1
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Pippione A, Vigato C, Tucciarello C, Hussain S, Salladini E, Truong HH, Henriksen NM, Vanzetti G, Giordano G, Zonari D, Mirza OA, Frydenvang K, Pignochino Y, Oliaro-Bosso S, Boschi D, Lolli ML. AI Based Discovery of a New AKR1C3 Inhibitor for Anticancer Applications. ACS Med Chem Lett 2024; 15:1269-1278. [PMID: 39140045 PMCID: PMC11318022 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.4c00150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024] Open
Abstract
AKR1C3 is an upregulated enzyme in prostate and other cancers; in addition to regulating hormone synthesis, this enzyme is thought to play a role in the aggressiveness of tumors and in the defense against drugs. We here used an unbiased method to discover new potent AKR1C3 inhibitors: through an AI-based virtual drug screen, compound 4 was identified as a potent and selective enzymatic inhibitor able to translate this activity into a pronounced antiproliferative effect in the 22RV1 prostate cancer cell model. As other known AKR1C3 inhibitors, compound 4 determined a significantly increased activity of abiraterone, a drug approved for advanced prostate cancer. Compound 4 also showed a synergic effect with doxorubicin in osteosarcoma cell lines; specifically, the effect is correlated with AKR1C3 expression. In this research work, therefore, the use of AI allowed the identification of a new structure as an AKR1C3 inhibitor and its potential to enhance the effect of chemotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnese
C. Pippione
- Department
of Science and Drug Technology, University
of Turin, via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Chiara Vigato
- Department
of Science and Drug Technology, University
of Turin, via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Cristina Tucciarello
- Candiolo
Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, str. Prov 142 km 3.95, 10060 Candiolo, Turin, Italy
- Department
of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University
of Turin, Regione Gonzole 10, 10143 Orbassano, Italy
| | - Samrina Hussain
- Department
of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University
of Copenhagen, Jagtvej 162 DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Edoardo Salladini
- Department
of Science and Drug Technology, University
of Turin, via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Ha H. Truong
- Atomwise,
Inc, 250 Sutter St, Suite 650, San Francisco, California 94103, United States
| | - Niel M. Henriksen
- Atomwise,
Inc, 250 Sutter St, Suite 650, San Francisco, California 94103, United States
| | - Gaia Vanzetti
- Department
of Science and Drug Technology, University
of Turin, via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Giorgia Giordano
- Candiolo
Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, str. Prov 142 km 3.95, 10060 Candiolo, Turin, Italy
- Department
of Oncology, University of Turin, str. Prov 142 km 3.95, 10060 Candiolo, Turin, Italy
| | - Daniele Zonari
- Department
of Science and Drug Technology, University
of Turin, via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Osman Asghar Mirza
- Department
of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University
of Copenhagen, Jagtvej 162 DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Karla Frydenvang
- Department
of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University
of Copenhagen, Jagtvej 162 DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ymera Pignochino
- Candiolo
Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, str. Prov 142 km 3.95, 10060 Candiolo, Turin, Italy
- Department
of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University
of Turin, Regione Gonzole 10, 10143 Orbassano, Italy
| | - Simonetta Oliaro-Bosso
- Department
of Science and Drug Technology, University
of Turin, via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Donatella Boschi
- Department
of Science and Drug Technology, University
of Turin, via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Marco L. Lolli
- Department
of Science and Drug Technology, University
of Turin, via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy
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2
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Maddeboina K, Jonnalagadda SK, Morsy A, Duan L, Chhonker YS, Murry DJ, Penning TM, Trippier PC. Aldo-Keto Reductase 1C3 Inhibitor Prodrug Improves Pharmacokinetic Profile and Demonstrates In Vivo Efficacy in a Prostate Cancer Xenograft Model. J Med Chem 2023; 66:9894-9915. [PMID: 37428858 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c00732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Aldo-keto reductase 1C3 (AKR1C3) is overexpressed in castration-resistant prostate cancer where it acts to drive proliferation and aggressiveness by producing androgens. The reductive action of the enzyme leads to chemoresistance development against various clinical antineoplastics across a range of cancers. Herein, we report the continued optimization of selective AKR1C3 inhibitors and the identification of 5r, a potent AKR1C3 inhibitor (IC50 = 51 nM) with >1216-fold selectivity for AKR1C3 over closely related isoforms. Due to the cognizance of the poor pharmacokinetics associated with free carboxylic acids, a methyl ester prodrug strategy was pursued. The prodrug 4r was converted to free acid 5r in vitro in mouse plasma and in vivo. The in vivo pharmacokinetic evaluation revealed an increase in systemic exposure and increased the maximum 5r concentration compared to direct administration of the free acid. The prodrug 4r demonstrated a dose-dependent effect to reduce the tumor volume of 22Rv1 prostate cancer xenografts without observed toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishnaiah Maddeboina
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68106, United States
| | - Sravan K Jonnalagadda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68106, United States
| | - Ahmed Morsy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68106, United States
| | - Ling Duan
- Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Yashpal S Chhonker
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68106, United States
| | - Daryl J Murry
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68106, United States
- Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68106, United States
| | - Trevor M Penning
- Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Paul C Trippier
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68106, United States
- Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68106, United States
- UNMC Center for Drug Discovery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68106, United States
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3
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The prognosis of lipid reprogramming with the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, rosuvastatin, in castrated Egyptian prostate cancer patients: Randomized trial. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0278282. [PMID: 36480560 PMCID: PMC9731457 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0278282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM The role of surgical castration and rosuvastatin treatment on lipid profile and lipid metabolism related markers was evaluated for their prognostic significance in metastatic prostate cancer (mPC) patients. METHODS A total of 84 newly diagnosed castrated mPC patients treated with castration were recruited and divided into two groups: Group I served as control (statin non-users) while group II treated with Rosuvastatin (20 mg/day) for 6 months and served as statin users. Prostate specific antigen (PSA), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), Caveolin-1 (CAV1), lipid profile (LDL, HDL, triglycerides (TG) and total cholesterol (TC)) and lipid metabolism related markers (aldoketoreductase (AKR1C4), HMG-CoA reductase (HMGCR), ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1), and soluble low density lipoprotein receptor related protein 1 (SLDLRP1)) were measured at baseline, after 3 and 6 months. Overall survival (OS) was analyzed by Kaplan-Meier and COX regression for prognostic significance. RESULTS Before castration, HMG-CoA reductase was elevated in patients <65 years (P = 0.009). Bone metastasis was associated with high PSA level (P = 0.013), but low HMGCR (P = 0.004). Patients with positive family history for prostate cancer showed high levels of EGFR, TG, TC, LDL, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), but low AKR1C4, SLDLRP1, CAV1 and ABCA-1 levels. Smokers had high CAV1 level (P = 0.017). After 6 months of castration and rosuvastatin administration, PSA, TG, LDL and TC were significantly reduced, while AKR1C4, HMGCR, SLDLRP1, CAV1 and ABCA-1 were significantly increased. Overall survival was reduced in patients with high baseline of SLDLRP1 (>3385 pg/ml, P = 0.001), PSA (>40 ng/ml, P = 0.003) and CAV1 (>4955 pg/ml, P = 0.021). CONCLUSION Results of the current study suggest that the peripheral lipidogenic effects of rosuvastatin may have an impact on the treatment outcome and survival of castrated mPC patients. TRAIL REGISTRATION This trial was registered at the Pan African Clinical Trial Registry with identification number PACTR202102664354163 and at ClinicalTrials.gov with identification number NCT04776889.
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4
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Pippione AC, Kilic-Kurt Z, Kovachka S, Sainas S, Rolando B, Denasio E, Pors K, Adinolfi S, Zonari D, Bagnati R, Lolli ML, Spyrakis F, Oliaro-Bosso S, Boschi D. New aldo-keto reductase 1C3 (AKR1C3) inhibitors based on the hydroxytriazole scaffold. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 237:114366. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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5
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Zhou J, Wang Y, Wu D, Wang S, Chen Z, Xiang S, Chan FL. Orphan nuclear receptors as regulators of intratumoral androgen biosynthesis in castration-resistant prostate cancer. Oncogene 2021; 40:2625-2634. [PMID: 33750894 PMCID: PMC8049868 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-021-01737-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) almost invariably occurs after androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT) for the advanced metastatic disease. It is generally believed that among multiple mechanisms and signaling pathways, CRPC is significantly driven by the reactivation of androgen receptor (AR) signaling in ADT-treated patients with castrate levels of androgen, partially at least mediated by the androgen biosynthesis within the tumor, also known as intratumoral or intraprostatic androgen biosynthesis. Steroidogenic enzymes, such as CYP11A1, CYP17A1, HSD3B1, AKR1C3 and SRD5A, are essential to catalyze the conversion of the initial substrate cholesterol into potent androgens that confers the CRPC progression. Accumulating evidences indicate that many steroidogenic enzymes are upregulated in the progression setting; however, little is known about the dysregulation of these enzymes in CRPC. Orphan nuclear receptors (ONRs) are members of the nuclear receptor superfamily, of which endogenous physiological ligands are unknown and which are constitutively active independent of any physiological ligands. Studies have validated that besides AR, ONRs could be the potential therapeutic targets for prostate cancer, particularly the lethal CRPC progression. Early studies reveal that ONRs play crucial roles in the transcriptional regulation of steroidogenic enzyme genes. Notably, we and others show that three distinct ONRs, including liver receptor homolog-1 (LRH-1, NR5A2), steroidogenic factor 1 (SF-1, AD4BP, NR5A1) and estrogen-related receptor α (ERRα, NR3B1), can contribute to the CRPC progression by promotion of the intratumoral androgen synthesis via their direct transcriptional regulation on multiple steroidogenic enzymes. This review presents an overview of the current understanding on the intratumoral androgen biosynthesis in CRPC, with a special focus on the emerging roles of ONRs in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfu Zhou
- grid.411866.c0000 0000 8848 7685Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China ,grid.411866.c0000 0000 8848 7685The Second Clinical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China ,grid.10784.3a0000 0004 1937 0482School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yuliang Wang
- grid.10784.3a0000 0004 1937 0482School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Dinglan Wu
- grid.488521.2Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Viral Oncology, The Clinical Innovation & Research Center, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shusheng Wang
- grid.411866.c0000 0000 8848 7685Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiqiang Chen
- grid.411866.c0000 0000 8848 7685Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Songtao Xiang
- grid.411866.c0000 0000 8848 7685Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Franky Leung Chan
- grid.10784.3a0000 0004 1937 0482School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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6
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Thelen P, Taubert H, Duensing S, Kristiansen G, Merseburger AS, Cronauer MV. [The impact of the androgen receptor splice variant AR-V7 on the prognosis and treatment of advanced prostate cancer]. Aktuelle Urol 2020; 51:582-592. [PMID: 29370587 DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-115426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
A recently discovered mechanism enabling prostate cancer cells to escape the effects of endocrine therapies consists in the synthesis of C-terminally truncated, constitutively active androgen receptor (AR) splice variants (AR-V). Devoid of a functional C-terminal hormone/ligand binding domain, various AR-Vs are insensitive to therapies targeting the androgen/AR signalling axis. Preliminary studies suggest that AR-V7, the most common AR-V, is a promising predictive tumour marker and a relevant selection marker for the treatment of advanced prostate cancer. This review critically outlines recent advances in AR-V7 diagnostics and presents an overview of current AR-V7 targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Thelen
- Klinik für Urologie, Universitätsmedizin Göttingen, 37099 Göttingen
| | - H. Taubert
- Urologische und Kinderurologische Klinik, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen
| | - S. Duensing
- Urologische Klinik, Sektion für Molekulare Uro-Onkologie, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg
| | - G. Kristiansen
- Institut für Pathologie, Universitätsklinikum Bonn, 53127 Bonn
| | - A. S. Merseburger
- Klinik für Urologie, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein – Campus Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck
| | - M. V. Cronauer
- Klinik für Urologie, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein – Campus Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck
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7
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Naelitz BD, Sharifi N. Through the Looking-Glass: Reevaluating DHEA Metabolism Through HSD3B1 Genetics. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2020; 31:680-690. [PMID: 32565196 PMCID: PMC7442716 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2020.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and DHEA sulfate together are abundant adrenal steroids whose physiological effects are mediated through their conversion to potent downstream androgens. 3β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase isotype 1 (3βHSD1) facilitates the rate-limiting step of DHEA metabolism and gates the flux of substrate into the distal portion of the androgen synthesis pathway. Notably, a germline, missense-encoding change, HSD3B1(1245C), results in expression of 3βHSD1 protein that is resistant to degradation, yielding greater potent androgen production in the periphery. In contrast, HSD3B1(1245A) encodes 3βHSD1 protein that is easily degraded, limiting peripheral androgen synthesis. These adrenal-permissive (AP) and adrenal-restrictive (AR) alleles have recently been associated with divergent outcomes in androgen-sensitive disease states, underscoring the need to reevaluate DHEA metabolism using HSD3B1 genetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan D Naelitz
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Nima Sharifi
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; Genitourinary Malignancies Research Center, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; Glickman Urological and Kidney Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
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8
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Sviripa VM, Fiandalo MV, Begley KL, Wyrebek P, Kril LM, Balia AG, Parkin SR, Subramanian V, Chen X, Williams AH, Zhan CG, Liu C, Mohler JL, Watt DS. Pictet-Spengler condensations using 4-(2-aminoethyl)coumarins. NEW J CHEM 2020; 44:13415-13429. [PMID: 33795928 DOI: 10.1039/d0nj02664f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT) is only a palliative measure, and prostate cancer invariably recurs in a lethal, castration-resistant form (CRPC). Prostate cancer resists ADT by metabolizing weak, adrenal androgens to growth-promoting 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT), the preferred ligand for the androgen receptor (AR). Developing small-molecule inhibitors for the final steps in androgen metabolic pathways that utilize 17-oxidoreductases required probes that possess fluorescent groups at C-3 and intact, naturally occurring functionality at C-17. Application of the Pictet-Spengler condensation to substituted 4-(2-aminoethyl)coumarins and 5α-androstane-3-ones furnished spirocyclic, fluorescent androgens at the desired C-3 position. Condensations required the presence of activating C-7 amino or N,N-dialkylamino groups in the 4-(2-aminoethyl)coumarin component of these condensation reactions. Successful Pictet-Spengler condensation, for example, of DHT with 9-(2-aminoethyl)-2,3,6,7-tetrahydro-1H,5H,11H-pyrano[2,3-f]pyrido[3,2,1-ij]quinolin-11-one led to a spirocyclic androgen, (3R,5S,10S,13S,17S)-17-hydroxy-10,13-dimethyl-1,2,2',3',4,5,6,7,8,8',9,9',10,11,12,12',13,13',14,15,16,17-docosahydro-7'H,11'H-spiro-[cyclopenta[a]phenanthrene-3,4'-pyrido[3,2,1-ij]pyrido[4',3':4,5]pyrano[2,3-f]quinolin]-5'(1'H)-one. Computational modeling supported the surrogacy of the C-3 fluorescent DHT analog as a tool to study 17-oxidoreductases for intracrine, androgen metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitaliy M Sviripa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0596 USA.,Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Innovation, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0596 USA.,Lucille Parker Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0093 USA
| | - Michael V Fiandalo
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263 USA
| | - Kristin L Begley
- Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Innovation, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0596 USA.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0509 USA
| | - Przemyslaw Wyrebek
- Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Innovation, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0596 USA.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0509 USA
| | - Liliia M Kril
- Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Innovation, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0596 USA.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0509 USA
| | - Andrii G Balia
- Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Innovation, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0596 USA.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0509 USA
| | - Sean R Parkin
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506 USA
| | | | - Xi Chen
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, South Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Alexander H Williams
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0596 USA
| | - Chang-Guo Zhan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0596 USA.,Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Innovation, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0596 USA
| | - Chunming Liu
- Lucille Parker Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0093 USA.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0509 USA
| | - James L Mohler
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263 USA.,Department of Urology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263 USA
| | - David S Watt
- Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Innovation, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0596 USA.,Lucille Parker Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0093 USA.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0509 USA
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9
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Dart DA, Ashelford K, Jiang WG. AR mRNA stability is increased with AR-antagonist resistance via 3'UTR variants. Endocr Connect 2020; 9:9-19. [PMID: 31778359 PMCID: PMC6933836 DOI: 10.1530/ec-19-0340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Advanced prostate cancer is often treated with AR antagonists which target the androgen receptor (AR) on which the growth of the tumour depends. Prostate cancer often develops AR-antagonist resistance via a plethora of mechanisms, many of which are as yet unknown, but it is thought that AR upregulation or AR ligand-binding site mutations, may be responsible. Here we describe the production of cell lines based on LNCaP and VCaP, with acquired resistance to the clinically relevant AR antagonists, bicalutamide and enzalutamide. In these resistant cells, we observed, via RNA-seq, that new variants in the 3'UTR of the AR mRNA were detectable and that the levels were increased both with AR-antagonist treatment and with hormonal starvation. Around 20% of AR transcripts showed a 3 kb deletion within the 6.7 kb 3'UTR sequence. Actinomycin D and luciferase fusion studies indicated that this shorter mRNA variant was inherently more stable in anti-androgen-resistant cell lines. Of additional interest was that the AR UTR variant could be detected in the sera of prostate cancer patients in a cohort of serum samples collected from patients of Gleason grades 6-10, with an increasing level correlated to increasing grade. We hypothesise that the shorter AR UTR variant is a survival adaptation to low hormone levels and/or AR-antagonist treatment in these cells, where a more stable mRNA may allow higher levels of AR expression under these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Dart
- Cardiff China Medical Research Collaborative, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, Wales, UK
- Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - K Ashelford
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, Wales Gene Park, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - W G Jiang
- Cardiff China Medical Research Collaborative, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, Wales, UK
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10
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Saranyutanon S, Srivastava SK, Pai S, Singh S, Singh AP. Therapies Targeted to Androgen Receptor Signaling Axis in Prostate Cancer: Progress, Challenges, and Hope. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 12:cancers12010051. [PMID: 31877956 PMCID: PMC7016833 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12010051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the mostly commonly diagnosed non-cutaneous malignancy and the second leading cause of cancer-related death affecting men in the United States. Moreover, it disproportionately affects the men of African origin, who exhibit significantly greater incidence and mortality as compared to the men of European origin. Since androgens play an important role in the growth of normal prostate and prostate tumors, targeting of androgen signaling has remained a mainstay for the treatment of aggressive prostate cancer. Over the years, multiple approaches have been evaluated to effectively target the androgen signaling pathway that include direct targeting of the androgens, androgen receptor (AR), AR co-regulators or other alternate mechanisms that impact the outcome of androgen signaling. Several of these approaches are currently in clinical practice, while some are still pending further development and clinical evaluation. This remarkable progress has resulted from extensive laboratory, pre-clinical and clinical efforts, and mechanistic learnings from the therapeutic success and failures. In this review, we describe the importance of androgen signaling in prostate cancer biology and advances made over the years to effectively target this signaling pathway. We also discuss emerging data on the resistance pathways associated with the failure of various androgen signaling- targeted therapies and potential of this knowledge for translation into future therapies for prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirin Saranyutanon
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36617, USA; (S.S.)
- Department of Oncologic Sciences, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36604, USA
| | - Sanjeev Kumar Srivastava
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36617, USA; (S.S.)
- Department of Oncologic Sciences, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36604, USA
- Correspondence: (S.K.S.); (A.P.S.); Tel.: +1-251-445-9874 (S.K.S.); +1-251-445-9843 (A.P.S.)
| | - Sachin Pai
- Department of Medical Oncology, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36604, USA;
| | - Seema Singh
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36617, USA; (S.S.)
- Department of Oncologic Sciences, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36604, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688, USA
| | - Ajay Pratap Singh
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36617, USA; (S.S.)
- Department of Oncologic Sciences, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36604, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688, USA
- Correspondence: (S.K.S.); (A.P.S.); Tel.: +1-251-445-9874 (S.K.S.); +1-251-445-9843 (A.P.S.)
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11
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Zamagni A, Cortesi M, Zanoni M, Tesei A. Non-nuclear AR Signaling in Prostate Cancer. Front Chem 2019; 7:651. [PMID: 31616657 PMCID: PMC6775214 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2019.00651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the key role played by androgen receptor (AR) in tumor cell aggressiveness and prostate cancer (PCa) progression, its function in the tumor microenvironment (TME) is still controversial. Increasing studies highlight the crucial role played by TME modulation in treatment outcome and tumor cell spreading. In this context, targeting specific constituents of the TME could be considered an alternative approach to classic treatments directed against cancer cells. Currently, androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is a routinely adopted strategy in the management of PCa, with initial success, and consecutive fail. A possible justification to this is the fact that ADT aims to target all the transcription/translation-related activities of AR, which are typical of tumor epithelial cells. Less is still known about side effects of ADT on TME. Cancer Associated Fibroblasts (CAFs), for example, express a classic AR, mostly confined in the extra-nuclear portion of the cell. In CAFs ADT exerts a plethora of non-transcriptional effects, depending by the protein partner linked to AR, leading to cell migration, proliferation, and differentiation. In recent years, substantial progress in the structure-function relationships of AR, identification of its binding partners and function of protein complexes including AR have improved our knowledge of its signaling axis. Important AR non-genomic effects and lots of its cytoplasmatic binding partners have been described, pointing out a fine control of AR non-genomic pathways. Accordingly, new AR inhibitors have been designed and are currently under investigation. Prompt development of new approaches to target AR or block recruitment of its signaling effectors, or co-activators, is urgently needed. The present review takes an in-depth look at current literature, furnishing an exhaustive state-of-the-art overview of the non-genomic role of AR in PCa, with particular emphasis on its involvement in TME biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Zamagni
- Biosciences Laboratory, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST), IRCCS, Meldola, Italy
| | - Michela Cortesi
- Biosciences Laboratory, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST), IRCCS, Meldola, Italy
| | - Michele Zanoni
- Biosciences Laboratory, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST), IRCCS, Meldola, Italy
| | - Anna Tesei
- Biosciences Laboratory, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST), IRCCS, Meldola, Italy
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12
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Knuuttila M, Hämäläinen E, Poutanen M. Applying mass spectrometric methods to study androgen biosynthesis and metabolism in prostate cancer. J Mol Endocrinol 2019; 62:R255-R267. [PMID: 30917337 DOI: 10.1530/jme-18-0150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Recent development of gas chromatography and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS, LC-MS/MS) has provided novel tools to define sex steroid concentrations. These new methods overcome several of the problems associated with immunoassays for sex steroids. With the novel MS-based applications we are now able to measure small concentrations of the steroid hormones reliably and with high accuracy in both body fluids and tissue homogenates. The sensitivity of the tandem mass spectrometry assays allows us also for the first time to reliably measure picomolar or even femtomolar concentrations of estrogens and androgens. Furthermore, due to a high sensitivity and specificity of MS technology, we are also able to measure low concentrations of steroid hormones of interest in the presence of pharmacological concentration of other steroids and structurally closely related compounds. Both of these features are essential for multiple preclinical models for prostate cancer. The MS assays are also valuable for the simultaneous measurement of multiple steroids and their metabolites in small sample volumes in serum and tissue biopsies of prostate cancer patients before and after drug interventions. As a result, novel information about steroid hormone synthesis and metabolic pathways in prostate cancer has been obtained. In our recent studies, we have extensively applied a GC-MS/MS method to study androgen biosynthesis and metabolism in VCaP prostate cancer xenografts in mice. In the present review, we shortly summarize some of the benefits of the GC-MS/MS and novel LC-MS/MS assays, and provide examples of their use in defining novel mechanisms of androgen action in prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matias Knuuttila
- Institute of Biomedicine, Research Centre for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, and Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Esa Hämäläinen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and HUSLAB, Helsinki University and Helsinki University Hospital, HUSLAB, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Matti Poutanen
- Institute of Biomedicine, Research Centre for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, and Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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13
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Fiandalo MV, Gewirth DT, Mohler JL. Potential impact of combined inhibition of 3α-oxidoreductases and 5α-reductases on prostate cancer. Asian J Urol 2018; 6:50-56. [PMID: 30775248 PMCID: PMC6363635 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajur.2018.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) growth and progression rely on the interaction between the androgen receptor (AR) and the testicular ligands, testosterone and dihydrotestosterone (DHT). Almost all men with advanced PCa receive androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). ADT lowers circulating testosterone levels, which impairs AR activation and leads to PCa regression. However, ADT is palliative and PCa recurs as castration-recurrent/resistant PCa (CRPC). One mechanism for PCa recurrence relies on intratumoral synthesis of DHT, which can be synthesized using the frontdoor or primary or secondary backdoor pathway. Androgen metabolism inhibitors, such as those targeting 5α-reductase, aldo-keto-reductase family member 3 (AKR1C3), or cytochrome P450 17A1 (CYP17A1) have either failed or produced only modest clinical outcomes. The goal of this review is to describe the therapeutic potential of combined inhibition of 5α-reductase and 3α-oxidoreductase enzymes that facilitate the terminal steps of the frontdoor and primary and secondary backdoor pathways for DHT synthesis. Inhibition of the terminal steps of the androgen metabolism pathways may be a way to overcome the shortcomings of existing androgen metabolism inhibitors and thereby delay PCa recurrence during ADT or enhance the response of CRPC to androgen axis manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael V Fiandalo
- Department of Urology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | | | - James L Mohler
- Department of Urology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
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14
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Knuuttila M, Mehmood A, Mäki-Jouppila J, Ryberg H, Taimen P, Knaapila J, Ettala O, Boström PJ, Ohlsson C, Venäläinen MS, Laiho A, Elo LL, Sipilä P, Mäkelä SI, Poutanen M. Intratumoral androgen levels are linked to TMPRSS2-ERG fusion in prostate cancer. Endocr Relat Cancer 2018; 25:807-819. [PMID: 29773553 DOI: 10.1530/erc-18-0148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Intratumoral androgen biosynthesis is one of the mechanisms involved in the progression of prostate cancer, and an important target for novel prostate cancer therapies. Using gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and genome-wide RNA sequencing, we have analyzed androgen concentrations and androgen-regulated gene expression in cancerous and morphologically benign prostate tissue specimens and serum samples obtained from 48 primary prostate cancer patients. Intratumoral dihydrotestosterone (DHT) concentrations were significantly higher in the cancerous tissues compared to benign prostate (P < 0.001). The tissue/serum ratios of androgens were highly variable between the patients, indicating individual patterns of androgen metabolism and/or uptake of androgens within the prostate tissue. An unsupervised hierarchical clustering analysis of intratissue androgen concentrations indicated that transmembrane protease, serine 2/ETS-related gene (TMPRSS2-ERG)-positive patients have different androgen profiles compared to TMPRSS2-ERG-negative patients. TMPRSS2-ERG gene fusion status was also associated with an enhanced androgen-regulated gene expression, along with altered intratumoral androgen metabolism, demonstrated by reduced testosterone concentrations and increased DHT/testosterone ratios in TMPRSS2-ERG-positive tumors. TMPRSS2-ERG-positive and -negative prostate cancer specimens have distinct intratumoral androgen profiles, possibly due to activation of testosterone-independent DHT biosynthesis via the alternative pathway in TMPRSS2-ERG-positive tumors. Thus, patients with TMPRSS2-ERG-positive prostate cancer may benefit from novel inhibitors targeting the alternative DHT biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matias Knuuttila
- Research Centre for Integrative Physiology and PharmacologyInstitute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Turku Center for Disease Modeling (TCDM)Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Arfa Mehmood
- Turku Centre for BiotechnologyUniversity of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Jenni Mäki-Jouppila
- Research Centre for Integrative Physiology and PharmacologyInstitute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Turku Center for Disease Modeling (TCDM)Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Henrik Ryberg
- Center for Bone and Arthitis ResearchThe Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Pekka Taimen
- Department of PathologyUniversity of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Juha Knaapila
- Department of UrologyTurku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Otto Ettala
- Department of UrologyTurku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Peter J Boström
- Department of UrologyTurku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Claes Ohlsson
- Center for Bone and Arthitis ResearchThe Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mikko S Venäläinen
- Turku Centre for BiotechnologyUniversity of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Asta Laiho
- Turku Centre for BiotechnologyUniversity of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Laura L Elo
- Turku Centre for BiotechnologyUniversity of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Petra Sipilä
- Research Centre for Integrative Physiology and PharmacologyInstitute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Turku Center for Disease Modeling (TCDM)Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Sari I Mäkelä
- Turku Center for Disease Modeling (TCDM)Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Functional Foods ForumUniversity of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Matti Poutanen
- Research Centre for Integrative Physiology and PharmacologyInstitute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Turku Center for Disease Modeling (TCDM)Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Center for Bone and Arthitis ResearchThe Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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15
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Cook SF, Fiandalo MV, Watt DS, Wu Y, Mohler JL, Bies RR. Mathematical modeling of intracrine androgen metabolism in prostate cancer: Methodological aspects. Prostate 2018; 78:1069-1076. [PMID: 29938815 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Progression of castration-recurrent/resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) relies in part on dihydrotestosterone derived from intratumoral androgen metabolism. Mathematical modeling provides a valuable tool for studies of androgen metabolism in CRPC. This modeling approach integrates existing knowledge about complex biologic systems and provides a means of interrogating the effects of various interventions. We sought to model a single reaction in the androgen biosynthesis network, namely the oxidation of androsterone (AND) to androstanedione (5α-dione) by four 3α-oxidoreductase enzymes, as an initial effort to establish the feasibility of our modeling approach. METHODS Models were constructed for two cell culture systems, a non-prostate cancer cell line (CV-1) and a prostate cancer cell line (LAPC-4), using the SimBiology app (version 5.3) in MATLAB (version 8.6). The models included components for substrate (AND), product (5α-dione), each of the four enzymes, and each of the four enzyme-substrate complexes. Each enzymatic reaction consisted of a reversible enzyme-substrate binding step and an irreversible catalysis step. Rates of change for each component were described using ordinary differential equations. RESULTS Mathematical models were developed with model parameter values derived from literature sources or from existing experimental data, which included gene expression measurements and substrate and product concentrations determined using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The models for both cell lines adequately described substrate and product concentrations observed after 12 h treatment with AND. CONCLUSIONS This modeling approach represents an adaptable, extensible and mechanistic framework that reflects androgen metabolism. The models can be expanded systematically to describe the complex androgen metabolic pathways important for study of novel therapies for CRPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah F Cook
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York
| | | | - David S Watt
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
- Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Innovation, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
- Lucille Parker Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Yue Wu
- Department of Urology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York
| | - James L Mohler
- Department of Urology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York
| | - Robert R Bies
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York
- Computational and Data-Enabled Science and Engineering Program, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York
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16
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Vander Ark A, Cao J, Li X. Mechanisms and Approaches for Overcoming Enzalutamide Resistance in Prostate Cancer. Front Oncol 2018; 8:180. [PMID: 29911070 PMCID: PMC5992404 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzalutamide, a second-generation small-molecule inhibitor of the androgen receptor (AR), has been approved for patients who failed with androgen deprivation therapy and have developed castration-resistant prostate cancer. More than 80% of these patients develop bone metastases. The binding of enzalutamide to the AR prevents the nuclear translocation of the receptor, thus inactivating androgen signaling. However, prostate cancer cells eventually develop resistance to enzalutamide treatment. Studies have found resistance both in patients and in laboratory models. The mechanisms of and approaches to overcoming such resistance are significant issues that need to be addressed. In this review, we focus on the major mechanisms of acquired enzalutamide resistance, including genetic mutations and splice variants of the AR, signaling pathways that bypass androgen signaling, intratumoral androgen biosynthesis by prostate tumor cells, lineage plasticity, and contributions from the tumor microenvironment. Approaches for overcoming these mechanisms to enzalutamide resistance along with the associated problems and solutions are discussed. Emerging questions, concerns, and new opportunities in studying enzalutamide resistance will be addressed as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Vander Ark
- Program for Skeletal Disease and Tumor Microenvironment, Center for Cancer and Cell Biology, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, United States
| | - Jingchen Cao
- Program for Skeletal Disease and Tumor Microenvironment, Center for Cancer and Cell Biology, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, United States
| | - Xiaohong Li
- Program for Skeletal Disease and Tumor Microenvironment, Center for Cancer and Cell Biology, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, United States
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17
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Sun SQ, Gu X, Gao XS, Li Y, Yu H, Xiong W, Yu H, Wang W, Li Y, Teng Y, Zhou D. Overexpression of AKR1C3 significantly enhances human prostate cancer cells resistance to radiation. Oncotarget 2018; 7:48050-48058. [PMID: 27385003 PMCID: PMC5216999 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Aldo-keto reductase 1C3(AKR1C3) is an enzyme involved in prostaglandins metabolism. Studies suggest that AKR1C3 has a pivotal role in the radioresistance of esophageal cancer and non-small-cell lung cancer, yet the role of AKR1C3 in prostate cancer cells radiation resistance has not yet been clarified. In our study, we established a stable overexpressing AKR1C3 cell line (AKR1C3-over) derived from the prostate cell line DU145 and its control cell line (Control). We conducted colony formation assay to determine the role of AKR1C3 in radioresistance and we used its chemical inhibitor to detect whether it can restored the sensitivity of the acquired tumor cells. Flow cytometry assay was carried out to detect IR-induced ROS accumulation. Elisa was adopted to dedect the concentration of PGF2α in the suspension of the cells after 6GY radiation. Western blotting was used to dedect the MAPK and PPAR γ. The results demonstrated that overexpression of AKR1C3 in prostate cancer can result in radioresistance and suppression of AKR1C3 via its chemical inhibitor indocin restored the sensitivity of the acquired tumor cells. According to the flow cytometry assay, ROS was decreased by 80% in DU145-over cells. Also overexpression of AKR1C3 could result in the accumulation of prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α), which can not only promote prostate cancer cell 's proliferation but also could enhance prostate cancer cells resistance to radiation and activated the MAPK pathway and inhibited the expression of PPARγ. In conclusion, we found that overexpression of AKR1C3 significantly enhanced human prostate cancer cells resistance to radiation through activation of MAPK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Qian Sun
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Peking University First Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaobin Gu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Peking University First Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xian-Shu Gao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Peking University First Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Hongliang Yu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital Affiliated with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei Xiong
- Tangshan People's Hospital, Hebei, China
| | - Hao Yu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Peking University First Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Wen Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Peking University First Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yingbo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yingqi Teng
- Beijing Reciproca Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Demin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
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18
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Fiandalo MV, Stocking JJ, Pop EA, Wilton JH, Mantione KM, Li Y, Attwood KM, Azabdaftari G, Wu Y, Watt DS, Wilson EM, Mohler JL. Inhibition of dihydrotestosterone synthesis in prostate cancer by combined frontdoor and backdoor pathway blockade. Oncotarget 2018; 9:11227-11242. [PMID: 29541409 PMCID: PMC5834294 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is palliative and prostate cancer (CaP) recurs as lethal castration-recurrent/resistant CaP (CRPC). One mechanism that provides CaP resistance to ADT is primary backdoor androgen metabolism, which uses up to four 3α-oxidoreductases to convert 5α-androstane-3α,17β-diol (DIOL) to dihydrotestosterone (DHT). The goal was to determine whether inhibition of 3α-oxidoreductase activity decreased conversion of DIOL to DHT. Protein sequence analysis showed that the four 3α-oxidoreductases have identical catalytic amino acid residues. Mass spectrometry data showed combined treatment using catalytically inactive 3α-oxidoreductase mutants and the 5α-reductase inhibitor, dutasteride, decreased DHT levels in CaP cells better than dutasteride alone. Combined blockade of frontdoor and backdoor pathways of DHT synthesis provides a therapeutic strategy to inhibit CRPC development and growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael V. Fiandalo
- Department of Urology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - John J. Stocking
- Department of Urology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Elena A. Pop
- Department of Urology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - John H. Wilton
- Department of Urology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Krystin M. Mantione
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Yun Li
- Department of Urology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Kristopher M. Attwood
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Gissou Azabdaftari
- Department of Pathology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Yue Wu
- Department of Urology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - David S. Watt
- Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Innovation and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Elizabeth M. Wilson
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - James L. Mohler
- Department of Urology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
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19
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Snaterse G, Visser JA, Arlt W, Hofland J. Circulating steroid hormone variations throughout different stages of prostate cancer. Endocr Relat Cancer 2017; 24:R403-R420. [PMID: 28924064 DOI: 10.1530/erc-17-0155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Steroid hormones play a central role in the maintenance and progression of prostate cancer. The androgen receptor is the primary driver of tumor cell proliferation and is activated by the androgens testosterone and 5α-dihydrotestosterone. Inhibition of this pathway through medical or surgical castration improves survival in the majority of advanced prostate cancer patients. However, conversion of adrenal androgen precursors and alternative steroidogenic pathways have been found to contribute to tumor progression and resistance to treatment. The emergence of highly accurate detection methods allows us to study steroidogenic mechanisms in more detail, even after treatment with potent steroidogenic inhibitors such as the CYP17A1 inhibitor abiraterone. A clear overview of steroid hormone levels in patients throughout the local, metastatic and castration-resistant stages of prostate cancer and treatment modalities is key toward a better understanding of their role in tumor progression and treatment resistance. In this review, we summarize the currently available data on steroid hormones that have been implicated in the various stages of prostate cancer. Additionally, this review addresses the implications of these findings, highlights important studies in this field and identifies current gaps in literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gido Snaterse
- Section of EndocrinologyDepartment of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jenny A Visser
- Section of EndocrinologyDepartment of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wiebke Arlt
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems ResearchUniversity of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Johannes Hofland
- Section of EndocrinologyDepartment of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems ResearchUniversity of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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20
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Zang T, Taplin ME, Tamae D, Xie W, Mesaros C, Zhang Z, Bubley G, Montgomery B, Balk SP, Mostaghel EA, Blair IA, Penning TM. Testicular vs adrenal sources of hydroxy-androgens in prostate cancer. Endocr Relat Cancer 2017; 24:393-404. [PMID: 28663228 PMCID: PMC5593253 DOI: 10.1530/erc-17-0107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Neoadjuvant androgen deprivation therapy (NADT) is one strategy for the treatment of early-stage prostate cancer; however, the long-term outcomes of NADT with radical prostatectomy including biochemical failure-free survival are not promising. One proposed mechanism is incomplete androgen ablation. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the efficiency of serum hydroxy-androgen suppression in patients with localized high-risk prostate cancer under NADT (leuprolide acetate plus abiraterone acetate and prednisone) and interrogate the primary sources of circulating hydroxy-androgens using our recently described stable isotope dilution liquid chromatography mass spectrometric method. For the first time, three androgen diols including 5-androstene-3β,17β-diol (5-adiol), 5α-androstane-3α,17β-diol (3α-adiol), 5α-androstane-3β,17β-diol (3β-adiol), the glucuronide or sulfate conjugate of 5-adiol and 3α-adiol were measured and observed to be dramatically reduced after NADT. By comparing patients that took leuprolide acetate alone vs leuprolide acetate plus abiraterone acetate and prednisone, we were able to distinguish the primary sources of these androgens and their conjugates as being of either testicular or adrenal in origin. We find that testosterone, 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT), 3α-adiol and 3β-adiol were predominately of testicular origin. By contrast, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), epi-androsterone (epi-AST) and their conjugates, 5-adiol sulfate and glucuronide were predominately of adrenal origin. Our findings also show that NADT failed to completely suppress DHEA-sulfate levels and that two unappreciated sources of intratumoral androgens that were not suppressed by leuprolide acetate alone were 5-adiol-sulfate and epi-AST-sulfate of adrenal origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianzhu Zang
- Department of Systems Pharmacology & Translational TherapeuticsPerelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Center of Excellence in Environmental ToxicologyPerelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mary-Ellen Taplin
- Harvard Medical SchoolLank Center for Genitourinary Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Daniel Tamae
- Department of Systems Pharmacology & Translational TherapeuticsPerelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Center of Excellence in Environmental ToxicologyPerelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Wanling Xie
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational BiologyHarvard Medical School, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Clementina Mesaros
- Department of Systems Pharmacology & Translational TherapeuticsPerelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Center of Excellence in Environmental ToxicologyPerelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Systems Pharmacology & Translational TherapeuticsCenter for Cancer Pharmacology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Zhenwei Zhang
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational BiologyHarvard Medical School, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Glenn Bubley
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical CenterGenitourinary Medical Oncology, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Bruce Montgomery
- Department of MedicineUniversity of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Steven P Balk
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical CenterGenitourinary Medical Oncology, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Ian A Blair
- Department of Systems Pharmacology & Translational TherapeuticsPerelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Center of Excellence in Environmental ToxicologyPerelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Systems Pharmacology & Translational TherapeuticsCenter for Cancer Pharmacology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Trevor M Penning
- Department of Systems Pharmacology & Translational TherapeuticsPerelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Center of Excellence in Environmental ToxicologyPerelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Systems Pharmacology & Translational TherapeuticsCenter for Cancer Pharmacology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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21
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van Rooyen D, du Toit T, Louw-du Toit R, Africander D, Swart P, Swart AC. The metabolic fate and receptor interaction of 16α-hydroxyprogesterone and its 5α-reduced metabolite, 16α-hydroxy-dihydroprogesterone. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017; 441:86-98. [PMID: 27664517 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2016.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 09/17/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
16α-hydroxyprogesterone (16OHP4) is not well characterised in terms of metabolism and receptor interaction. We therefore investigated its metabolism by adrenal CYP11B and peripheral steroidogenic enzymes, SRD5A and AKR1C2. UHPLC-MS/MS analyses identified novel steroids: the biosynthesis of 4-pregnen-11β,16α-diol-3,20-dione catalysed by CYP11B2; the 5α-reduction of the latter and 16OHP4 catalysed by SRD5A yielding 5α-pregnan-11β,16α-diol-3,20-diovne and 5α-pregnan-16α-ol-3,20-dione (16OH-DHP4); and 16OH-DHP4 converted by AKR1C2 to 5α-pregnan-3α,16α-diol-20-one. Receptor studies showed 16OHP4, 16OH-DHP4, progesterone and dihydroprogesterone (DHP4) were weak partial AR agonists; 16OHP4, 16OH-DHP4 and DHP4 exhibited weak partial agonist activity towards PR-B with DHP4 also exhibiting partial agonist activity towards PR-A. Data showed that while the 5α-reduction of P4 decreased PR activation significantly, 16OHP4 and 16OH-DHP4 exhibited comparable receptor activation. Although the clinical relevance of 16OHP4 remains unclear the elevated 16OHP4 levels characteristic of 21OHD, CAH, PCOS, prostate cancer, testicular feminization syndrome and cryptorchidism likely contribute towards these clinical conditions, inducing receptor-activated target genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desmaré van Rooyen
- Biochemistry Department, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa
| | - Therina du Toit
- Biochemistry Department, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa
| | - Renate Louw-du Toit
- Biochemistry Department, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa
| | - Donita Africander
- Biochemistry Department, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa
| | - Pieter Swart
- Biochemistry Department, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa
| | - Amanda C Swart
- Biochemistry Department, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa.
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22
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Zang T, Tamae D, Mesaros C, Wang Q, Huang M, Blair IA, Penning TM. Simultaneous quantitation of nine hydroxy-androgens and their conjugates in human serum by stable isotope dilution liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 165:342-355. [PMID: 27531846 PMCID: PMC5146996 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Revised: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), the fatal form of prostate cancer, remains androgen dependent despite castrate levels of circulating testosterone (T) and 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT). To investigate mechanisms by which the tumor can synthesize its own androgens and develop resistance to abiraterone acetate and enzalutamide, methods to measure a complete androgen profile are imperative. Here, we report the development and validation of a stable isotope dilution liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometric (SID-LC-ESI-MS/MS) method to quantify nine human hydroxy-androgens as picolinates, simultaneously with requisite specificity and sensitivity. In the established method, the fragmentation patterns of all nine hydroxy-androgen picolinates were identified, and [13C3]-5α-androstane-3α, 17β-diol and [13C3]-5α-androstane-3β, 17β-diol used as internal standards were synthesized enzymatically. Intra-day and inter-day precision and accuracy corresponds to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration Criteria for Bioanalytical Method Validation. The lower limit of quantitation (LLOQ) of nine hydroxy-androgens is 1.0pg to 2.5pg on column. Diols which have been infrequently measured: 5-androstene-3β, 17β-diol and 5α-androstane-3α, 17β-diol can be determined in serum at values as low as 1.0pg on column. The method also permits the quantitation of conjugated hydroxy-androgens following enzymatic digestion. While direct detection of steroid conjugates by electrospray-ionization tandem mass spectrometry has advantages the detection of unconjugated and conjugated steroids would require separate methods for each set of analytes. Our method was applied to pooled serum from male and female donors to provide reference values for both unconjugated and conjugated hydroxy-androgens. This method will allow us to interrogate the involvement of the conversion of 5-androstene-3β, 17β-diol to T, the backdoor pathway involving the conversion of 5α-androstane-3α, 17β-diol to DHT and the inactivation of DHT to 5α-androstane-3β, 17β-diol in advanced prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianzhu Zang
- Center for Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Department of Systems Pharmacology & Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Daniel Tamae
- Center for Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Department of Systems Pharmacology & Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Clementina Mesaros
- Center for Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Department of Systems Pharmacology & Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States; Center for Cancer Pharmacology, Department of Systems Pharmacology & Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Qingqing Wang
- Center for Cancer Pharmacology, Department of Systems Pharmacology & Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Meng Huang
- Center for Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Department of Systems Pharmacology & Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Ian A Blair
- Center for Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Department of Systems Pharmacology & Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States; Center for Cancer Pharmacology, Department of Systems Pharmacology & Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Trevor M Penning
- Center for Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Department of Systems Pharmacology & Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States; Center for Cancer Pharmacology, Department of Systems Pharmacology & Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States.
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23
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Braadland PR, Grytli HH, Ramberg H, Katz B, Kellman R, Gauthier-Landry L, Fazli L, Krobert KA, Wang W, Levy FO, Bjartell A, Berge V, Rennie PS, Mellgren G, Mælandsmo GM, Svindland A, Barbier O, Taskén KA. Low β₂-adrenergic receptor level may promote development of castration resistant prostate cancer and altered steroid metabolism. Oncotarget 2016; 7:1878-94. [PMID: 26646591 PMCID: PMC4811504 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The underlying mechanisms responsible for the development of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) in patients who have undergone androgen deprivation therapy are not fully understood. This is the first study to address whether β2-adrenergic receptor (ADRB2)- mediated signaling may affect CRPC progression in vivo. By immunohistochemical analyses, we observed that low levels of ADRB2 is associated with a more rapid development of CRPC in a Norwegian patient cohort. To elucidate mechanisms by which ADRB2 may affect CRPC development, we stably transfected LNCaP cells with shRNAs to mimic low and high expression of ADRB2. Two UDP-glucuronosyltransferases, UGT2B15 and UGT2B17, involved in phase II metabolism of androgens, were strongly downregulated in two LNCaP shADRB2 cell lines. The low-ADRB2 LNCaP cell lines displayed lowered glucuronidation activities towards androgens than high-ADRB2 cells. Furthermore, increased levels of testosterone and enhanced androgen responsiveness were observed in LNCaP cells expressing low level of ADRB2. Interestingly, these cells grew faster than high-ADRB2 LNCaP cells, and sustained their low glucuronidation activity in castrated NOD/SCID mice. ADRB2 immunohistochemical staining intensity correlated with UGT2B15 staining intensity in independent TMA studies and with UGT2B17 in one TMA study. Similar to ADRB2, we show that low levels of UGT2B15 are associated with a more rapid CRPC progression. We propose a novel mechanism by which ADRB2 may affect the development of CRPC through downregulation of UGT2B15 and UGT2B17.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peder Rustøen Braadland
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Helene Hartvedt Grytli
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Håkon Ramberg
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Betina Katz
- Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ralf Kellman
- Hormone Laboratory, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Louis Gauthier-Landry
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, CHU-Québec Research Center and Faculty of Pharmacy, Laval University, Québec, Canada
| | - Ladan Fazli
- The Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Kurt Allen Krobert
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,K.G. Jebsen Cardiac Research Centre and Center for Heart Failure Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Wanzhong Wang
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Pathology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Finn Olav Levy
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,K.G. Jebsen Cardiac Research Centre and Center for Heart Failure Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anders Bjartell
- Department of Urology, Skåne University Hospital, Malmø, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Sciences Malmø, Division of Urological Cancers, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Viktor Berge
- Department of Urology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Paul S Rennie
- The Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Gunnar Mellgren
- Hormone Laboratory, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Gunhild Mari Mælandsmo
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Institute for Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Science, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Aud Svindland
- Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Olivier Barbier
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, CHU-Québec Research Center and Faculty of Pharmacy, Laval University, Québec, Canada
| | - Kristin Austlid Taskén
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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24
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Coutinho I, Day TK, Tilley WD, Selth LA. Androgen receptor signaling in castration-resistant prostate cancer: a lesson in persistence. Endocr Relat Cancer 2016; 23:T179-T197. [PMID: 27799360 DOI: 10.1530/erc-16-0422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The androgen receptor (AR) signaling axis drives all stages of prostate cancer, including the lethal, drug-resistant form of the disease termed castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), which arises after failure of androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). Persistent AR activity in spite of ADT and the second-generation AR-targeting agents enzalutamide and abiraterone is achieved in many cases by direct alterations to the AR signaling axis. Herein, we provide a detailed description of how such alterations contribute to the development and progression of CRPC. Aspects of this broad and ever-evolving field specifically addressed in this review include: the etiology and significance of increased AR expression; the frequency and role of gain-of-function mutations in the AR gene; the function of constitutively active, truncated forms of the AR termed AR variants and the clinical relevance of alterations to the activity and expression of AR coregulators. Additionally, we examine the novel therapeutic strategies to inhibit these classes of therapy resistance mechanisms, with an emphasis on emerging agents that act in a manner distinct from the current ligand-centric approaches. Throughout, we discuss how the central role of AR in prostate cancer and the constant evolution of the AR signaling axis during disease progression represent archetypes of two key concepts in oncology, oncogene addiction and therapy-mediated selection pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Coutinho
- Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research LaboratoriesSchool of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's HealthSchool of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Tanya K Day
- Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research LaboratoriesSchool of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's HealthSchool of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Wayne D Tilley
- Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research LaboratoriesSchool of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's HealthSchool of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Luke A Selth
- Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research LaboratoriesSchool of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's HealthSchool of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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25
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Qin X, Liu M, Wang X. New insights into the androgen biotransformation in prostate cancer: A regulatory network among androgen, androgen receptors and UGTs. Pharmacol Res 2016; 106:114-122. [PMID: 26926093 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Revised: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Androgen, as one kind of steroid hormones, is pivotal in the hormone-sensitive cancer, such as prostate cancer (PCa). The synthesis, elimination, and bioavailability of androgen in prostate cells have been proved to be a main cause of the carcinogenesis, maintenance and deterioration of PCa. This review illustrates the outlines of androgen biotransformation, and further discusses the different enzymes, especially UDP-glucuronyltransferases (UGTs) embedded in both benign and malignant prostate cells, which catalyze the reactions. Although many inhibitors of the enzymes responsible for the synthesis of androgens have been developed into drugs to fight against PCa, the elimination procedures metabolized by the UGTs are less emphasized. Thus the regulatory network among androgen, androgen receptors (AR) and UGTs is carefully reviewed in this article, indicating the determinant effects of UGTs on prostatic androgens and the regulation of AR. Finally, the hypothesis is also put forward that the regulators of UGTs may be developed to accelerate the androgen elimination and benefit PCa therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Qin
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingyao Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China; Center for Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Xin Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.
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26
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DePriest AD, Fiandalo MV, Schlanger S, Heemers F, Mohler JL, Liu S, Heemers HV. Regulators of Androgen Action Resource: a one-stop shop for the comprehensive study of androgen receptor action. DATABASE-THE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL DATABASES AND CURATION 2016; 2016:bav125. [PMID: 26876983 PMCID: PMC4752970 DOI: 10.1093/database/bav125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Androgen receptor (AR) is a ligand-activated transcription factor that is the main target for treatment of non-organ-confined prostate cancer (CaP). Failure of life-prolonging AR-targeting androgen deprivation therapy is due to flexibility in steroidogenic pathways that control intracrine androgen levels and variability in the AR transcriptional output. Androgen biosynthesis enzymes, androgen transporters and AR-associated coregulators are attractive novel CaP treatment targets. These proteins, however, are characterized by multiple transcript variants and isoforms, are subject to genomic alterations, and are differentially expressed among CaPs. Determining their therapeutic potential requires evaluation of extensive, diverse datasets that are dispersed over multiple databases, websites and literature reports. Mining and integrating these datasets are cumbersome, time-consuming tasks and provide only snapshots of relevant information. To overcome this impediment to effective, efficient study of AR and potential drug targets, we developed the Regulators of Androgen Action Resource (RAAR), a non-redundant, curated and user-friendly searchable web interface. RAAR centralizes information on gene function, clinical relevance, and resources for 55 genes that encode proteins involved in biosynthesis, metabolism and transport of androgens and for 274 AR-associated coregulator genes. Data in RAAR are organized in two levels: (i) Information pertaining to production of androgens is contained in a ‘pre-receptor level’ database, and coregulator gene information is provided in a ‘post-receptor level’ database, and (ii) an ‘other resources’ database contains links to additional databases that are complementary to and useful to pursue further the information provided in RAAR. For each of its 329 entries, RAAR provides access to more than 20 well-curated publicly available databases, and thus, access to thousands of data points. Hyperlinks provide direct access to gene-specific entries in the respective database(s). RAAR is a novel, freely available resource that provides fast, reliable and easy access to integrated information that is needed to develop alternative CaP therapies. Database URL: http://www.lerner.ccf.org/cancerbio/heemers/RAAR/search/
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Simon Schlanger
- Department of Cancer Biology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | | | - James L Mohler
- Department of Urology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Song Liu
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Hannelore V Heemers
- Department of Cancer Biology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA Department of Urology Department of Hematology/Medical Oncology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
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27
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Archibald M, Pritchard T, Nehoff H, Rosengren RJ, Greish K, Taurin S. A combination of sorafenib and nilotinib reduces the growth of castrate-resistant prostate cancer. Int J Nanomedicine 2016; 11:179-200. [PMID: 26811677 PMCID: PMC4712974 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s97286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Castrate-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) remains incurable due to the lack of effective therapies. Several tyrosine kinases have been implicated in the development and growth of CRPC, as such targeting these kinases may offer an alternative therapeutic strategy. We established the combination of two tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), sorafenib and nilotinib, as the most cytotoxic. In addtion, to improve their bioavailability and reduce their metabolism, we encapsulated sorafenib and nilotinib into styrene-co-maleic acid micelles. The micelles' charge, size, and release rate were characterized. We assessed the effect of the combination on the cytotoxicity, cell cycle, apoptosis, protein expression, tumor spheroid integrity, migration, and invasion. The micelles exhibited a mean diameter of 100 nm, a neutral charge, and appeared highly stable. The micellar TKIs promoted greater cytotoxicity, decreased cell proliferation, and increased apoptosis relative to the free TKIs. In addition, the combination reduced the expression and activity of several tyrosine kinases and reduced tumor spheroid integrity and metastatic potential of CRPC cell lines more efficiently than the single treatments. The combination increased the therapeutic potential and demonstrated the relevance of a targeted combination therapy for the treatment of CRPC. In addition, the efficacy of the encapsulated drugs provides the basis for an in vivo preclinical testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Archibald
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Tara Pritchard
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Hayley Nehoff
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Rhonda J Rosengren
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Khaled Greish
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Aljawhara Centre for Molecular Medicine, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Kingdom of Bahrain
| | - Sebastien Taurin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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28
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Mikhaylenko DS, Efremov GD, Sivkov AV, Zaletaev DV. Hormone resistance and neuroendocrine differentiation due to accumulation of genetic lesions during clonal evolution of prostate cancer. Mol Biol 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026893315060187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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29
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Penning TM, Chen M, Jin Y. Promiscuity and diversity in 3-ketosteroid reductases. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2015; 151:93-101. [PMID: 25500069 PMCID: PMC4458445 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2014.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Revised: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Many steroid hormones contain a Δ(4)-3-ketosteroid functionality that undergoes sequential reduction by 5α- or 5β- steroid reductases to produce 5α- or 5β-dihydrosteroids; and a subsequent 3-keto-reduction to produce a series of isomeric tetrahydrosteroids. Apart from steroid 5α-reductase all the remaining enzymes involved in the two step reduction process in humans belong to the aldo-keto reductase (AKR) superfamily. The enzymes involved in 3-ketosteroid reduction are AKR1C1-AKR1C4. These enzymes are promiscuous and also catalyze 20-keto- and 17-keto-steroid reduction. Interest in these reactions exist since they regulate steroid hormone metabolism in the liver, and in steroid target tissues, they may regulate steroid hormone receptor occupancy. In addition many of the dihydrosteroids are not biologically inert. The same enzymes are also involved in the metabolism of synthetic steroids e.g., hormone replacement therapeutics, contraceptive agents and inhaled glucocorticoids, and may regulate drug efficacy at their cognate receptors. This article reviews these reactions and the structural basis for substrate diversity in AKR1C1-AKR1C4, ketosteroid reductases. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'Steroid/Sterol signaling'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor M Penning
- Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Department of Systems Pharmacology & Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6160, USA.
| | - Mo Chen
- Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Department of Systems Pharmacology & Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6160, USA
| | - Yi Jin
- Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Department of Systems Pharmacology & Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6160, USA
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30
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Jentzmik F, Azoitei A, Zengerling F, Damjanoski I, Cronauer MV. Androgen receptor aberrations in the era of abiraterone and enzalutamide. World J Urol 2015; 34:297-303. [PMID: 26100946 DOI: 10.1007/s00345-015-1624-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the most prevalent non-skin cancer and the second leading cause of cancer death in men of the western world. As growth and differentiation of prostate cancer largely depend on androgens, inhibition of the androgen/androgen receptor signaling axis is the main treatment for locally advanced and/or metastatic tumors. Although first-line androgen deprivation therapies like chemical/surgical castration and/or administration of anti-androgens are able to control the disease for several years, prostate cancer almost invariably recurs as castration-resistant prostate cancer. This stage of the disease is characterized by a sustained AR-signaling despite castrate levels of circulating androgens. Various molecular mechanisms were shown to induce castration resistance. This review will discuss the most recent and relevant experimental findings on AR-signaling in castration-resistant prostate cancer in order to provide a comprehensive interpretation of the clinical behavior of this tumor entity following treatments with abiraterone, enzalutamide, ARN-509 or taxanes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Jentzmik
- Department of Urology, Ulm University Medical Center, Prittwitzstrasse 43, 89075, Ulm, Germany
| | - Anca Azoitei
- Department of Urology, Ulm University Medical Center, Prittwitzstrasse 43, 89075, Ulm, Germany
| | - Friedemann Zengerling
- Department of Urology, Ulm University Medical Center, Prittwitzstrasse 43, 89075, Ulm, Germany
| | - Ilija Damjanoski
- Department of Urology, Ulm University Medical Center, Prittwitzstrasse 43, 89075, Ulm, Germany
| | - Marcus V Cronauer
- Department of Urology, Ulm University Medical Center, Prittwitzstrasse 43, 89075, Ulm, Germany.
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31
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Zang T, Verma K, Chen M, Jin Y, Trippier PC, Penning TM. Screening baccharin analogs as selective inhibitors against type 5 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (AKR1C3). Chem Biol Interact 2014; 234:339-48. [PMID: 25555457 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2014.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Revised: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Aldo-keto reductase 1C3 (AKR1C3), also known as type 5 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, is a downstream steroidogenic enzyme and converts androgen precursors to the potent androgen receptor ligands: testosterone and 5α-dihydrotestosterone. Studies have shown that AKR1C3 is involved in the development of castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) and that it is a rational drug target for the treatment of CRPC. Baccharin, a component of Brazilian propolis, has been observed to exhibit a high inhibitory potency and selectivity for AKR1C3 over other AKR1C isoforms and is a promising lead compound for developing more potent and selective inhibitors. Here, we report the screening of fifteen baccharin analogs as selective inhibitors against AKR1C3 versus AKR1C2 (type 3 3α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase). Among these analogs, the inhibitory activity and selectivity of thirteen compounds were evaluated for the first time. The substitution of the 4-dihydrocinnamoyloxy group of baccharin by an acetate group displayed nanomolar inhibitory potency (IC50: 440 nM) and a 102-fold selectivity over AKR1C2. By contrast, when the cinnamic acid group of baccharin was esterified, there was a dramatic decrease in potency and selectivity for AKR1C3 in comparison to baccharin. Low or sub-micromolar inhibition was observed when the 3-prenyl group of baccharin was removed, and the selectivity over AKR1C2 was low. Although unsubstituted baccharin was still the most potent (IC50: 100 nM) and selective inhibitor for AKR1C3, these data provide structure-activity relationships required for the optimization of new baccharin analogs. They suggest that the carboxylate group on cinnamic acid, the prenyl group, and either retention of 4-dihydrocinnamoyloxy group or acetate substituent on cinnamic acid are important to maintain the high potency and selectivity for AKR1C3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianzhu Zang
- Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Department of Systems Pharmacology & Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6160, United States
| | - Kshitij Verma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, School of Pharmacy, Amarillo, TX 79106, United States
| | - Mo Chen
- Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Department of Systems Pharmacology & Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6160, United States
| | - Yi Jin
- Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Department of Systems Pharmacology & Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6160, United States
| | - Paul C Trippier
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, School of Pharmacy, Amarillo, TX 79106, United States; Center for Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409-1061, United States.
| | - Trevor M Penning
- Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Department of Systems Pharmacology & Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6160, United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Claessens
- Molecular Endocrinology LaboratoryDepartment of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, Campus GHB ON1, PO Box 901, 3000 Leuven, BelgiumDame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research LaboratoriesSchool of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
| | - Wayne Tilley
- Molecular Endocrinology LaboratoryDepartment of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, Campus GHB ON1, PO Box 901, 3000 Leuven, BelgiumDame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research LaboratoriesSchool of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
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