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Mangiafico SP, Tuo QZ, Li XL, Liu Y, Haralambous C, Ding XL, Ayton S, Wang Q, Laybutt DR, Chan JY, Zhang X, Kos C, Thomas HE, Loudovaris T, Yang CH, Joannides CN, Lamont BJ, Dai L, He HH, Dong B, Andrikopoulos S, Bush AI, Lei P. Tau suppresses microtubule-regulated pancreatic insulin secretion. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:3982-3993. [PMID: 37735502 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-02267-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Tau protein is implicated in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other tauopathies, but its physiological function is in debate. Mostly explored in the brain, tau is also expressed in the pancreas. We further explored the mechanism of tau's involvement in the regulation of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) in islet β-cells, and established a potential relationship between type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and AD. We demonstrate that pancreatic tau is crucial for insulin secretion regulation and glucose homeostasis. Tau levels were found to be elevated in β-islet cells of patients with T2DM, and loss of tau enhanced insulin secretion in cell lines, drosophila, and mice. Pharmacological or genetic suppression of tau in the db/db diabetic mouse model normalized glucose levels by promoting insulin secretion and was recapitulated by pharmacological inhibition of microtubule assembly. Clinical studies further showed that serum tau protein was positively correlated with blood glucose levels in healthy controls, which was lost in AD. These findings present tau as a common therapeutic target between AD and T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore P Mangiafico
- Department of Medicine, Austin Hospital, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, VIC, 3084, Australia
| | - Qing-Zhang Tuo
- Department of Neurology and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 610041, China
| | - Xiao-Lan Li
- Department of Neurology and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 610041, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Neurology and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 610041, China
| | - Christian Haralambous
- Department of Medicine, Austin Hospital, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, VIC, 3084, Australia
| | - Xu-Long Ding
- Department of Neurology and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 610041, China
| | - Scott Ayton
- Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Qing Wang
- Department of Neurology and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 610041, China
| | - D Ross Laybutt
- Diabetes and Metabolism Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia
| | - Jeng Yie Chan
- Diabetes and Metabolism Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia
| | - Xiang Zhang
- Department of Neurology and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 610041, China
| | - Cameron Kos
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research and Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC, 3065, Australia
| | - Helen E Thomas
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research and Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC, 3065, Australia
| | - Thomas Loudovaris
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research and Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC, 3065, Australia
- Institute for Cellular Transplantation, Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85724-5066, USA
| | - Chieh-Hsin Yang
- Department of Medicine, Austin Hospital, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, VIC, 3084, Australia
| | - Christos N Joannides
- Department of Medicine, Austin Hospital, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, VIC, 3084, Australia
| | - Benjamin J Lamont
- Department of Medicine, Austin Hospital, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, VIC, 3084, Australia
| | - Lunzhi Dai
- Department of Neurology and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 610041, China
| | - Hai-Huai He
- Department of Neurology and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 610041, China
| | - Biao Dong
- Department of Neurology and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 610041, China
| | - Sofianos Andrikopoulos
- Department of Medicine, Austin Hospital, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, VIC, 3084, Australia.
| | - Ashley I Bush
- Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.
| | - Peng Lei
- Department of Neurology and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 610041, China.
- Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.
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Kinross KM, Montgomery KG, Mangiafico SP, Hare LM, Kleinschmidt M, Bywater MJ, Poulton IJ, Vrahnas C, Henneicke H, Malaterre J, Waring PM, Cullinane C, Sims NA, McArthur GA, Andrikopoulos S, Phillips WA. Ubiquitous expression of the Pik3caH1047R mutation promotes hypoglycemia, hypoinsulinemia, and organomegaly. FASEB J 2014; 29:1426-34. [PMID: 25550458 DOI: 10.1096/fj.14-262782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in PIK3CA, the gene encoding the p110α catalytic subunit of PI3K, are among the most common mutations found in human cancer and have also recently been implicated in a range of overgrowth syndromes in humans. We have used a novel inducible "exon-switch" approach to knock in the constitutively active Pik3ca(H1047R) mutation into the endogenous Pik3ca gene of the mouse. Ubiquitous expression of the Pik3ca(H1047R) mutation throughout the body resulted in a dramatic increase in body weight within 3 weeks of induction (mutant 150 ± 5%; wild-type 117 ± 3%, mean ± sem), which was associated with increased organ size rather than adiposity. Severe metabolic effects, including a reduction in blood glucose levels to 59 ± 4% of baseline (11 days postinduction) and undetectable insulin levels, were also observed. Pik3ca(H1047R) mutant mice died earlier (median survival 46.5 d post-mutation induction) than wild-type control mice (100% survival > 250 days). Although deletion of Akt2 increased median survival by 44%, neither organ overgrowth, nor hypoglycemia were rescued, indicating that both the growth and metabolic functions of constitutive PI3K activity can be Akt2 independent. This mouse model demonstrates the critical role of PI3K in the regulation of both organ size and glucose metabolism at the whole animal level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn M Kinross
- *Surgical Oncology Research Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; University of Melbourne Department of Medicine, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia; Translational Research Laboratories, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research and University of Melbourne Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia; Bone Research Program, ANZAC Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Differentiation and Transcription Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; **Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and University of Melbourne Department of Surgery, St. Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Karen G Montgomery
- *Surgical Oncology Research Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; University of Melbourne Department of Medicine, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia; Translational Research Laboratories, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research and University of Melbourne Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia; Bone Research Program, ANZAC Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Differentiation and Transcription Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; **Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and University of Melbourne Department of Surgery, St. Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Salvatore P Mangiafico
- *Surgical Oncology Research Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; University of Melbourne Department of Medicine, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia; Translational Research Laboratories, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research and University of Melbourne Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia; Bone Research Program, ANZAC Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Differentiation and Transcription Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; **Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and University of Melbourne Department of Surgery, St. Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lauren M Hare
- *Surgical Oncology Research Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; University of Melbourne Department of Medicine, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia; Translational Research Laboratories, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research and University of Melbourne Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia; Bone Research Program, ANZAC Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Differentiation and Transcription Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; **Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and University of Melbourne Department of Surgery, St. Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Margarete Kleinschmidt
- *Surgical Oncology Research Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; University of Melbourne Department of Medicine, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia; Translational Research Laboratories, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research and University of Melbourne Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia; Bone Research Program, ANZAC Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Differentiation and Transcription Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; **Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and University of Melbourne Department of Surgery, St. Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Megan J Bywater
- *Surgical Oncology Research Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; University of Melbourne Department of Medicine, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia; Translational Research Laboratories, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research and University of Melbourne Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia; Bone Research Program, ANZAC Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Differentiation and Transcription Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; **Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and University of Melbourne Department of Surgery, St. Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ingrid J Poulton
- *Surgical Oncology Research Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; University of Melbourne Department of Medicine, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia; Translational Research Laboratories, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research and University of Melbourne Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia; Bone Research Program, ANZAC Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Differentiation and Transcription Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; **Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and University of Melbourne Department of Surgery, St. Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Christina Vrahnas
- *Surgical Oncology Research Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; University of Melbourne Department of Medicine, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia; Translational Research Laboratories, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research and University of Melbourne Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia; Bone Research Program, ANZAC Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Differentiation and Transcription Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; **Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and University of Melbourne Department of Surgery, St. Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Holger Henneicke
- *Surgical Oncology Research Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; University of Melbourne Department of Medicine, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia; Translational Research Laboratories, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research and University of Melbourne Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia; Bone Research Program, ANZAC Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Differentiation and Transcription Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; **Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and University of Melbourne Department of Surgery, St. Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jordane Malaterre
- *Surgical Oncology Research Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; University of Melbourne Department of Medicine, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia; Translational Research Laboratories, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research and University of Melbourne Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia; Bone Research Program, ANZAC Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Differentiation and Transcription Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; **Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and University of Melbourne Department of Surgery, St. Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Paul M Waring
- *Surgical Oncology Research Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; University of Melbourne Department of Medicine, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia; Translational Research Laboratories, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research and University of Melbourne Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia; Bone Research Program, ANZAC Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Differentiation and Transcription Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; **Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and University of Melbourne Department of Surgery, St. Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Carleen Cullinane
- *Surgical Oncology Research Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; University of Melbourne Department of Medicine, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia; Translational Research Laboratories, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research and University of Melbourne Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia; Bone Research Program, ANZAC Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Differentiation and Transcription Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; **Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and University of Melbourne Department of Surgery, St. Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Natalie A Sims
- *Surgical Oncology Research Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; University of Melbourne Department of Medicine, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia; Translational Research Laboratories, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research and University of Melbourne Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia; Bone Research Program, ANZAC Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Differentiation and Transcription Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; **Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and University of Melbourne Department of Surgery, St. Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Grant A McArthur
- *Surgical Oncology Research Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; University of Melbourne Department of Medicine, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia; Translational Research Laboratories, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research and University of Melbourne Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia; Bone Research Program, ANZAC Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Differentiation and Transcription Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; **Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and University of Melbourne Department of Surgery, St. Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sofianos Andrikopoulos
- *Surgical Oncology Research Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; University of Melbourne Department of Medicine, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia; Translational Research Laboratories, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research and University of Melbourne Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia; Bone Research Program, ANZAC Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Differentiation and Transcription Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; **Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and University of Melbourne Department of Surgery, St. Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Wayne A Phillips
- *Surgical Oncology Research Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; University of Melbourne Department of Medicine, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia; Translational Research Laboratories, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research and University of Melbourne Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia; Bone Research Program, ANZAC Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Differentiation and Transcription Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; **Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and University of Melbourne Department of Surgery, St. Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
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