APPL1-AKT-related signaling in rats is unknown. Therefore, We want to investigate the effect of exercise training on IR and the protein levels of hepatic CRLS1/IRF2bp2-ATF3-AdipoR2-APPL1-AKT-related signaling in rat. METHODS The male healthy Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups: normal control group (NCG, n = 10), diet-induced obesity-sedentary group (DIO-SG, n = 10), diet-induced obesity-chronic exercise group (DIOCEG, n = 10) received chronic swim exercise training and diet-induced obesity-acute exercise group (DIO-AEG, n = 10) received acute swim exercise training. We measured the levels of IR-related indicators and the protein levels of hepatic CRLS1/IRF2bp2-ATF3-AdipoR2-APPL1-AKT-related signaling in NCG, DIO-SG, DIOCEG and DIO-AEG. RESULTS We found that high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity decreased insulin sensitivity in rats accompanied by decreased protein levels of hepatic CRLS1, IRF2bp2, AdipoR2, APPL1, p-AKT and increased protein level of hepatic ATF3. The acute exercise and the chronic exercise both increased insulin sensitivity in rats. The chronic exercise decreased hepatic ATF3 protein level and increased CRLS1, IRF2bp2, AdipoR2, APPL1, p-AKT protein levels in HFD-fed rats. The acute exercise decreased hepatic ATF3 protein level and increased hepatic IRF2bp2, APPL1 and p-AKT protein levels in HFD-fed rats. The acute exercise had no significant effect on hepatic CRLS1 and AdipoR2 protein levels in HFD-fed rats. CONCLUSION Our current findings indicated that exercise alleviated obesity-induced IR accompanied by changes in protein levels of hepatic ATF3-related signaling in rats. Our results are meaningful for exploring the molecular mechanism of exercise alleviating IR symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Yang
- Physiology laboratory of College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, China
| | - Guangyu Huang
- Physiology laboratory of College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, China
| | - Puqing Zhou
- Physiology laboratory of College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Physiology laboratory of College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, China
| | - Jing Ding
- Physiology laboratory of College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, China
| | - Qingyan Sun
- Physiology laboratory of College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, China.
| | - Tianmiao Hua
- Neurobiology laboratory of College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, China
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3
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Interactions between insulin and exercise. Biochem J 2021; 478:3827-3846. [PMID: 34751700 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20210185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The interaction between insulin and exercise is an example of balancing and modifying the effects of two opposing metabolic regulatory forces under varying conditions. While insulin is secreted after food intake and is the primary hormone increasing glucose storage as glycogen and fatty acid storage as triglycerides, exercise is a condition where fuel stores need to be mobilized and oxidized. Thus, during physical activity the fuel storage effects of insulin need to be suppressed. This is done primarily by inhibiting insulin secretion during exercise as well as activating local and systemic fuel mobilizing processes. In contrast, following exercise there is a need for refilling the fuel depots mobilized during exercise, particularly the glycogen stores in muscle. This process is facilitated by an increase in insulin sensitivity of the muscles previously engaged in physical activity which directs glucose to glycogen resynthesis. In physically trained individuals, insulin sensitivity is also higher than in untrained individuals due to adaptations in the vasculature, skeletal muscle and adipose tissue. In this paper, we review the interactions between insulin and exercise during and after exercise, as well as the effects of regular exercise training on insulin action.
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4
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Zhang Y, Ye T, Zhou P, Li R, Liu Z, Xie J, Hua T, Sun Q. Exercise ameliorates insulin resistance and improves ASK1-mediated insulin signalling in obese rats. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 25:10930-10938. [PMID: 34734480 PMCID: PMC8642671 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence reveals that physical exercise is an efficient therapeutical approach in the treatment of insulin resistance (IR) and related metabolic diseases. However, the potential beneficial effects of exercise on insulin resistance and its underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Recent findings elucidated the negative role of ASK1 in repressing the glucose uptake through JNK1‐IRS1‐Akt signalling in liver. Thus, a detailed investigation of the effect of ASK1‐mediated insulin signalling on exercise‐mediated improvement of insulin sensitivity and its underlying mechanism was implemented in this study. Using a high‐fat diet‐induced IR rat model of chronic or acute swimming exercise training, we here showed that body weight and visceral fat mass were significantly reduced after chronic exercise. Moreover, chronic exercise reduced serum FFAs levels and hepatic triglyceride content. Both chronic and acute exercise promoted glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity. Meanwhile, both chronic and acute exercise decreased ASK1 phosphorylation and improved JNK1‐IRS1‐Akt signalling. Furthermore, exercise training decreased CFLAR, CREG and TRAF1 protein levels in liver of obese rats, which are positive regulator of ASK1 activity. These results suggested that swimming exercise demonstrated to be an effective ameliorator of IR through the regulation of ASK1‐mediated insulin signalling and therefore, could present a prospective therapeutic mean towards the treatment of IR and several metabolic diseases based on IR, containing NAFLD and type Ⅱ diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhang
- Physiology laboratory of College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, China.,The State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Tingting Ye
- Physiology laboratory of College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, China
| | - Puqing Zhou
- Physiology laboratory of College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, China
| | - Runjing Li
- Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Zuofeng Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, School of Medicine, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Jianyuan Xie
- The State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Tianmiao Hua
- Neurobiology laboratory of College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, China
| | - Qingyan Sun
- Physiology laboratory of College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, China
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Muñoz VR, Gaspar RC, Severino MB, Macêdo APA, Simabuco FM, Ropelle ER, Cintra DE, da Silva ASR, Kim YB, Pauli JR. Exercise Counterbalances Rho/ROCK2 Signaling Impairment in the Skeletal Muscle and Ameliorates Insulin Sensitivity in Obese Mice. Front Immunol 2021; 12:702025. [PMID: 34234788 PMCID: PMC8256841 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.702025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical exercise is considered a fundamental strategy in improving insulin sensitivity and glucose uptake in skeletal muscle. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying this regulation, primarily on skeletal muscle glucose uptake, are not fully understood. Recent evidence has shown that Rho-kinase (ROCK) isoforms play a pivotal role in regulating skeletal muscle glucose uptake and systemic glucose homeostasis. The current study evaluated the effect of physical exercise on ROCK2 signaling in skeletal muscle of insulin-resistant obese animals. Physiological (ITT) and molecular analysis (immunoblotting, and RT-qPCR) were performed. The contents of RhoA and ROCK2 protein were decreased in skeletal muscle of obese mice compared to control mice but were restored to normal levels in response to physical exercise. The exercised animals also showed higher phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS1 Serine 632/635) and protein kinase B (Akt) in the skeletal muscle. However, phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) and protein-tyrosine phosphatase-1B (PTP-1B), both inhibitory regulators for insulin action, were increased in obesity but decreased after exercise. The impact of ROCK2 action on muscle insulin signaling is further underscored by the fact that impaired IRS1 and Akt phosphorylation caused by palmitate in C2C12 myotubes was entirely restored by ROCK2 overexpression. These results suggest that the exercise-induced upregulation of RhoA-ROCK2 signaling in skeletal muscle is associated with increased systemic insulin sensitivity in obese mice and further implicate that muscle ROCK2 could be a potential target for treating obesity-linked metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitor R Muñoz
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, Brazil
| | - Rafael C Gaspar
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, Brazil
| | - Matheus B Severino
- Multidisciplinary Laboratory of Food and Health, School of Applied Sciences, State University of Campinas, Limeira, Brazil
| | - Ana P A Macêdo
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, Brazil
| | - Fernando M Simabuco
- Multidisciplinary Laboratory of Food and Health, School of Applied Sciences, State University of Campinas, Limeira, Brazil
| | - Eduardo R Ropelle
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, Brazil
| | - Dennys E Cintra
- Laboratory of Nutritional Genomics, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, Brazil
| | - Adelino S R da Silva
- Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation and Functional Performance, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.,School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Young-Bum Kim
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - José Rodrigo Pauli
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, Brazil
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Zhang Y, Yang Z, Xu Z, Wan J, Hua T, Sun Q. Exercise ameliorates insulin resistance and improves SIRT6-mediated insulin signaling transduction in liver of obese rats. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2021; 99:506-511. [PMID: 32970960 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2020-0083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Physical exercise is essential for the amelioration of insulin resistance (IR). The mechanisms in charge of improved IR, regulated by exercise, are insufficiently studied. Previous research revealed that Sirtuin 6 (SIRT6) - mediated insulin signaling acts a crucial element in hepatic IR. The objective of our research was to determine the effects of exercise on SIRT6-mediated insulin signaling in liver of IR rats. Forty male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly assigned to four groups (n = 10 rats each): control rats fed with standard chow (Lean group); sedentary rats fed with a high-fat diet (HFD-SED); rats fed with HFD and submitted to 8 week chronic swimming exercise training (HFD-CE); and rats fed HFD and submitted to one acute swimming exercise training (HFD-AE). HFD feeding lead to increased body weight, accumulation of hepatic triglyceride and serum free fatty acids, and enhanced gluconeogenesis. Besides, HFD feeding decreased body insulin sensitivity. Hepatic USP10 and SIRT6 protein levels decreased under obese status. Both chronic and acute exercise intervention alleviated physiological and metabolic status, increased hepatic USP10 and SIRT6 levels, improved insulin signaling transduction, and inhibited gluconeogenesis. These results showed that exercise intervention regulated SIRT6-mediated insulin signaling, which contributes to our understanding of the molecular mechanisms behind IR, in that a regular exercise can mitigate the effects of IR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhang
- Physiology laboratory of College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, China
| | - Zhiwei Yang
- Physiology laboratory of College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, China
| | - Zhen Xu
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Immunology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jianyong Wan
- Physiology laboratory of College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, China
| | - Tianmiao Hua
- Neurobiology laboratory of College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, China
| | - Qingyan Sun
- Physiology laboratory of College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, China
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7
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Li L, He D, Jiang K, Zhao Y. Effects of forced swimming stress on expression and phosphorylation of PI3K/Akt signal pathway in pancreas of type 2 diabetic rats. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2020; 8:1006. [PMID: 32953806 PMCID: PMC7475502 DOI: 10.21037/atm-20-5304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Background To study the effects of forced swimming stress on blood glucose and insulin levels and the expression and phosphorylation of pancreatic PI3K/Akt signal pathway in type 2 diabetic rats. Methods Thirty adult SD rats (8-week-old, male) were randomly divided into three groups: control group, diabetic model group, and diabetic model stress group. The diabetic model group was established by feeding with the high-fat and high-glucose diet for four weeks, and then the rats were injected with low-dose streptozotocin (STZ, 25 mg/kg, once a day for 2 days). The rats in the diabetic model group were subjected to forced swimming stress for seven days, which was a diabetic model stress group. Twenty-four hours after the last forced swimming stress, the rats fasted, and blood samples were collected to detect blood glucose, insulin, triglycerides (TGs), free fatty acids (FFAs), high- and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC and LDLC) levels. The western blot was applied to detect the expression of PI3K, Akt, p-Akt, and mTOR in the pancreas of rats in each group. Results Blood glucose and insulin levels in the diabetic model stress group were significantly lower than those in the diabetic model group, and the protein levels of PI3K, p-AKT, and mTOR in the pancreas of the diabetic model stress group were significantly higher than those of the diabetic model group. Conclusions One-week swimming stress can decrease the blood glucose level and improve insulin indexes in type 2 diabetic rats and increase the expression and phosphorylation of pancreatic PI3K/Akt signal pathway proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Li
- Department of Geriatrics, Shenzhen People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Dan He
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Xiangtan Central Hospital, Xiangtan, China
| | - Kewei Jiang
- Department of Geriatrics, Shenzhen People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ying Zhao
- Department of Geriatrics, Shenzhen People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen, China
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Akalestou E, Genser L, Rutter GA. Glucocorticoid Metabolism in Obesity and Following Weight Loss. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:59. [PMID: 32153504 PMCID: PMC7045057 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids are steroid hormones produced by the adrenal cortex and are essential for the maintenance of various metabolic and homeostatic functions. Their function is regulated at the tissue level by 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases and they signal through the glucocorticoid receptor, a ligand-dependent transcription factor. Clinical observations have linked excess glucocorticoid levels with profound metabolic disturbances of intermediate metabolism resulting in abdominal obesity, insulin resistance and dyslipidaemia. In this review, we discuss the physiological mechanisms of glucocorticoid secretion, regulation and function, and survey the metabolic consequences of excess glucocorticoid action resulting from elevated release and activation or up-regulated signaling. Finally, we summarize the reported impact of weight loss by diet, exercise, or bariatric surgery on circulating and tissue-specific glucocorticoid levels and examine the therapeutic possibility of reversing glucocorticoid-associated metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elina Akalestou
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial Centre for Translational and Experimental Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Laurent Genser
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial Centre for Translational and Experimental Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Digestive and Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgery, Liver Transplantation, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire ICAN, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Guy A. Rutter
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial Centre for Translational and Experimental Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Guy A. Rutter
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Oliveira LDC, de Morais GP, da Rocha AL, Teixeira GR, Pinto AP, de Vicente LG, Pauli JR, de Moura LP, Mekary RA, Ropelle ER, Cintra DE, da Silva ASR. Excessive treadmill training enhances the insulin signaling pathway and glycogen deposition in mice hearts. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:1304-1317. [PMID: 30324688 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.27092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Exhaustive and chronic physical exercise leads to peripheral inflammation, which is one of the molecular mechanisms responsible for the impairment of the insulin signaling pathway in the heart. Recently, 3 different running overtraining models performed downhill (OTR/down), uphill (OTR/up), and without inclination (OTR) increased the serum levels of proinflammatory cytokines. This proinflammatory status induced insulin signaling impairment in the skeletal muscle; however, the response of this signaling pathway in the cardiac muscle of overtrained mice was still unknown. Thus, we investigated the effects of OTR/down, OTR/up, and OTR protocols on the protein levels of phosphorylation of insulin receptor β (pIRβ) (Tyr), phosphorylation of protein kinase B (pAkt) (Ser473), plasma membrane glucose transporter-1 (GLUT1) and GLUT4, phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate-1 (pIRS-1) (Ser307), phosphorylation of IκB kinase α/β) (pIKKα/β (Ser180/181), phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p-p38MAPK) (Thr180/Tyr182), phosphorylation of stress-activated protein kinases-Jun amino-terminal kinases (pSAPK-JNK) (Thr183/Tyr185), and glycogen content in mice hearts. The rodents were divided into naïve (N, sedentary mice), control (CT, sedentary mice submitted to performance evaluations), trained (TR, performed the training protocol), OTR/down, OTR/up, and OTR groups. After the grip force test, the cardiac muscles (ie, left ventricle) were removed and used for immunoblotting and histology. Although the OTR/up and OTR groups exhibited higher cardiac levels of pIRβ (Tyr), only the OTR group exhibited higher cardiac levels of pAkt (Ser473) and plasma membrane GLUT4. On the contrary, the OTR/down group exhibited higher cardiac levels of pIRS-1 (Ser307). The OTR model enhanced the cardiac insulin signaling pathway. All overtraining models increased the left ventricle glycogen content, with this probably acting as a compensatory organ in response to skeletal muscle insulin signaling impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana da C Oliveira
- Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation and Functional Performance, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gustavo P de Morais
- Postgraduate Program in Physical Education and Sport, School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alisson L da Rocha
- Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation and Functional Performance, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Giovana R Teixeira
- Department of Physical Education, State University of São Paulo (UNESP), Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana P Pinto
- Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation and Functional Performance, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Larissa G de Vicente
- Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation and Functional Performance, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José R Pauli
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise (LaBMEx), School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leandro P de Moura
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise (LaBMEx), School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rania A Mekary
- Department of Pharmaceutical Business and Administrative Sciences, MCPHS University, Boston, MA.,Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Eduardo R Ropelle
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise (LaBMEx), School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Dennys E Cintra
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise (LaBMEx), School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adelino S R da Silva
- Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation and Functional Performance, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Physical Education and Sport, School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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10
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Zhang Y, Wan J, Xu Z, Hua T, Sun Q. Exercise ameliorates insulin resistance via regulating TGFβ-activated kinase 1 (TAK1)-mediated insulin signaling in liver of high-fat diet-induced obese rats. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:7467-7474. [PMID: 30367484 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Exercise is an effective therapy for insulin resistance. However, the underlying mechanism remains to be elucidated. Previous research demonstrated that TGFβ-activated kinase 1 (TAK1)-dependent signaling plays a crucial character in hepatic insulin resistance. Hepatic ubiquitin specific protease 4 (USP4), USP18, and dual-specificity phosphatases 14 (DUSP14) can suppress TAK1 phosphorylation, besides tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 3 (TRAF3) and tripartite motif 8 (TRIM8) promote its phosphorylation. In this study, we tried to verify our hypothesis that exercise improves insulin resistance in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese (DIO) rats via regulating the TAK1 dependent signaling and TAK1 regulators in liver. Forty male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized into four groups (n = 10): standard diet and sedentary as normal control; fed on HFD and DIO-sedentary; fed on HFD and DIO-chronic exercise; and fed on HFD and DIO-acute exercise. HFD feeding resulted in increased body weight, visceral fat mass, serum FFAs and hepatic lipid deposition, but decreased hepatic glycogen content and insulin sensitivity. Moreover, hepatic TRAF3 and TRIM8 protein levels increased, whereas USP4, USP18, and DUSP14 protein levels were decreased under obese status, which resulted in enhanced TAK1 phosphorylation and impaired insulin signaling. Exercise training, containing chronic and acute mode, both ameliorated insulin resistance. Meanwhile, decreased TAK1, c-Jun N-terminal kinase 1 (JNK1), and insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS1) phosphorylation enhanced Akt phosphorylation in liver. Moreover, exercise enhanced USP4 and DUSP14 protein levels, whereas decreased TRIM8 protein levels in obese rats' liver. These results showed that exercise triggered a crucial modulation in TAK1-dependent signaling and its regulators in obese rats' liver, and distinct improvement in insulin sensitivity, which provide new insights into the mechanism by which physical exercise improves insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhang
- Division of Physiology, Physiology Laboratory of College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, China
| | - Jianyong Wan
- Division of Physiology, Physiology Laboratory of College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, China
| | - Zhen Xu
- Division of Immunology, The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tianmiao Hua
- Division of Neurobiology, Neurobiology Laboratory of College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, China
| | - Qingyan Sun
- Division of Physiology, Physiology Laboratory of College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, China
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Kuga GK, Gaspar RC, Muñoz VR, Nakandakari SCBR, Breda L, Sandoval BM, Caetano FH, Leme JACDA, Pauli JR, Gomes RJ. Physical training reverses changes in hepatic mitochondrial diameter of Alloxan-induced diabetic rats. EINSTEIN-SAO PAULO 2018; 16:eAO4353. [PMID: 30088548 PMCID: PMC6110382 DOI: 10.1590/s1679-45082018ao4353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of physical training on metabolic and morphological parameters of diabetic rats. METHODS Wistar rats were randomized into four groups: sedentary control, trained control, sedentary diabetic and trained diabetic. Diabetes mellitus was induced by Alloxan (35mg/kg) administration for sedentary diabetic and Trained Diabetic Groups. The exercise protocol consisted of swimming with a load of 2.5% of body weight for 60 minutes per day (5 days per week) for the trained control and Trained Diabetic Groups, during 6 weeks. At the end of the experiment, the rats were sacrificed and blood was collected for determinations of serum glucose, insulin, albumin and total protein. Liver samples were extracted for measurements of glycogen, protein, DNA and mitochondrial diameter determination. RESULTS The sedentary diabetic animals presented decreased body weight, blood insulin, and hepatic glycogen, as well as increased glycemia and mitochondrial diameter. The physical training protocol in diabetic animals was efficient to recovery body weight and liver glycogen, and to decrease the hepatic mitochondrial diameter. CONCLUSION Physical training ameliorated hepatic metabolism and promoted important morphologic adaptations as mitochondrial diameter in liver of the diabetic rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Keine Kuga
- Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil
| | - Rafael Calais Gaspar
- Faculdade de Ciências Aplicadas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Limeira, SP, Brazil
| | - Vitor Rosetto Muñoz
- Faculdade de Ciências Aplicadas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Limeira, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | - José Rodrigo Pauli
- Faculdade de Ciências Aplicadas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Limeira, SP, Brazil
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12
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Zhang Y, Wan J, Liu S, Hua T, Sun Q. Exercise induced improvements in insulin sensitivity are concurrent with reduced NFE2/miR-432-5p and increased FAM3A. Life Sci 2018; 207:23-29. [PMID: 29802941 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Little is known regarding whether the NFE2/miR-423-5p and FAM3A-ATP-Akt pathway in liver mediates exercise allured alleviation of insulin resistance connected with diet-induced obesity. This research inquired the influence of exercise on liver insulin sensitivity and whole body insulin resistance in high-fat diet fed rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Forty male Sprague-Dawley rats at seven-week-old were assigned to four groups at random: standard diet as normal control group (NC, n = 10), high-fat diet group (HFD, n = 10), high-fat diet with chronic exercise intervention group (HFD-CE, n = 10) and high-fat diet with acute exercise intervention group (HFD-AE, n = 10). KEY FINDINGS Compared with rats fed with a standard diet, eight-week high-fat diet feeding lead to elevated body weight, visceral fat content and serum FFAs, and decreased insulin sensitivity index. Moreover, high-fat diet enhanced NFE2 protein expression and miR-423-5p level, decreased FAM3A mRNA and protein expression, ATP level and Akt phosphorylation in liver. In contrast, physical exercise, both chronic and acute exercise alleviated whole body insulin resistance, reduced hepatic NFE2 and miR-423-5p expression, and serum FFAs level, meanwhile enhanced FAM3A mRNA and protein expression, ATP level and Akt phosphorylation in liver. The current findings indicated that exercise in diet-induced obesity, both chronic and acute, induce a momentous regulation in NFE2/miR-423-5p and FAM3A-ATP-Akt pathway in liver, and improve hepatic insulin sensitivity and whole body insulin resistance. SIGNIFICANCE All these results supply crucial evidence in our comprehending of the molecular mechanism that connected exercise to an alleviation of insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhang
- Physiology Laboratory of College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, China
| | - Jianyong Wan
- Physiology Laboratory of College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, China
| | - Shiqiang Liu
- Physiology Laboratory of College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, China
| | - Tianmiao Hua
- Neurobiology Laboratory of College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, China
| | - Qingyan Sun
- Physiology Laboratory of College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, China.
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13
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Muñoz VR, Gaspar RC, Kuga GK, da Rocha AL, Crisol BM, Botezelli JD, Baptista IL, Mekary RA, da Silva ASR, Cintra DE, de Moura LP, Ropelle ER, Pauli JR. Exercise increases Rho-kinase activity and insulin signaling in skeletal muscle. J Cell Physiol 2018; 233:4791-4800. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vitor R. Muñoz
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise; University of Campinas (UNICAMP); Limeira São Paulo Brazil
| | - Rafael C. Gaspar
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise; University of Campinas (UNICAMP); Limeira São Paulo Brazil
| | - Gabriel K. Kuga
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise; University of Campinas (UNICAMP); Limeira São Paulo Brazil
| | - Alisson L. da Rocha
- Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation and Functional Performance,; Ribeirão Preto Medical School, USP; Ribeirão Preto São Paulo Brazil
- School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirão Preto; University of São Paulo (USP); Ribeirão Preto São Paulo Brazil
| | - Barbara M. Crisol
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise; University of Campinas (UNICAMP); Limeira São Paulo Brazil
| | - José D. Botezelli
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise; University of Campinas (UNICAMP); Limeira São Paulo Brazil
| | - Igor L. Baptista
- Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Biology; University of Campinas (UNICAMP); Limeira São Paulo Brazil
| | - Rania A. Mekary
- Department of Nutrition; Harvard T. Chan School of Public Health; Boston Massachusetts
- Department of Pharmaceutical Business and Administrative Sciences; MCPHS University; Boston Massachusetts
| | - Adelino S. R. da Silva
- Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Biology; University of Campinas (UNICAMP); Limeira São Paulo Brazil
| | - Dennys E. Cintra
- Laboratory of Nutritional Genomics; University of Campinas (UNICAMP); Limeira São Paulo Brazil
- OCRC - Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center; University of Campinas (UNICAMP); Campinas São Paulo Brazil
| | - Leandro P. de Moura
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise; University of Campinas (UNICAMP); Limeira São Paulo Brazil
- OCRC - Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center; University of Campinas (UNICAMP); Campinas São Paulo Brazil
- CEPECE - Center of Research in Sport Sciences. School of Applied Sciences; University of Campinas (UNICAMP); Limeira São Paulo Brazil
| | - Eduardo R. Ropelle
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise; University of Campinas (UNICAMP); Limeira São Paulo Brazil
- OCRC - Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center; University of Campinas (UNICAMP); Campinas São Paulo Brazil
- CEPECE - Center of Research in Sport Sciences. School of Applied Sciences; University of Campinas (UNICAMP); Limeira São Paulo Brazil
| | - José R. Pauli
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise; University of Campinas (UNICAMP); Limeira São Paulo Brazil
- OCRC - Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center; University of Campinas (UNICAMP); Campinas São Paulo Brazil
- CEPECE - Center of Research in Sport Sciences. School of Applied Sciences; University of Campinas (UNICAMP); Limeira São Paulo Brazil
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14
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de Souza JFT, Dáttilo M, de Mello MT, Tufik S, Antunes HKM. High-Intensity Interval Training Attenuates Insulin Resistance Induced by Sleep Deprivation in Healthy Males. Front Physiol 2017; 8:992. [PMID: 29270126 PMCID: PMC5725446 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Sleep deprivation can impair several physiological systems and recently, new evidence has pointed to the relationship between a lack of sleep and carbohydrate metabolism, consequently resulting in insulin resistance. To minimize this effect, High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) is emerging as a potential strategy. Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of HIIT on insulin resistance induced by sleep deprivation. Method: Eleven healthy male volunteers were recruited, aged 18–35 years, who declared taking 7–8 h sleep per night. All volunteers were submitted to four different conditions: a single night of regular sleep (RS condition), 24 h of total sleep deprivation (SD condition), HIIT training followed by regular sleep (HIIT+RS condition), and HIIT training followed by 24 h of total sleep deprivation (HIIT+SD condition). They performed six training sessions over 2 weeks and each session consisted of 8–12 × 60 s intervals at 100% of peak power output. In each experimental condition, tests for glucose, insulin, cortisol, free fatty acids, and insulin sensitivity, measured by oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), were performed. Results: Sleep deprivation increased glycaemia and insulin levels, as well as the area under the curve. Furthermore, an increase in free fatty acids concentrations and basal metabolism was observed. There were no differences in the concentrations of cortisol. However, HIIT before 24 h of sleep deprivation attenuated the increase of glucose, insulin, and free fatty acids. Conclusion: Twenty-four hours of sleep deprivation resulted in acute insulin resistance. However, HIIT is an effective strategy to minimize the deleterious effects promoted by this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge F T de Souza
- Departamento de Biociências, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Centro de Estudos em Psicobiologia e Exercício, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Murilo Dáttilo
- Centro de Estudos em Psicobiologia e Exercício, São Paulo, Brazil.,Departamento de Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marco T de Mello
- Departamento de Esportes, Faculdade de Educação Física, Fisioterapia e Terapia Ocupacional, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Sergio Tufik
- Departamento de Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Hanna K M Antunes
- Departamento de Biociências, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Centro de Estudos em Psicobiologia e Exercício, São Paulo, Brazil
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15
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16
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Schaun MI, Marschner RA, Peres TR, Markoski MM, Lehnen AM. Aerobic training prior to myocardial infarction increases cardiac GLUT4 and partially preserves heart function in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2017; 42:334-337. [DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2016-0439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We assessed cardiac function (echocardiographic) and glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) expression (Western blot) in response to 10 weeks of aerobic training (treadmill) prior to acute myocardial infarction (AMI) by ligation of the left coronary artery in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Animals were allocated to sedentary+sham, sedentary+AMI, training+sham, and training+AMI. Aerobic training prior to AMI partially preserves heart function. AMI and/or aerobic training increased GLUT4 expression. However, those animals trained prior to AMI showed a greater increase in GLUT4 in cardiomyocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximiliano Isoppo Schaun
- Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul/Fundação Universitária de Cardiologia, Porto Alegre, RS, 90620-001, Brazil
| | - Rafael Aguiar Marschner
- Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul/Fundação Universitária de Cardiologia, Porto Alegre, RS, 90620-001, Brazil
| | - Thiago Rodrigues Peres
- Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul/Fundação Universitária de Cardiologia, Porto Alegre, RS, 90620-001, Brazil
| | - Melissa Medeiros Markoski
- Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul/Fundação Universitária de Cardiologia, Porto Alegre, RS, 90620-001, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Machado Lehnen
- Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul/Fundação Universitária de Cardiologia, Porto Alegre, RS, 90620-001, Brazil
- Faculdade Sogipa de Educação Física, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, 90550-003, Brazil
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17
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Lew JKS, Pearson JT, Schwenke DO, Katare R. Exercise mediated protection of diabetic heart through modulation of microRNA mediated molecular pathways. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2017; 16:10. [PMID: 28086863 PMCID: PMC5237289 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-016-0484-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 12/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperglycaemia, hypertension, dyslipidemia and insulin resistance collectively impact on the myocardium of people with diabetes, triggering molecular, structural and myocardial abnormalities. These have been suggested to aggravate oxidative stress, systemic inflammation, myocardial lipotoxicity and impaired myocardial substrate utilization. As a consequence, this leads to the development of a spectrum of cardiovascular diseases, which may include but not limited to coronary endothelial dysfunction, and left ventricular remodelling and dysfunction. Diabetic heart disease (DHD) is the term used to describe the presence of heart disease specifically in diabetic patients. Despite significant advances in medical research and long clinical history of anti-diabetic medications, the risk of heart failure in people with diabetes never declines. Interestingly, sustainable and long-term exercise regimen has emerged as an effective synergistic therapy to combat the cardiovascular complications in people with diabetes, although the precise molecular mechanism(s) underlying this protection remain unclear. This review provides an overview of the underlying mechanisms of hyperglycaemia- and insulin resistance-mediated DHD with a detailed discussion on the role of different intensities of exercise in mitigating these molecular alterations in diabetic heart. In particular, we provide the possible role of exercise on microRNAs, the key molecular regulators of several pathophysiological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Kar Sheng Lew
- Department of Physiology, HeartOtago, University of Otago, 270, Great King Street, Dunedin, 9010, New Zealand
| | - James T Pearson
- Department of Cardiac Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, Japan.,Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Daryl O Schwenke
- Department of Physiology, HeartOtago, University of Otago, 270, Great King Street, Dunedin, 9010, New Zealand.
| | - Rajesh Katare
- Department of Physiology, HeartOtago, University of Otago, 270, Great King Street, Dunedin, 9010, New Zealand.
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18
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Pereira RM, Moura LPD, Muñoz VR, Silva ASRD, Gaspar RS, Ropelle ER, Pauli JR. Molecular mechanisms of glucose uptake in skeletal muscle at rest and in response to exercise. MOTRIZ: REVISTA DE EDUCACAO FISICA 2017. [DOI: 10.1590/s1980-6574201700si0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - José Rodrigo Pauli
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Brazil; Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Brazil
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19
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Voluntary Running Improves In Vivo Insulin Resistance in High-Salt Diet–Fed Rats. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2016; 232:1330-7. [DOI: 10.3181/0704-rm-107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well known that exercise training, including voluntary running (VR), improves insulin resistance. However, the effect of VR on insulin resistance induced by high salt intake is unclear. The aim of this study was to determine whether VR would improve the glucose utilization in normal male Sprague-Dawley rats fed a high-salt diet (HSD) on 2-week early prevention and 1-week midway intervention protocols. In vivo glucose utilization was measured by euglycemic clamp technique. Further analyses of the possible changes in insulin signaling occurring in skeletal muscle were performed by Western blot and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The glucose infusion rates (GIRs) after 2 weeks of HSD feeding were decreased (HSD vs. control: 21.5 ± 0.8 vs. 27 ± 0.5 mg/kg body wt/min; P < 0.05), and improved by 2 weeks VR to 30.5 ± 1.5 mg/kg body wt/min. Additionally, the GIRs after 3 weeks of HSD feeding were decreased (HSD vs. control: 20.0 ± 0.3 vs. 26.5 ± 0.6 mg/kg body wt/min; P < 0.05), and they also improved by the third week of VR (28.5 ± 0.7 mg/ kg body wt/min vs. sedentary; P < 0.01). There were no differences in skeletal muscle for the total mass of insulin receptor-beta (IR-β), IR substrate-1 (IRS-1), Akt, and glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) in any of the groups of 2 weeks of HSD loading control and VR. VR did not regulate the enhanced tyrosine phosphorylation of IR-β and IRS-1 by 2 weeks of HSD feeding. However, the enhanced serine phosphorylation of Akt and the tyrosine phosphorylation of GLUT4 were significantly inhibited by the early VR. HSD also impaired GLUT4 content in the plasma membrane and mRNA expression, but the decreases were improved by 2 weeks of VR. These results suggest that early voluntary exercise would prevent the development of insulin resistance induced by an HSD due in part by enhancing the impaired GLUT4 translocation and mRNA expression in skeletal muscle.
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20
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Pereira BC, da Rocha AL, Pinto AP, Pauli JR, de Moura LP, Mekary RA, de Freitas EC, da Silva ASR. Excessive training impairs the insulin signal transduction in mice skeletal muscles. J Endocrinol 2016; 230:93-104. [PMID: 27189188 DOI: 10.1530/joe-16-0063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The main aim of this investigation was to verify the effects of overtraining (OT) on the insulin and inflammatory signaling pathways in mice skeletal muscles. Rodents were divided into control (CT), overtrained by downhill running (OTR/down), overtrained by uphill running (OTR/up), and overtrained by running without inclination (OTR) groups. Rotarod, incremental load, exhaustive, and grip force tests were used to evaluate performance. Thirty-six hours after the grip force test, the extensor digitorum longus (EDL) and soleus were extracted for subsequent protein analyses. The three OT protocols led to similar responses of all performance evaluation tests. The phosphorylation of insulin receptor beta (pIRβ; Tyr), protein kinase B (pAkt; Ser473), and the protein levels of plasma membrane glucose transporter-4 (GLUT4) were lower in the EDL and soleus after the OTR/down protocol and in the soleus after the OTR/up and OTR protocols. While the pIRβ was lower after the OTR/up and OTR protocols, the pAkt was higher after the OTR/up in the EDL. The phosphorylation of IκB kinase alpha and beta (pIKKα/β; Ser180/181), stress-activated protein kinases/Jun amino-terminal kinases (pSAPK-JNK; Thr183/Tyr185), factor nuclear kappa B (pNFκB p65; Ser536), and insulin receptor substrate 1 (pIRS1; Ser307) were higher after the OTR/down protocol, but were not altered after the two other OT protocols. In summary, these data suggest that OT may lead to skeletal muscle insulin signaling pathway impairment, regardless of the predominance of eccentric contractions, although the insulin signal pathway impairment induced in OTR/up and OTR appeared to be muscle fiber-type specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno C Pereira
- Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation and Functional PerformanceRibeirão Preto Medical School, USP, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alisson L da Rocha
- Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation and Functional PerformanceRibeirão Preto Medical School, USP, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana P Pinto
- Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation and Functional PerformanceRibeirão Preto Medical School, USP, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José R Pauli
- Sport Sciences CourseFaculty of Applied Sciences, State University of Campinas, Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leandro P de Moura
- Sport Sciences CourseFaculty of Applied Sciences, State University of Campinas, Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rania A Mekary
- Department of NutritionHarvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA Department of Social and Administrative SciencesMCPHS University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ellen C de Freitas
- School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirão PretoUniversity of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adelino S R da Silva
- Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation and Functional PerformanceRibeirão Preto Medical School, USP, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirão PretoUniversity of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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21
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Kim JC. The effect of exercise training combined with PPARγ agonist on skeletal muscle glucose uptake and insulin sensitivity in induced diabetic obese Zucker rats. J Exerc Nutrition Biochem 2016; 20:42-50. [PMID: 27508153 PMCID: PMC4977909 DOI: 10.20463/jenb.2016.06.20.2.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] Exercise training with PPARγ agonist is expected to increase glucose uptake and improve insulin sensitivity in skeletal muscle of patients with diabetes. However, its mechanisms to effect glucose uptake and insulin sensitivity in skeletal muscle are unclear. [Methods] The mechanism of action was determined by co-treatment with PPARγ agonist- rosiglitazone and exercise training in streptozotocin induced-diabetic obese Zucker rats. Exercise training was carried out for 6 weeks (swimming, 1 h/day, 5 times/week, 5% weight/g, 32±1℃) with rosiglitazone treatment (3mg/kg/day, 6weeks). [Results] Glucose uptake and insulin sensitivity was decreased in diabetic than normal animals. Exercise training and rosiglitazone treatment respectively increased the expression of PPAR(peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor)-α, -β/δ, -γ, PGC-1α(PPAR-γ coactivator-1α), adiponectin, GLUT-4(glucose transportor-4) and p-AMPK-α2(phospho-AMP activated protein kinase-α2) in EDL and SOL of diabetic, as compared to normal animals. Interestingly, training combined with rosiglitazone significantly increased glucose uptake and insulin sensitivity, which resulted in high expression of all molecules in diabetic than all other groups. [Conclusion] These results indicated that exercise training combined with rosiglitazone might mediate regulation of glucose uptake and insulin sensitivity in skeletal muscle. Therefore, exercise training combined with rosiglitazone may be recommended as complementary therapies for diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Cheol Kim
- Department of Sports Science, College of Natural Science, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju Republic of Korea
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22
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Haam S, Park H. Six week swimming followed by acute uptakes of ginsenoside Rg1 may affect aerobic capacity of SD rats. J Exerc Nutrition Biochem 2016; 19:311-7. [PMID: 27274464 PMCID: PMC4886839 DOI: 10.5717/jenb.2015.15121106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of six-weeks of endurance swim training and short-term intake of Rg1 on the expression of related proteins as well as improvement of aerobic exercise capacity in 8-week-old male SD rats. METHODS The groups were divided into placebo (NP, n=6), Rg1 (NRG, n=6), exercise+placebo (EP, n=7), and exercise+Rg1 (ERG, n=7). On completion of the 6-week swimming exercise, Rg1-intake groups were treated with acute uptakes (3 times within 24hrs) of Rg1. After the treatment, all groups were subjected to a swim to exhaustion test, and then the mass of muscle tissue, mRNA expression level and activity of citrate synthase (CS) were analyzed on plantaris. RESULTS There were no differences in the effect of 6-week swimming exercise and short-term intake of Rg1 on body weight and muscle mass between groups. Although the CS mRNA expression was elevated in the exercise group and combined treatment group, there was no significant difference in CS activity. Acute uptakes of Rg1 did not affect swimming time to exhaustion, but it was increased by 235% and 314% by the 6-weeks of exercise and combined treatment of exercise and Rg1, respectively, which suggests that the combined treatment increased the effect on the capacity of aerobic exercise. CONCLUSION Based on these results, it was confirmed that even a short-term treatment of Rg1 can give an additive effect for improvement of exercise function, and additional studies are needed for the mechanisms and modes of its working.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saebom Haam
- Exercise Nutrition and Biochemistry Laboratory, Kyung Hee University, Yongin Republic of Korea
| | - Hyon Park
- Exercise Nutrition and Biochemistry Laboratory, Kyung Hee University, Yongin Republic of Korea
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23
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Arshadi S, Azarbayjani MA, Hajaghaalipor F, Yusof A, Peeri M, Bakhtiyari S, Stannard RS, Osman NAA, Dehghan F. Evaluation of Trigonella foenum-graecum extract in combination with swimming exercise compared to glibenclamide consumption on type 2 Diabetic rodents. Food Nutr Res 2015; 59:29717. [PMID: 26699937 PMCID: PMC4689800 DOI: 10.3402/fnr.v59.29717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Revised: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/objective The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effect of fenugreek seed extract in combination with swimming exercise compared to glibenclamide consumption on type 2 diabetic rats. Design The acute toxicity test was carried out to choose the safe doses and identify the toxicity effects of the fenugreek seed extract. To investigate the hypoglycemic effect of the extract and its effect in combination with swimming training, 80 Wistar Kyoto male streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats were divided randomly into eight groups: diabetic control (C); fenugreek seed extract 0.8 g/kg (F1); fenugreek extract 1.6 g/kg (F2); swimming training (S); swimming training plus fenugreek extract 0.8 g/kg (SF1); swimming training plus fenugreek extract 1.6 g/kg (SF2); glibenclamide (G) and swimming training plus glibenclamide (SG). The rats were orally administrated with the treatments once a day with the respective treatment, and the training groups were subjected to swimming training every day for 60 min. Fasting blood samples were collected to measure fasting blood glucose, lipid profile, adiponectin, leptin, and insulin concentrations. Results The results obtained from acute toxicity study showed no toxicity effect of fenugreek seed extract on the tested dose. Biochemical analysis showed significant improvements in all of the groups compared to the control group (p<0.05). Plasma insulin concentration and insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was significantly reduced in treated groups compared with the diabetic control group. Plasma leptin were significantly decreased in treated groups compared with the control group; while adiponectin had markedly increased (p<0.05). Conclusion The findings suggest that fenugreek seed consuming, alongside swimming exercise, has a strong therapeutic effect on the improvement of diabetic parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajad Arshadi
- Exercise Physiology Department, Faculty of Physical Education, Islamic Azad University South Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Fatemeh Hajaghaalipor
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ashril Yusof
- Department of Exercise Science, Sports Centre, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Maghsoud Peeri
- Exercise Physiology Department, Islamic Azad University Central Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran
| | - Salar Bakhtiyari
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Robert S Stannard
- School of Sport and Exercise, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Noor Azuan Abu Osman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Firouzeh Dehghan
- Department of Exercise Science, Sports Centre, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia;
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Conti FF, Brito JDO, Bernardes N, Dias DDS, Malfitano C, Morris M, Llesuy SF, Irigoyen MC, De Angelis K. Positive effect of combined exercise training in a model of metabolic syndrome and menopause: autonomic, inflammatory, and oxidative stress evaluations. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2015; 309:R1532-9. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00076.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
It is now well established that after menopause cardiometabolic disorders become more common. Recently, resistance exercise has been recommended as a complement to aerobic (combined training, CT) for the treatment of cardiometabolic diseases. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of CT in hypertensive ovariectomized rats undergoing fructose overload in blood pressure variability (BPV), inflammation, and oxidative stress parameters. Female rats were divided into the following groups ( n = 8/group): sedentary normotensive Wistar rats (C), and sedentary (FHO) or trained (FHOT) ovariectomized spontaneously hypertensive rats undergoing and fructose overload. CT was performed on a treadmill and ladder adapted to rats in alternate days (8 wk; 40–60% maximal capacity). Arterial pressure (AP) was directly measured. Oxidative stress and inflammation were measured on cardiac and renal tissues. The association of risk factors (hypertension + ovariectomy + fructose) promoted increase in insulin resistance, mean AP (FHO: 174 ± 4 vs. C: 108 ± 1 mmHg), heart rate (FHO: 403 ± 12 vs. C: 352 ± 11 beats/min), BPV, cardiac inflammation (tumor necrosis factor-α-FHO: 65.8 ± 9.9 vs. C: 23.3 ± 4.3 pg/mg protein), and oxidative stress cardiac and renal tissues. However, CT was able to reduce mean AP (FHOT: 158 ± 4 mmHg), heart rate (FHOT: 303 ± 5 beats/min), insulin resistance, and sympathetic modulation. Moreover, the trained rats presented increased nitric oxide bioavailability, reduced tumor necrosis factor-α (FHOT: 33.1 ± 4.9 pg/mg protein), increased IL-10 in cardiac tissue and reduced lipoperoxidation, and increased antioxidant defenses in cardiac and renal tissues. In conclusion, the association of risk factors promoted an additional impairment in metabolic, cardiovascular, autonomic, inflammatory, and oxidative stress parameters and combined exercise training was able to attenuate these dysfunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipe Fernandes Conti
- Laboratory of Translational Physiology, Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE), São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Nathalia Bernardes
- Laboratory of Translational Physiology, Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE), São Paulo, Brazil
- Hypertension Unit, Heart Institute (InCor), School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; and
| | - Danielle da Silva Dias
- Laboratory of Translational Physiology, Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Christiane Malfitano
- Laboratory of Translational Physiology, Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mariana Morris
- Institute of Neuro-Immune Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, Florida; and
| | - Susana Francisca Llesuy
- Institute of Neuro-Immune Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, Florida; and
| | - Maria-Cláudia Irigoyen
- Hypertension Unit, Heart Institute (InCor), School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; and
| | - Kátia De Angelis
- Laboratory of Translational Physiology, Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE), São Paulo, Brazil
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25
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Molena-Fernandes C, Bersani-Amado CA, Ferraro ZM, Hintze LJ, Nardo N, Cuman RKN. Effects of exercise and metformin on the prevention of glucose intolerance: a comparative study. Braz J Med Biol Res 2015; 48:1101-8. [PMID: 26421869 PMCID: PMC4661026 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20153904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to evaluate the effects of aerobic exercise training (4 days) and metformin
exposure on acute glucose intolerance after dexamethasone treatment in rats.
Forty-two adult male Wistar rats (8 weeks old) were divided randomly into four
groups: sedentary control (SCT), sedentary dexamethasone-treated (SDX), training
dexamethasone-treated (DPE), and dexamethasone and metformin treated group (DMT).
Glucose tolerance tests and in situ liver perfusion were undertaken
on fasting rats to obtain glucose profiles. The DPE group displayed a significant
decrease in glucose values compared with the SDX group. Average glucose levels in the
DPE group did not differ from those of the DMT group, so we suggest that exercise
training corrects dexamethasone-induced glucose intolerance and improves glucose
profiles in a similar manner to that observed with metformin. These data suggest that
exercise may prevent the development of glucose intolerance induced by dexamethasone
in rats to a similar magnitude to that observed after metformin treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Molena-Fernandes
- Colegiado de Educação Física, Universidade Estadual do Paraná, Paranavaí, PR, Brasil
| | - C A Bersani-Amado
- Departamento de Farmácia e Farmacologia, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brasil
| | - Z M Ferraro
- Healthy Active Living and Obesity Research Group, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - L J Hintze
- Departamento de Educação Física, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brasil
| | - N Nardo
- Healthy Active Living and Obesity Research Group, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - R K N Cuman
- Departamento de Farmácia e Farmacologia, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brasil
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Impact of a brief intervention on self-regulation, self-efficacy and physical activity in older adults with type 2 diabetes. J Behav Med 2015; 38:886-98. [PMID: 26162648 DOI: 10.1007/s10865-015-9660-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Despite evidence of the benefits of physical activity, most individuals with type 2 diabetes do not meet physical activity recommendations. The purpose of this study was to test the efficacy of a brief intervention targeting self-efficacy and self-regulation to increase physical activity in older adults with type 2 diabetes. Older adults (Mage = 61.8 ± 6.4) with type 2 diabetes or metabolic syndrome were randomized into a titrated physical activity intervention (n = 58) or an online health education course (n = 58). The intervention included walking exercise and theory-based group workshops. Self-efficacy, self-regulation and physical activity were assessed at baseline, post-intervention, and a follow-up. Results indicated a group by time effect for self-regulation [F(2,88) = 14.021, p < .001, η (2) = .24] and self-efficacy [F(12,77) = 2.322, p < .05, η (2) = .266] with increases in the intervention group. The intervention resulted in short-term increases in physical activity (d = .76, p < .01), which were partially maintained at the 6-month follow-up (d = .35, p < .01). The intervention increased short-term physical activity but was not successful at maintaining increases in physical activity. Similar intervention effects were observed in self-efficacy and self-regulation. Future research warrants adjusting intervention strategies to increase long-term change.
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27
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Kim TW, Lee SH, Choi KH, Kim DH, Han TK. Comparison of the effects of acute exercise after overnight fasting and breakfast on energy substrate and hormone levels in obese men. J Phys Ther Sci 2015; 27:1929-32. [PMID: 26180350 PMCID: PMC4500013 DOI: 10.1589/jpts.27.1929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] We compared the effects of acute aerobic exercise following overnight fasting
and breakfast on energy substrate and hormone levels in obese male college students.
[Subjects and Methods] This crossover study recruited 10 obese male college students with
a body mass index >25 kg/m2 or >20% body fat. One week post-recruitment,
the subjects exercised in the morning after an overnight fast. At 2 weeks, they exercised
post-breakfast. Energy substrate (glucose, free fatty acid) and metabolic hormone
(insulin, growth hormone, and cortisol) levels were measured immediately before and after
exercise and at 60 min post-exercise. [Results] We observed interaction effects between
the measurement time and exercise treatment for glucose; significant differences between
measurement times and between exercise treatments for free fatty acids; interaction
effects between the measurement time and exercise treatment for insulin and significant
differences in the measurement time; significance differences between measurement times
and between exercise treatments for growth hormone; and significant differences between
measurement times and between exercise treatments for cortisol. [Conclusion]
Morning exercise following an overnight fast can be more effective in reducing body fat
than post-prandial exercise. However, increased cortisol levels following exercise after
overnight fasting may negatively affect long-term weight loss in obese men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Woon Kim
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Hoon Lee
- School of Sport Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu Hwan Choi
- School of Sport Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Hyun Kim
- School of Sport Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Kyung Han
- School of Protection Science, Kyungwoon University, Republic of Korea
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28
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Pereira BC, Pauli JR, De Souza CT, Ropelle ER, Cintra DE, Freitas EC, da Silva ASR. Eccentric exercise leads to performance decrease and insulin signaling impairment. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2015; 46:686-94. [PMID: 24002347 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000000149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to evaluate the effects of an overtraining (OT) protocol based on eccentric exercise (EE) sessions on the insulin and inflammatory signaling pathways in the skeletal muscles of Swiss mice. METHODS Rodents were divided into control (C; sedentary mice), trained (TR; performed the aerobic training protocol), and overtrained (OTR; performed the OT protocol). The incremental load test and exhaustive test were used to measure performances before and after exercise protocols. Twenty-four hours after the exhaustive test performed at the end of week 8, the extensor digitorum longus (EDL) and soleus muscles were removed for subsequent protein analysis by immunoblotting. RESULTS The phosphorylation of insulin receptor beta (pIRbeta; Tyr1146) diminished for EDL and soleus muscles in OTR compared with C. The phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate 1 (pIRS-1; Ser307) increased for EDL and soleus muscles in OTR compared with C and TR. The phosphorylation of protein kinase B (pAkt; Ser473) diminished for EDL and soleus muscles in OTR compared with C and TR. The phosphorylation of IκB kinase alpha and beta (pIKKalpha/beta; Ser176/180), stress-activated protein kinases/Jun amino-terminal kinases (pSAPK/JNK; Thr183/Tyr185), and the protein levels of suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3) increased for EDL and soleus muscles in OTR compared with C and TR. CONCLUSION In summary, the current used OT protocol based on eccentric exercise sessions impaired the insulin signaling pathway with concomitant increases of IKK, SAPK/JNK, and SOCS3 protein levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno C Pereira
- 1School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, BRAZIL; 2Sport Sciences Course, Faculty of Applied Sciences, State University of Campinas, Limeira, São Paulo, BRAZIL; and 3Exercise Biochemistry and Physiology Laboratory Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciuma, Santa Catarina, BRAZIL
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Jiménez-Maldonado A, de Álvarez-Buylla ER, Montero S, Melnikov V, Castro-Rodríguez E, Gamboa-Domínguez A, Rodríguez-Hernández A, Lemus M, Murguía JM. Chronic exercise increases plasma brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels, pancreatic islet size, and insulin tolerance in a TrkB-dependent manner. PLoS One 2014; 9:e115177. [PMID: 25531651 PMCID: PMC4274083 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physical exercise improves glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) enhances insulin activity in diabetic rodents. Because physical exercise modifies BDNF production, this study aimed to investigate the effects of chronic exercise on plasma BDNF levels and the possible effects on insulin tolerance modification in healthy rats. METHODS Wistar rats were divided into five groups: control (sedentary, C); moderate- intensity training (MIT); MIT plus K252A TrkB blocker (MITK); high-intensity training (HIT); and HIT plus K252a (HITK). Training comprised 8 weeks of treadmill running. Plasma BDNF levels (ELISA assay), glucose tolerance, insulin tolerance, and immunohistochemistry for insulin and the pancreatic islet area were evaluated in all groups. In addition, Bdnf mRNA expression in the skeletal muscle was measured. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Chronic treadmill exercise significantly increased plasma BDNF levels and insulin tolerance, and both effects were attenuated by TrkB blocking. In the MIT and HIT groups, a significant TrkB-dependent pancreatic islet enlargement was observed. MIT rats exhibited increased liver glycogen levels following insulin administration in a TrkB-independent manner. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Chronic physical exercise exerted remarkable effects on insulin regulation by inducing significant increases in the pancreatic islet size and insulin sensitivity in a TrkB-dependent manner. A threshold for the induction of BNDF in response to physical exercise exists in certain muscle groups. To the best of our knowledge, these are the first results to reveal a role for TrkB in the chronic exercise-mediated insulin regulation in healthy rats.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sergio Montero
- Centro Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de Colima, Colima, México
| | | | - Elena Castro-Rodríguez
- Centro Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de Colima, Colima, México
| | - Armando Gamboa-Domínguez
- Depto de Patología, Instituto Nacional de Nutrición y Ciencias Médicas "Salvador Zubirán,” México City, México D.F.
| | | | - Mónica Lemus
- Centro Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de Colima, Colima, México
| | - Jesús Muñiz Murguía
- Centro Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de Colima, Colima, México
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30
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Marinho R, Moura LPD, Rodrigues BDA, Pauli LSS, Silva ASRD, Ropelle ECC, Souza CTD, Cintra DEC, Ropelle ER, Pauli JR. Effects of different intensities of physical exercise on insulin sensitivity and protein kinase B/Akt activity in skeletal muscle of obese mice. EINSTEIN-SAO PAULO 2014; 12:82-9. [PMID: 24728251 PMCID: PMC4898244 DOI: 10.1590/s1679-45082014ao2881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To investigate the effects of different intensities of acute exercise on insulin sensitivity and protein kinase B/Akt activity in skeletal muscle of obese mice. Methods: Swiss mice were randomly divided into four groups, and fed either a standard diet (control group) or high fat diet (obese sedentary group and obese exercise group 1 and 2) for 12 weeks. Two different exercise protocols were used: swimming for 1 hour with or without an overload of 5% body weight. The insulin tolerance test was performed to estimate whole-body sensitivity. Western blot technique was used to determine protein levels of protein kinase B/Akt and phosphorylation by protein Kinase B/Akt in mice skeletal muscle. Results: A single bout of exercise inhibited the high fat diet-induced insulin resistance. There was increase in phosphorylation by protein kinase B/Akt serine, improve in insulin signaling and reduce of fasting glucose in mice that swam for 1 hour without overload and mice that swan for 1 hour with overload of 5%. However, no significant differences were seen between exercised groups. Conclusion: Regardless of intensity, aerobic exercise was able to improve insulin sensitivity and phosphorylation by protein kinase B/Ak, and proved to be a good form of treatment and prevention of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodolfo Marinho
- Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - José Rodrigo Pauli
- Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil
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da Silva LA, Pereira RA, Túrmina JA, Kerppers II, Osiecki R, Altimari LR, Malfatti CRM. Sulfonylurea induction of caffeine-enhanced insulin secretion and reduction of glycemic levels in diabetic rats. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2014; 52:956-960. [PMID: 24601939 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2013.874462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Caffeine can stimulate insulin secretion by attenuating hyperglycemia in diabetes models with significant reduction of pancreatic functional β cells. Knowledge of these mechanisms could contribute to new strategies for treating diabetes. OBJECTIVE This study evaluated the effects of caffeine and physical exercise on glycemic and insulin responses in diabetic rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS The diabetes model was induced by intraperitoneal administration of 60 mg/kg of streptozotocin (STZ). Animals were divided into six groups: control, caffeine, STZ control, STZ caffeine, STZ sulfonylurea, and STZ caffeine + sulfonylurea. Acutely, control animals received 6 mg of caffeine and 10 mg/kg sulfonylurea or 10 mg/kg saline. Animals were sacrificed after physical exercise; blood samples were collected for glucose, glycerol, lactate, and insulin analyses. Cardiovascular responses were recorded before and after treatments. A one-way ANOVA and the post hoc Student-Newman-Keuls test were used to analyze statistical differences between treatments (p < 0.05). RESULTS About 6 mg/kg of caffeine did not alter cardiovascular responses, but promoted blood glucose reduction after 60 min of exercise when compared to animals in the control groups (387-187 mg/dL; p < 0.05). Insulin levels increased significantly (0.6-10 µU/mL; p < 0.05) in rats that received acute caffeine treatment associated with sulfonylurea compared to rats in the other groups. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION Acute caffeine intake with exercise can increase glucose uptake enhancing insulin secretion stimulated by sulfonylurea in β cells-deficient pancreas. The results indicate the potential use of caffeine as a strategy for glycemic and insulin control in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz Augusto da Silva
- Department of Physiotherapy, Midwest State University of Paraná , Guarapuava, Paraná , Brazil
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Diegues JC, Pauli JR, Luciano E, de Almeida Leme JAC, de Moura LP, Dalia RA, de Araújo MB, Sibuya CY, de Mello MAR, Gomes RJ. Spatial memory in sedentary and trained diabetic rats: Molecular mechanisms. Hippocampus 2014; 24:703-11. [DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2013] [Revised: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- João Carlos Diegues
- Department of Biosciences; São Paulo Federal University (UNIFESP); Santos São Paulo Brazil
| | - José Rodrigo Pauli
- Department of Physical Education; University of Campinas, UNICAMP; Limeira São Paulo Brazil
| | - Eliete Luciano
- Department of Physical Education; São Paulo State University (UNESP); Rio Claro São Paulo Brazil
| | - José Alexandre Curiacos de Almeida Leme
- Department of Physical Education; São Paulo State University (UNESP); Rio Claro São Paulo Brazil
- Department of Physical Education, Catholic University Center Unisalesiano; Lins São Paulo Brazil
| | - Leandro Pereira de Moura
- Department of Physical Education; São Paulo State University (UNESP); Rio Claro São Paulo Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Augusto Dalia
- Department of Physical Education; São Paulo State University (UNESP); Rio Claro São Paulo Brazil
| | - Michel Barbosa de Araújo
- Department of Physical Education; São Paulo State University (UNESP); Rio Claro São Paulo Brazil
| | - Clarice Yoshiko Sibuya
- Department of Physical Education; São Paulo State University (UNESP); Rio Claro São Paulo Brazil
| | | | - Ricardo José Gomes
- Department of Biosciences; São Paulo Federal University (UNIFESP); Santos São Paulo Brazil
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Benite-Ribeiro SA, Santos JMD, Duarte JAR. Moderate physical exercise attenuates the alterations of feeding behaviour induced by social stress in female rats. Cell Biochem Funct 2013; 32:142-9. [DOI: 10.1002/cbf.2984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2013] [Revised: 04/11/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Júlia Matzenbacher dos Santos
- CIAFEL; Faculty of Sport-University of Porto; Porto Portugal
- Wayne State University; School of Medicine; Detroit MI USA
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de Moura LP, Sponton ACDS, de Araújo MB, Dalia RA, Pauli JR, Rostom de Mello MA. Moderate physical activity from childhood contributes to metabolic health and reduces hepatic fat accumulation in adult rats. Lipids Health Dis 2013; 12:29. [PMID: 23496920 PMCID: PMC3599760 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-12-29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 02/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity, oxidative stress and inflammation, by triggering insulin resistance, may contribute to the accumulation of hepatic fat, and this accumulation by lipotoxicity can lead the organ to fail. Because obesity is growing at an alarming rate and, worryingly, in a precocious way, the present study aimed to investigate the effects of moderate physical training performed from childhood to adulthood on liver fat metabolism in rats. METHODS Twenty rats that were 28 days old were divided into two groups: control (C) and trained (T). The C Group was kept in cages without exercise, and the T group was submitted to swimming exercise for 1 hour/day, 5 days/week from 28 to 90 days of age (8 weeks) at 80% of the anaerobic threshold determined by the lactate minimum test. At the end of the experiment, the body weight gain, insulin sensitivity (glucose disappearance rate during the insulin tolerance test), concentrations of free fatty acids (FFA) and triglycerides (TG) and hepatic lipogenic rate were analyzed. For the statistical analysis, the Student t-test was used with the level of significance preset at 5%. RESULTS The T group showed lower body weight gain, FFA concentrations, fat accumulation, hepatic lipogenic rate and insulin resistance. CONCLUSION The regular practice of moderate physical exercise from childhood can contribute to the reduction of obesity and insulin resistance and help prevent the development of accumulation of hepatic fat in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro Pereira de Moura
- UNESP/Rio Claro, Bioscience Institute, Physical Education Department, São Paulo State University, Rio Claro, Brazil.
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35
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de Moura LP, Souza Pauli LS, Cintra DE, de Souza CT, da Silva ASR, Marinho R, de Melo MAR, Ropelle ER, Pauli JR. Acute exercise decreases PTP-1B protein level and improves insulin signaling in the liver of old rats. IMMUNITY & AGEING 2013; 10:8. [PMID: 23442260 PMCID: PMC3599175 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4933-10-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2012] [Accepted: 02/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
It is now commonly accepted that chronic inflammation associated with obesity during aging induces insulin resistance in the liver. In the present study, we investigated whether the improvement in insulin sensitivity and insulin signaling, mediated by acute exercise, could be associated with modulation of protein-tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP-1B) in the liver of old rats. Aging rats were subjected to swimming for two 1.5-h long bouts, separated by a 45 min rest period. Sixteen hours after the exercise, the rats were sacrificed and proteins from the insulin signaling pathway were analyzed by immunoblotting. Our results show that the fat mass was increased in old rats. The reduction in glucose disappearance rate (Kitt) observed in aged rats was restored 16 h after exercise. Aging increased the content of PTP-1B and attenuated insulin signaling in the liver of rats, a phenomenon that was reversed by exercise. Aging rats also increased the IRβ/PTP-1B and IRS-1/PTP-1B association in the liver when compared with young rats. Conversely, in the liver of exercised old rats, IRβ/PTP-1B and IRS-1/PTP-1B association was markedly decreased. Moreover, in the hepatic tissue of old rats, the insulin signalling was decreased and PEPCK and G6Pase levels were increased when compared with young rats. Interestingly, 16 h after acute exercise, the PEPCK and G6Pase protein level were decreased in the old exercised group. These results provide new insights into the mechanisms by which exercise restores insulin signalling in liver during aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro Pereira de Moura
- Universidade Estadual Paulista, UNESP, Curso de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Motricidade Humana, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil
| | - Luciana Santos Souza Pauli
- Faculdade de Ciências Aplicadas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Curso de Pós-Graduação em Nutrição, Esporte e Metabolismo. UNICAMP, Limeira, SP, Brazil
| | - Dennys Esper Cintra
- Faculdade de Ciências Aplicadas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Curso de Pós-Graduação em Nutrição, Esporte e Metabolismo. UNICAMP, Limeira, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Rodolfo Marinho
- Faculdade de Ciências Aplicadas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Curso de Pós-Graduação em Nutrição, Esporte e Metabolismo. UNICAMP, Limeira, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria Alice Rostom de Melo
- Universidade Estadual Paulista, UNESP, Curso de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Motricidade Humana, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Rochete Ropelle
- Faculdade de Ciências Aplicadas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Curso de Pós-Graduação em Nutrição, Esporte e Metabolismo. UNICAMP, Limeira, SP, Brazil
| | - José Rodrigo Pauli
- Universidade Estadual Paulista, UNESP, Curso de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Motricidade Humana, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil.,Faculdade de Ciências Aplicadas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Curso de Pós-Graduação em Nutrição, Esporte e Metabolismo. UNICAMP, Limeira, SP, Brazil.,Curso de Ciências do Esporte, FCA-UNICAMP, Rua Pedro Zaccaria, 1300, Jardim Santa Luzia, Limeira, SP, Brazil
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Yi X, Cao S, Chang B, Zhao D, Gao H, Wan Y, Shi J, Wei W, Guan Y. Effects of acute exercise and chronic exercise on the liver leptin-AMPK-ACC signaling pathway in rats with type 2 diabetes. J Diabetes Res 2013; 2013:946432. [PMID: 24455748 PMCID: PMC3877642 DOI: 10.1155/2013/946432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Revised: 11/01/2013] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the effects of acute and chronic exercise on glucose and lipid metabolism in liver of rats with type 2 diabetes caused by a high fat diet and low dose streptozotocin (STZ). METHODS Animals were classified into control (CON), diabetes (DC), diabetic chronic exercise (DCE), and diabetic acute exercise (DAE) groups. RESULTS Compared to CON, the leptin levels in serum and liver and ACC phosphorylation were significantly higher in DC, but the levels of liver leptin receptor, AMPK α 1/2, AMPK α 1, and ACC proteins expression and phosphorylation were significantly lower in DC. In addition, the levels of liver glycogen reduced significantly, and the levels of TG and FFA increased significantly in DC compared to CON. Compared to DC, the levels of liver AMPK α 1/2, AMPK α 2, AMPK α 1, and ACC phosphorylation significantly increased in DCE and DAE. However, significant increase of the level of liver leptin receptor and glycogen as well as significant decrease of the level of TG and FFA were observed only in DEC. CONCLUSION Our study demonstrated that both acute and chronic exercise indirectly activated the leptin-AMPK-ACC signaling pathway and increased insulin sensitivity in the liver of type 2 diabetic rats. However, only chronic and long-term exercise improved glucose and lipid metabolism of the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejie Yi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
- Department of Exercise Science, Shenyang Sport University, Shenyang, China
| | - Shicheng Cao
- Department of Sport Medicine, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Bo Chang
- Department of Exercise Science, Shenyang Sport University, Shenyang, China
| | - Dalin Zhao
- Department of Exercise Science, Shenyang Sport University, Shenyang, China
| | - Haining Gao
- Department of Exercise Science, Shenyang Sport University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yihan Wan
- Department of Exercise Science, Shenyang Sport University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jiaojiao Shi
- Department of Exercise Science, Shenyang Sport University, Shenyang, China
| | - Wei Wei
- Department of Exercise Science, Shenyang Sport University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yifu Guan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
- *Yifu Guan:
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Cao S, Li B, Yi X, Chang B, Zhu B, Lian Z, Zhang Z, Zhao G, Liu H, Zhang H. Effects of exercise on AMPK signaling and downstream components to PI3K in rat with type 2 diabetes. PLoS One 2012; 7:e51709. [PMID: 23272147 PMCID: PMC3521695 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Accepted: 11/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Exercise can increase skeletal muscle sensitivity to insulin, improve insulin resistance and regulate glucose homeostasis in rat models of type 2 diabetes. However, the potential mechanism remains poorly understood. In this study, we established a male Sprague–Dawley rat model of type 2 diabetes, with insulin resistance and β cell dysfunction, which was induced by a high-fat diet and low-dose streptozotocin to replicate the pathogenesis and metabolic characteristics of type 2 diabetes in humans. We also investigated the possible mechanism by which chronic and acute exercise improves metabolism, and the phosphorylation and expression of components of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and downstream components of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling pathways in the soleus. As a result, blood glucose, triglyceride, total cholesterol, and free fatty acid were significantly increased, whereas insulin level progressively declined in diabetic rats. Interestingly, chronic and acute exercise reduced blood glucose, increased phosphorylation and expression of AMPKα1/2 and the isoforms AMPKα1 and AMPKα2, and decreased phosphorylation and expression of AMPK substrate, acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACC). Chronic exercise upregulated phosphorylation and expression of AMPK upstream kinase, LKB1. But acute exercise only increased LKB1 expression. In particular, exercise reversed the changes in protein kinase C (PKC)ζ/λ phosphorylation, and PKCζ phosphorylation and expression. Additionally, exercise also increased protein kinase B (PKB)/Akt1, Akt2 and GLUT4 expression, but AS160 protein expression was unchanged. Chronic exercise elevated Akt (Thr308) and (Ser473) and AS160 phosphorylation. Finally, we found that exercise increased peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator 1 (PGC1) mRNA expression in the soleus of diabetic rats. These results indicate that both chronic and acute exercise influence the phosphorylation and expression of components of the AMPK and downstream to PIK3 (aPKC, Akt), and improve GLUT4 trafficking in skeletal muscle. These data help explain the mechanism how exercise regulates glucose homeostasis in diabetic rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shicheng Cao
- Department of Sport Medicine, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China.
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Ojuka EO, Goyaram V, Smith JAH. The role of CaMKII in regulating GLUT4 expression in skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2012; 303:E322-31. [PMID: 22496345 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00091.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Contractile activity during physical exercise induces an increase in GLUT4 expression in skeletal muscle, helping to improve glucose transport capacity and insulin sensitivity. An important mechanism by which exercise upregulates GLUT4 is through the activation of Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) in response to elevated levels of cytosolic Ca(2+) during muscle contraction. This review discusses the mechanism by which Ca(2+) activates CaMKII, explains research techniques currently used to alter CaMK activity in cells, and highlights various exercise models and pharmacological agents that have been used to provide evidence that CaMKII plays an important role in regulating GLUT4 expression. With regard to transcriptional mechanisms, the key research studies that identified myocyte enhancer factor 2 (MEF2) and GLUT4 enhancer factor as the major transcription factors regulating glut4 gene expression, together with their binding domains, are underlined. Experimental evidence showing that CaMK activation induces hyperacetylation of histones in the vicinity of the MEF2 domain and increases MEF2 binding to its cis element to influence MEF2-dependent Glut4 gene expression are also given along with data suggesting that p300 might be involved in acetylating histones on the Glut4 gene. Finally, an appraisal of the roles of other calcium- and non-calcium-dependent mechanisms, including the major HDAC kinases in GLUT4 expression, is also given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward O Ojuka
- University of Capetown/Medical Research Center Research Unit for Exercise Science & Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Univeristy of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
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Remedio RN, Barbosa RA, Castellar A, Gomes RJ, Caetano FH. Ultrastructural alterations in colon absorptive cells of alloxan-induced diabetic rats submitted to long-term physical training. Microsc Res Tech 2012; 75:1305-12. [DOI: 10.1002/jemt.22065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2011] [Accepted: 04/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Remedio RN, Castellar A, Barbosa RA, Gomes RJ, Caetano FH. Morphological analysis of colon goblet cells and submucosa in type I diabetic rats submitted to physical training. Microsc Res Tech 2011; 75:821-8. [PMID: 22213277 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.22000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2011] [Accepted: 11/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Colon layers, especially the submucosa, as well as the secretion of goblet cells are extremely important for the functioning and transit of substances in this organ. However, the damages arising from type I diabetes and the effects of physical training, which plays crucial role in the treatment of this disease, are not yet known in these regions. To analyze the changes in colon submucosa and goblet cells of diabetic rats, as well as the effects of physical training, Wistar rats were divided into four groups: sedentary control, trained control, sedentary diabetic (SD), and trained diabetic (TD). The training protocol consisted of swimming for 60 min a day, 5 days per week, during 8 weeks. Colon samples were collected, processed, and evaluated by histochemical and ultrastructural techniques. Goblet and submucosa cells did not show alterations in shape, size, protein and carbohydrate content, in all treatment groups. Decreased amount of collagen fibers, however, was observed in the submucosa and lamina propria of SD rats, but this alteration was recovered in TDs. The ultrastructural analysis, in turn, revealed greater quantity of Golgi apparatus cisterns in SDs, distinctly than TDs, which showed improvement in this diabetic condition. Thus, physical training was responsible for the recovery of some important diabetic alterations, possibly improving the motility of substances in the large intestine. Nevertheless, it cannot be considered alone in the treatment of this disease, requiring the combined practice of other methods.
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Rodrigues AM, Bergamaschi CT, Araújo RC, Mouro MG, Rosa TS, Higa EMS. Effects of training and nitric oxide on diabetic nephropathy progression in type I diabetic rats. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2011; 236:1180-7. [PMID: 21930716 DOI: 10.1258/ebm.2011.011005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the paper is to assess nitric oxide (NO) production during aerobic training and its role on the progression of diabetic nephropathy in rats. Induction of diabetes mellitus (DM) was achieved in adult male Wistar rats with streptozotocin. Half of the animals underwent training on a treadmill and the others (sedentary) stayed on a turned-off treadmill for the same period according to the following groups: sedentary control (CTL + SE); training control (CTL + EX); sedentary diabetic (DM + SE); and training diabetic (DM + EX) (n = 9 for all groups). The training on treadmill was carried out at a work rate of 16 m/min, 60 min/d, 5 d/week for eight weeks. Before and after the exercises, rats were placed in individual metabolic cages with standard chow and water ad libitum, for 24-h urine collection, followed by three hours' fasting blood sample withdrawal from the retro-orbital plexus, under anesthesia. Diabetic animals showed reduction of body weight, creatinine and urea depurations and NO excretion, increased blood glucose concentrations, albuminuria and thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) excretion, when compared with the respective controls. All these alterations induced by DM were attenuated in the DM + EX versus DM + SE group. Analysis of insulin concentrations at the end of the protocol showed no significant change between the DM + SE and DM + EX groups. In conclusion, our data show that a routine physical exercise resulted in a better control of glycemia with an increased NO bioavailability and oxidative stress control, associated with an amelioration of renal function. We suggest aerobic training and the control of oxidative and nitrosative stress as useful non-pharmacological tools to delay the progression of diabetic nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adelson M Rodrigues
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology Division, UNIFESP/Escola Paulista de Medicina, 04023-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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A review of weight control strategies and their effects on the regulation of hormonal balance. J Nutr Metab 2011; 2011:237932. [PMID: 21822485 PMCID: PMC3147122 DOI: 10.1155/2011/237932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2011] [Accepted: 05/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The estimated prevalence of obesity in the USA is 72.5 million adults with costs attributed to obesity more than 147 billion dollars per year. Though caloric restriction has been used extensively in weight control studies, short-term success has been difficult to achieve, with long-term success of weight control being even more elusive. Therefore, novel approaches are needed to control the rates of obesity that are occurring globally. The purpose of this paper is to provide a synopsis of how exercise, sleep, psychological stress, and meal frequency and composition affect levels of ghrelin, cortisol, insulin GLP-1, and leptin and weight control. We will provide information regarding how hormones respond to various lifestyle factors which may affect appetite control, hunger, satiety, and weight control.
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Oliveira AG, Carvalho BM, Tobar N, Ropelle ER, Pauli JR, Bagarolli RA, Guadagnini D, Carvalheira JB, Saad MJ. Physical exercise reduces circulating lipopolysaccharide and TLR4 activation and improves insulin signaling in tissues of DIO rats. Diabetes 2011; 60:784-96. [PMID: 21282367 PMCID: PMC3046839 DOI: 10.2337/db09-1907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Insulin resistance in diet-induced obesity (DIO) is associated with a chronic systemic low-grade inflammation, and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) plays an important role in the link among insulin resistance, inflammation, and obesity. The current study aimed to analyze the effect of exercise on TLR4 expression and activation in obese rats and its consequences on insulin sensitivity and signaling. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS The effect of chronic and acute exercise was investigated on insulin sensitivity, insulin signaling, TLR4 activation, c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase (JNK) and IκB kinase (IKKβ) activity, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) serum levels in tissues of DIO rats. RESULTS The results showed that chronic exercise reduced TLR4 mRNA and protein expression in liver, muscle, and adipose tissue. However, both acute and chronic exercise blunted TLR4 signaling in these tissues, including a reduction in JNK and IKKβ phosphorylation and IRS-1 serine 307 phosphorylation, and, in parallel, improved insulin-induced IR, IRS-1 tyrosine phosphorylation, and Akt serine phosphorylation, and reduced LPS serum levels. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that physical exercise in DIO rats, both acute and chronic, induces an important suppression in the TLR4 signaling pathway in the liver, muscle, and adipose tissue, reduces LPS serum levels, and improves insulin signaling and sensitivity. These data provide considerable progress in our understanding of the molecular events that link physical exercise to an improvement in inflammation and insulin resistance.
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Treadmill exercise suppresses muscle cell apoptosis by increasing nerve growth factor levels and stimulating p-phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activation in the soleus of diabetic rats. J Physiol Biochem 2011; 67:235-41. [PMID: 21207218 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-010-0068-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2010] [Accepted: 12/10/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the effects of treadmill exercise performed regularly for 6 weeks on the levels of nerve growth factor (NGF), tyrosine kinase A and p75 receptors, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-K), mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (Erk) 1,2, cyclic AMP response element-binding protein (CREB), and caspase-3 in the soleus of rats with streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes. Thirty-two male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into the following four groups: (1) normal control group (NCG; n = 8), (2) normal exercise group (NEG; n = 8), (3) diabetes control group (DCG; n = 8), and (4) diabetes exercise group (DEG; n = 8). Diabetes was induced by intraperitoneal injection of STZ (55 mg/kg dissolved in 0.05 M citrate buffer, pH 4.5). Rats were subjected to treadmill exercise 5 days a week for 6 weeks. The protein level of NGF significantly increased in the NEG and DEG (p < 0.001), whereas the levels of tyrosine kinase A and p75 receptors significantly increased in the NEG (p < 0.001). The levels of t-PI3-K, p-PI3-K, and p-CREB, and the p-CREB/t-CREB ratio significantly increased in the NEG (p < 0.001, respectively). The p-PI3-K/t-PI3-K ratio significantly increased in the DEG (p < 0.001). The p-Erk1/t-Erk1 ratio significantly increased in the NEG (p < 0.001), whereas the p-Erk2/t-Erk2 ratio significantly decreased in the DCG and DEG (p < 0.001). The caspase-3 level significantly increased in the DCG compared with that in the DEG (p < 0.001). These results suggest that treadmill exercise increases NGF levels and accelerates p-PI3-K activation in order to suppress apoptotic cell death in the soleus muscle of diabetic rats.
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Harrison CL, Lombard CB, Moran LJ, Teede HJ. Exercise therapy in polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review. Hum Reprod Update 2010; 17:171-83. [PMID: 20833639 DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmq045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine disorder, affecting 8-12% of women. Lifestyle modification, including increased physical activity, is the first-line approach in managing PCOS. A systematic review was performed to identify and describe the effect of exercise as an independent intervention on clinical outcomes in PCOS. METHODS Five databases were searched with no time limit. A pre-specified definition of PCOS was not used. Studies were included if exercise therapy (aerobic and/or resistance) could be evaluated as an independent treatment against a comparison group. Outcomes measured included cardiovascular risk factors [insulin resistance (IR), lipid profiles, blood pressure and weight] and reproductive measures (ovulation, menstrual regularity and fertility outcomes). Quality analysis was performed based on the Cochrane Handbook of Systematic Reviews and the Quality of Reporting of Meta-Analyses checklist. RESULTS Eight manuscripts were identified (five randomized controlled trials and three cohort studies). All studies involved moderate intensity physical activity and most were of either 12 or 24 weeks duration with frequency and duration of exercise sessions ranging between studies. The most consistent improvements included improved ovulation, reduced IR (9-30%) and weight loss (4.5-10%). Improvements were not dependant on the type of exercise, frequency or length of exercise sessions. CONCLUSIONS Exercise-specific interventions in PCOS are limited. Studies vary considerably in design, intensity and outcome measures; therefore conclusive results remain elusive. Larger, optimally designed studies are needed to both gain insights into the mechanisms of exercise action and to evaluate the public health impact of exercise of PCOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryce L Harrison
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Monash Medical Centre, 242 Clayton Road, Clayton, Melbourne 3168, Australia
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McCutcheon LJ, Geor RJ, Pratt SE, Martineau E, Ho K. Effects of prior exercise on components of insulin signalling in equine skeletal muscle. Equine Vet J 2010:330-4. [PMID: 17402442 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2006.tb05563.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY Exercise is an important stimulus for the regulation of numerous metabolic functions in muscle, but there has been little investigation of the mechanism of exercise-enhanced glucose utilisation. OBJECTIVE To examine the effects of exercise on the signalling components Akt and glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK3) involved in insulin regulation of glycogen synthase (GS) activity. It was hypothesised that hyperinsulinaemia and prior exercise would alter the extent of Akt phosphorylation and GSK3beta deactivation and increase insulin stimulation of GS activity in skeletal muscle. METHODS Eight Standardbred horses completed a euglycaemic-hyperinsulinaemic clamp (EHC) either without prior exercise (NonEX) or at 0.5, 4 or 24 h post exercise (0.5 PostEX, 4 PostEX, and 24 PostEX, respectively). Muscle samples for determination of Akt and GSK3 serine phosphorylation, and GS fractional velocity (GS(FV)) were collected 5 min before (Pre-INS) and at the end (Post-INS) of each EHC (pre- and post insulin stimulation). Protein was separated by SDS-PAGE on polyacrylamide gels, transferred to nitrocellulose membranes and incubated with antibodies against phospho-Akt Ser473 and GSK3alpha/beta Ser21/9. RESULTS GS(FV) was increased (P<0.05) 2-fold at 0.5 PostEX, 4 PostEX and 24 PostEX when compared to NonEX in Pre-INS and in Post-INS was increased 33 and 28% in NonEX and at 24PostEX (P<0.05), respectively, when compared to Pre-INS in these trials. Phospho-Akt Ser473 was increased at 0.5 PostEX only (P<0.05) in Pre-INS but increased in all trials in Post-INS. Phospho-GSK3alpha (Ser21) was also greater (P<0.05) at 0.5 PostEX in Pre-INS than in NonEX and 24 PostEX and in Post-INS increased (P<0.05) in NonEX and at 24 PostEX but not at 0.5 PostEX or 4 PostEX post exercise. There was no effect of time or treatment on GSK3, (Ser9) phosphorylation or on total GSK3. CONCLUSIONS Elevated plasma insulin and prior exercise were associated with Akt activation and GSK3alpha deactivation (0.5 PostEX) indicating that an effect of exercise is evident in the early post exercise period and supporting a physiological role for GSK3alpha in the regulation of GS activity. The changes are consistent with insulin signalling downstream from these molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- L J McCutcheon
- Departments of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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Pauli JR, Ropelle ER, Cintra DE, De Souza CT, da Silva ASR, Moraes JC, Prada PO, de Almeida Leme JAC, Luciano E, Velloso LA, Carvalheira JBC, Saad MJA. Acute exercise reverses aged-induced impairments in insulin signaling in rodent skeletal muscle. Mech Ageing Dev 2010; 131:323-9. [PMID: 20307567 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2010.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2009] [Revised: 03/08/2010] [Accepted: 03/10/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The insulin resistance associated with aging is improved by exercise, but the molecular mechanisms of this improvement are not fully understood. We investigated whether the improvement in insulin action, associated with acute exercise in old rats is dependent on the modulation of pIRS-1Ser307, JNK, IkBalpha and PTP-1B. Aging rats were subjected to swimming for two 1.5-h long bouts, separated by a 45min rest period. Sixteen hours after the exercise, the rats were killed and proteins from the insulin signaling pathway were analyzed by immunoblotting. Our results show that the reduction in glucose disappearance rate (Kitt), observed in aged rats, was restored at 16h after exercise. Aging led to an increase in Ser307 phosphorylation of IRS-1, and this was reversed by exercise in the skeletal muscle, in parallel with a reduction in pJNK and IkBalpha degradation. Moreover, aging induced an increase in the expression of PTP-1B and attenuated insulin signaling in the muscle of rats, a phenomenon that was reversed by exercise. Interestingly, the decrease in PTP-1B expression in the muscle of exercised old rats was accompanied by an increase in SIRT1 expression. These results provide new insights into the mechanisms by which exercise restores insulin sensitivity during aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- José R Pauli
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
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De Souza CT, Frederico MJS, da Luz G, Cintra DE, Ropelle ER, Pauli JR, Velloso LA. Acute exercise reduces hepatic glucose production through inhibition of the Foxo1/HNF-4alpha pathway in insulin resistant mice. J Physiol 2010; 588:2239-53. [PMID: 20421289 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2009.183996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein hepatocyte nuclear factor 4alpha (HNF-4alpha) is atypically activated in the liver of diabetic rodents and contributes to hepatic glucose production. HNF-4alpha and Foxo1 can physically interact with each other and represent an important signal transduction pathway that regulates the synthesis of glucose in the liver. Foxo1 and HNF-4alpha interact with their own binding sites in the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) and glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase) promoters, and this binding is required for their effects on those promoters. However, the effect of physical activity on the HNF-4alpha/Foxo1 pathway is currently unknown. Here, we investigate the protein levels of HNF-4alpha and the HNF-4alpha/Foxo1 pathway in the liver of leptin-deficient (ob/ob) and diet-induced obese Swiss (DIO) mice after acute exercise. The ob/ob and DIO mice swam for four 30 min periods, with 5 min rest intervals for a total swimming time of 2h. Eight hours after the acute exercise protocol, the mice were submitted to an insulin tolerance test (ITT) and determination of biochemical and molecular parameters. Acute exercise improved insulin signalling, increasing insulin-stimulated Akt and Foxo1 phosphorylation and decreasing HNF-4alpha protein levels in the liver of DIO and ob/ob mice under fasting conditions. These phenomena were accompanied by a reduction in the expression of gluconeogenesis genes, such as PEPCK and G6Pase. Importantly, the PI3K inhibitor LY292004 reversed the acute effect of exercise on fasting hyperglycaemia, confirming the involvement of the PI3K pathway. The present study shows that exercise acutely improves the action of insulin in the liver of animal models of obesity and diabetes, resulting in increased phosphorylation and nuclear exclusion of Foxo1, and a reduction in the Foxo1/HNF-4alpha pathway. Since nuclear localization and the association of these proteins is involved in the activation of PEPCK and G6Pase, we believe that the regulation of Foxo1 and HNF-4alpha activities are important mechanisms involved in exercise-induced improvement of glucose homeostasis in insulin resistant states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cláudio T De Souza
- Exercise Biochemistry and Physiology Laboratory, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina - Criciăúma, SC, Brazil.
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Crespilho DM, de Almeida Leme JAC, de Mello MAR, Luciano E. Effects of physical training on the immune system in diabetic rats. Int J Diabetes Dev Ctries 2010; 30:33-7. [PMID: 20431804 PMCID: PMC2859282 DOI: 10.4103/0973-3930.60010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2008] [Accepted: 12/23/2009] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS This study aims to investigate the influence of physical training on the immune system of diabetic rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Adult male Wistar rats were distributed into Sedentary Control (SC), Trained Control (TC), Sedentary Diabetic (SD) and Trained Diabetic (TD) groups were used. Diabetes was induced by alloxan (32 mg/bw-i.v.). Training protocol consisted of swimming, at 32 +/- 1 degrees C, one hour/day, five days/week, supporting an overload equivalent to 5% of the body weight, during four weeks. At the end of the experiment the rats were sacrificed by decapitation and blood samples were collected for glucose, insulin, albumin, hematocrit determinations, total and differential leukocyte counting. Additionally, liver samples for glycogen analyses were obtained. RESULTS The results were analyzed by one way at a significance level of 5%. Diabetes reduced blood insulin, liver glycogen stores and increased blood glucose and neutrophil count. Physical training restored glycemia, liver glycogen levels, neutrophils and lymphocytes count in diabetic rats. CONCLUSIONS In summary, physical training was able to improve metabolic and immunological aspects in the experimental diabetic rats.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Eliete Luciano
- Department of Physical Education, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rio Claro-SP, Brazil
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Barel M, Perez OAB, Giozzet VA, Rafacho A, Bosqueiro JR, do Amaral SL. Exercise training prevents hyperinsulinemia, muscular glycogen loss and muscle atrophy induced by dexamethasone treatment. Eur J Appl Physiol 2009; 108:999-1007. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-009-1272-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/22/2009] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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