1
|
Zhang T, Fang J, Hu J, Kong Y, Jiang R, Wang H, Yang G, Yao G. Downregulation of CASC15 attenuates the symptoms of polycystic ovary syndrome by affecting granulosa cell proliferation and regulating ovarian follicular development. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2024; 592:112322. [PMID: 38942281 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2024.112322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Revised: 06/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a type of follicular dysplasia with an unclear pathogenesis, posing certain challenges in its diagnosis and treatment. Cancer susceptibility candidate 15 (CASC15), a long non-coding RNA closely associated with tumour development, has been implicated in PCOS onset and development. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying PCOS by downregulating CASC15 expression in both in vitro and in vivo models. We explored the potential regulatory relationship between CASC15 expression and PCOS by examining cell proliferation, cell cycle dynamics, cell autophagy, steroid hormone secretion capacity, and overall ovarian function in mice. We found that CASC15 expression in granulosa cells derived from patients with PCOS was significantly higher than those of the normal group (P < 0.001). In vitro experiments revealed that downregulating CASC15 significantly inhibited cell proliferation, promoted apoptosis, induced G1-phase cell cycle arrest, and influenced cellular autophagy levels. Moreover, downregulating CASC15 affected the follicular development process in newborn mouse ovaries. In vivo studies in mice demonstrated that disrupting CASC15 expression improved PCOS-related symptoms such as polycystic changes and hyperandrogenism, and significantly affected ovulation induction and embryo implantation in pregnant mice. Overall, CASC15 was highly expressed in granulosa cells of patients with PCOS and its downregulation improved PCOS-related symptoms by influencing granulosa cell function and follicular development in mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tongwei Zhang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Junnan Fang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jingyi Hu
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yue Kong
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ran Jiang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Huihui Wang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Guang Yang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Guidong Yao
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Attia GM, Almouteri MM, Alnakhli FT. Role of Metformin in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)-Related Infertility. Cureus 2023; 15:e44493. [PMID: 37791160 PMCID: PMC10544455 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.44493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is considered the most prevalent endocrinological disorder, which affects some women and it is characterized by anovulation and hyperandrogenism, with morphologic changes in the ovary, inappropriate gonadotropin secretion, and insulin resistance (IR) with accompanying compensatory hyperinsulinemia. PCOS was associated with some degree of IR which probably contributes to hyperandrogenism. Many studies showed that metformin, when used to treat PCOS, significantly reduced serum androgen levels, improved insulin sensitivity, restored menstrual cyclicity, and was successful in triggering ovulation. As a result, metformin may be useful in treating PCOS-related infertility. The aim of this review was to clarify PCOS, its prevalence, particularly in Saudi Arabia, its pathogenesis, its impact on the patient's health, and to explain the uses of metformin, its mechanism of action, and its role in the treatment of PCOS-related infertility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ghalia M Attia
- Medical Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, EGY
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Liu D, Gan Y, Zhang Y, Cui L, Tao T, Zhang J, Zhao J. Fetal genome predicted birth weight and polycystic ovary syndrome in later life: a Mendelian randomization study. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1140499. [PMID: 37351103 PMCID: PMC10282929 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1140499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Associations between lower birth weight and higher polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) risk have been reported in previous observational studies, however, the causal relationship is still unknown. Based on decomposed fetal and maternal genetic effects on birth weight (n = 406,063), we conducted a two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis to assess potential causal relationships between fetal genome predicted birth weight and PCOS risk using a large-scale genome-wide association study (GWAS) including 4,138 PCOS cases and 20,129 controls. To further eliminate the maternally transmitted or non-transmitted effects on fetal growth, we performed a secondary MR analysis by utilizing genetic instruments after excluding maternally transmitted or non-transmitted variants, which were identified in another birth weight GWAS (n = 63,365 parent-offspring trios from Icelandic birth register). Linkage disequilibrium score regression (LDSR) analysis was conducted to estimate the genetic correlation. We found little evidence to support a causal effect of fetal genome determined birth weight on the risk of developing PCOS (primary MR analysis, OR: 0.86, 95% CI: 0.52 to 1.43; secondary MR analysis, OR: 0.86, 95% CI: 0.54 to 1.39). In addition, a marginally significant genetic correlation (rg = -0.14, se = 0.07) between birth weight and PCOS was revealed via LDSR analysis. Our findings indicated that observed associations between birth weight and future PCOS risk are more likely to be attributable to genetic pleiotropy driven by the fetal genome rather than a causal mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dong Liu
- Ministry of Education and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children’s Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuexin Gan
- Ministry of Education and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children’s Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Linlin Cui
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Genetics, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Tao Tao
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Ministry of Education and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children’s Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Zhao
- Ministry of Education and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children’s Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Islam H, Masud J, Islam YN, Haque FKM. An update on polycystic ovary syndrome: A review of the current state of knowledge in diagnosis, genetic etiology, and emerging treatment options. WOMEN'S HEALTH 2022; 18:17455057221117966. [PMID: 35972046 PMCID: PMC9386861 DOI: 10.1177/17455057221117966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome is the most common endocrine disorder in women of reproductive age, which is still incurable. However, the symptoms can be successfully managed with proper medication and lifestyle interventions. Despite its prevalence, little is known about its etiology. In this review article, the up-to-date diagnostic features and parameters recommended on the grounds of evidence-based data and different guidelines are explored. The ambiguity and insufficiency of data when diagnosing adolescent women have been put under special focus. We look at some of the most recent research done to establish relationships between different gene polymorphisms with polycystic ovary syndrome in various populations along with the underestimated impact of environmental factors like endocrine-disrupting chemicals on the reproductive health of these women. Furthermore, the article concludes with existing treatments options and the scopes for advancement in the near future. Various therapies have been considered as potential treatment through multiple randomized controlled studies, and clinical trials conducted over the years are described in this article. Standard therapies ranging from metformin to newly found alternatives based on vitamin D and gut microbiota could shine some light and guidance toward a permanent cure for this female reproductive health issue in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiya Islam
- Biotechnology Program, Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, School of Data and Sciences, Brac University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Jaasia Masud
- Biotechnology Program, Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, School of Data and Sciences, Brac University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Yushe Nazrul Islam
- Biotechnology Program, Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, School of Data and Sciences, Brac University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Fahim Kabir Monjurul Haque
- Microbiology Program, Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, School of Data and Sciences, Brac University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Alkhuriji AF, AlOmar SY, Babay ZA, El-khadragy MF, Alsharidah AR, Hanan A, Alnafjan AA, Mansour L. Association SOD2 and PON1 Gene Polymorphisms with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome in Saudi Women. Mol Syndromol 2021; 13:117-122. [DOI: 10.1159/000519527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a considered one of the most common female disorders associated with reproductive, metabolic, and psychological problems. The etiology of PCOS is still not yet disclosed; however, evidence for a genetic basis has been reported. In this study, we investigate the associations between superoxide dismutase 2 (<i>SOD2</i>) (rs4880) and paraoxonase 1 (<i>PON1</i>) (rs705379) polymorphisms in PCOS in Saudi women. The study included 99 females with PCOS and 98 healthy women as a control. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of promoter regions were determined using TaqMan genotyping assays. Regarding the polymorphism at <i>SOD2</i> (rs4880), the CC, CT, and TT genotypes were present at rates of 32, 61, and 7% in PCOS patients, and 47, 43, and 10% in controls, respectively. The frequency of the CT genotype in PCOS patients (0.61) was significantly higher than in controls (0.43) (OR = 2.05, CI: 1.16–3.61; <i>p</i> = 0.015). The wild homozygous genotype (CC) with the phenotype alanine appears to confer protection against the disease compared to molecules sharing at least one valine (genotypes, CT + TT). Regarding the polymorphism at <i>PON1</i> (rs705379), the rates of CC, CT, and TT genotypes were 34, 50, and 16% in PCOS patients and 33, 63, and 2% in controls, respectively. The rate of the TT genotype in PCOS patients was significantly higher than that in controls (<i>p</i> = 0.0058). <i>SOD2</i> and <i>PON1</i> polymorphisms may be genetic factors that affect the occurrence of PCOS in Saudi females.
Collapse
|
6
|
Ali SE, El Badawy SA, Elmosalamy SH, Emam SR, Azouz AA, Galal MK, Abd-Elsalam RM, Issa MY, Hassan BB. Novel promising reproductive and metabolic effects of Cicer arietinum L. extract on letrozole induced polycystic ovary syndrome in rat model. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 278:114318. [PMID: 34111539 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Chickpea was used in both greek and indian traditional medicine for hormonal related conditions as menstrual induction, acceleration of parturation, treatment of retained placenta and stimulation of lactation. Chickpea (Cicer arietinum) sprout isoflavone isolates exhibited reasonable estrogenic activities. Isoflavones, a subtype of phytoestrogens, are plant derivatives with moderate estrogenic activity that tend to have protective effects on hormonal and metabolic abnormalities of women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). AIM OF THE STUDY In this study, we investigated the effect of UPLC/ESI-MS characterized Cicer arietinum L. seeds ethanol extract (CSE) on ovarian hormones, oxidative response and ovarian histological changes on induced PCOS rat model. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty-five rats were divided into five groups including negative control, PCOS, and treatment groups. PCOS was induced using letrozole (1 mg/kg) daily orally for 21 days. Each treatment group was treated with one of the following for 28 days after induction of PCOS: clomiphene citrate (1 mg/kg), and CSE at 250 and 500 mg/kg. Ovaries and uteri were excised, weighed and their sections were used for quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, antioxidant assays and histomorphometric study of the ovaries. The antioxidant assays, histopathological examination, hormonal and metabolic profiles, and Cyp11a1(steroidogenic enzyme) mRNA expression were measured. RESULTS In all treatment groups, ovarian weight was significantly decreased despite having no significant effect on uterine weight. Histomorphometric study in the treatment groups revealed a significant decrease in the number and diameter of cystic follicles, a significant increase in granulosa cell thickness while, thickness of theca cells was significantly decreased when compared to PCOS. Hormone levels, metabolic profile and antioxidant status were improved in the treatment groups. Moreover, Cyp11a1 mRNA expression was significantly downregulated in the treatment groups compared to PCOS. CONCLUSIONS In the current study, CSE enhanced the reproductive and metabolic disorders which were associated with PCOS induction. For the first time, we have highlighted the effect of CSE in treating PCOS and its associated manifestations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara E Ali
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, 12211, Egypt.
| | - Shymaa A El Badawy
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, 12211, Egypt.
| | - Sherif H Elmosalamy
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, 12211, Egypt.
| | - Shimaa R Emam
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, 12211, Egypt.
| | - Asmaa A Azouz
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, 12211, Egypt.
| | - Mona K Galal
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, 12211, Egypt.
| | - Reham M Abd-Elsalam
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, 12211, Egypt.
| | - Marwa Y Issa
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, 11562, Egypt.
| | - Bardes B Hassan
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, 12211, Egypt.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Akintayo CO, Johnson AD, Badejogbin OC, Olaniyi KS, Oniyide AA, Ajadi IO, Ojewale AO, Adeyomoye OI, Kayode AB. High fructose-enriched diet synergistically exacerbates endocrine but not metabolic changes in letrozole-induced polycystic ovarian syndrome in Wistar rats. Heliyon 2021; 7:e05890. [PMID: 33474510 PMCID: PMC7803638 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) is a multifactorial endocrine-metabolic disorder that highly contributes to the prevalence of infertility globally. The increased consumption of refined carbohydrate, particularly fructose has been associated with pandemic metabolic disorders, including in women of reproductive age. However, the effects of high fructose consumption (FRD) on endocrine and metabolic disorders associated with PCOS are not clear. Therefore, this study investigated the effects of FRD on endocrine/metabolic changes in letrozole-induced PCOS in Wistar rats. Materials and methods Twenty-eight adult female Wistar rats were randomly allotted into 4 groups and treated with vehicle, letrozole (LET; 0.5 mg/kg), FRD (D-fructose chow pellet mixture) and LET + FRD. The treatment lasted for 21days. Results Data showed a significant increase in ovarian weight, liver weight, luteinising hormone (LH), testosterone and decrease in follicle stimulating hormone as well as moderate histopathological changes in the fallopian tube, uterus and liver of animals with PCOS. FRD-treated group showed a significant increase in ovarian weight and liver weight but no significant alteration in hormonal profile or histopathological changes in uterus and fallopian tube. However, FRD significantly altered hormonal profile with consequent histopathological changes in fallopian tube and uterus but FRD did not alter ovarian/liver weight or blood glucose in animals with PCOS when compared with animals without PCOS. Conclusion The present results demonstrate that FRD synergistically aggravates endocrine but not metabolic changes in PCOS, suggesting that FRD might deteriorate endocrine-related phenotypes in PCOS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher O Akintayo
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti, 360101, Nigeria
| | - Anjola D Johnson
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti, 360101, Nigeria
| | - Olabimpe C Badejogbin
- Department of Physiology, College of Health Sciences, University of Lagos, Akoka, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Kehinde S Olaniyi
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti, 360101, Nigeria.,School of Laboratory Medicine & Medical Sciences, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001, Congella, 4013, Westville, Durban, South Africa
| | - Adesola A Oniyide
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti, 360101, Nigeria
| | - Isaac O Ajadi
- School of Laboratory Medicine & Medical Sciences, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001, Congella, 4013, Westville, Durban, South Africa
| | - Abdulfatai O Ojewale
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Kampala International University, Bushenyi, Uganda
| | - Olorunsola I Adeyomoye
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo, Nigeria
| | - Adedeji B Kayode
- Department of Fruit and Species Research, National Horticultural Research Institute, Ibadan, Oyo, Nigeria
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Relationship of PD-1 (PDCD1) and PD-L1 (CD274) Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:9596358. [PMID: 33521133 PMCID: PMC7817229 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9596358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This study is to investigate the relationship of programmed cell death 1 (PD-1; also known as PDCD1) and programmed death-1-ligand 1 (PD-L1; also known as CD274) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). This study enrolled 330 PCOS patients and 350 matched controls. ELISA was used to detect the PD-1 and PD-L1 levels in serum. SnaPshot genotyping was performed to analyze the PD-1 and PD-L1 genotyping. Linkage disequilibrium and haplotype of TagSNP loci of PD-1 and PD-L1 genes were also detected. The relationship of genotypes and alleles with PCOS was analyzed. The levels of PD-1 and PD-L1 in the serum of PCOS patients were significantly lower than those in the control group (P < 0.01). The haplotype TT of PD-1 gene at rs10204525 and rs7421861 loci was significantly lower in the PCOS group than in the control group (P < 0.001, OR = 0.67, and 95%CI = 0.54‐0.84). PD-L1 gene SNP loci rs2282055, rs2890658, rs10125854, and rs702275 had linkage disequilibrium. The haplotypes TAAA, GAAC, GAGC, GCAA, and TCGA of PD-L1 gene SNP loci were significantly higher in PCOS patients than in the control group, whereas haplotypes GAAA, TAAC, TCAA, GCGA, GCAC, and TCGC of PD-L1 gene SNP loci were significantly lower in PCOS patients than in the control group. PD-1 and PD-L1 SNPs may be related to the pathogenesis of PCOS. PD-1 gene SNP loci rs10204525 and rs7421861 and PD-L1 gene SNP loci rs2282055, rs2890658, rs10125854, and rs702275 may be new candidate polymorphic loci for PCOS.
Collapse
|
9
|
Abstract
Ovarian cysts are one of the most common ovarian dysfunctions in dairy cattle, which can
lead to a considerable economic loss through its high incidence and can reduce the
reproductive performance. Anestrus is the most significant clinical sign observed in dairy
cattle suffering from this condition. For diagnosis, most of the veterinarians use a
combination of methods, from ultrasonography as an additional approach to trans-rectal
palpation and symptomatology when assessing ovarian cysts. Although the Ovsynch treatment
seems to be preferred, the pregnancy rate after this treatment is relatively low. Despite
such reports on dairy cattle ovarian cysts, the data is insufficient to validate all the
characteristics of this condition. This review summarizes what the literature has so far
provided from definition to treatment of ovarian cysts in dairy cattle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silviu-Ionuț BorŞ
- Research and Development Station for Cattle Breeding, 707252 Dancu, Iaşi, Romania
| | - Alina BorŞ
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 700489 Iasi, Romania
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Panghiyangani R, Soeharso P, Andrijono, Suryandari DA, Wiweko B, Kurniati M, Pujianto DA. CYP19A1 Gene Expression in Patients with Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome. J Hum Reprod Sci 2020; 13:100-103. [PMID: 32792756 PMCID: PMC7394102 DOI: 10.4103/jhrs.jhrs_142_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Context: Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine system disorder among the women of reproductive age, yet the etiology of PCOS remains unclear. Infertility in females with PCOS can be caused by anovulation, high luteinizing hormone levels, and hyperandrogenism. Aims: This research analyzed the role of the aromatase gene (CYP19A1) in PCOS pathogenesis. Settings and Design: This study used an observational, cross-sectional design. Subjects and Methods: A total of 110 research participants (55 PCOS patients and 55 non-PCOS patients) were included in the study. Statistical Analysis Used: A real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction was used to analyze the mRNA expression for aromatase in granulosa cells. Results: The relative expression of aromatase mRNA is lower in women with PCOS compared to those without PCOS (P < 0.05). Relative expression of CYP19A1 (aromatase) mRNA in PCOS group was 0.38 ± 0.25, whereas in non-PCOS group was 1.00 ± 0.00. The decline in aromatase activity contributes to an increase in testosterone level. This condition has a role in hyperandrogenism which is a typical characteristic of PCOS women. Granulosa cells in polycystic ovary undergo disturbance in the development and cannot respond to follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) stimulation. Lack of stimulation of FSH causes induction inadequacy to aromatase enzyme activity in the aromatization process. The decline in FSH activity is caused by various factors that are associated with typical characteristics of PCOS. Conclusions: There is a decrease in the relative expression rate of granulosa cells’ aromatase mRNA in women with PCOS compared to the non-PCOS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roselina Panghiyangani
- Department of Biomedic, Faculty of Medicine, Lambung Mangkurat University, Banjarmasin, South Borneo
| | - Purnomo Soeharso
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Andrijono
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Dwi Anita Suryandari
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Budi Wiweko
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia.,Yasmin IVF Clinic, Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia.,Human Reproductive, Infertility, and Family Planning Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Indonesian Medical Education, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Mala Kurniati
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Malahayati University, Bandar Lampung, Indonesia
| | - Dwi Ari Pujianto
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Ajmal N, Khan SZ, Shaikh R. Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and genetic predisposition: A review article. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol X 2019; 3:100060. [PMID: 31403134 PMCID: PMC6687436 DOI: 10.1016/j.eurox.2019.100060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a heterogeneous condition which is related to an endocrine reproductive disorder of females. It affects females of 18-44 age. The persistent hormonal disbalance leads to the complexities such as numerous cysts, an irregular menstrual cycle that ultimately leads to infertility among females. Many candidate genes have been identified to be one of the causes of PCOS. Different studies have been carried out to find the genetic correlation of PCOS. It is essential to carry out such studies that identify the clear cause of PCOS and its genetic association and hormonal disbalance. This review has highlighted different genes and their correlation with PCOS that leads to hormonal disbalance. Yet not in-depth but an attempt to study the genetic predisposition of PCOS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rozeena Shaikh
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Informatics, Balochistan University of Information Technology, Engineering and Management Sciences (BUITEMS), Quetta, Balochistan, Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Demacopulo B, Kreimann EL. Bisphenol S increases EZRIN expression and the detrimental effects induced by dehydroepiandrosterone in rat endometrium. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2019; 483:64-73. [PMID: 30654004 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2019.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The use of Bisphenol S (BPS) was proposed as an alternative to Bisphenol A (BPA), a chemical employed in the production of polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins. BPA is a xenoestrogen that affects normal physiology in several species. It was reported that BPS may also act as a xenoestrogen with harmful effects in the reproductive system. Here we studied the effects of BPS during the induction of a polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS)-like condition in rats. Animals were injected daily with vehicle, DHEA 60 mg/kg, BPS 1 μg/kg and DHEA-BPS, for 20 days. Cell apoptosis, cell proliferation, and EZRIN expression were analyzed by immunohistochemistry. We found an increase in PCNA expression, which correlates with cytoplasmic accumulation of the polarization marker, EZRIN, in the BPS treated groups. Additionally, the administration of BPS in the DHEA treated group augmented the stratification and number of "intraepithelial lumina" in the endometrial surface epithelium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brenda Demacopulo
- National Atomic Energy Commission of Argentina (CNEA), National Research Council of Argentina (CONICET), Department of Radiobiology, Av. General Paz 1499 (1650), San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Erica L Kreimann
- National Atomic Energy Commission of Argentina (CNEA), National Research Council of Argentina (CONICET), Department of Radiobiology, Av. General Paz 1499 (1650), San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Huang X, She L, Luo X, Huang S, Wu J. MiR-222 promotes the progression of polycystic ovary syndrome by targeting p27 Kip1. Pathol Res Pract 2019; 215:918-923. [PMID: 30718101 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2019.01.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most complex and common reproductive and endocrinologic disorders in the child-bearing age of women. Recently, miR-222 were reported to be associated with the etiology of PCOS. However, the function of miR-222 during the pathogenesis of PCOS remains unclear. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the role of miR-222 in PCOS. Firstly, miR-222 expression was examined by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) in PCOS. The effects of miR-222 on proliferation, apoptosis and cell cycle in KGN cells were analyzed by CCK-8 assay and flow cytometry analysis, respectively. In addition, bioinformatics analysis was used to predict the target genes of miR-222, and dual-luciferase reporter assay was applied to verified the interaction between miR-222 and p27 Kip1 in KGN cells. Moreover, the expressions of p27 Kip1 in KGN cells treated with miR-222 mimics or miR-222 inhibitor were evaluated by qRT-PCR and western blot assays. The results showed that the expression of miR-222 was remarkably upregulated in PCOS tissues compared with corresponding normal tissues. In the gain-of-function and loss-of-function assays, we revealed that miR-222 mimics significantly promoted cell proliferation, while miR-222 inhibitor induced cell apoptosis and cell cycle arrested. Furthermore, p27 Kip1 was identified as a target gene of miR-222, and could be negatively regulated by miR-222 mimics in KGN cells. In conclusion, our findings suggested that miR-222 may promote the progression of PCOS by targeting p27 Kip1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolan Huang
- Department of Reproductive Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou City, Fujian Province, 362000, PR China.
| | - Liping She
- Department of Reproductive Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou City, Fujian Province, 362000, PR China
| | - Xiangmin Luo
- Department of Reproductive Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou City, Fujian Province, 362000, PR China
| | - Shuzhen Huang
- Department of Reproductive Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou City, Fujian Province, 362000, PR China
| | - Jinxiang Wu
- Department of Reproductive Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou City, Fujian Province, 362000, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Subhi Ramadhan R. Molecular analysis of FSH receptor gene in Iraqi women with PCOS syndrome. MIDDLE EAST FERTILITY SOCIETY JOURNAL 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mefs.2018.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
|
15
|
Association of INS VNTR polymorphisms with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) in south Indian population. Meta Gene 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mgene.2018.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
|
16
|
Salehpour S, Hosseini S, Nazari L, Saharkhiz N, Zademodarres S. Effects of orlistat on serum androgen levels among iranian obese women with polycystic ovarian syndrome. JBRA Assist Reprod 2018; 22:180-184. [PMID: 29757582 PMCID: PMC6106633 DOI: 10.5935/1518-0557.20180033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Polycystic ovary syndrome is one of the most common endocrinopathies in young
women, and it affects 6% to 8% of women in reproductive age.
Hyperandrogenism is the hallmark of polycystic ovary syndrome. The aim of
the present study was to evaluate the effects of orlistat on weight loss and
serum androgen levels among Iranian women with polycystic ovary
syndrome. Methods The present study was carried out in the clinic of Infertility and
Reproductive Health Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical
Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Thirty-two patients with polycystic ovary syndrome
were randomly enrolled. We measured serum androgens (Testosterone,
17α-hydroxyprogesterone, dehydroepiandrosterone and sex
hormone-binding globulin) before and after 12 weeks of treatment with
orlistat. We used the Rotterdam Criteria for all patients and transvaginal
sonography was performed. Results The mean age of patients was 27.75±6.22 and the mean body mass index
was 32.69±0.94 kg/m2. Comparing with baseline, treatment
with orlistat resulted in a significant reduction in weight, BMI, and waist
circumference (p=0.001). We also found a remarkable
reduction in total testosterone levels (p>0.001).
Treatment improved the sex hormone-binding globulin plasma levels, but the
improvement was not statistically significant. There was no reduction in
other androgen levels. Conclusion This study showed a significant reduction of weight and total testosterone
level - the most important androgen in polycystic ovary syndrome - after 12
weeks of treatment with orlistat. Therefore, it seems that a short course of
orlistat can be useful in the management of patients with polycystic ovary
syndrome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saghar Salehpour
- Preventative Gynecology Research Center (PGRC), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sedighe Hosseini
- Preventative Gynecology Research Center (PGRC), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Nazari
- Preventative Gynecology Research Center (PGRC), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nasrin Saharkhiz
- Preventative Gynecology Research Center (PGRC), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahrzad Zademodarres
- Preventative Gynecology Research Center (PGRC), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Bracho GS, Altamirano GA, Kass L, Luque EH, Bosquiazzo VL. Hyperandrogenism Induces Histo-Architectural Changes in the Rat Uterus. Reprod Sci 2018; 26:657-668. [DOI: 10.1177/1933719118783881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gisela Soledad Bracho
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL UNL-CONICET), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Gabriela Anahí Altamirano
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL UNL-CONICET), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
- Cátedra de Patología Humana, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Laura Kass
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL UNL-CONICET), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
- Cátedra de Patología Humana, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Enrique Hugo Luque
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL UNL-CONICET), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
- Cátedra de Fisiología Humana, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Verónica Lis Bosquiazzo
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL UNL-CONICET), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica y Cuantitativa, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Dadachanji R, Shaikh N, Mukherjee S. Genetic Variants Associated with Hyperandrogenemia in PCOS Pathophysiology. GENETICS RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:7624932. [PMID: 29670770 PMCID: PMC5835258 DOI: 10.1155/2018/7624932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome is a multifactorial endocrine disorder whose pathophysiology baffles many researchers till today. This syndrome is typically characterized by anovulatory cycles and infertility, altered gonadotropin levels, obesity, and bulky multifollicular ovaries on ultrasound. Hyperandrogenism and insulin resistance are hallmark features of its complex pathophysiology. Hyperandrogenemia is a salient feature of PCOS and a major contributor to cosmetic anomalies including hirsutism, acne, and male pattern alopecia in affected women. Increased androgen levels may be intrinsic or aggravated by preexisting insulin resistance in women with PCOS. Studies have reported augmented ovarian steroidogenesis patterns attributed mainly to theca cell hypertrophy and altered expression of key enzymes in the steroidogenic pathway. Candidate gene studies have been performed in order to delineate the association of polymorphisms in genes, which encode enzymes in the intricate cascade of steroidogenesis or modulate the levels and action of circulating androgens, with risk of PCOS development and its related traits. However, inconsistent findings have impacted the emergence of a unanimously accepted genetic marker for PCOS susceptibility. In the current review, we have summarized the influence of polymorphisms in important androgen related genes in governing genetic predisposition to PCOS and its related metabolic and reproductive traits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roshan Dadachanji
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, J.M. Street, Parel, Mumbai 400012, India
| | - Nuzhat Shaikh
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, J.M. Street, Parel, Mumbai 400012, India
| | - Srabani Mukherjee
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, J.M. Street, Parel, Mumbai 400012, India
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Karataylı R, Gül Zamani A, Gezginç K, Tuncez E, Soysal S, Karanfil F, Acar A, Yıldırım MS. Micronuclei frequencies in lymphocytes and cervical cells of women with polycystic ovarian syndrome. Turk J Obstet Gynecol 2017; 14:151-155. [PMID: 29085703 PMCID: PMC5651888 DOI: 10.4274/tjod.10734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: The aim of this study was to determine micronucleus (MN) frequencies in exfoliated cervical cells and peripheral blood lymphocytes of women with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). Materials and Methods: Fifteen patients with PCOS and 11 healthy control patients were included in the study. Cervical smears and peripheral blood were collected from all patients. Specimens were analyzed for MN frequencies and compared between the groups. In addition to MN, other nuclear anomalies connected with both genotoxicity and cytotoxicity were evaluated. Results: The MN frequencies in cervical smear and peripheral blood lymphocytes were compared in patients with PCOS and normal controls. There was no statistically significant difference between the groups regarding micronucleus frequency in peripheral blood lymphocytes (p=0.239). The mean MN scores in exfoliated cervical cells of patients with PCOS and normal controls were 1.19±0.57 and 0.74±0.34, respectively. The difference regarding micronucleus frequencies in cervical cells was statistically significant between the groups (p=0.032). Conclusion: Although study group is small, our study results support that there is an increased micronucleus frequency in cervical exfoliated cells of PCOS patients; this is a determinant of genetic hazard in the disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rengin Karataylı
- Konya Private Selçuklu Hospital, Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Konya, Turkey
| | - Ayşe Gül Zamani
- Necmettin Erbakan University Meram Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Genetics, Konya, Turkey
| | - Kazım Gezginç
- Necmettin Erbakan University Meram Faculty of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Konya, Turkey
| | - Ebru Tuncez
- Şanlıurfa Pediatric Disease Hospital, Clinic of Medical Genetics, Şanlıurfa, Turkey
| | - Sema Soysal
- Necmettin Erbakan University Meram Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Education and Informatics, Konya, Turkey
| | - Fikriye Karanfil
- University of Health Sciences, Konya Training and Research Hospital, Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Konya, Turkey
| | - Aynur Acar
- İstanbul Bilim University Faculty of Science, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - M Selman Yıldırım
- Necmettin Erbakan University Meram Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Genetics, Konya, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Nouri M, Aghadavod E, Khani S, Jamilian M, Amiri Siavashani M, Ahmadi S, Asemi Z. Association between BMI and gene expression of anti-Müllerian hormone and androgen receptor in human granulosa cells in women with and without polycystic ovary syndrome. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2016; 85:590-5. [PMID: 27163385 DOI: 10.1111/cen.13098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Revised: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) is one of the most reliable markers of ovarian reserve. There is evidence which suggests that BMI may be associated with gene expression of AMH, AMH type II receptor (AMHR-II) and androgen receptor (AR) in human granulosa cells (GC) in women with and without polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). OBJECTIVE To investigate the association between BMI and gene expression of AMH, AMHR-II and AR in human GC in women with and without PCOS. DESIGN, PATIENTS AND MEASUREMENTS In a cross-sectional study, hormonal profiles were measured among 38 patients with PCOS and 38 subjects without PCOS aged 18-40. AMH, AMHR-II and AR mRNA levels were quantified in cumulus GC. Pearson correlation and multiple linear regressions were used to assess the relationships. RESULTS Quantitative RT-PCR demonstrated that AMH and AMHR-II expression were negatively correlated with BMI (r = -0·39, P < 0·001 for AMH and r = -0·49, P < 0·001 for AMHR-II), whereas AR expression was positively correlated with BMI (r = 0·46, P < 0·001). CONCLUSIONS There is a negative association between AMH, AMHR-II expression and BMI, and a positive association between AR expression and BMI in the GC of PCOS and non-PCOS women.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Nouri
- Women's Reproductive Health Research Center, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Esmat Aghadavod
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.
| | - Sajad Khani
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Research and Development Complex, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mehri Jamilian
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, School of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - Mehrnush Amiri Siavashani
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, School of Medicine, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Shahnaz Ahmadi
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, School of Medicine, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Zatollah Asemi
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Sex steroid receptors and apoptosis-related proteins are differentially expressed in polycystic ovaries of adult dogs. Tissue Cell 2016; 48:10-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2015.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Revised: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
22
|
Association of single-nucleotide polymorphisms rs2197076 and rs2241883 of FABP1 gene with polycystic ovary syndrome. J Assist Reprod Genet 2015; 33:75-83. [PMID: 26650609 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-015-0626-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 11/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The objective of this study was to evaluate the association between single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) rs2197076 and rs2241883 in fatty acid-binding protein 1 (FABP1) gene and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). METHODS The two alleles rs2197076 and rs2241883 in FABP1 gene in 221 PCOS women and 198 normal women were amplified and sequenced. Allele frequency comparison was performed between the PCOS and control groups, and genotype-phenotype correlation analysis was performed using dominant and recessive models to assess the association of FABP1 and the main features of PCOS. RESULTS Allele frequency analyses showed a strong association of SNPs rs2197076 and rs2241883 of FABP1 gene with PCOS (P < 0.001). The additive, dominant, and recessive genotype model analyses further supported this association even after adjusting for age and body mass index (BMI). The minor allele frequency (MAF) of rs2241883 in obese PCOS women was less than that in obese control women. Further genotype-phenotype correlation analysis showed that SNP rs2197076 had a stronger association with the main features of PCOS than SNP rs2241883. CONCLUSION In the association of SNPs in FABP1 gene with PCOS, rs2197076 was more closely associated with its main features than rs2241883 and seemed to play a more important role in the pathogenesis of PCOS.
Collapse
|
23
|
Ramos RB, Fabris VC, Brondani LDA, Spritzer PM. Association between rs7903146 and rs12255372 polymorphisms of transcription factor 7-like 2 gene and polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Endocrine 2015; 49:635-42. [PMID: 25678248 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-015-0541-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The present systematic review and meta-analysis of case-control studies examines the associations between rs7903146 and rs12255372 polymorphisms of the TCF7L2 gene and PCOS. A search of the literature published until August 2014 was carried out in PubMed, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, EMBASE, and LILACS. There were no other limits except for the end date. We included observational studies with women of any age diagnosed with PCOS and healthy controls that analyzed polymorphisms rs7903146 and rs12255372. We included case-control or cross-sectional studies analyzing polymorphism rs7903146 or rs12255372 in women with PCOS and healthy controls. Eighteen studies were identified after the primary literature search and seven articles were included in the meta-analysis. All employed Rotterdam criteria for the diagnosis of PCOS. The genotypic distributions in the control groups were in agreement with Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in all studies. The pooled population included Asian descendents (Chinese, Korean), Caucasians from southern Brazil, Tunisian, and European populations (British/Irish, Northern Finns, Greeks, Czechs), including 1,892 women with PCOS and 2,695 controls. There were no significant associations between PCOS and TCF7L2 rs7903146 or rs12255372 polymorphisms, irrespective of whether allele contrast, additive, dominant, or recessive models of inheritance were used. Furthermore, no significant associations were found after stratification for ethnicity (Asian or non-Asian). There was no significant heterogeneity between studies and no publication bias. The present results suggest that rs7903146 T allele or rs12255372 is not associated with risk for PCOS in non-Asian or Asian women. This systematic review and meta-analysis are registered in PROSPERO under number CRD42013005930.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ramon Bossardi Ramos
- Gynecological Endocrinology Unit, Division of Endocrinology, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Song DK, Lee H, Oh JY, Hong YS, Sung YA. FTO Gene Variants Are Associated with PCOS Susceptibility and Hyperandrogenemia in Young Korean Women. Diabetes Metab J 2014; 38:302-10. [PMID: 25215277 PMCID: PMC4160584 DOI: 10.4093/dmj.2014.38.4.302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The fat mass and obesity-associated (FTO) gene is associated with obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Obesity and insulin resistance are also common features of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Therefore, the FTO gene might be a candidate gene for PCOS susceptibility. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of FTO gene variants on PCOS susceptibility and metabolic and reproductive hormonal parameters. METHODS We recruited 432 women with PCOS (24±5 years) and 927 healthy women with regular menstrual cycles (27±5 years) and performed a case-control association study. We genotyped the single nucleotide polymorphisms rs1421085, rs17817449, and rs8050136 in the FTO gene and collected metabolic and hormonal measurements. RESULTS Logistic regression revealed that the G/G genotype (rs1421085, 1.6%), the C/C genotype (rs17817449, 1.6%), and the A/A genotype (rs8050136, 1.6%) were strongly associated with an increased risk of PCOS (odds ratio, 2.551 to 2.559; all P<0.05). The strengths of these associations were attenuated after adjusting for age and BMI. The women with these genotypes were more obese and exhibited higher free androgen indices (P<0.05) and higher free testosterone levels (P=0.053 to 0.063) compared to the other genotypes. However the significant differences disappeared after adjusting for body mass index (BMI). When we analyzed the women with PCOS and the control groups separately, there were no significant differences in the metabolic and reproductive hormonal parameters according to the FTO gene variants. CONCLUSION The rs1421085, rs17817449, and rs8050136 variants of the FTO gene were associated with PCOS susceptibility and hyperandrogenemia in young Korean women. These associations may be mediated through an effect of BMI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Do Kyeong Song
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyejin Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jee-Young Oh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Sun Hong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yeon-Ah Sung
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
The association between androgen receptor gene CAG polymorphism and polycystic ovary syndrome: a case-control study and meta-analysis. J Assist Reprod Genet 2014; 31:1211-9. [PMID: 24986529 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-014-0286-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Many studies have been carried out to confirm the relationship between androgen receptor gene CAG repeat polymorphism and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), without consistent results. Hence we conducted the current study to research this relationship. METHODS 224 Chinese Han women with PCOS and 223 in vitro fertilization and embryo transplantation (IVF-ET) infertile women with tubal factor or male infertility served as the controls were recruited in our study. PCR-based assays were applied to genotype the (CAG)n repeat alleles. A meta-analysis including 1,536 PCOS patients and 1,807 controls was conducted to produce a pooled estimate. RESULTS We observed that the CAG bi-allelic mean lengths were similar in PCOS patients and controls (22.65 ± 2.5 vs. 23.09 ± 2.1, P = 0.116). When CAG bi-allelic were divided into two categories (mean repeats ≤22, >22), the short AR-CAG bi-allelic showed more frequent in PCOS group than in controls (56.25% vs 29.14%, P < 0.001). Further analysis presented that, in PCOS, there was a lower mean CAG repeat lengths in mean bi-allelic lengths (22.3 ± 2.5 vs. 23.9 ± 2.2, P = 0.008) and long bi-allelic lengths (24.3 ± 1.4 vs. 25.9 ± 1.6, P = 0.05) among patients with testosterone less than 0.7 ng/ml compared with those whose testosterone was more than 0.7 ng/ml. Besides, the testosterone were positively correlated with the CAG polymorphism (r = 0.237, P = 0.008), which accorded with our meta-analysis results. CONCLUSIONS The distribution of AR-CAG allele differed between PCOS patients and controls, and polymorphism of CAG repeat lengths may contribute to hyperandrogenism in PCOS.
Collapse
|
26
|
Du J, Wang J, Sun X, Xu X, Zhang F, Wang B, Shi Y, Chen ZJ. Family-based analysis of INSR polymorphisms in Chinese PCOS. Reprod Biomed Online 2014; 29:239-44. [PMID: 24947064 DOI: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2014.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Revised: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The insulin receptor (INSR), which is an indispensable component of the insulin-signalling pathway, could be a plausible candidate gene for polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). This study was designed to determine whether an association exists between three SNP variants (rs3786681, rs17253937 and rs2252673) of the INSR gene and PCOS in Han Chinese. A total of 224 family trios (672 participants in total) were enrolled in this family-based transmission disequilibrium test. Genotypes were obtained by sequencing. A weak association was detected in rs2252673 (P = 0.027), which indicated that INSR may confer an increased susceptibility to PCOS in Chinese. Additionally, the association between INSR gene variants and clinical and metabolic characteristics of women with PCOS was investigated. Carriers of the CG and GG genotypes in women with PCOS were slightly associated with higher cholesterol concentration (t = 2.072, P = 0.048) and lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration (t = 2.274, P = 0.026). The minor allele conferred increased odds of PCOS independently of body mass index. The present data may provide a basis for further studies of the role of the INSR in the aetiology of PCOS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Du
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, 324 Jingwu Road, 250021 Jinan, China; Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Shandong Province, China
| | - Jianfeng Wang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, 324 Jingwu Road, 250021 Jinan, China
| | - Xuedong Sun
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, China
| | - Xinghua Xu
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Shandong Province, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Dongying People's Hospital, Shandong Province, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yuhua Shi
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, 324 Jingwu Road, 250021 Jinan, China.
| | - Zi-jiang Chen
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, 324 Jingwu Road, 250021 Jinan, China
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Mumm H, Kamper-Jørgensen M, Nybo Andersen AM, Glintborg D, Andersen M. Birth weight and polycystic ovary syndrome in adult life: a register-based study on 523,757 Danish women born 1973–1991. Fertil Steril 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2012.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
28
|
Lin LH, Baracat MCP, Maciel GAR, Soares JM, Baracat EC. Androgen receptor gene polymorphism and polycystic ovary syndrome. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2012. [PMID: 23182796 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijgo.2012.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is characterized by ovulatory dysfunction and hyperandrogenism. Its etiopathology is not well understood but genetic factors seem to have a role. Polymorphism of the androgen receptor (AR) gene has been associated with different androgen pattern diseases. OBJECTIVE To review the association between AR gene polymorphism and PCOS. SEARCH STRATEGY A systematic review was performed via PUBMED, EMBASE, and LILACS (up to May 31, 2011). SELECTION CRITERIA Studies assessing the presence of the (CAG)(n) polymorphism of the AR gene in at least 2 comparison groups (PCOS and control). Studies that did not contain adequate information were excluded. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Study characteristics and results were analyzed. Meta-analysis could not be performed because only 2 articles provided odds ratios. MAIN RESULTS Ten studies met the inclusion criteria. Three studies reported a correlation between the polymorphism and PCOS; 2 studies linked the disorder to shorter repeats, whereas the other associated it with longer repeats. CONCLUSION Polymorphism of the AR gene seems to be a promising biomarker for PCOS because shorter repeats may be linked to the disorder. However, further studies are needed to understand the association fully.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence H Lin
- Gynecology Division, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Clinics Hospital, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Kreimann EL, Cabrini RL. Subcellular Redistribution of NHERF1 in Response to Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) Administration in Endometrial Glands of Wistar Rats. Reprod Sci 2012; 20:103-11. [DOI: 10.1177/1933719112451148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Erica L. Kreimann
- Department of Radiobiology, National Atomic Energy Commission of Argentina (CNEA), San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- National Research Council of Argentina (CONICET), CABA, Argentina
| | - Rómulo L. Cabrini
- Department of Radiobiology, National Atomic Energy Commission of Argentina (CNEA), San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, University of Buenos Aires (UBA), CABA, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Yun JH, Choi JW, Lee KJ, Shin JS, Baek KH. The promoter -1031(T/C) polymorphism in tumor necrosis factor-alpha associated with polycystic ovary syndrome. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2011; 9:131. [PMID: 21970639 PMCID: PMC3198925 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7827-9-131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2011] [Accepted: 10/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A tumor necrosis factor-alpha is a multifunctional pro-inflammation cytokine, which has been considered as one of pathogenic factors for various diseases. The promoter -1031(T/C) polymorphism in the tumor necrosis factor-alpha gene was reported that it plays a part in reproduction-related diseases. Among these, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is known to be a common gynecological disease of women in reproductive age women. Here, we performed a comparative study of -1031(T/C) polymorphism of TNF-alpha gene with PCOS in a Korean population. METHODS The -1031(T/C) polymorphism of TNF-alpha gene was analyzed by polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) in a total of 217 PCOS patients and 144 matched female controls of healthy women. And statistical analysis was performed using HapAnalyzer. X2 test and logistic regression were utilized analyze the association between two groups. A p-value under 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS The genotype and allelic frequencies were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE). There was strong association between the -1031(T/C) polymorphism in the promoter region of TNF-alpha gene and PCOS (p-value = 0.0003, odd ratio (OR) = 2.53). In addition, the frequency of C allele was significantly higher in PCOS patients compared with controls. Sequence analyses also showed the -1031(T/C) polymorphism of TNF-alpha gene. CONCLUSION This is the first study on the -1031(T/C) polymorphism of TNF-alpha gene in PCOS. We concluded that the -1031(T/C) polymorphism of TNF-alpha gene is associated with PCOS in a Korean population. Therefore, it is possible that it may be considered as a clinical biomarker to diagnose for PCOS, and is helpful in understanding the etiology for the pathogenesis of PCOS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hyun Yun
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Bundang CHA General Hospital, Gyeonggi-Do, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Kyung-Ju Lee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, CHA General Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joong-Sik Shin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, CHA General Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kwang-Hyun Baek
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Bundang CHA General Hospital, Gyeonggi-Do, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
|
32
|
A functional GNAQ promoter haplotype is associated with altered Gq expression and with insulin resistance and obesity in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Pharmacogenet Genomics 2011; 20:476-84. [PMID: 20562673 DOI: 10.1097/fpc.0b013e32833b7497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The G-protein Gq, encoded by GNAQ, is involved in glucose metabolism. The GNAQ promoter harbours three polymorphisms. The TT(-695/-694)GC polymorphism was already shown to affect Gq transcription. Accordingly, we (i) characterized the GNAQ promoter polymorphisms G(-173)A and G(-168)A, (ii) investigated potential influences upon the TT(-695/-694)GC polymorphism and (iii) studied the associations with metabolic abnormalities in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). METHODS Characterization of the polymorphisms was performed with electrophoretic mobility shift assays and reporter assays. Inhibition of lipolysis and Gq expression were measured in adipocytes isolated from female mammary tissue. We genotyped 266 healthy Caucasians, 265 women with PCOS, and 293 healthy, age-matched female controls to associate GNAQ promoter polymorphisms and haplotypes with anthropometric and metabolic variables. RESULTS The A(-168) allele was associated with significantly decreased transcriptional activity and altered transcription factor binding, whereas the G(-173)A polymorphism appeared functionally silent. Linkage and haplotype frequencies analysis resulted in four common haplotypes. In adipose tissue, a 44% higher Gq mRNA concentration was observed in homozygous GC(-695/-694)-G(-168) haplotypes compared with homozygous TT(-695/-694)-G(-168) haplotypes (P=0.046). This was associated with increased insulin inhibition of lipolysis in isolated adipocytes. In PCOS patients, the homozygous GC-G haplotype was associated with decreased insulin resistance and body mass index (BMI) compared with the homozygous TT-G haplotype (homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance: 3.4+/-0.4 vs. 5.6+/-0.7 mmol/l x mmol/l2, P=0.001; fasting insulin: 86.6+/-11.9 vs. 128.8+/-16.5 pmol/l, P=0.003; BMI: 29.3+/-1.2 vs. 33.9+/-1.3 kg/m2, P=0.002). No association with BMI was found in healthy women. CONCLUSION G(-168)A is functionally relevant and in linkage with TT(-695/-694)GC. GNAQ promoter diplotypes are associated with insulin resistance and obesity in PCOS.
Collapse
|
33
|
Bremer AA. Polycystic ovary syndrome in the pediatric population. Metab Syndr Relat Disord 2011; 8:375-94. [PMID: 20939704 DOI: 10.1089/met.2010.0039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common disorder characterized by hyperandrogenism and disordered gonadotropin secretion, often associated with insulin resistance. The syndrome, which modulates both hormonal and metabolic processes, is the most common endocrinopathy in reproductive-age women and increases a woman's risk of infertility, endometrial pathology, and cardiometabolic disease. As it is currently defined, PCOS most likely encompasses several distinct diseases with similar clinical phenotypes but different underlying pathophysiological processes. However, hyperandrogenism remains the syndrome's clinical hallmark. The clinical manifestations of PCOS often emerge during childhood or in the peripubertal years, suggesting that the syndrome is influenced by fetal programming and/or early postnatal events. However, given that the full clinical spectrum of PCOS does not typically appear until puberty, a "two-hit" hypothesis has been proposed: (1) a girl develops hyperandrogenism via one or more of many different potential mechanisms; (2) the preexisting hyperandrogenism subsequently disturbs the hypothalamic–pituitary–ovarian axis, resulting in ovulatory dysfunction and sustained hyperandrogenism. No consensus guidelines exist regarding the diagnosis and management of PCOS in the pediatric population; however, because the syndrome is a diagnosis of exclusion, the clinical evaluation of girls suspected of having PCOS is aimed at excluding other causes of androgen excess and menstrual dysfunction. For the syndrome's management, emphasis is placed on lifestyle and symptom-directed treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew A Bremer
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-9170, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Eriksen M, Pørneki AD, Skov V, Burns JS, Beck-Nielsen H, Glintborg D, Gaster M. Insulin resistance is not conserved in myotubes established from women with PCOS. PLoS One 2010; 5:e14469. [PMID: 21209881 PMCID: PMC3012693 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0014469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2010] [Accepted: 12/07/2010] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine disorder among premenopausal women, who often develop insulin resistance. We tested the hypothesis that insulin resistance in skeletal muscle of patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is an intrinsic defect, by investigating the metabolic characteristics and gene expression of in vitro differentiated myotubes established from well characterized PCOS subjects. Methods Using radiotracer techniques, RT-PCR and enzyme kinetic analysis we examined myotubes established from PCOS subjects with or without pioglitazone treatment, versus healthy control subjects who had been extensively metabolically characterized in vivo. Results Myotubes established from PCOS and matched control subjects comprehensively expressed all insulin-sensitive biomarkers; glucose uptake and oxidation, glycogen synthesis and lipid uptake. There were no significant differences between groups either at baseline or during acute insulin stimulation, although in vivo skeletal muscle was insulin resistant. In particular, we found no evidence for defects in insulin-stimulated glycogen synthase activity between groups. Myotubes established from PCOS patients with or without pioglitazone treatment also showed no significant differences between groups, neither at baseline nor during acute insulin stimulation, although in vivo pioglitazone treatment significantly improved insulin sensitivity. Consistently, the myotube cultures failed to show differences in mRNA levels of genes previously demonstrated to differ in PCOS patients with or without pioglitazone treatment (PLEK, SLC22A16, and TTBK). Conclusion These results suggest that the mechanisms governing insulin resistance in skeletal muscle of PCOS patients in vivo are not primary, but rather adaptive. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00145340
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mette Eriksen
- Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Ann Dorte Pørneki
- Clinic for Molecular Endocrinology, Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital and Medical Biotechnology Center, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Vibe Skov
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology and Department of Clinical Genetics, Human MicroArray Center, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jorge S. Burns
- Clinic for Molecular Endocrinology, Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital and Medical Biotechnology Center, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | | | - Dorte Glintborg
- Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Michael Gaster
- Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Clinic for Molecular Endocrinology, Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital and Medical Biotechnology Center, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Hamurcu Z, Bayram F, Kahriman G, Dönmez-Altuntas H, Baskol G. Micronucleus frequency in lymphocytes and 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine level in plasma of women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Gynecol Endocrinol 2010; 26:590-5. [PMID: 20170347 DOI: 10.3109/09513591003632142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) has recently been linked with genomic instability and DNA damage. The aim of this study was to test genomic damage in women PCOS, using two different methods for assessing damage in both chromosome and base level. The study was performed on 36 newly diagnosed women with PCOS and 29 healthy women as controls. The micronucleus (MN) analysis used as a biomarker of chromosomal/DNA damage was performed in peripheral lymphocytes by cytokinesis-block method. 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) levels used as a reliable marker of oxidative DNA damage were measured in plasma using an ELISA kit. We found that MN frequencies obtained from lymphocytes of the women with PCOS were significantly higher than those of controls (4.1 +/- 1.0 vs. 2.1 +/- 0.6, P = 0.001), whereas, no differences in 8-OHdG level were found between the patients with PCOS and controls (0.5 +/- 0.3 vs. 0.5 +/- 0.2, P = 0.858). These findings indicate that women with PCOS seem to have increased genomic instability, but do not appear to have oxidative DNA damage despite the increased oxidative stress associated with PCOS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zuhal Hamurcu
- Department of Medical Biology, Medical Faculty, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Pucci L, Lucchesi D, Longo V, Del Prato S, Maffei S. Lack of association between CYP21 V281L variant and polycystic ovary syndrome in Italian women. Gynecol Endocrinol 2010; 26:596-9. [PMID: 20201644 DOI: 10.3109/09513591003649849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the association between V281L CYP21 polymorphism and the hyperandrogenic phenotype of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), in a cohort of 110 Italian women. METHODS The CYP21 genotype distribution was evaluated in 50 women with PCOS and 60 control subjects. Genotypes were detected using restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis performed on polymerase chain reaction templates from genomic DNA. Genotypes distribution was compared between groups and we considered a p-value less than 0.05 as statistically significant. RESULTS The frequency of VV, VL and LL was in agreement with other populations. Nevertheless no significant association was observed between CYP21 polymorphism and the presence of PCOS in an Italian cohort of women. CONCLUSION Although CYP21 gene, involved in steroidogenesis, is a candidate gene for pathogenesis of PCOS, our data suggest that V281L polymorphism is not associated with PCOS in Italian women; a larger study is needed to confirm this result.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Pucci
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Glintborg D, Andersen M. An update on the pathogenesis, inflammation, and metabolism in hirsutism and polycystic ovary syndrome. Gynecol Endocrinol 2010; 26:281-96. [PMID: 20141388 DOI: 10.3109/09513590903247873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hirsutism is a common endocrine disorder, defined as increased growth of terminal hairs in a male pattern. Hirsutism is most often caused by polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), whereas only 5% patients are diagnosed with rare endocrine diseases. PCOS may be considered a multiorgan disease causing not only increased adrenal and ovarian sex hormone secretion but also changed secretion of gonadotrophins, growth hormone, and adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) from the pituitary. The majority of patients with PCOS are insulin resistant and PCOS is characterized by an increased inflammatory state with abdominal obesity and increased secretion of interleukins, chemokines, and adipokines. PCOS is therefore associated with an increased risk of the metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes (T2D). Patients with hirsutism present with increased bone mineral density despite decreased D-vitamin levels. The etiology to hirsutism and PCOS is most likely multifactorial including both genetic and environmental factors such as increased fetal stress and intrauterine growth retardation. In the present review, we give a comprehensive overview of the pathophysiology and multiple endocrine disturbances of hirsutism and PCOS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dorte Glintborg
- Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.
| | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Xu Y, Wei Z, Zhang Z, Xing Q, Hu P, Zhang X, Gao G, Wang Y, Gao Q, Yi L, Cao Y. No association of the insulin gene VNTR polymorphism with polycystic ovary syndrome in a Han Chinese population. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2009; 7:141. [PMID: 19948072 PMCID: PMC2794867 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7827-7-141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2009] [Accepted: 12/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine disorder associated with an increased risk of type II diabetes mellitus. The results of previous research about the association of the VNTR polymorphism in 5-prime flanking region of the insulin (INS) gene with PCOS have been inconsistent. The present study was to investigate the association of the INS-VNTR polymorphism with PCOS in a Han Chinese population. METHODS The -23/HphI polymorphism as a surrogate marker of the INS-VNTR length polymorphism was genotyped by polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) in 216 PCOS patients and 192 non-PCOS women as a control group. Allelic and genotypic frequencies were compared between patients and controls, and these results were analyzed in respect to clinical test data. RESULTS No significant differences were observed between the cases and controls groups either in allele (P = 0.996) or genotype (P = 0.802) frequencies of INS-VNTR polymorphism; Regarding anthropometric data and hormone levels, there were no significant differences between INS-VNTR genotypes in the PCOS group, as well as in the non-PCOS group. CONCLUSION The present study demonstrated for the first time that the INS-VNTR polymorphism is not a key risk factor for sporadic PCOS in the Han Chinese women. Further studies are needed to give a global view of this polymorphism in pathogenesis of PCOS in a large-scale sample, family-based association design or well-defined subgroups of PCOS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuping Xu
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, China
- Department of Pathology, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Zhaolian Wei
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, China
| | - Zhiguo Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, China
| | - Qiong Xing
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, China
| | - Pin Hu
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, China
| | - Xiaohui Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, China
| | - Guihua Gao
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, China
| | - Yong Wang
- Department of Pathology, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Qian Gao
- Department of Pathology, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Long Yi
- Department of Pathology, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Yunxia Cao
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, China
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Christopoulos P, Mastorakos G, Gazouli M, Panidis D, Deligeoroglou E, Katsikis I, Papadias K, Diamandi-Kandarakis E, Creatsas G. Genetic variants in TCF7L2 and KCNJ11 genes in a Greek population with polycystic ovary syndrome. Gynecol Endocrinol 2008; 24:486-90. [PMID: 18958766 DOI: 10.1080/09513590802196379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), the most common reproductive endocrine disorder of premenopausal women, is strongly associated with hyperinsulinemia and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Given the phenotypic overlap between PCOS and T2DM, our objective was to investigate whether the TCF7L2 rs7903146(C/T) and the KCNJ11 E23K variants are involved in susceptibility to PCOS and related traits in a Greek population. A total of 183 PCOS patients and 148 healthy controls participated. All participants were Greeks. Blood was taken before hormonal therapy. PCOS patients and healthy controls were genotyped for the TCF7L2 and KCNJ11 variants. The T allele of the TCF7L2 rs7903146 variant was found to be marginally over-represented in Greek patients with PCOS. There was no association between KCNJ11 E23K polymorphism and PCOS in the present study. In addition, there were no associations observed between hormone levels and insulin resistance in PCOS carriers of TCF7L2 rs7903146 and KCNJ11 E23K variants. These data provide evidence that the rs7903146 variant of the TCF7L2 gene might influence PCOS predisposition, while no association is observed between the E23K variant of KCNJ11 and susceptibility to PCOS and related traits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis Christopoulos
- Second Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Polycystic ovary syndrome in adolescents. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol 2008; 21:119-28. [PMID: 18549963 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpag.2007.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2007] [Revised: 07/17/2007] [Accepted: 07/17/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
41
|
Liu Q, Hong J, Cui B, Zhang Y, Gu W, Chi Z, Su Y, Ning G. Androgen receptor gene CAG(n) trinucleotide repeats polymorphism in Chinese women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Endocrine 2008; 33:165-70. [PMID: 18483883 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-008-9069-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2008] [Revised: 04/08/2008] [Accepted: 04/25/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Trinucleotide repeats CAG(n) in androgen receptor gene is thought to be a potential site of genetic susceptibility to polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). However, previous studies of PCOS have shown variable association of CAG(n )polymorphism with PCOS. In order to evaluate CAG(n )polymorphism in Chinese women with PCOS, we have genotyped CAG(n) repeat numbers in female Chinese subjects (148 PCOS patients and 104 control subjects). The mean CAG(n) repeat lengths of PCOS patients and control subjects were similar (22.88 +/- 1.76 vs. 22.85 +/- 1.60; P = NS). No difference in the mean CAG(n) repeat lengths of hyperandrogenic and nonhyperandrogenic subgroups of PCOS patients was found (22.86 +/- 1.68 vs. 22.91 +/- 1.84; P = NS). Moreover, no difference was found in the term of mean CAG(n) repeat lengths in the nonhyperandrogenic subgroup and the control subjects (22.86 +/- 1.68 vs. 22.85 +/- 1.60; P = NS). However, mean CAG(n) repeat lengths were negatively correlated with serum total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol concentration in PCOS patients (r = -0.182, P < 0.05 and r = -0.210, P < 0.05, respectively), but not with total testosterone, body mass index, waist and hip circumferences. The CAG(n) repeat length polymorphism may not be a major determinant of PCOS, but it may influence the lipid metabolism of PCOS patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiaorui Liu
- Shanghai Clinical Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Bendlová B, Zavadilová J, Vanková M, Vejrazková D, Lukásová P, Vcelák J, Hill M, Cibula D, Vondra K, Stárka L, Vrbíková J. Role of D327N sex hormone-binding globulin gene polymorphism in the pathogenesis of polycystic ovary syndrome. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2007; 104:68-74. [PMID: 17258903 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2006.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2006] [Accepted: 10/09/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
SHBG (sex hormone-binding globulin) is a transport protein specific for dihydrotestosterone, testosterone and estradiol. The missense mutation in exon 8 (GAC-->AAC) causing the amino acid exchange Asp-->Asn in codon 327 (D327N) correlates according to the published data with increased SHBG levels. We studied possible association of this polymorphism with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and anthropometric and biochemical parameters in 248 PCOS patients and 109 healthy control women. The D327N polymorphism (wild-type and variant allele) was detected using PCR-RFLP method (restriction enzyme Bbs-I). For statistical evaluation chi(2) test, Mann-Whitney test, ANCOVA, ANOVA (NCSS 2004, Statgraphics Plus v.5.1, USA) were used. There was no significant difference in genotype distribution between PCOS and controls (chi(2)=1.03, p=0.59). Moreover, we did not find an association of the variant allele with plasma SHBG level, steroid hormones, or screened parameters of lipid and glucose metabolism. In conclusion, the D327N polymorphism of the SHBG gene does not influence susceptibility to PCOS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bela Bendlová
- Institute of Endocrinology, Národní 8, 116 94 Prague 1, Czech Republic.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Baravalle C, Salvetti NR, Mira GA, Pezzone N, Ortega HH. Microscopic characterization of follicular structures in letrozole-induced polycystic ovarian syndrome in the rat. Arch Med Res 2006; 37:830-9. [PMID: 16971221 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2006.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2005] [Accepted: 04/24/2006] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our objective was to characterize the tissular distribution of relevant cytoskeletal proteins, cellular adhesion molecules and proliferation markers and conduct a histomorphometrical study of the follicular wall of letrozole-induced polycystic ovaries. METHODS Twenty rats were divided into two groups: a control group (C) of ten rats that received vehicle only (0.9% NaCl solution) once daily p.o. and a treatment group (T) of ten animals administered letrozole at a concentration of 1 mg/kg p.o. dissolved in 0.9% NaCl solution once daily during 21 days. Twenty four h after the last administration, all animals were sacrificed. Control animals were sacrificed in proestrous (n = 5) and diestrous (n = 5). Serum hormone levels, histomorphometrical changes and immunoexpression of intermediate filaments (vimentin, cytokeratins and desmin), cadherins and proliferation cellular nuclear antigen were examined. RESULTS The granulosa cell layer of cystic follicles had a greater significant immunostaining for vimentin and cytokeratins. Immunohistochemical localization of desmin was restricted to the theca externa. Positive immunoreactivity for cadherins rises gradually and significantly, together with the follicular development, and immunoreactivity was comparatively stronger in follicular cysts. A significantly higher immunostaining for PCNA cells was observed in secondary and tertiary follicles as compared with atretic and cystic follicles. An increase in the LH, FSH and testosterone serum concentrations was observed in letrozole-treated rats. Estradiol and progesterone showed a considerable reduction. CONCLUSIONS The changes observed are probably due to structural and functional alterations that occur during the process of cystogenesis and may be associated with important modifications in the expression of cytoskeletal proteins, cellular adhesion molecules and proliferation markers that may be essential for proper cellular functioning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Celina Baravalle
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, National University of Litoral, Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Ferk P, Gersak K, Teran N. No association between the microsatellite polymorphism (TTTTA)n in the promoter of the CYP11A gene and ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome. J Assist Reprod Genet 2006; 23:29-32. [PMID: 16391898 PMCID: PMC3455435 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-005-9009-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2004] [Accepted: 11/03/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Women with ultrasonic evidence of polycystic ovaries are at higher risk of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS). We focused on investigating a possible association of the (TTTTA)(n) microsatellite polymorphism in the promoter of the CYP11A gene with OHSS during controlled ovarian hyperstimulation (COH). METHODS We evaluated 58 patients at high risk of OHSS (study group) and 58 control patients undergoing controlled ovarian hyperstimulation. RESULTS The difference in the allele distribution between both groups of patients was not statistically significant. The genotype distribution of 4+ (with at least one copy of the four-repeat-unit allele) and 4- (without the four-repeat-unit allele) genotypes was identical in the two groups. CONCLUSION An association between the (TTTTA)(n) microsatellite polymorphism in the promoter of the CYP11A gene and the pathogenesis of OHSS could not be confirmed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Polonca Ferk
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Division of Medical Genetics, University Medical Centre, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ksenija Gersak
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Division of Medical Genetics, University Medical Centre, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Division of Medical Genetics, University Medical Centre, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Natasa Teran
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Division of Medical Genetics, University Medical Centre, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Hahn S, Fingerhut A, Khomtsiv U, Khomtsiv L, Tan S, Quadbeck B, Herrmann BL, Knebel B, Müller-Wieland D, Mann K, Janssen OE. The peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma Pro12Ala polymorphism is associated with a lower hirsutism score and increased insulin sensitivity in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2005; 62:573-9. [PMID: 15853827 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2005.02261.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is characterized by hyperandrogenism and chronic anovulation. The genetic background of the insulin resistance frequently associated with PCOS is unclear. OBJECTIVES To examine the influe nce of the Pro12Ala polymorphism of the peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma), which is thought to play a role in the regulation of insulin sensitivity, on endocrine and metabolic parameters in PCOS patients. METHODS PPARgamma alleles were analysed in 102 PCOS patients (age 27 +/- 5.3 years) and 104 age matched control women. PCOS was defined by the NIH-criteria as the presence of chronic oligo- or anovulation and hyperandrogenism. Family history and clinical parameters were evaluated by personal interview and physical examination, parameters of insulin resistance [homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) and Matsuda-index] were evaluated with a glucose tolerance test. RESULTS Seventy-nine (77.5%) PCOS patients were carriers of the wild-type PPARgamma allele (Pro/Pro), while 23 (22.5%) had at least one Ala allele (X/Ala), with an equal distribution in controls. X/Ala PCOS women were more insulin-sensitive, evidenced by lower fasting insulin, HOMA index and insulin secretion. Differences in insulin resistance did not depend on body mass index. The genotype had no influence on lipid status, leptin, adiponectin, ghrelin, or family history of type 2 diabetes. A significantly lower proportion of Pro/Ala patients had hirsutism and they had on average lower hirsutism scores than Pro/Pro patients. No relationship was found between the Pro/Ala polymorphism and other signs of hyperandrogenism. CONCLUSION The Pro12Ala polymorphism of the PPARgamma gene is associated with increased insulin sensitivity and lower hirsutism scores in PCOS women.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Hahn
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Essen, Essen, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Glintborg D, Hermann AP, Brusgaard K, Hangaard J, Hagen C, Andersen M. Significantly higher adrenocorticotropin-stimulated cortisol and 17-hydroxyprogesterone levels in 337 consecutive, premenopausal, caucasian, hirsute patients compared with healthy controls. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005; 90:1347-53. [PMID: 15598692 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2004-1214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate whether elevated ACTH-stimulated 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17OHP) levels are caused by CYP21 genetic defects or by a general adrenal hyperresponsiveness in hirsute patients. METHODS A total of 337 hirsute patients were evaluated by Ferriman-Gallwey score, serum testosterone, ACTH-stimulated 17OHP, and cortisol during the follicular phase. A cutoff value of 16 nmol/liter for maximum ACTH-stimulated 17OHP (M17OHP) responses was defined as the upper limit of the 95% confidence interval (CI) for the 97.5 percentile in 42 female controls. All patients were offered total screening of the CYP21 gene, and 252 healthy, premenopausal women with regular menses underwent genetic screening. RESULTS Patients were divided into idiopathic hirsutism (IH) (n = 180) and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) (n = 157) groups. M17OHP levels were significantly higher in IH [geometric mean value (nmol/liter +/- 2 sd) 12.2 (4.6-32.3)] and PCOS [11.9 (5.3-27.2)] compared with controls [8.5 (5.1-14.2)] (P < 0.001). A similar percentage of IH and PCOS patients had elevated M17OHP (20.5 vs. 20.8%, not significant), and these also had significantly higher 30-min cortisol levels compared with controls (P < 0.05). The prevalence of CYP21 mutations in patients was 8.6% compared with 6.3% in controls (P = 0.38). Ten of 19 carriers had M17OHP levels below the cutoff limit. CONCLUSION The significantly higher ACTH-stimulated levels of cortisol and 17OHP in hirsute patients indicated adrenal hyperresponsiveness in IH and PCOS. CYP21-carrier status could not explain the observed high prevalence of abnormal ACTH-stimulated 17OHP levels in the hirsute population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Glintborg
- Odense University Hospital, Department of Endocrinology, Kløvervaenget 10, 3, 5000 Odense C, Denmark.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Salmi DJ, Zisser HC, Jovanovic L. Screening for and treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome in teenagers. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2004; 229:369-77. [PMID: 15096648 DOI: 10.1177/153537020422900504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) usually arises during puberty and is marked by hyperinsulinemia and hyperandrogenism. Adolescents with PCOS are at an increased risk of developing health problems later on in life such as type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and infertility. Furthermore, the physical signs of PCOS can be detrimental to a teenage girl's self-image. Early diagnosis and treatment of PCOS in adolescents are essential in ensuring adulthood health and restoring self-esteem. Treatments for an adolescent with PCOS include diet and exercise, metformin, and oral contraceptive pills. Each of these options has been shown to be effective in improving certain aspects of PCOS, and probably the best treatment plan involves some combination of them.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Darren J Salmi
- Sansum Diabetes Research Institute, Santa Barbara, California 93105, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Roldán B, San Millán JL, Escobar-Morreale HF. Genetic Basis of Metabolic Abnormalities in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 4:93-107. [PMID: 15059032 DOI: 10.2165/00129785-200404020-00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common heterogeneous disorder characterized by hyperandrogenism and chronic anovulation. The syndrome is frequently associated with an increased risk for insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus; obesity exacerbates insulin resistance and favors the progression from impaired glucose tolerance to diabetes in these patients. In young women, precocious pubarche and hyperinsulinemia are early manifestations of PCOS. The familial clustering of women with PCOS suggests that heredity is implicated in the origin of the syndrome. However, genetic approaches to its pathogenesis have been hampered by the heterogeneity of phenotypic features within families, and the lack of uniform criteria for diagnosis. Currently, PCOS is considered a polygenic trait that might result from the interaction of susceptibility and protective genomic variants under the influence of environmental factors. Both linkage analysis and association studies are valid tools for the study of the genetics of PCOS. Candidate genes for PCOS include those related to androgenic pathways and metabolic associations of the syndrome. More recently, genes encoding inflammatory cytokines have been identified as target genes for PCOS, as proinflammatory genotypes and phenotypes are also associated with obesity, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, PCOS, and increased cardiovascular risk. This paper reviews the candidate genes involved in the metabolic pathways that are altered in patients with PCOS. Despite a significant amount of research in this area, none of the genes studied so far has been identified as the PCOS susceptibility gene for the majority of cases. PCOS is the first component of the metabolic syndrome to be detected in many women, so the identification and correct diagnosis of PCOS has important preventive and therapeutic implications for the affected women and their families. In the future, new therapeutic approaches to PCOS will rely on knowing the genes, environmental influences, and etiologic mechanisms associated with the disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Belén Roldán
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Xita N, Tsatsoulis A, Chatzikyriakidou A, Georgiou I. Association of the (TAAAA)n repeat polymorphism in the sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) gene with polycystic ovary syndrome and relation to SHBG serum levels. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003; 88:5976-80. [PMID: 14671199 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2003-030197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
SHBG levels are frequently low in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and may contribute to increased tissue exposure to free androgens. A (TAAAA)n repeat polymorphism in the promoter of the SHBG gene has been described recently, and its transcriptional activity has been shown to be related to the number of tandem repeats. Recent evidence also suggests that prenatal exposure to androgen excess may program for the development of the PCOS phenotype during adulthood. Our aim was to investigate the possible association of the functional (TAAAA)n polymorphism in the promoter of the SHBG gene with PCOS and its relation to SHBG levels. We studied 185 women with PCOS and 324 normal controls. Genotype analysis revealed six (TAAAA)n alleles containing 6-11 repeats. The distribution of these alleles was different in the two groups. Women with PCOS had a significantly greater frequency of longer (TAAAA)n alleles (more than eight repeats) than normal women who had shorter alleles (less than eight repeats) in higher frequency (P = 0.001). Furthermore, in the PCOS group, carriers of the longer allele genotypes had lower SHBG levels [1.17 +/- 0.68 micro g/dl (35.1 +/- 20.5 nmol/liter)] than those with shorter alleles [1.51 +/- 0.93 microg/dl (45.3 +/- 28 nmol/liter P = 0.02). A novel (TAAAA)n allele, which has not been previously reported, was found in low frequency, mainly in the control population. From these results, there is evidence that there may be a genetic contribution to decreased SHBG levels frequently seen in women with PCOS. The SHBG gene may act as a susceptibility gene for PCOS and may provide the genetic link for the developmental origin hypothesis for PCOS that was recently proposed on the basis of experimental observation in prenatally androgenized sheep and primates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nectaria Xita
- Division of Endocrinology, University of Ioannina, Ioannina 45110, Greece
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
|