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Ebrahimi N, Manavi MS, Faghihkhorasani F, Fakhr SS, Baei FJ, Khorasani FF, Zare MM, Far NP, Rezaei-Tazangi F, Ren J, Reiter RJ, Nabavi N, Aref AR, Chen C, Ertas YN, Lu Q. Harnessing function of EMT in cancer drug resistance: a metastasis regulator determines chemotherapy response. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2024; 43:457-479. [PMID: 38227149 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-023-10162-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a complicated molecular process that governs cellular shape and function changes throughout tissue development and embryogenesis. In addition, EMT contributes to the development and spread of tumors. Expanding and degrading the surrounding microenvironment, cells undergoing EMT move away from the main location. On the basis of the expression of fibroblast-specific protein-1 (FSP1), fibroblast growth factor (FGF), collagen, and smooth muscle actin (-SMA), the mesenchymal phenotype exhibited in fibroblasts is crucial for promoting EMT. While EMT is not entirely reliant on its regulators like ZEB1/2, Twist, and Snail proteins, investigation of upstream signaling (like EGF, TGF-β, Wnt) is required to get a more thorough understanding of tumor EMT. Throughout numerous cancers, connections between tumor epithelial and fibroblast cells that influence tumor growth have been found. The significance of cellular crosstalk stems from the fact that these events affect therapeutic response and disease prognosis. This study examines how classical EMT signals emanating from various cancer cells interfere to tumor metastasis, treatment resistance, and tumor recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasim Ebrahimi
- Genetics Division, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | | | | | - Siavash Seifollahy Fakhr
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Ecology, Agricultural Science and Biotechnology, Campus Hamar, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Hamar, Norway
| | | | | | - Mohammad Mehdi Zare
- Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Nazanin Pazhouhesh Far
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Science, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Rezaei-Tazangi
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
| | - Jun Ren
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Russel J Reiter
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, UT Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Noushin Nabavi
- Department of Urologic Sciences and Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6H3Z6, Canada
| | - Amir Reza Aref
- Translational Medicine Group, Xsphera Biosciences, 6 Tide Street, Boston, MA, 02210, USA.
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Chu Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Jiangsu, 226001, China
| | - Yavuz Nuri Ertas
- ERNAM-Nanotechnology Research and Application Center, Erciyes University, Kayseri, 38039, Türkiye.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Erciyes University, Kayseri, 38039, Türkiye.
| | - Qi Lu
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Jiangsu, 226001, China.
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2
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He P, Dai Q, Wu X. New insight in urological cancer therapy: From epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) to application of nano-biomaterials. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 229:115672. [PMID: 36906272 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.115672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
A high number of cancer-related deaths (up to 90) are due to metastasis and simple definition of metastasis is new colony formation of tumor cells in a secondary site. In tumor cells, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) stimulates metastasis and invasion, and it is a common characteristic of malignant tumors. Prostate cancer, bladder cancer and renal cancer are three main types of urological tumors that their malignant and aggressive behaviors are due to abnormal proliferation and metastasis. EMT has been well-documented as a mechanism for promoting invasion of tumor cells and in the current review, a special attention is directed towards understanding role of EMT in malignancy, metastasis and therapy response of urological cancers. The invasion and metastatic characteristics of urological tumors enhance due to EMT induction and this is essential for ensuring survival and ability in developing new colonies in neighboring and distant tissues and organs. When EMT induction occurs, malignant behavior of tumor cells enhances and their tend in developing therapy resistance especially chemoresistance promotes that is one of the underlying reasons for therapy failure and patient death. The lncRNAs, microRNAs, eIF5A2, Notch-4 and hypoxia are among common modulators of EMT mechanism in urological tumors. Moreover, anti-tumor compounds such as metformin can be utilized in suppressing malignancy of urological tumors. Besides, genes and epigenetic factors modulating EMT mechanism can be therapeutically targeted for interfering malignancy of urological tumors. Nanomaterials are new emerging agents in urological cancer therapy that they can improve potential of current therapeutics by their targeted delivery to tumor site. The important hallmarks of urological cancers including growth, invasion and angiogenesis can be suppressed by cargo-loaded nanomaterials. Moreover, nanomaterials can improve chemotherapy potential in urological cancer elimination and by providing phototherapy, they mediate synergistic tumor suppression. The clinical application depends on development of biocompatible nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng He
- Department of Urology, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Qiang Dai
- Department of Urology, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Xiaojun Wu
- Department of Urology, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China.
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3
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Lemster AL, Sievers E, Pasternack H, Lazar-Karsten P, Klümper N, Sailer V, Offermann A, Brägelmann J, Perner S, Kirfel J. Histone Demethylase KDM5C Drives Prostate Cancer Progression by Promoting EMT. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14081894. [PMID: 35454801 PMCID: PMC9032772 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14081894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Prostate cancer is the most common cancer in men and is one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths. During prostate cancer progression and metastasis, the epithelial cells can undergo epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT). Here, we show that the histone demethylase KDM5C is highly expressed in metastatic prostate cancer. We establish that stable clones silence KDM5C in prostate cancer cells. Knockdown of KDM5C leads to a reduced migratory and invasion capacity. This is associated with changes by multiple molecular mechanisms. This signaling subsequently modifies the expression of various transcription factors like Snail, Twist, and Zeb1/2, which are also known as master regulators of EMT. Taken together, our results indicate the potential to therapeutically target KDM5C either alone or in combination with Akt/mTOR-inhibitor in prostate cancer patients by targeting the EMT signaling pathways. Abstract Prostate cancer (PCa) poses a major public health problem in men. Metastatic PCa is incurable, and ultimately threatens the life of many patients. Mutations in tumor suppressor genes and oncogenes are important for PCa progression, whereas the role of epigenetic factors in prostate carcinogenesis is insufficiently examined. The histone demethylase KDM5C exerts important roles in tumorigenesis. KDM5C has been reported to be highly expressed in various cancer cell types, particularly in primary PCa. Here, we could show that KDM5C is highly upregulated in metastatic PCa. Functionally, in KDM5C knockdown cells migratory and invasion capacity was reduced. Interestingly, modulation of KDM5C expression influences several EMT signaling pathways (e.g., Akt/mTOR), expression of EMT transcription factors, epigenetic modifiers, and miR-205, resulting in increased expression of E-cadherin and reduced expression of N-cadherin. Mouse xenografts of KDM5C knockdown cells showed reduced tumor growth. In addition, the Akt/mTOR pathway is one of the classic signaling pathways to mediate tumor metabolic homeostasis, which is beneficial for tumor growth and metastasis. Taken together, our findings indicate that a combination of a selective KDM5C- and Akt/mTOR-inhibitor might be a new promising therapeutic strategy to reduce metastatic burden in PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Lena Lemster
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, 23538 Luebeck, Germany; (A.-L.L.); (H.P.); (P.L.-K.); (V.S.); (A.O.); (S.P.)
| | - Elisabeth Sievers
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany;
| | - Helen Pasternack
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, 23538 Luebeck, Germany; (A.-L.L.); (H.P.); (P.L.-K.); (V.S.); (A.O.); (S.P.)
| | - Pamela Lazar-Karsten
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, 23538 Luebeck, Germany; (A.-L.L.); (H.P.); (P.L.-K.); (V.S.); (A.O.); (S.P.)
| | - Niklas Klümper
- Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany;
| | - Verena Sailer
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, 23538 Luebeck, Germany; (A.-L.L.); (H.P.); (P.L.-K.); (V.S.); (A.O.); (S.P.)
| | - Anne Offermann
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, 23538 Luebeck, Germany; (A.-L.L.); (H.P.); (P.L.-K.); (V.S.); (A.O.); (S.P.)
| | - Johannes Brägelmann
- Department of Translational Genomics, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany;
- Mildred Scheel School of Oncology Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Sven Perner
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, 23538 Luebeck, Germany; (A.-L.L.); (H.P.); (P.L.-K.); (V.S.); (A.O.); (S.P.)
- Institute of Pathology, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lung Center, 23845 Borstel, Germany
| | - Jutta Kirfel
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, 23538 Luebeck, Germany; (A.-L.L.); (H.P.); (P.L.-K.); (V.S.); (A.O.); (S.P.)
- Correspondence:
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Samoto M, Matsuyama H, Matsumoto H, Hirata H, Ueno K, Ozawa S, Mori J, Inoue R, Yano S, Yamamoto Y, Haginaka J, Horiyama S, Tamada K. Novel bone microenvironment model of castration-resistant prostate cancer with chitosan fiber matrix and osteoblasts. Oncol Lett 2021; 22:689. [PMID: 34457044 PMCID: PMC8358738 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2021.12950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The interaction between prostate cancer cells and osteoblasts is essential for the development of bone metastasis. Previously, novel androgen receptor axis-targeted agents (ARATs) were approved for metastatic castration-naïve and non-metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC); both of which are pivotal for investigating the association between the bone microenvironment and tumors. The present study established a novel in vitro 3D microenvironment model that simulated the bone microenvironment of CRPC, and evaluated the drug susceptibility of ARATs and the efficacy of the combination of abiraterone and dutasteride. Green fluorescent protein-transferred C4-2 cells (a CRPC cell line) and red fluorescent protein-transferred human osteoblasts differentiated from human mesenchymal stem cells were co-cultured in chitosan nanofiber matrix-coated culture plates to simulate the 3D scaffold of the bone microenvironment. The growth of C4-2 was quantified using live-cell imaging and the Cell3 iMager duos analysis system. The growth of C4-2 colonies were quantified for a maximum of 30 days. The expression of TGF-β increased and promoted EMT in C4-2 cells co-cultured with osteoblasts, indicating resistance to ARATs. The IC50 of each drug and the combination effect of abiraterone and dutasteride were evaluated using this model. Combination treatment with abiraterone and dutasteride synergistically inhibited the growth of C2-4 colonies compared with individual investigational agents. This could be attributed to the reduction of 3-keto-5α-abiraterone, an androgen receptor agonist. The bone microenvironment model of the present study is unique and useful for evaluating new drug susceptibility testing in prostate cancer cells. This model may help to reveal the unknown mechanisms underlying micro- to clinical bone metastasis in prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Samoto
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
| | - Hideyasu Matsuyama
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Matsumoto
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Hirata
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
| | - Koji Ueno
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
| | - Sho Ozawa
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
| | - Junichi Mori
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
| | - Ryo Inoue
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
| | - Seiji Yano
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Yamamoto
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
| | - Jun Haginaka
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mukogawa Women's University, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8179, Japan
| | - Shizuyo Horiyama
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mukogawa Women's University, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8179, Japan
| | - Koji Tamada
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
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5
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Papanikolaou S, Vourda A, Syggelos S, Gyftopoulos K. Cell Plasticity and Prostate Cancer: The Role of Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in Tumor Progression, Invasion, Metastasis and Cancer Therapy Resistance. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13112795. [PMID: 34199763 PMCID: PMC8199975 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13112795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Although epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a well-known cellular process involved during normal embryogenesis and wound healing, it also has a dark side; it is a complex process that provides tumor cells with a more aggressive phenotype, facilitating tumor metastasis and even resistance to therapy. This review focuses on the key pathways of EMT in the pathogenesis of prostate cancer and the development of metastases and evasion of currently available treatments. Abstract Prostate cancer, the second most common malignancy in men, is characterized by high heterogeneity that poses several therapeutic challenges. Epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a dynamic, reversible cellular process which is essential in normal embryonic morphogenesis and wound healing. However, the cellular changes that are induced by EMT suggest that it may also play a central role in tumor progression, invasion, metastasis, and resistance to current therapeutic options. These changes include enhanced motility and loss of cell–cell adhesion that form a more aggressive cellular phenotype. Moreover, the reverse process (MET) is a necessary element of the metastatic tumor process. It is highly probable that this cell plasticity reflects a hybrid state between epithelial and mesenchymal status. In this review, we describe the underlying key mechanisms of the EMT-induced phenotype modulation that contribute to prostate tumor aggressiveness and cancer therapy resistance, in an effort to provide a framework of this complex cellular process.
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Shiota M, Fujimoto N, Matsumoto T, Tsukahara S, Nagakawa S, Ueda S, Ushijima M, Kashiwagi E, Takeuchi A, Inokuchi J, Uchiumi T, Eto M. Differential Impact of TGFB1 Variation by Metastatic Status in Androgen-Deprivation Therapy for Prostate Cancer. Front Oncol 2021; 11:697955. [PMID: 34113577 PMCID: PMC8186782 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.697955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) plays a dual role in cancer, acting as a tumor suppressor in the early stage of cancer development and as a tumor promoter in the later stage of cancer progression in various cancers. In this study, we investigated the association between genetic polymorphisms in TGFB1 and clinicopathological characteristics or oncological outcome in prostate cancer cases treated with androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT) according to metastasis status. Japanese male patients with hormone-sensitive prostate cancer treated with ADT from 1993 to 2005 were included in this study. Genomic DNA was obtained from whole blood samples, and genotyping of TGFB1 (rs2241716 and rs4803455) was performed by PCR-based technique. No significant association between genetic polymorphisms in TGFB1 (rs2241716 and rs4803455) and clinicopathological parameters or prognosis was observed in patients with non-metastatic disease. In patients with metastatic disease, Gleason score in CT/TT carriers (rs2241716) and CA/AA carriers (rs4803455) was unfavorable compared with CC carriers. In addition, the CT/TT alleles in rs2241716 (hazard ratio, 1.82; 95% confidence interval, 1.12–2.94; P = 0.015) and the CA/AA alleles in rs4803455 (hazard ratio, 1.75; 95% confidence interval, 1.03–2.98; P = 0.040) were associated with a higher risk of progression during ADT compared with the CC allele in patients with metastatic disease. TGFB1 genetic variations were associated with adverse characteristics and progression risk in ADT among patients with metastatic disease, but not those with non-metastatic disease, supporting a distinct role of TGF-β signaling between non-metastatic and metastatic prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Shiota
- Department of Urology, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Naohiro Fujimoto
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | | | - Shigehiro Tsukahara
- Department of Urology, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.,Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | | | - Shohei Ueda
- Department of Urology, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Miho Ushijima
- Department of Urology, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Eiji Kashiwagi
- Department of Urology, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Ario Takeuchi
- Department of Urology, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | | | - Takeshi Uchiumi
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Eto
- Department of Urology, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Novel Target Opportunities in Non-Metastatic Castrate Resistant Prostate Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13102426. [PMID: 34067832 PMCID: PMC8157020 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13102426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Nearly one third of men will incur biochemical recurrence after treatment for localized prostate cancer. Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is the therapeutic mainstay; however, some patients will transition to a castrate resistant state (castrate resistant prostate cancer, CRPC). Subjects with CRPC may develop symptomatic metastatic disease (mCRPC) and incur mortality several years later. Prior to metastatic disease, however, men acquire non-metastatic CRPC (nmCRPC) which lends the unique opportunity for intervention to delay disease progression and symptoms. This review addresses current therapies for nmCRPC, as well as novel therapeutics and pathway strategies targeting men with nmCRPC.
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Simon I, Perales S, Casado-Medina L, Rodríguez-Martínez A, Garrido-Navas MDC, Puche-Sanz I, Diaz-Mochon JJ, Alaminos C, Lupiañez P, Lorente JA, Serrano MJ, Real PJ. Cross-Resistance to Abiraterone and Enzalutamide in Castration Resistance Prostate Cancer Cellular Models Is Mediated by AR Transcriptional Reactivation. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:1483. [PMID: 33807106 PMCID: PMC8004828 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13061483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) and novel hormonal agents (NHAs) (Abiraterone and Enzalutamide) are the goal standard for metastatic prostate cancer (PCa) treatment. Although ADT is initially effective, a subsequent castration resistance status (CRPC) is commonly developed. The expression of androgen receptor (AR) alternative splicing isoforms (AR-V7 and AR-V9) has been associated to CRPC. However, resistance mechanisms to novel NHAs are not yet well understood. Androgen-dependent PCa cell lines were used to generate resistant models to ADT only or in combination with Abiraterone and/or Enzalutamide (concomitant models). Functional and genetic analyses were performed for each resistance model by real-time cell monitoring assays, flow cytometry and RT-qPCR. In androgen-dependent PCa cells, the administration of Abiraterone and/or Enzalutamide as first-line treatment involved a critical inhibition of AR activity associated with a significant cell growth inhibition. Genetic analyses on ADT-resistant PCa cell lines showed that the CRPC phenotype was accompanied by overexpression of AR full-length and AR target genes, but not necessarily AR-V7 and/or AR-V9 isoforms. These ADT resistant cell lines showed higher proliferation rates, migration and invasion abilities. Importantly, ADT resistance induced cross-resistance to Abiraterone and/or Enzalutamide. Similarly, concomitant models possessed an elevated expression of AR full-length and proliferation rates and acquired cross-resistance to its alternative NHA as second-line treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Simon
- GENyO, Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research, Pfizer-University of Granada-Andalusian Regional Government, Gene Regulation, Stem Cells & Development Lab, PTS Granada, Avenida de la Ilustracion 114, 18016 Granada, Spain; (I.S.); (S.P.); (L.C.-M.); (P.L.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Faculty of Science, University of Granada, Avenida Fuentenueva s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Sonia Perales
- GENyO, Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research, Pfizer-University of Granada-Andalusian Regional Government, Gene Regulation, Stem Cells & Development Lab, PTS Granada, Avenida de la Ilustracion 114, 18016 Granada, Spain; (I.S.); (S.P.); (L.C.-M.); (P.L.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Faculty of Science, University of Granada, Avenida Fuentenueva s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Laura Casado-Medina
- GENyO, Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research, Pfizer-University of Granada-Andalusian Regional Government, Gene Regulation, Stem Cells & Development Lab, PTS Granada, Avenida de la Ilustracion 114, 18016 Granada, Spain; (I.S.); (S.P.); (L.C.-M.); (P.L.)
| | - Alba Rodríguez-Martínez
- GENyO, Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research, Pfizer-University of Granada-Andalusian Regional Government, Liquid Biopsy and Cancer Interception Group, PTS Granada, Avenida de la Ilustracion 114, 18016 Granada, Spain; (A.R.-M.); (M.d.C.G.-N.); (J.A.L.)
- Legal Medicine and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Laboratory of Genetic Identification, Avenida de la Investigación 11, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Maria del Carmen Garrido-Navas
- GENyO, Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research, Pfizer-University of Granada-Andalusian Regional Government, Liquid Biopsy and Cancer Interception Group, PTS Granada, Avenida de la Ilustracion 114, 18016 Granada, Spain; (A.R.-M.); (M.d.C.G.-N.); (J.A.L.)
- Universidad Internacional de la Rioja, Avenida de la Paz, 137, 26006 Logroño, Spain
| | - Ignacio Puche-Sanz
- Department of Urology, Bio-Health Research Institute (Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA), Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, University of Granada, Avenida de las Fuerzas Armadas 2, 18014 Granada, Spain;
| | - Juan J. Diaz-Mochon
- GENyO, Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research, Pfizer-University of Granada-Andalusian Regional Government, Nanochembio Lab, PTS Granada, Avenida de la Ilustracion 114, 18016 Granada, Spain;
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Campus de Cartuja, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Clara Alaminos
- Department of Urology, University Hospital of Jaen, Avenida del Ejercito Español 10, 23007 Jaen, Spain;
| | - Pablo Lupiañez
- GENyO, Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research, Pfizer-University of Granada-Andalusian Regional Government, Gene Regulation, Stem Cells & Development Lab, PTS Granada, Avenida de la Ilustracion 114, 18016 Granada, Spain; (I.S.); (S.P.); (L.C.-M.); (P.L.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Faculty of Science, University of Granada, Avenida Fuentenueva s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Jose A. Lorente
- GENyO, Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research, Pfizer-University of Granada-Andalusian Regional Government, Liquid Biopsy and Cancer Interception Group, PTS Granada, Avenida de la Ilustracion 114, 18016 Granada, Spain; (A.R.-M.); (M.d.C.G.-N.); (J.A.L.)
- Legal Medicine and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Laboratory of Genetic Identification, Avenida de la Investigación 11, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - María J. Serrano
- GENyO, Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research, Pfizer-University of Granada-Andalusian Regional Government, Liquid Biopsy and Cancer Interception Group, PTS Granada, Avenida de la Ilustracion 114, 18016 Granada, Spain; (A.R.-M.); (M.d.C.G.-N.); (J.A.L.)
- Comprehensive Oncology Division, Clinical University Hospital, Virgen de las Nieves-IBS, Avenida de las Fuerzas Armadas 2, 18014 Granada, Spain
- Department of Pathological Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Avenida de la Investigación 11, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Pedro J. Real
- GENyO, Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research, Pfizer-University of Granada-Andalusian Regional Government, Gene Regulation, Stem Cells & Development Lab, PTS Granada, Avenida de la Ilustracion 114, 18016 Granada, Spain; (I.S.); (S.P.); (L.C.-M.); (P.L.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Faculty of Science, University of Granada, Avenida Fuentenueva s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain
- Bio-Health Research Institute (Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA), Personalized Oncology Group, Avenida de las Fuerzas Armadas 2, 18014 Granada, Spain
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9
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Shiota M, Sekino Y, Tsukahara S, Abe T, Kinoshita F, Imada K, Ueda S, Ushijima M, Nagakawa S, Matsumoto T, Kashiwagi E, Takeuchi A, Inokuchi J, Uchiumi T, Oda Y, Eto M. Gene amplification of YB-1 in castration-resistant prostate cancer in association with aberrant androgen receptor expression. Cancer Sci 2020; 112:323-330. [PMID: 33064355 PMCID: PMC7780013 DOI: 10.1111/cas.14695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Although Y‐box binding protein‐1 (YB‐1) is known to be overexpressed in prostate cancer, especially castration‐resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), the mechanism of its overexpression remains unclear. We aimed to elucidate the mechanism of YB‐1 overexpression in CRPC. Gene amplification in CRPC cells and tissues was examined by public database analysis, and digital PCR. The significance of YB‐1 amplification for the YB‐1/androgen receptor (AR) axis and prognosis was examined by public database analysis and immunohistochemistry. YB‐1 amplification was mainly observed in CRPC tissues by public database analysis and confirmed in CRPC cells and tissues by digital PCR. Expression of YB‐1 was increased in CRPC tissues compared with treatment‐naïve tissues. Furthermore, YB‐1 and phosphorylated YB‐1 levels were associated with AR and AR V7 expression levels. Finally, YB‐1 amplification was associated with poor outcomes in CRPC. Taken together, the present findings suggest that YB‐1 amplification contributes to progression to CRPC through regulation of AR and AR V7 expressions, and that YB‐1 is a promising therapeutic target in CRPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Shiota
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yohei Sekino
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Shigehiro Tsukahara
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.,Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tatsuro Abe
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.,Department of Anatomic Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Fumio Kinoshita
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.,Department of Anatomic Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kenjiro Imada
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shohei Ueda
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Miho Ushijima
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shohei Nagakawa
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takashi Matsumoto
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Eiji Kashiwagi
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Ario Takeuchi
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Junichi Inokuchi
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takeshi Uchiumi
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yoshinao Oda
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Eto
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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10
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Chen Y, Lan T. Molecular Origin, Expression Regulation, and Biological Function of Androgen Receptor Splicing Variant 7 in Prostate Cancer. Urol Int 2020; 105:337-353. [PMID: 32957106 DOI: 10.1159/000510124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The problem of resistance to therapy in prostate cancer (PCa) is multifaceted. Key determinants of drug resistance include tumor burden and growth kinetics, tumor heterogeneity, physical barriers, immune system and microenvironment, undruggable cancer drivers, and consequences of therapeutic pressures. With regard to the fundamental importance of the androgen receptor (AR) in all stages of PCa from tumorigenesis to progression, AR is postulated to have a continued critical role in castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Suppression of AR signaling mediated by the full-length AR (AR-FL) is the therapeutic goal of all AR-directed therapies. However, AR-targeting agents ultimately lead to AR aberrations that promote PCa progression and drug resistance. Among these AR aberrations, androgen receptor variant 7 (AR-V7) is gaining attention as a potential predictive marker for as well as one of the resistance mechanisms to the most current anti-AR therapies in CRPC. Meanwhile, development of next-generation drugs that directly or indirectly target AR-V7 signaling is urgently needed. In the present review of the current literature, we have summarized the origin, alternative splicing, expression induction, protein conformation, interaction with coregulators, relationship with AR-FL, transcriptional activity, and biological function of AR-V7 in PCa development and therapeutic resistance. We hope this review will help further understand the molecular origin, expression regulation, and role of AR-V7 in the progression of PCa and provide insight into the design of novel selective inhibitors of AR-V7 in PCa treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Chen
- Department of Surgery and Anesthesiology, Joint Logistic Support 940 Hospital of CPLA, Lanzhou, China
| | - Tian Lan
- Department of Urology, Joint Logistic Support 940 Hospital of CPLA, Lanzhou, China,
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11
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Tran MGB, Bibby BAS, Yang L, Lo F, Warren AY, Shukla D, Osborne M, Hadfield J, Carroll T, Stark R, Scott H, Ramos-Montoya A, Massie C, Maxwell P, West CML, Mills IG, Neal DE. Independence of HIF1a and androgen signaling pathways in prostate cancer. BMC Cancer 2020; 20:469. [PMID: 32450824 PMCID: PMC7249645 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-020-06890-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Therapeutic targeting of the androgen signaling pathway is a mainstay treatment for prostate cancer. Although initially effective, resistance to androgen targeted therapies develops followed by disease progression to castrate-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Hypoxia and HIF1a have been implicated in the development of resistance to androgen targeted therapies and progression to CRCP. The interplay between the androgen and hypoxia/HIF1a signaling axes was investigated. Methods In vitro stable expression of HIF1a was established in the LNCaP cell line by physiological induction or retroviral transduction. Tumor xenografts with stable expression of HIF1a were established in castrated and non-castrated mouse models. Gene expression analysis identified transcriptional changes in response to androgen treatment, hypoxia and HIF1a. The binding sites of the AR and HIF transcription factors were identified using ChIP-seq. Results Androgen and HIF1a signaling promoted proliferation in vitro and enhanced tumor growth in vivo. The stable expression of HIF1a in vivo restored tumor growth in the absence of endogenous androgens. Hypoxia reduced AR binding sites whereas HIF binding sites were increased with androgen treatment under hypoxia. Gene expression analysis identified seven genes that were upregulated both by AR and HIF1a, of which six were prognostic. Conclusions The oncogenic AR, hypoxia and HIF1a pathways support prostate cancer development through independent signaling pathways and transcriptomic profiles. AR and hypoxia/HIF1a signaling pathways independently promote prostate cancer progression and therapeutic targeting of both pathways simultaneously is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxine G B Tran
- Uro-oncology Research Group, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Cambridge, CB02 0RE, UK.,UCL division of Surgery and Interventional Science, Royal Free Hospital, Pond Street, London, NW3 2QG, UK
| | - Becky A S Bibby
- Division of Cancer Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Christie Hospital NHS Trust, M20 4BX, Manchester, UK
| | - Lingjian Yang
- Division of Cancer Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Christie Hospital NHS Trust, M20 4BX, Manchester, UK
| | - Franklin Lo
- Uro-oncology Research Group, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Cambridge, CB02 0RE, UK
| | - Anne Y Warren
- Department of Pathology, Addenbrooke's Cambridge University Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Deepa Shukla
- Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UK
| | - Michelle Osborne
- Uro-oncology Research Group, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Cambridge, CB02 0RE, UK
| | - James Hadfield
- Uro-oncology Research Group, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Cambridge, CB02 0RE, UK
| | - Thomas Carroll
- Uro-oncology Research Group, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Cambridge, CB02 0RE, UK
| | - Rory Stark
- Uro-oncology Research Group, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Cambridge, CB02 0RE, UK
| | - Helen Scott
- Uro-oncology Research Group, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Cambridge, CB02 0RE, UK
| | - Antonio Ramos-Montoya
- Uro-oncology Research Group, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Cambridge, CB02 0RE, UK
| | - Charlie Massie
- Uro-oncology Research Group, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Cambridge, CB02 0RE, UK.,Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, London, CB2 0XZ, UK
| | - Patrick Maxwell
- Cambridge Institute of Medical Research, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0SP, UK
| | - Catharine M L West
- Division of Cancer Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Christie Hospital NHS Trust, M20 4BX, Manchester, UK.,Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, University of Manchester, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Ian G Mills
- Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queens University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 7AE, UK. .,Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK.
| | - David E Neal
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK.,Academic Urology Group, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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12
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Boguslawska J, Kryst P, Poletajew S, Piekielko-Witkowska A. TGF-β and microRNA Interplay in Genitourinary Cancers. Cells 2019; 8:E1619. [PMID: 31842336 PMCID: PMC6952810 DOI: 10.3390/cells8121619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Genitourinary cancers (GCs) include a large group of different types of tumors localizing to the kidney, bladder, prostate, testis, and penis. Despite highly divergent molecular patterns, most GCs share commonly disturbed signaling pathways that involve the activity of TGF-β (transforming growth factor beta). TGF-β is a pleiotropic cytokine that regulates key cancer-related molecular and cellular processes, including proliferation, migration, invasion, apoptosis, and chemoresistance. The understanding of the mechanisms of TGF-β actions in cancer is hindered by the "TGF-β paradox" in which early stages of cancerogenic process are suppressed by TGF-β while advanced stages are stimulated by its activity. A growing body of evidence suggests that these paradoxical TGF-β actions could result from the interplay with microRNAs: Short, non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression by binding to target transcripts and inducing mRNA degradation or inhibition of translation. Here, we discuss the current knowledge of TGF-β signaling in GCs. Importantly, TGF-β signaling and microRNA-mediated regulation of gene expression often act in complicated feedback circuits that involve other crucial regulators of cancer progression (e.g., androgen receptor). Furthermore, recently published in vitro and in vivo studies clearly indicate that the interplay between microRNAs and the TGF-β signaling pathway offers new potential treatment options for GC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Boguslawska
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education; 01-813 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Piotr Kryst
- II Department of Urology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, 01-813 Warsaw, Poland; (P.K.); (S.P.)
| | - Slawomir Poletajew
- II Department of Urology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, 01-813 Warsaw, Poland; (P.K.); (S.P.)
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13
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Culig Z. Epithelial mesenchymal transition and resistance in endocrine-related cancers. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2019; 1866:1368-1375. [PMID: 31108117 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2019.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial to mesencyhmal transition (EMT) has a central role in tumor metastasis and progression. EMT is regulated by several growth factors and pro-inflammatory cytokines. The most important role in this regulation could be attributed to transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β). In breast cancer, TGF-β effect on EMT could be potentiated by Fos-related antigen, oncogene HER2, epidermal growth factor, or mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 5 - extracellular-regulated kinase signaling. Several microRNAs in breast cancer have a considerable role either in potentiation or in suppression of EMT thus acting as oncogenic or tumor suppressive modulators. At present, possibilities to target EMT are discussed but the results of clinical translation are still limited. In prostate cancer, many cellular events are regulated by androgenic hormones. Different experimental results on androgenic stimulation or inhibition of EMT have been reported in the literature. Thus, a possibility that androgen ablation therapy leads to EMT thus facilitating tumor progression has to be discussed. Novel therapy agents, such as the anti-diabetic drug metformin or selective estrogen receptor modulator ormeloxifene were used in pre-clinical studies to inhibit EMT in prostate cancer. Taken together, the results of pre-clinical and clinical studies in breast cancer may be helpful in the process of drug development and identify potential risk during the early stage of that process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoran Culig
- Experimental Urology, Department of Urology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
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14
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Azizi R, Salemi Z, Fallahian F, Aghaei M. Inhibition of didscoidin domain receptor 1 reduces epithelial-mesenchymal transition and induce cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis in prostate cancer cell lines. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:19539-19552. [PMID: 30963567 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Didscoidin domain receptor 1 (DDR1) is involved in the progression of prostate cancer metastasis through stimulation of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). So DDR1 inhibition can be a helpful target for cancer metastasis prevention. So, we studied the effects of DDR1 inhibition on EMT as well as induction of cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis in prostate cancer cell lines. DDR1 expression was evaluated using reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis. The EMT-associated protein expression was determined using the western blot analysis and immunocytochemistry following treatment with various concentrations of DDR1 inhibitor. The activation of DDR1 and also downstream-signaling molecules Pyk2 and MKK7 were determined using western blot analysis. Cell survival and proliferation after DDR1 inhibition were evaluated using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazole-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide, bromodeoxyuridine, and colony formation assays. Flow cytometry analysis was used to determine the effects of DDR1 inhibition on cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis using annexin V/propidium iodide-based flow cytometry. Results showed that the protein expression of N-cadherin and vimentin were decreased whereas protein expression of E-cadherin was increased after DDR1 inhibition. Results of our western blot analysis indicated that DDR1 inhibitor effectively downregulated P-DDR1, P-Pyk2, and P-MKK7 levels. This result also showed that DDR1 inhibition decreased cell survival and proliferation, induced G1 cell-cycle arrest, induced apoptosis by an increase in the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and depletion of the mitochondrial membrane potential, and also by reactive oxygen species creation in prostate cancer cells. These data show that DDR1 inhibition can result in the EMT prevention via inhibition of Pyk2 and MKK7 signaling pathway and induces cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis in prostate cancer cell lines. Thus, this study identifies DDR1 as an important target for modulating EMT and induction of apoptosis in prostate cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Azizi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Zahra Salemi
- Department of Biochemistry, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran.,Molecular and Medicine Research Center, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - Faranak Fallahian
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran.,Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Aghaei
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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15
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Hu S, Duan Y, Zhou Q, Wang Y, Lu Q. Nimotuzumab inhibits epithelial–mesenchymal transition in prostate cancer by targeting the Akt/YB‐1/AR axis. IUBMB Life 2019; 71:928-941. [PMID: 30907986 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Hu
- Department of Urology SurgeryHunan Provincial People's Hospital and The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University Changsha 410002 People's Republic of China
| | - Yi‐Xing Duan
- Department of Urology SurgeryHunan Provincial People's Hospital and The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University Changsha 410002 People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Zhou
- Department of Urology SurgeryHunan Provincial People's Hospital and The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University Changsha 410002 People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Wang
- Department of Urology SurgeryHunan Provincial People's Hospital and The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University Changsha 410002 People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Lu
- Department of Urology SurgeryHunan Provincial People's Hospital and The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University Changsha 410002 People's Republic of China
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16
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Nikhil K, Chang L, Viccaro K, Jacobsen M, McGuire C, Satapathy SR, Tandiary M, Broman MM, Cresswell G, He YJ, Sandusky GE, Ratliff TL, Chowdhury D, Shah K. Identification of LIMK2 as a therapeutic target in castration resistant prostate cancer. Cancer Lett 2019; 448:182-196. [PMID: 30716360 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2019.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This study identified LIMK2 kinase as a disease-specific target in castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) pathogenesis, which is upregulated in response to androgen deprivation therapy, the current standard of treatment for prostate cancer. Surgical castration increases LIMK2 expression in mouse prostates due to increased hypoxia. Similarly, human clinical specimens showed highest LIMK2 levels in CRPC tissues compared to other stages, while minimal LIMK2 was observed in normal prostates. Most notably, inducible knockdown of LIMK2 fully reverses CRPC tumorigenesis in castrated mice, underscoring its potential as a clinical target for CRPC. We also identified TWIST1 as a direct substrate of LIMK2, which uncovered the molecular mechanism of LIMK2-induced malignancy. TWIST1 is strongly associated with CRPC initiation, progression and poor prognosis. LIMK2 increases TWIST1 mRNA levels upon hypoxia; and stabilizes TWIST1 by direct phosphorylation. TWIST1 also stabilizes LIMK2 by inhibiting its ubiquitylation. Phosphorylation-dead TWIST1 acts as dominant negative and fully prevents EMT and tumor formation in vivo, thereby highlighting the significance of LIMK2-TWIST1 signaling axis in CRPC. As LIMK2 null mice are viable, targeting LIMK2 should have minimal collateral toxicity, thereby improving the overall survival of CRPC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumar Nikhil
- Department of Chemistry and Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Lei Chang
- Department of Chemistry and Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Keith Viccaro
- Department of Chemistry and Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Max Jacobsen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, 635 Barnhill Drive, Room A-128, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Callista McGuire
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, 635 Barnhill Drive, Room A-128, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Shakti R Satapathy
- Department of Chemistry and Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Michael Tandiary
- Department of Chemistry and Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Meaghan M Broman
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology and Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, 625 Harrison Street, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Gregory Cresswell
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology and Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, 625 Harrison Street, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Yizhou J He
- Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Institute of Medicine, Room HIM-229, 4 Blackfan Cir, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - George E Sandusky
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, 635 Barnhill Drive, Room A-128, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Timothy L Ratliff
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology and Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, 625 Harrison Street, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Dipanjan Chowdhury
- Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Institute of Medicine, Room HIM-229, 4 Blackfan Cir, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Kavita Shah
- Department of Chemistry and Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
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17
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Abe T, Kohashi K, Takemoto J, Kinoshita F, Eto M, Oda Y. Clinicopathological Significance and Antitumor Effect of MPHOSPH1 in Testicular Germ Cell Tumor. J Cancer 2018; 9:4440-4448. [PMID: 30519350 PMCID: PMC6277652 DOI: 10.7150/jca.25279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
MPHOSPH1, which is one of the kinesin superfamily proteins, has been reported to play an essential role in the carcinogenesis and progression of several kinds of cancers. MPHOSPH1 has also been suggested to be involved in STAT3 phosphorylation in hepatocellular carcinoma. However, the biological behavior of MPHOSPH1 in testicular germ cell tumors (TGCTs) is unclear at present. The purposes of this study were to investigate the correlation between the expression of MPHOSPH1 and clinicopathological factors and to examine the efficacy of MPHOSPH1 target therapy in TGCTs. We investigated 75 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded TGCT samples, containing a total of 86 germ cell tumor components, by immunohistochemistry and 12 frozen samples by Western blotting. Moreover, we carried out in vitro studies to clarify the antitumor effect of MPHOSPH1 knockdown in embryonal carcinoma cell lines, NEC8 and NEC14, using small interference RNA (siRNA). A significantly high expression of MPHOSPH1 was recognized in embryonal carcinoma and yolk sac tumor components compared to the seminoma component (p<0.001, respectively). Clinically, non-seminoma cases are known to have worse prognosis than pure-seminoma cases. Interestingly, high MPHOSPH1 expression was associated with distant metastasis (p=0.001), and thus with advanced-stage disease in this study. High expression of MPHOSPH1 interacted with high expression of phosphorylated STAT3 (p=0.01). The in vitro experiments demonstrated that MPHOSPH1 interruption by siRNA resulted in a significant reduction of cell migration, invasion, proliferation and colony formation in both embryonal carcinoma cell lines (p<0.001, respectively). In conclusion, MPHOSPH1 may be a potential treatment option for TGCTs, and its expression may be a novel biomarker of poor prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuro Abe
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Kenichi Kohashi
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Junkichi Takemoto
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Fumio Kinoshita
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Eto
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yoshinao Oda
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
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18
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Natural Products to Fight Cancer: A Focus on Juglans regia. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10110469. [PMID: 30441778 PMCID: PMC6266065 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10110469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Even if cancer represents a burden for human society, an exhaustive cure has not been discovered yet. Low therapeutic index and resistance to pharmacotherapy are two of the major limits of antitumour treatments. Natural products represent an excellent library of bioactive molecules. Thus, tapping into the natural world may prove useful in identifying new therapeutic options with favourable pharmaco-toxicological profiles. Juglans regia, or common walnut, is a very resilient tree that has inhabited our planet for thousands of years. Many studies correlate walnut consumption to beneficial effects towards several chronic diseases, such as cancer, mainly due to the bioactive molecules stored in different parts of the plant. Among others, polyphenols, quinones, proteins, and essential fatty acids contribute to its pharmacologic activity. The present review aims to offer a comprehensive perspective about the antitumour potential of the most promising compounds stored in this plant, such as juglanin, juglone, and the ellagitannin-metabolites urolithins or deriving from walnut dietary intake. All molecules and a chronic intake of the fruit provide tangible anticancer effects. However, the scarcity of studies on humans does not allow results to be conclusive.
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19
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Jolly MK, Somarelli JA, Sheth M, Biddle A, Tripathi SC, Armstrong AJ, Hanash SM, Bapat SA, Rangarajan A, Levine H. Hybrid epithelial/mesenchymal phenotypes promote metastasis and therapy resistance across carcinomas. Pharmacol Ther 2018; 194:161-184. [PMID: 30268772 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2018.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cancer metastasis and therapy resistance are the major unsolved clinical challenges, and account for nearly all cancer-related deaths. Both metastasis and therapy resistance are fueled by epithelial plasticity, the reversible phenotypic transitions between epithelial and mesenchymal phenotypes, including epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and mesenchymal-epithelial transition (MET). EMT and MET have been largely considered as binary processes, where cells detach from the primary tumor as individual units with many, if not all, traits of a mesenchymal cell (EMT) and then convert back to being epithelial (MET). However, recent studies have demonstrated that cells can metastasize in ways alternative to traditional EMT paradigm; for example, they can detach as clusters, and/or occupy one or more stable hybrid epithelial/mesenchymal (E/M) phenotypes that can be the end point of a transition. Such hybrid E/M cells can integrate various epithelial and mesenchymal traits and markers, facilitating collective cell migration. Furthermore, these hybrid E/M cells may possess higher tumor-initiation and metastatic potential as compared to cells on either end of the EMT spectrum. Here, we review in silico, in vitro, in vivo and clinical evidence for the existence of one or more hybrid E/M phenotype(s) in multiple carcinomas, and discuss their implications in tumor-initiation, tumor relapse, therapy resistance, and metastasis. Together, these studies drive the emerging notion that cells in a hybrid E/M phenotype may occupy 'metastatic sweet spot' in multiple subtypes of carcinomas, and pathways linked to this (these) hybrid E/M state(s) may be relevant as prognostic biomarkers as well as a promising therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohit Kumar Jolly
- Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Jason A Somarelli
- Duke Cancer Institute and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, USA
| | - Maya Sheth
- Duke Cancer Institute and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, USA
| | - Adrian Biddle
- Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Satyendra C Tripathi
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA
| | - Andrew J Armstrong
- Duke Cancer Institute and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, USA
| | - Samir M Hanash
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA
| | - Sharmila A Bapat
- National Center for Cell Science, Savitribai Phule Pune University Campus, Ganeshkhind, Pune, India
| | - Annapoorni Rangarajan
- Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development & Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Herbert Levine
- Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA.
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20
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Fucic A, Aghajanyan A, Culig Z, Le Novere N. Systems Oncology: Bridging Pancreatic and Castrate Resistant Prostate Cancer. Pathol Oncol Res 2018; 25:1269-1277. [PMID: 30220022 DOI: 10.1007/s12253-018-0467-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Large investments by pharmaceutical companies in the development of new antineoplastic drugs have not been resulting in adequate advances of new therapies. Despite the introduction of new methods, technologies, translational medicine and bioinformatics, the usage of collected knowledge is unsatisfactory. In this paper, using examples of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PaC) and castrate-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), we proposed a concept showing that, in order to improve applicability of current knowledge in oncology, the re-clustering of clinical and scientific data is crucial. Such an approach, based on systems oncology, would include bridging of data on biomarkers and pathways between different cancer types. Proposed concept would introduce a new matrix, which enables combining of already approved therapies between cancer types. Paper provides a (a) detailed analysis of similarities in mechanisms of etiology and progression between PaC and CRPC, (b) diabetes as common hallmark of both cancer types and (c) knowledge gaps and directions of future investigations. Proposed horizontal and vertical matrix in cancer profiling has potency to improve current antineoplastic therapy efficacy. Systems biology map using Systems Biology Graphical Notation Language is used for summarizing complex interactions and similarities of mechanisms in biology of PaC and CRPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Fucic
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska c 2, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - A Aghajanyan
- Institute of Medicine, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Z Culig
- Department of Urology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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21
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Fang F, Chen S, Ma J, Cui J, Li Q, Meng G, Wang L. Juglone suppresses epithelial-mesenchymal transition in prostate cancer cells via the protein kinase B/glycogen synthase kinase-3β/Snail signaling pathway. Oncol Lett 2018; 16:2579-2584. [PMID: 30013652 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.8885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) serves an important role in the metastasis of prostate cancer. Juglone is a natural compound isolated from plants that is reported to possess potent cytotoxic properties. However, there are no studies on the anti-EMT effect of juglone in prostate cancer, or its potential underlying mechanisms of action. In the present study, the effect of juglone on the EMT of prostate cancer cells was investigated. Transwell assays were used to demonstrate that juglone inhibits the migration and invasion of the prostate cancer (PC) LNCaP and LNCaP-AI cell lines. Results from western blot analysis demonstrated that juglone increases the expression of the epithelial marker E-cadherin while decreasing the expression of mesenchymal markers (N-cadherin and Vimentin) in a dose-dependent manner. The data from the present study also revealed that juglone downregulates the expression of Snail, a repressor of E-cadherin and an inducer of EMT. Furthermore, juglone prevented inactivation of glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β), an endogenous inhibitor of Snail in a dose-dependent manner. Lithium chloride (LiCl), a GSK-3β inhibitor, prevented juglone-mediated downregulation of Snail expression and upregulation of E-cadherin. In addition, phosphorylation and subsequent activation of protein kinase B (Akt), which is known to phosphorylate GSK-3β at serine 9 (Ser9), leading to its inhibition, were significantly decreased by juglone in LNCaP and LNCaP-AI cells. Inhibition of the phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway by LY294002 augmented juglone-mediated GSK-3β activity by inhibiting Ser9 phosphorylation. These findings indicated that juglone suppresses EMT via the Akt/GSK-3β/Snail pathway, consequently decreasing the invasiveness of PC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Fang
- Department of Immunology, Jilin Medical University, Jilin City, Jilin 132013, P.R. China
| | - Shuang Chen
- Department of Immunology, Jilin Medical University, Jilin City, Jilin 132013, P.R. China
| | - Jing Ma
- Department of Immunology, Jilin Medical University, Jilin City, Jilin 132013, P.R. China
| | - Jiabo Cui
- Department of Immunology, Jilin Medical University, Jilin City, Jilin 132013, P.R. China
| | - Qiang Li
- Department of Immunology, Jilin Medical University, Jilin City, Jilin 132013, P.R. China
| | - Guixian Meng
- Department of Immunology, Jilin Medical University, Jilin City, Jilin 132013, P.R. China
| | - Liguo Wang
- Department of Urology Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jilin Medical University, Jilin City, Jilin 132013, P.R. China
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22
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Sun Y, Xu K, He M, Fan G, Lu H. Overexpression of Glypican 5 (GPC5) Inhibits Prostate Cancer Cell Proliferation and Invasion via Suppressing Sp1-Mediated EMT and Activation of Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling. Oncol Res 2018; 26:565-572. [PMID: 28893348 PMCID: PMC7844840 DOI: 10.3727/096504017x15044461944385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Glypican 5 (GPC5) belongs to the family of heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs). It was initially known as a regulator of growth factors and morphogens. Recently, there have been reports on its correlation with the tumorigenic process in the development of some cancers. However, little is known about its precise role in prostate cancer (PCa). In the present study, we explored the expression pattern and biological functions of GPC5 in PCa cells. Our results showed that GPC5 was lowly expressed in PCa cell lines. Upregulation of GPC5 significantly inhibited PCa cell proliferation and invasion in vitro as well as attenuated tumor growth in vivo. We also found that overexpression of GPC5 inhibited the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and Wnt/β-catenin signaling activation, which was mediated by Sp1. Taken together, we suggest GPC5 as a tumor suppressor in PCa and provide promising therapeutic strategies for PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Sun
- Department of Pathology, General Hospital of Daqing Oil Field, Daqing, P.R. China
| | - Kai Xu
- Department of Pathology, General Hospital of Daqing Oil Field, Daqing, P.R. China
| | - Miao He
- Department of Pathology, General Hospital of Daqing Oil Field, Daqing, P.R. China
| | - Guilian Fan
- Department of Pathology, General Hospital of Daqing Oil Field, Daqing, P.R. China
| | - Hongming Lu
- Department of Pathology, General Hospital of Daqing Oil Field, Daqing, P.R. China
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23
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Liu Z, Zhang H, Ding S, Qi S, Liu S, Sun D, Dong W, Yin L, Li M, Zhao X, Lu J. βKlotho inhibits androgen/androgen receptor‑associated epithelial‑mesenchymal transition in prostate cancer through inactivation of ERK1/2 signaling. Oncol Rep 2018; 40:217-225. [PMID: 29749458 PMCID: PMC6059743 DOI: 10.3892/or.2018.6399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is reported to have intimate crosstalk with androgen receptor (AR) signaling in prostate cancer (PCa) and is known to be responsible for castration resistance. Fibroblast growth factor/receptor (FGF/FGFR) signaling is also involved in tumor progression and EMT in multiple tissues. Several studies have investigated the role of βKlotho, an FGF/FGFR signaling co-receptor in tumorigenesis. However, its role in PCa remains unknown. In the present study, the role of androgen in the EMT of PCa cells was examined by western blotting. The expression of βKlotho was examined in prostate cells and PCa tissues by western blotting and immunohistochemistry, respectively. The biological role of βKlotho was revealed by a series of functional in vitro and in vivo studies. We determined that βKlotho expression was significantly decreased in PCa tissues compared with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) tissues, and low βKlotho expression was associated with a high Gleason score of PCa. βKlotho overexpression inhibited the viability, migration, and androgen/AR-associated EMT of PCa cells through the inactivation of ERK1/2 signaling. Notably, βKlotho overexpression inhibited prostate tumor growth and EMT in vivo. Knockdown of βKlotho produced the opposite effects. In conclusion, βKlotho inhibits EMT and plays a tumor-suppressive role in PCa, linking FGF/FGFR/βKlotho signaling to the regulation of PCa progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Liu
- Department of Urology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Sentai Ding
- Department of Urology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Shasha Qi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Shuai Liu
- Department of Urology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Dingqi Sun
- Department of Urology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Wei Dong
- Department of Urology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Lei Yin
- Department of Urology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Mingjiang Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Xingbo Zhao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Jiaju Lu
- Department of Urology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
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24
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Hunter I, Hay CW, Esswein B, Watt K, McEwan IJ. Tissue control of androgen action: The ups and downs of androgen receptor expression. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2018; 465:27-35. [PMID: 28789969 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The hormone testosterone plays crucial roles during male development and puberty and throughout life, as an anabolic regulator of muscle and bone structure and function. The actions of testosterone are mediated, primarily, through the androgen receptor, a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily. The androgen receptor gene is located on the X-chromosome and receptor levels are tightly controlled both at the level of transcription of the gene and post-translationally at the protein level. Sp1 has emerged as the major driver of expression of the androgen receptor gene, while auto-regulation by androgens is associated with both positive and negative regulation in a possible cell-selective manner. Research into the networks of positive and negative regulators of the androgen receptor gene are vital in order to understand the temporal and spatial control of receptor levels and the consequences for healthy aging and disease. A clear understanding of the multiple transcription factors participating in regulation of the androgen receptor gene will likely aid in the development and application of hormone therapies to boast or curb receptor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Hunter
- Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, Scotland, UK
| | - Colin W Hay
- Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, Scotland, UK
| | - Bianca Esswein
- Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, Scotland, UK; Friedrich-Schiller-Universitat, Jena, Germany
| | - Kate Watt
- Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, Scotland, UK
| | - Iain J McEwan
- Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, Scotland, UK.
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25
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Epithelial-mesenchymal transition in prostate cancer: an overview. Oncotarget 2018; 8:35376-35389. [PMID: 28430640 PMCID: PMC5471062 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is a main urological disease associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Radical prostatectomy and radiotherapy are potentially curative for localized prostate cancer, while androgen deprivation therapy is the initial systemic therapy for metastatic prostate disease. However, despite temporary response, most patients relapse and evolve into castration resistant cancer. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a complex gradual process that occurs during embryonic development and/or tumor progression. During this process, cells lose their epithelial characteristics and acquire mesenchymal features. Increasing evidences indicate that EMT promotes prostate cancer metastatic progression and it is closely correlated with increased stemness and drug resistance. In this review, we discuss the main molecular events that directly or indirectly govern the EMT program in prostate cancer, in order to better define the role and the mechanisms underlying this process in prostate cancer progression and therapeutic resistance.
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26
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Chaiswing L, Weiss HL, Jayswal RD, St. Clair DK, Kyprianou N. Profiles of Radioresistance Mechanisms in Prostate Cancer. Crit Rev Oncog 2018; 23:39-67. [PMID: 29953367 PMCID: PMC6231577 DOI: 10.1615/critrevoncog.2018025946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Radiation therapy (RT) is commonly used for the treatment of localized prostate cancer (PCa). However, cancer cells often develop resistance to radiation through unknown mechanisms and pose an intractable challenge. Radiation resistance is highly unpredictable, rendering the treatment less effective in many patients and frequently causing metastasis and cancer recurrence. Understanding the molecular events that cause radioresistance in PCa will enable us to develop adjuvant treatments for enhancing the efficacy of RT. Radioresistant PCa depends on the elevated DNA repair system and the intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) to proliferate, self-renew, and scavenge anti-cancer regimens, whereas the elevated heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) and the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) enable radioresistant PCa cells to metastasize after exposure to radiation. The up-regulation of the DNA repairing system, ROS, HSP90, and EMT effectors has been studied extensively, but not targeted by adjuvant therapy of radioresistant PCa. Here, we emphasize the effects of ionizing radiation and the mechanisms driving the emergence of radioresistant PCa. We also address the markers of radioresistance, the gene signatures for the predictive response to radiotherapy, and novel therapeutic platforms for targeting radioresistant PCa. This review provides significant insights into enhancing the current knowledge and the understanding toward optimization of these markers for the treatment of radioresistant PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Heidi L. Weiss
- The Markey Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Shared Resource Facility
| | - Rani D. Jayswal
- The Markey Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Shared Resource Facility
| | | | - Natasha Kyprianou
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology
- Department of Urology
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
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27
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Gamat M, McNeel DG. Androgen deprivation and immunotherapy for the treatment of prostate cancer. Endocr Relat Cancer 2017; 24:T297-T310. [PMID: 28814451 PMCID: PMC5669826 DOI: 10.1530/erc-17-0145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the most common newly diagnosed malignancy in men, and the second most common cause of cancer-related death in the United States. The primary treatment for recurrent prostate cancer is androgen deprivation, and this therapy is typically continued lifelong for patients with metastatic prostate cancer. Androgens and androgen deprivation have profound effects on the immune system, a finding that has become more appreciated in an era where immune-based treatments for cancer are being increasingly explored. Preclinical studies suggest that androgen deprivation could potentially positively or negatively affect the use of approved immunotherapies, or those that are being developed for the treatment of prostate cancer. In this review, we provide a brief overview of the different types of androgen deprivation treatments used in the management of prostate cancer, discuss their effects on prostate tumors and the immune system and how they are being explored in combination with immunotherapy. Finally, we address some of the critical questions in the field that must be answered to identify the best approaches to combine androgen deprivation with immunotherapy for the treatment of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Gamat
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer CenterMadison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Douglas G McNeel
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer CenterMadison, Wisconsin, USA
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28
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Huang CG, Li FX, Pan S, Xu CB, Dai JQ, Zhao XH. Identification of genes associated with castration‑resistant prostate cancer by gene expression profile analysis. Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:6803-6813. [PMID: 28901445 PMCID: PMC5865838 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.7488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (CaP) is a serious and common genital tumor. Generally, men with metastatic CaP can easily develop castration‑resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). However, the pathogenesis and tumorigenic pathways of CRPC remain to be elucidated. The present study performed a comprehensive analysis on the gene expression profile of CRPC in order to determine the pathogenesis and tumorigenic of CRPC. The GSE33316 microarray, which consisted of 5 non‑castrated samples and 5 castrated samples, was downloaded from the gene expression omnibus database. Subsequently, 201 upregulated and 161 downregulated differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified using the limma package in R and those genes were classified and annotated by plugin Mcode of Cytoscape. Gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analyses were performed using Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery and KEGG Orthology Based Annotation System 2.0 online tools to investigate the function of different gene modules. The BiNGO tool was used to visualize the level of enriched GO terms. Protein‑protein interaction network was constructed using STRING and analyzed with Cytoscape. In conclusion, the present study determined that aldo‑keto reductase 3, cyclin B2, regulator of G protein signaling 2, nuclear factor of activated T‑cells and protein kinase C a may have important roles in the development of CRPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chui Guo Huang
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450014, P.R. China
| | - Feng Xi Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Glands Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530000, P.R. China
| | - Song Pan
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450014, P.R. China
| | - Chang Bao Xu
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450014, P.R. China
| | - Jun Qiang Dai
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730030, P.R. China
| | - Xing Hua Zhao
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450014, P.R. China
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29
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Wu N, He C, Zhu B, Jiang J, Chen Y, Ma T. 3-Phosphoinositide Dependent Protein Kinase-1 (PDK-1) Promotes Migration and Invasion in Gastric Cancer Cells Through Activating the NF-κB Pathway. Oncol Res 2017; 25:1153-1159. [PMID: 28109078 PMCID: PMC7841078 DOI: 10.3727/096504017x14845839228545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most common cancers and the second leading cause of cancer deaths in the world. Many factors have been reported regarding the progression and development of GC. In this study, we aimed to investigate the correlation of 3-phosphoinositide dependent protein kinase-1 (PDK-1) with cell viability, migration, and invasion of GC. The expression of PDK-1 was measured in different GC cell lines. Thereafter, the expression of PDK-1 was interfered by small hairpin RNA (shRNA) and then incubated with or without the inhibitor of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC). We then investigated the effects of PDK-1 aberrant expression on GC cell viability, migration, invasion, and the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) progress. The results showed that PDK-1 was highly expressed in GC cells, and PDK-1 promoted cell viability, migration, invasion, and EMT in GC. Moreover, we confirmed that PDK-1 activated the phosphatidylinositol 3-hydroxy kinase (PI3K)/AKT and NF-κB signaling pathways. However, administration of PDTC reversed the effects of overexpression of PDK-1 on cell migration and invasion. All these findings suggest that PDK-1 may be involved in progression of GC and could be a new therapeutic target for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Wu
- *Department of Oncology, Shanghai Pudong New Area Gongli Hospital, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Changyu He
- †Department of Oncology, Ruijin Hospital Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Bohui Zhu
- *Department of Oncology, Shanghai Pudong New Area Gongli Hospital, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Jinling Jiang
- †Department of Oncology, Ruijin Hospital Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Yiwen Chen
- *Department of Oncology, Shanghai Pudong New Area Gongli Hospital, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Tao Ma
- †Department of Oncology, Ruijin Hospital Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China
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30
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Rycaj K, Li H, Zhou J, Chen X, Tang DG. Cellular determinants and microenvironmental regulation of prostate cancer metastasis. Semin Cancer Biol 2017; 44:83-97. [PMID: 28408152 PMCID: PMC5491097 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2017.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Revised: 03/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Metastasis causes more than 90% of cancer-related deaths and most prostate cancer (PCa) patients also die from metastasis. The 'metastatic cascade' is a complex biological process that encompasses tumor cell dissociation (from the primary tumor), local invasion, intravasation, transport in circulation, extravasation, colonization, and overt growth in end organs. It has become clear that successful metastasis not only involves many tumor cell-intrinsic properties but also depends on productive interactions between cancer cells and the tumor microenvironment. In this Review, we begin with a general summary on cancer metastasis and a specific discussion on PCa metastasis. We then discuss recent advances in our knowledge of the cellular determinants of PCa metastasis and the importance of tumor microenvironment, especially an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, in shaping metastatic propensities. We conclude with a presentation of current and future therapeutic options for patients with PCa metastasis, emphasizing the development of novel, mechanism-based combinatorial strategies for treating metastatic and castration-resistant PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiera Rycaj
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA.
| | - Hangwen Li
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA; Cancer Stem Cell Institute, Research Center for Translational Medicine, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Jianjun Zhou
- Cancer Stem Cell Institute, Research Center for Translational Medicine, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Dean G Tang
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA; Cancer Stem Cell Institute, Research Center for Translational Medicine, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China.
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31
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Wang X, Wang S, Li X, Jin S, Xiong F, Wang X. The critical role of EGF-β-catenin signaling in the epithelial-mesenchymal transition in human glioblastoma. Onco Targets Ther 2017; 10:2781-2789. [PMID: 28615958 PMCID: PMC5460645 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s138908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
To date, β-catenin has been reported to be implicated in mediating the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in a variety of human cancers, which can be triggered by EGF. However, the mechanisms underlying EGF-β-catenin pathway-induced EMT of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) have not been reported previously. In the present study, immunohistochemistry, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, and Western blot were applied to investigate the effect of EGF-β-catenin pathway on EMT of GBM. Here, we identified that β-catenin mRNA and protein levels were up-regulated in GBM tissues and four kinds of glioblastoma cell lines, including T98G, A172, U87, and U251 cells, compared with normal brain tissue and astrocytes. In U87 cell line, inhibition of β-catenin by siRNA suppressed EGF-induced proliferation, migration, invasiveness, and the expression of EMT activators (Snail and Slug). In addition, the expression of epithelial markers (E-cadherin) was up-regulated and the expression of mesenchymal markers (N-cadherin and MMP9) was down-regulated. Finally, inhibitor of PI3K/Akt signaling pathways inactivated the EGF-β-catenin-induced EMT. In conclusion, β-catenin-EMT pathway induced by EGF is important for GBM progression by the PI3K/Akt pathways. Inhibition of β-catenin leads to suppression of EGF pathway-induced EMT, which provides a new way to treat GBM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingqiang Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, People's Hospital of Rizhao, Jining Medical University, Rizhao, China
| | - Shanshi Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, People's Hospital of Rizhao, Jining Medical University, Rizhao, China
| | - Xiaolong Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, People's Hospital of Rizhao, Jining Medical University, Rizhao, China
| | - Shigang Jin
- Department of Neurosurgery, People's Hospital of Rizhao, Jining Medical University, Rizhao, China
| | - Feng Xiong
- Department of Neurosurgery, People's Hospital of Rizhao, Jining Medical University, Rizhao, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, People's Hospital of Rizhao, Jining Medical University, Rizhao, China
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Miao L, Yang L, Li R, Rodrigues DN, Crespo M, Hsieh JT, Tilley WD, de Bono J, Selth LA, Raj GV. Disrupting Androgen Receptor Signaling Induces Snail-Mediated Epithelial–Mesenchymal Plasticity in Prostate Cancer. Cancer Res 2017; 77:3101-3112. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-16-2169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Knockdown of FOXR2 suppresses the tumorigenesis, growth and metastasis of prostate cancer. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 87:471-475. [PMID: 28068638 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.12.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Fork-head box R2 (FOXR2), a member of FOX protein family, was reported to play important roles in the development and progression of cancers. However, the expression and function of FOXR2 in prostate cancer remain unclear. In this study, we investigated the role of FOXR2 in prostate cancer and cancer progression including the molecular mechanism that drives FOXR2-mediated oncogenesis. Our results showed that FOXR2 was overexpressed in prostate cancer cell lines. The in vitro experiments demonstrated that knockdown of FOXR2 significantly repressed the proliferation, migration and invasiveness of prostate cancer cells. Furthermore, the in vivo experiments indicated that knockdown of FOXR2 significantly attenuated prostate cancer growth. Finally, knockdown of FOXR2 significantly down-regulated the protein expression levels of β-catenin, cyclinD1 and c-Myc in DU-145 cells. Taken together, our results demonstrated for the first time that FOXR2 plays a critical role in cell proliferation and invasion, at least in part, through inhibiting the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway during prostate cancer progression. Thus, FOXR2 may be an attractive therapeutic target for the treatment of prostate cancer.
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Shiota M, Kiyoshima K, Yokomizo A, Takeuchi A, Kashiwagi E, Dejima T, Takahashi R, Inokuchi J, Tatsugami K, Eto M. Suppressed Recurrent Bladder Cancer after Androgen Suppression with Androgen Deprivation Therapy or 5α-Reductase Inhibitor. J Urol 2016; 197:308-313. [PMID: 27506696 DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2016.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We determined whether intravesical recurrence is affected by inhibition of androgen signaling among men with nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS We examined the intravesical recurrence rate among men treated with or without androgen suppression therapy by androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer or 5α-reductase inhibitor dutasteride for benign prostatic hyperplasia. RESULTS We studied 228 men, including 32 with and 196 without androgen suppression therapy. During a median followup of 3.6 and 3.0 years intravesical recurrence developed in 4 (12.5%) and 59 men (30.1%) with and without androgen suppression therapy, respectively. On multivariate analysis multiple tumors (HR 1.82, p = 0.027), a large tumor (HR 2.13, p = 0.043) and ever smoking (HR 2.45, p = 0.020) as well as the presence of androgen suppression therapy (HR 0.36, p = 0.024) were independent risk factors for intravesical recurrence. Notably, tumor progressed to muscle invasive bladder cancer in 6 men (3.1%) without androgen suppression therapy. No man with androgen suppression therapy progressed to muscle invasive bladder cancer. CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests the possibility of androgen suppression therapy as prophylaxis for intravesical recurrence of bladder cancer. Further explorations are warranted of the prophylactic effect of androgen suppression therapy on bladder cancer pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Shiota
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Keijiro Kiyoshima
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Akira Yokomizo
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Ario Takeuchi
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Eiji Kashiwagi
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takashi Dejima
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Takahashi
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Junichi Inokuchi
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Katsunori Tatsugami
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Eto
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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The role of mesenchymal stem cells in promoting the transformation of androgen-dependent human prostate cancer cells into androgen-independent manner. Sci Rep 2016; 6:16993. [PMID: 26787499 PMCID: PMC4726385 DOI: 10.1038/srep16993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) play an important role in the development of human prostate cancer (PCa). However, the role of MSCs in the transformation of androgen-dependent human PCa cells into androgen-independent manner has been poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the underlying mechanism of MSCs in promoting PCa cells from androgen-dependent into androgen-independent manner. Firstly, we demonstrated that MSCs could affect the transformation of androgen-dependent human PCa cells into androgen-independent manner in vivo and in vitro. Then we found a substantial expression of TGF-β in MSCs. TGF-β blockade could significantly inhibit the promotive function of MSCs in PCa cells. Besides that, we also demonstrated androgen might inhibit the expression of TGF-β in MSCs. Furthermore, we found that either overexpression of SSEA-4 or the number of SSEA-4 positive MSCs in PCa tissues was associated with a shorter cancer-free survival interval (CFSI) and a worse overall survival (OS). Our results suggest that androgen blockade treatment in clinical PCa therapy may elicit the expression of TGF-β in MSCs, which will result in the transformation of androgen-dependent human PCa cells into androgen-independent manner.
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