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Souza KRD, Engel NA, Costa AB, Soares HJ, Bressan CBC, Oliveira MPD, Dela Vedova LM, Silva LED, Mendes TF, Silva MRD, Rezin GT. Influence of anti-obesity strategies on brain function in health and review: A review. Neurochem Int 2023; 163:105468. [PMID: 36587746 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2022.105468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this review was to investigate in the literature the application of strategies such as low carbohydrate diet (LCD), ketogenic diet (KD) and intermittent fasting (IF) and their effects on the CNS. We performed a narrative review of the literature. The search was specifically carried out in PubMed, selecting articles in English, which had the following keywords: obesity, central nervous system, low carb diet, ketogenic diet and intermittent fasting, using the narrative review methodology. The studies found show that the benefits of the LCD, KD and IF strategies, at the CNS level, have a strong influence on the mechanisms of hunger and satiety, as well as on the reduction of food reward and show improvement in memory and mood influenced by the interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keila Rufatto de Souza
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina at Tubarão, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Nicole Alessandra Engel
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina at Tubarão, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Ana Beatriz Costa
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina at Tubarão, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Hevylin Jacintho Soares
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina at Tubarão, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Catarina Barbosa Chaves Bressan
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina at Tubarão, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Mariana Pacheco de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina at Tubarão, Santa Catarina, Brazil.
| | - Larissa Marques Dela Vedova
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina at Tubarão, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Larissa Espindola da Silva
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina at Tubarão, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Talita Farias Mendes
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina at Tubarão, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Mariella Reinol da Silva
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina at Tubarão, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Gislaine Tezza Rezin
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina at Tubarão, Santa Catarina, Brazil
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Hiroux C, Schouten M, de Glisezinski I, Simon C, Crampes F, Hespel P, Koppo K. Effect of increased protein intake and exogenous ketosis on body composition, energy expenditure and exercise capacity during a hypocaloric diet in recreational female athletes. Front Physiol 2023; 13:1063956. [PMID: 36714318 PMCID: PMC9880233 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1063956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Since low body weight is an important determinant of success in many sports such as gymnastics, martial arts and figure skating, athletes can benefit from effective weight loss strategies that preserve muscle mass and athletic performance. The present study investigates the effects of increased protein intake and exogenous ketosis on body composition, energy expenditure, exercise capacity, and perceptions of appetite and well-being during a hypocaloric diet in females. Methods: Thirty-two female recreational athletes (age: 22.2 ± .5 years; body weight: 58.3 ± .8 kg; BMI: 20.8 ± .2 kg·m-2) underwent 4 weeks of 30% caloric restriction and were randomized to receive either an increased daily amount of dietary protein (PROT, ∼2.0-2.2 g protein·kg-1·day-1), 3 × 20 g·day-1 of a ketone ester (KE), or an isocaloric placebo (PLA). Body composition was measured by DXA, resting energy expenditure (REE) by indirect calorimetry, exercise capacity during a VO2max test, appetite hormones were measured in serum, and perceptions of general well-being were evaluated via questionnaires. Results: The hypocaloric diet reduced body weight by 3.8 ± .3 kg in PLA, 3.2 ± .3 kg in KE and 2.4 ± .2 kg in PROT (Ptime<.0001). The drop in fat mass was similar between treatments (average: 2.6 ± .1 kg, Ptime<.0001), while muscle mass was only reduced in PLA and KE (average: .8 ± .2 kg, Ptime<.05), and remained preserved in PROT (Pinteraction<.01). REE [adjusted for lean mass] was reduced after caloric restriction in PLA (pre: 32.7 ± .5, post: 28.5 ± .6 kcal·day-1·kg-1) and PROT (pre: 32.9 ± 1.0, post: 28.4 ± 1.0 kcal·day-1·kg-1), but not in KE (pre: 31.8 ± .9, post: 30.4 ± .8 kcal·day-1·kg-1) (Pinteraction<.005). Furthermore, time to exhaustion during the VO2max test decreased in PLA (by 2.5 ± .7%, p < .05) but not in KE and PROT (Pinteraction<.05). Lastly, the perception of overall stress increased in PLA and PROT (p < .05), but not in KE (Pinteraction<.05). Conclusion: Increased protein intake effectively prevented muscle wasting and maintained exercise capacity during a period of caloric restriction in female recreational athletes. Furthermore, exogenous ketosis did not affect body composition, but showed its potential in weight management by preserving a drop in exercise capacity and REE and by improving overall stress parameters during a period of caloric restriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Hiroux
- Department of Movement Sciences, Exercise Physiology Research Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Moniek Schouten
- Department of Movement Sciences, Exercise Physiology Research Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Isabelle de Glisezinski
- INSERM, UMR 1048, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Obesity research Laboratory, Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France,Physiological Functional Exploration Department, Toulouse University Hospitals, Toulouse, France
| | - Chantal Simon
- Carmen INSERM U1060, Human Nutrition Research Centre of Rhône-Alpes, NRA U1235, University of Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - François Crampes
- INSERM, UMR 1048, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Obesity research Laboratory, Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France
| | - Peter Hespel
- Department of Movement Sciences, Exercise Physiology Research Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Katrien Koppo
- Department of Movement Sciences, Exercise Physiology Research Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium,*Correspondence: Katrien Koppo,
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Yu H, Fan M, Chen X, Jiang X, Loor JJ, Aboragah A, Zhang C, Bai H, Fang Z, Shen T, Wang Z, Song Y, Li X, Liu G, Li X, Du X. Activated autophagy-lysosomal pathway in dairy cows with hyperketonemia is associated with lipolysis of adipose tissues. J Dairy Sci 2022; 105:6997-7010. [PMID: 35688731 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-21287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Activated autophagy-lysosomal pathway (ALP) can degrade virtually all kinds of cellular components, including intracellular lipid droplets, especially during catabolic conditions. Sustained lipolysis and increased plasma fatty acids concentrations are characteristic of dairy cows with hyperketonemia. However, the status of ALP in adipose tissue during this physiological condition is not well known. The present study aimed to ascertain whether lipolysis is associated with activation of ALP in adipose tissues of dairy cows with hyperketonemia and in calf adipocytes. In vivo, blood and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) biopsies were collected from nonhyperketonemic (nonHYK) cows [blood β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) concentration <1.2 mM, n = 10] and hyperketonemic (HYK) cows (blood BHB concentration 1.2-3.0 mM, n = 10) with similar days in milk (range: 3-9) and parity (range: 2-4). In vitro, calf adipocytes isolated from 5 healthy Holstein calves (1 d old, female, 30-40 kg) were differentiated and used for (1) treatment with lipolysis inducer isoproterenol (ISO, 10 µM, 3 h) or mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor Torin1 (250 nM, 3 h), and (2) pretreatment with or without the ALP inhibitor leupeptin (10 μg/mL, 4 h) followed by ISO (10 µM, 3 h) treatment. Compared with nonHYK cows, serum concentration of free fatty acids was greater and serum glucose concentration, DMI, and milk yield were lower in HYK cows. In SAT of HYK cows, ratio of phosphorylated hormone-sensitive lipase to hormone-sensitive lipase, and protein abundance of adipose triacylglycerol lipase were greater, but protein abundance of perilipin 1 (PLIN1) and cell death-inducing DNA fragmentation factor-α-like effector c (CIDEC) was lower. In addition, mRNA abundance of autophagy-related 5 (ATG5), autophagy-related 7 (ATG7), and microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta (MAP1LC3B), protein abundance of lysosome-associated membrane protein 1, and cathepsin D, and activity of β-N-acetylglucosaminidase were greater, whereas protein abundance of sequestosome-1 (p62) was lower in SAT of HYK cows. In calf adipocytes, treatment with ISO or Torin1 decreased protein abundance of PLIN1, and CIDEC, and triacylglycerol content in calf adipocytes, but increased glycerol content in the supernatant of calf adipocytes. Moreover, the mRNA abundance of ATG5, ATG7, and MAP1LC3B was upregulated, the protein abundance of lysosome-associated membrane protein 1, cathepsin D, and activity of β-N-acetylglucosaminidase were increased, whereas the protein abundance of p62 was decreased in calf adipocytes treated with ISO or Torin1 compared with control group. Compared with treatment with ISO alone, the protein abundance of p62, PLIN1, and CIDEC, and triacylglycerol content in calf adipocytes were higher, but the glycerol content in the supernatant of calf adipocytes was lower in ISO and leupeptin co-treated group. Overall, these data indicated that activated ALP is associated with increased lipolysis in adipose tissues of dairy cows with hyperketonemia and in calf adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Yu
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130062, China
| | - Minghe Fan
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130062, China
| | - Xiying Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130062, China
| | - Xiuhuan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130062, China
| | - Juan J Loor
- Mammalian NutriPhysioGenomics, Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
| | - Ahmad Aboragah
- Mammalian NutriPhysioGenomics, Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
| | - Cai Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, China
| | - Hongxu Bai
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130062, China
| | - Zhiyuan Fang
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130062, China
| | - Taiyu Shen
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130062, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130062, China
| | - Yuxiang Song
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130062, China
| | - Xinwei Li
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130062, China
| | - Guowen Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130062, China
| | - Xiaobing Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Xiliang Du
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130062, China.
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Gupta R, Wang M, Ma Y, Offermanns S, Whim MD. The β-Hydroxybutyrate-GPR109A Receptor Regulates Fasting-induced Plasticity in the Mouse Adrenal Medulla. Endocrinology 2022; 163:6590010. [PMID: 35595517 PMCID: PMC9188660 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqac077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
During fasting, increased sympathoadrenal activity leads to epinephrine release and multiple forms of plasticity within the adrenal medulla including an increase in the strength of the preganglionic → chromaffin cell synapse and elevated levels of agouti-related peptide (AgRP), a peptidergic cotransmitter in chromaffin cells. Although these changes contribute to the sympathetic response, how fasting evokes this plasticity is not known. Here we report these effects involve activation of GPR109A (HCAR2). The endogenous agonist of this G protein-coupled receptor is β-hydroxybutyrate, a ketone body whose levels rise during fasting. In wild-type animals, 24-hour fasting increased AgRP-ir in adrenal chromaffin cells but this effect was absent in GPR109A knockout mice. GPR109A agonists increased AgRP-ir in isolated chromaffin cells through a GPR109A- and pertussis toxin-sensitive pathway. Incubation of adrenal slices in nicotinic acid, a GPR109A agonist, mimicked the fasting-induced increase in the strength of the preganglionic → chromaffin cell synapse. Finally, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction experiments confirmed the mouse adrenal medulla contains GPR109A messenger RNA. These results are consistent with the activation of a GPR109A signaling pathway located within the adrenal gland. Because fasting evokes epinephrine release, which stimulates lipolysis and the production of β-hydroxybutyrate, our results indicate that chromaffin cells are components of an autonomic-adipose-hepatic feedback circuit. Coupling a change in adrenal physiology to a metabolite whose levels rise during fasting is presumably an efficient way to coordinate the homeostatic response to food deprivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Gupta
- Department of Cell Biology & Anatomy, LSU Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA
| | - Manqi Wang
- Department of Cell Biology & Anatomy, LSU Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA
| | - Yunbing Ma
- Department of Cell Biology & Anatomy, LSU Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA
| | - Stefan Offermanns
- Department of Pharmacology, Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Matthew D Whim
- Correspondence: Matthew D. Whim, PhD, Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, LSU Health Sciences Center, Medical Education Bldg (MEB 6142), 1901 Perdido St, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
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Ma X, Dong Z, Liu J, Ma L, Sun X, Gao R, Pan L, Zhang J, A D, An J, Hu K, Sun A, Ge J. β-Hydroxybutyrate Exacerbates Hypoxic Injury by Inhibiting HIF-1α-Dependent Glycolysis in Cardiomyocytes-Adding Fuel to the Fire? Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2022; 36:383-397. [PMID: 34652582 PMCID: PMC9090701 DOI: 10.1007/s10557-021-07267-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Ketone body oxidation yields more ATP per mole of consumed oxygen than glucose. However, whether an increased ketone body supply in hypoxic cardiomyocytes and ischemic hearts is protective or not remains elusive. The goal of this study is to determine the effect of β-hydroxybutyrate (β-OHB), the main constituent of ketone bodies, on cardiomyocytes under hypoxic conditions and the effects of ketogenic diet (KD) on cardiac function in a myocardial infarction (MI) mouse model. METHODS Human peripheral blood collected from patients with acute myocardial infarction and healthy volunteers was used to detect the level of β-OHB. N-terminal proB-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) levels and left ventricular ejection fractions (LVEFs) were measured to study the relationship between plasma β-OHB and cardiac function. Adult mouse cardiomyocytes and MI mouse models fed a KD were used to research the effect of β-OHB on cardiac damage. qPCR, western blot analysis, and immunofluorescence were used to detect the interaction between β-OHB and glycolysis. Live/dead cell staining and imaging, lactate dehydrogenase, Cell Counting Kit-8 assays, echocardiography, and 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining were performed to evaluate the cardiomyocyte death, cardiac function, and infarct sizes. RESULTS β-OHB level was significantly higher in acute MI patients and MI mice. Treatment with β-OHB exacerbated cardiomyocyte death and decreased glucose absorption and glycolysis under hypoxic conditions. These effects were partially ameliorated by inhibiting hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) degradation via roxadustat administration in hypoxia-stimulated cardiomyocytes. Furthermore, β-OHB metabolisms were obscured in cardiomyocytes under hypoxic conditions. Additionally, MI mice fed a KD exhibited exacerbated cardiac dysfunction compared with control chow diet (CD)-fed MI mice. CONCLUSION Elevated β-OHB levels may be maladaptive to the heart under hypoxic/ischemic conditions. Administration of roxadustat can partially reverse these harmful effects by stabilizing HIF-1α and inducing a metabolic shift toward glycolysis for energy production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiurui Ma
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
- Department of Cardiology, Shan Xi Cardiovascular Hospital, Taiyuan, 030024, China
| | - Zhen Dong
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Shanghai, 200032, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Viral Heart Diseases and Key Laboratory of Viral Heart Diseases, Shanghai, China
- Academy of Medical Sciences Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jingyi Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Shan Xi Cardiovascular Hospital, Taiyuan, 030024, China
| | - Leilei Ma
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Xiaolei Sun
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Shanghai, 200032, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Viral Heart Diseases and Key Laboratory of Viral Heart Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Rifeng Gao
- Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Lihong Pan
- Academy of Medical Sciences Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jinyan Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Dilan A
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Jian An
- Department of Cardiology, Shan Xi Cardiovascular Hospital, Taiyuan, 030024, China
| | - Kai Hu
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Aijun Sun
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China.
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- NHC Key Laboratory of Viral Heart Diseases and Key Laboratory of Viral Heart Diseases, Shanghai, China.
- Academy of Medical Sciences Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Junbo Ge
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Shanghai, 200032, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Viral Heart Diseases and Key Laboratory of Viral Heart Diseases, Shanghai, China
- Academy of Medical Sciences Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
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Kim YJ, Kang D, Yang HR, Park BS, Tu TH, Jeong B, Lee BJ, Kim JK, Kim JG. Metabolic Profiling of the Hypothalamus of Mice during Short-Term Food Deprivation. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12050407. [PMID: 35629911 PMCID: PMC9144291 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12050407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Nutrient availability and utilization in hypothalamic cells are directly associated with the regulation of whole-body energy homeostasis. Thus, establishing metabolic profiling in the hypothalamus in response to metabolic shift is valuable to better understand the underlying mechanism of appetite regulation. In the present study, we evaluate the alteration of lipophilic and hydrophilic metabolites in both the hypothalamus and serum of fasted mice. Fasted mice displayed an elevated ketone body and decreased lactate levels in the hypothalamus. In support of the metabolite data, we further confirmed that short-term food deprivation resulted in the altered expression of genes involved in cellular metabolic processes, including the shuttling of fuel sources and the production of monocarboxylates in hypothalamic astrocytes. Overall, the current study provides useful information to close the gap in our understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying hypothalamic control of whole-body energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Jin Kim
- Division of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Korea; (Y.J.K.); (H.R.Y.); (B.S.P.); (T.H.T.)
| | - Dasol Kang
- Department of Biological Science, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 44610, Korea; (D.K.); (B.J.); (B.J.L.)
| | - Hye Rim Yang
- Division of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Korea; (Y.J.K.); (H.R.Y.); (B.S.P.); (T.H.T.)
| | - Byong Seo Park
- Division of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Korea; (Y.J.K.); (H.R.Y.); (B.S.P.); (T.H.T.)
| | - Thai Hien Tu
- Division of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Korea; (Y.J.K.); (H.R.Y.); (B.S.P.); (T.H.T.)
| | - Bora Jeong
- Department of Biological Science, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 44610, Korea; (D.K.); (B.J.); (B.J.L.)
| | - Byung Ju Lee
- Department of Biological Science, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 44610, Korea; (D.K.); (B.J.); (B.J.L.)
| | - Jae Kwang Kim
- Division of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Korea; (Y.J.K.); (H.R.Y.); (B.S.P.); (T.H.T.)
- Correspondence: (J.K.K.); (J.G.K.); Tel.: +82-32-835-8241 (J.K.K.); +82-32-835-8256 (J.G.K.)
| | - Jae Geun Kim
- Division of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Korea; (Y.J.K.); (H.R.Y.); (B.S.P.); (T.H.T.)
- Correspondence: (J.K.K.); (J.G.K.); Tel.: +82-32-835-8241 (J.K.K.); +82-32-835-8256 (J.G.K.)
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Perceptions of appetite do not match hormonal measures of appetite in trained competitive cyclists and triathletes following a ketogenic diet compared to a high-carbohydrate or habitual diet: A randomized crossover trial. Nutr Res 2021; 93:111-123. [PMID: 34487977 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2021.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Endurance athletes may implement rigid dietary strategies, such as the ketogenic diet (KD), to improve performance. The effect of the KD on appetite remains unclear in endurance athletes. This study analyzed the effects of a KD, a high-carbohydrate diet (HCD), and habitual diet (HD) on objective and subjective measures of appetite in trained cyclists and triathletes, and hypothesized that the KD would result in greater objective and subjective appetite suppression. Six participants consumed the KD and HCD for 2-weeks each, in a random order, following their HD. Fasting appetite measures were collected after 2-weeks on each diet. Postprandial appetite measures were collected following consumption of a ketogenic meal after the KD, high-carbohydrate meal after the HCD, and standard American/Western meal after the HD. Fasting total ghrelin (GHR) was lower and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and hunger were higher following the KD versus HD and HCD. Fasting insulin was not different. Mixed-effects model repeated measures analysis and effect sizes and 95% confidence intervals showed that postprandial GHR and insulin were lower and GLP-1 was higher following the ketogenic versus the standard and high-carbohydrate meals. Postprandial appetite ratings were not different across test meals. In conclusion, both fasting and postprandial concentrations of GHR were lower and GLP-1 were higher following the KD than the HC and HD, and postprandial insulin was lower on the KD. Subjective ratings of appetite did not correspond with the objective measures of appetite in trained competitive endurance athlete. More research is needed to confirm our findings.
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A Warburg-like metabolic program coordinates Wnt, AMPK, and mTOR signaling pathways in epileptogenesis. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0252282. [PMID: 34358226 PMCID: PMC8345866 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0252282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a complex neurological condition characterized by repeated spontaneous seizures and can be induced by initiating seizures known as status epilepticus (SE). Elaborating the critical molecular mechanisms following SE are central to understanding the establishment of chronic seizures. Here, we identify a transient program of molecular and metabolic signaling in the early epileptogenic period, centered on day five following SE in the pre-clinical kainate or pilocarpine models of temporal lobe epilepsy. Our work now elaborates a new molecular mechanism centered around Wnt signaling and a growing network comprised of metabolic reprogramming and mTOR activation. Biochemical, metabolomic, confocal microscopy and mouse genetics experiments all demonstrate coordinated activation of Wnt signaling, predominantly in neurons, and the ensuing induction of an overall aerobic glycolysis (Warburg-like phenomenon) and an altered TCA cycle in early epileptogenesis. A centerpiece of the mechanism is the regulation of pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) through its kinase and Wnt target genes PDK4. Intriguingly, PDH is a central gene in certain genetic epilepsies, underscoring the relevance of our elaborated mechanisms. While sharing some features with cancers, the Warburg-like metabolism in early epileptogenesis is uniquely split between neurons and astrocytes to achieve an overall novel metabolic reprogramming. This split Warburg metabolic reprogramming triggers an inhibition of AMPK and subsequent activation of mTOR, which is a signature event of epileptogenesis. Interrogation of the mechanism with the metabolic inhibitor 2-deoxyglucose surprisingly demonstrated that Wnt signaling and the resulting metabolic reprogramming lies upstream of mTOR activation in epileptogenesis. To augment the pre-clinical pilocarpine and kainate models, aspects of the proposed mechanisms were also investigated and correlated in a genetic model of constitutive Wnt signaling (deletion of the transcriptional repressor and Wnt pathway inhibitor HBP1). The results from the HBP1-/- mice provide a genetic evidence that Wnt signaling may set the threshold of acquired seizure susceptibility with a similar molecular framework. Using biochemistry and genetics, this paper outlines a new molecular framework of early epileptogenesis and advances a potential molecular platform for refining therapeutic strategies in attenuating recurrent seizures.
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POFFÉ CHIEL, RAMAEKERS MONIQUE, BOGAERTS STIJN, HESPEL PETER. Bicarbonate Unlocks the Ergogenic Action of Ketone Monoester Intake in Endurance Exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2021; 53:431-441. [PMID: 32735112 PMCID: PMC7803447 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We recently reported that oral ketone ester (KE) intake before and during the initial 30 min of a 3 h 15 min simulated cycling race (RACE) transiently decreased blood pH and bicarbonate without affecting maximal performance in the final quarter of the event. We hypothesized that acid-base disturbances due to KE overrules the ergogenic potential of exogenous ketosis in endurance exercise. METHODS Nine well-trained male cyclists participated in a similar RACE consisting of 3 h submaximal intermittent cycling (IMT180') followed by a 15-min time trial (TT15') preceding an all-out sprint at 175% of lactate threshold (SPRINT). In a randomized crossover design, participants received (i) 65 g KE, (ii) 300 mg·kg-1 body weight NaHCO3 (BIC), (iii) KE + BIC, or (iv) a control drink (CON), together with consistent 60 g·h-1 carbohydrate intake. RESULTS KE ingestion transiently elevated blood D-ß-hydroxybutyrate to ~2-3 mM during the initial 2 h of RACE (P < 0.001 vs CON). In KE, blood pH concomitantly dropped from 7.43 to 7.36 whereas bicarbonate decreased from 25.5 to 20.5 mM (both P < 0.001 vs CON). Additional BIC resulted in 0.5 to 0.8 mM higher blood D-ß-hydroxybutyrate during the first half of IMT180' (P < 0.05 vs KE) and increased blood bicarbonate to 31.1 ± 1.8 mM and blood pH to 7.51 ± 0.03 by the end of IMT180' (P < 0.001 vs KE). Mean power output during TT15' was similar between KE, BIC, and CON at ~255 W but was 5% higher in KE + BIC (P = 0.02 vs CON). Time to exhaustion in the sprint was similar between all conditions at ~60 s (P = 0.88). Gastrointestinal symptoms were similar between groups. DISCUSSION The coingestion of oral bicarbonate and KE enhances high-intensity performance at the end of an endurance exercise event without causing gastrointestinal distress.
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Affiliation(s)
- CHIEL POFFÉ
- Exercise Physiology Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, BELGIUM
| | - MONIQUE RAMAEKERS
- Exercise Physiology Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, BELGIUM
| | - STIJN BOGAERTS
- Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, BELGIUM
- Locomotor and Neurological Disorders, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, BELGIUM
| | - PETER HESPEL
- Exercise Physiology Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, BELGIUM
- Bakala Academy-Athletic Performance Center, KU Leuven, Leuven, BELGIUM
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Grigolon RB, Gerchman F, Schöffel AC, Hawken ER, Gill H, Vazquez GH, Mansur RB, McIntyre RS, Brietzke E. Mental, emotional, and behavioral effects of ketogenic diet for non-epileptic neuropsychiatric conditions. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2020; 102:109947. [PMID: 32305355 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.109947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Ketogenic diet (KD) is comprised of a distinct macronutrient combination: i.e. 90% fat, 8% of protein and 2% of carbohydrates, typically characterized as a high-fat low-carbohydrate diet. KD's efficacy was largely established for treatment resistant epilepsy in children, but its mental, emotional and behavioral effects remain largely unknown. Nevertheless, the efficacious effects of KD in childhood epilepsy provide rationale for repurposing this approach for other brain-based disorders. Consequently, clinicians and researchers should be aware of the evidence regarding efficacy, as well as the benefits and risks of adopting this diet. Results from animals and humans studies provide equivocal evidence across multiple domains of psychopathology. Conceptually, KD shows promise to serve as an efficacious treatment for mental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth B Grigolon
- Post-Graduation Program in Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernando Gerchman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Service of Endocrinology and Metabology, Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Alice C Schöffel
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Emily R Hawken
- Department of Psychiatry, Queen's University School of Medicine, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Hartej Gill
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Gustavo H Vazquez
- Department of Psychiatry, Queen's University School of Medicine, Kingston, ON, Canada; Mood Disorders Outpatient Clinic, Providence Care Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Queen's University School of Medicine, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Rodrigo B Mansur
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada; University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Roger S McIntyre
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada; University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Elisa Brietzke
- Post-Graduation Program in Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Department of Psychiatry, Queen's University School of Medicine, Kingston, ON, Canada; Centre for Neuroscience Studies (CNS), Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada.
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Abstract
AbstractKnowing the biological signals associated with appetite control is crucial for understanding the regulation of food intake. Biomarkers of appetite have been defined as physiological measures that relate to subjective appetite ratings, measured food intake, or both. Several metabolites including amino acids, lipids and glucose were proposed as key molecules associated with appetite control over 60 years ago, and along with bile acids are all among possible appetite biomarker candidates. Additional metabolites that have been associated with appetite include endocannabinoids, lactate, cortisol and β-hydroxybutyrate. However, although appetite is a complex integrative process, studies often investigated a limited number of markers in isolation. Metabolomics involves the study of small molecules or metabolites present in biological samples such as urine or blood, and may present a powerful approach to further the understanding of appetite control. Using multiple analytical techniques allows the characterisation of molecules, such as carbohydrates, lipids, amino acids, bile acids and fatty acids. Metabolomics has proven successful in identifying markers of consumption of certain foods and biomarkers implicated in several diseases. However, it has been underexploited in appetite control or obesity. The aim of the present narrative review is to: (1) provide an overview of existing metabolites that have been identified in human biofluids and associated with appetite control; and (2) discuss the potential of metabolomics to deepen understanding of appetite control in humans.
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Cardiac Rehabilitation Increases SIRT1 Activity and β-Hydroxybutyrate Levels and Decreases Oxidative Stress in Patients with HF with Preserved Ejection Fraction. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:7049237. [PMID: 31885811 PMCID: PMC6900956 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7049237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 09/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Exercise training induces beneficial effects also by increasing levels of Sirtuin 1 (Sirt1) and β-hydroxybutyrate (βOHB). Up to date, no studies investigated the role of exercise training-based cardiac rehabilitation (ET-CR) programs on βOHB levels. Therefore, the present study is aimed at investigating whether a supervised 4-week ET-CR program was able to induce changes in Sirt1 activity and βOHB levels and to evaluate the possible relationship between such parameters, in Heart Failure with preserved Ejection Fraction (HFpEF) patients. Methods A prospective longitudinal observational study was conducted on patients consecutively admitted to the Cardiology and Cardiac Rehabilitation Units of “San Gennaro dei Poveri” Hospital in Naples, Italy. In fifty elderly patients affected by HFpEF, in NYHA II and III class, Sirt1 activity, Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity (TEAC), βOHB, and Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein (Ox-LDL) levels were measured before and at the end of the ET-CR program. A control group of 20 HFpEF patients was also recruited, and the same parameters were evaluated 4 weeks after the beginning of the study. Results ET-CR induced an increase of Sirt1 activity, βOHB levels, and antioxidant capacity. Moreover, it was associated with a rise in NAD+ and NAD+/NADH ratio levels and a reduction in Ox-LDL. No changes affected the controls. Conclusion The characterization of the ET-CR effects from a metabolic viewpoint might represent an important step to improve the HFpEF management.
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Comesaña S, Velasco C, Conde-Sieira M, Otero-Rodiño C, Míguez JM, Soengas JL. Central Treatment of Ketone Body in Rainbow Trout Alters Liver Metabolism Without Apparently Altering the Regulation of Food Intake. Front Physiol 2019; 10:1206. [PMID: 31620022 PMCID: PMC6759561 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
We hypothesize that the presence in fish brain of a ketone body (KB) like β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) alters energy homeostasis through effects on food intake and peripheral energy metabolism. Using rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) as a model, we intracerebroventricularly (ICV) administered 1 μl 100 g–1 body mass of saline solution alone (control) or containing 0.5 μmol of BHB. In a fist set of experiments, BHB did not affect food intake 6 and 24 h after treatment. In a second set of experiments, we evaluated 6 h after ICV BHB treatment changes in parameters putatively related to food intake control in brain areas (hypothalamus and hindbrain) involved in nutrient sensing and changes in energy metabolism in liver. The absence of changes in food intake might relate to the absence of major changes in the cascade of events from the detection of KB through ketone-sensing mechanisms, changes in transcription factors, and changes in the mRNA abundance of neuropeptides regulating food intake. This response is different than that of mammals. In contrast, central administration of BHB induced changes in liver energy metabolism suggesting a decreased use of glucose and probably an enhanced use of amino acid and lipid. These responses in liver are different to those of mammals under similar treatments but comparable to those occurring in fish under food deprivation conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Comesaña
- Laboratorio de Fisioloxía Animal, Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional e Ciencias da Saúde, Facultade de Bioloxía and Centro de Investigación Mariña-CIM, Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - Cristina Velasco
- Laboratorio de Fisioloxía Animal, Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional e Ciencias da Saúde, Facultade de Bioloxía and Centro de Investigación Mariña-CIM, Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - Marta Conde-Sieira
- Laboratorio de Fisioloxía Animal, Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional e Ciencias da Saúde, Facultade de Bioloxía and Centro de Investigación Mariña-CIM, Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - Cristina Otero-Rodiño
- Laboratorio de Fisioloxía Animal, Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional e Ciencias da Saúde, Facultade de Bioloxía and Centro de Investigación Mariña-CIM, Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - Jesús M Míguez
- Laboratorio de Fisioloxía Animal, Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional e Ciencias da Saúde, Facultade de Bioloxía and Centro de Investigación Mariña-CIM, Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - José L Soengas
- Laboratorio de Fisioloxía Animal, Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional e Ciencias da Saúde, Facultade de Bioloxía and Centro de Investigación Mariña-CIM, Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, Spain
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Mikami D, Kobayashi M, Uwada J, Yazawa T, Kamiyama K, Nishimori K, Nishikawa Y, Morikawa Y, Yokoi S, Takahashi N, Kasuno K, Taniguchi T, Iwano M. β-Hydroxybutyrate, a ketone body, reduces the cytotoxic effect of cisplatin via activation of HDAC5 in human renal cortical epithelial cells. Life Sci 2019; 222:125-132. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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15
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Stubbs BJ, Cox PJ, Evans RD, Cyranka M, Clarke K, de Wet H. A Ketone Ester Drink Lowers Human Ghrelin and Appetite. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2018; 26:269-273. [PMID: 29105987 PMCID: PMC5813183 DOI: 10.1002/oby.22051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The ketones d-β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) and acetoacetate are elevated during prolonged fasting or during a "ketogenic" diet. Although weight loss on a ketogenic diet may be associated with decreased appetite and altered gut hormone levels, it is unknown whether such changes are caused by elevated blood ketones. This study investigated the effects of an exogenous ketone ester (KE) on appetite. METHODS Following an overnight fast, subjects with normal weight (n = 15) consumed 1.9 kcal/kg of KE, or isocaloric dextrose (DEXT), in drinks matched for volume, taste, tonicity, and color. Blood samples were analyzed for BHB, glucose, insulin, ghrelin, glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), and peptide tyrosine tyrosine (PYY), and a three-measure visual analogue scale was used to measure hunger, fullness, and desire to eat. RESULTS KE consumption increased blood BHB levels from 0.2 to 3.3 mM after 60 minutes. DEXT consumption increased plasma glucose levels between 30 and 60 minutes. Postprandial plasma insulin, ghrelin, GLP-1, and PYY levels were significantly lower 2 to 4 hours after KE consumption, compared with DEXT consumption. Temporally related to the observed suppression of ghrelin, reported hunger and desire to eat were also significantly suppressed 1.5 hours after consumption of KE, compared with consumption of DEXT. CONCLUSIONS Increased blood ketone levels may directly suppress appetite, as KE drinks lowered plasma ghrelin levels, perceived hunger, and desire to eat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brianna J. Stubbs
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and GeneticsUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Pete J. Cox
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and GeneticsUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Rhys D. Evans
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and GeneticsUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Malgorzata Cyranka
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and GeneticsUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Kieran Clarke
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and GeneticsUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Heidi de Wet
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and GeneticsUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
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Yamazaki T, Okawa S, Takahashi M. The effects on weight loss and gene expression in adipose and hepatic tissues of very-low carbohydrate and low-fat isoenergetic diets in diet-induced obese mice. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2016; 13:78. [PMID: 27826354 PMCID: PMC5100287 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-016-0139-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Obesity is caused by excessive fat or carbohydrate intake. The improvement of obesity is an important issue, especially in Western societies. Both low-carbohydrate diet (LCD) and low-fat diet (LFD) are used to achieve weight loss in humans. To clarify the mechanisms underlying LCD-induced weight loss, especially in early stage, we compared the gene expression in liver, white adipose tissue (WAT) and brown adipose tissue (BAT) of a very-low carbohydrate diet (VLCD)- and LFD-fed diet-induced obese (DIO) mice. Methods DIO male ddY mice were divided into high-fat diet (HFD), and isoenergetic VLCD and LFD groups. Pair-feeding was performed in the VLCD and LFD groups. Three weeks later, the body, liver, WAT and BAT were weighed and the serum and hepatic lipids, the mRNA expression levels in each tissue, and energy metabolism were analyzed. Results The caloric intake of the VLCD-fed mice was initially reduced but was subsequently restored. The total energy intake was similar in the VLCD- and LFD-fed mice. There was a similar decrease in the BW of the VLCD- and LFD-fed mice. The VLCD-fed mice had elevated levels of serum fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) and ketone bodies, which are known to increase energy expenditure. The browning of WAT was observed to a greater extent in the VLCD-fed mice. Moreover, in the VLCD-fed mice, BAT activation was observed, the weight of the BAT was decreased, and the expression of G-protein-coupled receptor 120, type 2 iodothyronine deiodinase, and FGF21 in BAT was extremely increased. Although the energy expenditure of the VLCD- and LFD-fed mice did not differ, that of the VLCD-fed mice was sometimes higher during the dark cycle. Hepatic TG accumulation was reduced in LFD-fed mice due to their decreased fatty acid uptake but not in the VLCD-fed mice. The pro-inflammatory macrophage ratio was increased in the WAT of VLCD-fed mice. Conclusions After 3 weeks, the isoenergetic VLCD- and LFD-fed DIO mice showed similar weight loss. The VLCD-fed mice increased serum concentration of FGF21 and ketone bodies, and marker mRNA levels of browning in WAT, activation in BAT and hepatic lipogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomomi Yamazaki
- Department of Nutritional Science, National Institute of Health and Nutrition, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8636 Japan
| | - Sumire Okawa
- Department of Nutritional Science, National Institute of Health and Nutrition, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8636 Japan
| | - Mayumi Takahashi
- Department of Life Science, Osaka Women's Junior College, 3-8-1 Kasugaoka, Fujiidera City, Osaka 583-8558 Japan
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Lin GW, Lu P, Zeng T, Tang HL, Chen YH, Liu SJ, Gao MM, Zhao QH, Yi YH, Long YS. GAPDH-mediated posttranscriptional regulations of sodium channel Scn1a and Scn3a genes under seizure and ketogenic diet conditions. Neuropharmacology 2016; 113:480-489. [PMID: 27816501 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2016] [Revised: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Abnormal expressions of sodium channel SCN1A and SCN3A genes alter neural excitability that are believed to contribute to the pathogenesis of epilepsy, a long-term risk of recurrent seizures. Ketogenic diet (KD), a high-fat and low-carbohydrate treatment for difficult-to-control (refractory) epilepsy in children, has been suggested to reverse gene expression patterns. Here, we reveal a novel role of GAPDH on the posttranscriptional regulation of mouse Scn1a and Scn3a expressions under seizure and KD conditions. We show that GAPDH binds to a conserved region in the 3' UTRs of human and mouse SCN1A and SCN3A genes, which decreases and increases genes' expressions by affecting mRNA stability through SCN1A 3' UTR and SCN3A 3' UTR, respectively. In seizure mice, the upregulation and phosphorylation of GAPDH enhance its binding to the 3' UTR, which lead to downregulation of Scn1a and upregulation of Scn3a. Furthermore, administration of KD generates β-hydroxybutyric acid which rescues the abnormal expressions of Scn1a and Scn3a by weakening the GAPDH's binding to the element. Taken together, these data suggest that GAPDH-mediated expression regulation of sodium channel genes may be associated with epilepsy and the anticonvulsant action of KD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Wang Lin
- Institute of Neuroscience and the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, Guangzhou 501260, China
| | - Ping Lu
- Institute of Neuroscience and the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, Guangzhou 501260, China
| | - Tao Zeng
- Institute of Neuroscience and the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, Guangzhou 501260, China
| | - Hui-Ling Tang
- Institute of Neuroscience and the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, Guangzhou 501260, China
| | - Yong-Hong Chen
- Institute of Neuroscience and the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, Guangzhou 501260, China
| | - Shu-Jing Liu
- Institute of Neuroscience and the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, Guangzhou 501260, China
| | - Mei-Mei Gao
- Institute of Neuroscience and the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, Guangzhou 501260, China
| | - Qi-Hua Zhao
- Institute of Neuroscience and the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, Guangzhou 501260, China
| | - Yong-Hong Yi
- Institute of Neuroscience and the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, Guangzhou 501260, China
| | - Yue-Sheng Long
- Institute of Neuroscience and the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, Guangzhou 501260, China.
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Carneiro L, Geller S, Hébert A, Repond C, Fioramonti X, Leloup C, Pellerin L. Hypothalamic sensing of ketone bodies after prolonged cerebral exposure leads to metabolic control dysregulation. Sci Rep 2016; 6:34909. [PMID: 27708432 PMCID: PMC5052612 DOI: 10.1038/srep34909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Ketone bodies have been shown to transiently stimulate food intake and modify energy homeostasis regulatory systems following cerebral infusion for a moderate period of time (<6 hours). As ketone bodies are usually enhanced during episodes of fasting, this effect might correspond to a physiological regulation. In contrast, ketone bodies levels remain elevated for prolonged periods during obesity, and thus could play an important role in the development of this pathology. In order to understand this transition, ketone bodies were infused through a catheter inserted in the carotid to directly stimulate the brain for a period of 24 hours. Food ingested and blood circulating parameters involved in metabolic control as well as glucose homeostasis were determined. Results show that ketone bodies infusion for 24 hours increased food intake associated with a stimulation of hypothalamic orexigenic neuropeptides. Moreover, insulinemia was increased and caused a decrease in glucose production despite an increased resistance to insulin. The present study confirms that ketone bodies reaching the brain stimulates food intake. Moreover, we provide evidence that a prolonged hyperketonemia leads to a dysregulation of energy homeostasis control mechanisms. Finally, this study shows that brain exposure to ketone bodies alters insulin signaling and consequently glucose homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lionel Carneiro
- Department of Physiology, University of Lausanne, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sarah Geller
- Department of Physiology, University of Lausanne, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Audrey Hébert
- Department of Physiology, University of Lausanne, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Cendrine Repond
- Department of Physiology, University of Lausanne, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Xavier Fioramonti
- UMR CNRS 6265-INRA 1324-Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté Centre des sciences du goût et de l'alimentation, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Corinne Leloup
- UMR CNRS 6265-INRA 1324-Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté Centre des sciences du goût et de l'alimentation, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Luc Pellerin
- Department of Physiology, University of Lausanne, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
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Zbinden RS, Falk M, Münger A, Dohme-Meier F, van Dorland HA, Bruckmaier RM, Gross JJ. Metabolic load in dairy cows kept in herbage-based feeding systems and suitability of potential markers for compromised well-being. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2016; 101:767-778. [DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. S. Zbinden
- Veterinary Physiology; Vetsuisse Faculty University of Bern; Bern Switzerland
| | - M. Falk
- Agroscope; Institute for Livestock Sciences; Posieux Switzerland
| | - A. Münger
- Agroscope; Institute for Livestock Sciences; Posieux Switzerland
| | - F. Dohme-Meier
- Agroscope; Institute for Livestock Sciences; Posieux Switzerland
| | - H. A. van Dorland
- Veterinary Physiology; Vetsuisse Faculty University of Bern; Bern Switzerland
| | - R. M. Bruckmaier
- Veterinary Physiology; Vetsuisse Faculty University of Bern; Bern Switzerland
| | - J. J. Gross
- Veterinary Physiology; Vetsuisse Faculty University of Bern; Bern Switzerland
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Deng Q, Liu G, Liu L, Zhang Y, Yin L, Shi X, Wang J, Yuan X, Sun G, Li Y, Yang W, Guo L, Zhang R, Wang Z, Li X, Li X. BHBA influences bovine hepatic lipid metabolism via AMPK signaling pathway. J Cell Biochem 2016; 116:1070-9. [PMID: 25558823 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
β-hydroxybutyric acid (BHBA), an important metabolite in β-oxidation, is involved in the development of ketosis in dairy cows. It is known that AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling pathway plays an important role in the regulation of lipid metabolism in hepatocytes. In the present study, bovine hepatocytes were treated with BHBA at variable concontrations and Compound C (Cpd C, an AMPK inhibitor) to investigate the effects of BHBA on the AMPK signaling pathway. The results showed that when the concentration of BHBA reached 1.2 mM, the AMPK signaling pathway was activated and the expression of sterol regulatory element binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c) as well as its target genes were significantly decreased. And these decreases were blocked by Cpd C. The binding activity and nucleus translocation of SREBP-1c showed a similar trend. The expression of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-α (PPARα), carbohydrates response element binding protein (ChREBP) and their target genes were significantly increased while they were negatively suppressed by the Cpd C. The content of triglyceride (TG) had no obviously change in the BHBA and Cpd C-treated groups. These results indicate that BHBA can activate AMPK signaling pathway and regulate lipid synthesis and lipid oxidation genes of AMPK but showed no effect on TG in bovine hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghua Deng
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun, Jilin, 130062, China
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21
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Carneiro L, Geller S, Fioramonti X, Hébert A, Repond C, Leloup C, Pellerin L. Evidence for hypothalamic ketone body sensing: impact on food intake and peripheral metabolic responses in mice. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2016; 310:E103-15. [PMID: 26530151 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00282.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Monocarboxylates have been implicated in the control of energy homeostasis. Among them, the putative role of ketone bodies produced notably during high-fat diet (HFD) has not been thoroughly explored. In this study, we aimed to determine the impact of a specific rise in cerebral ketone bodies on food intake and energy homeostasis regulation. A carotid infusion of ketone bodies was performed on mice to stimulate sensitive brain areas for 6 or 12 h. At each time point, food intake and different markers of energy homeostasis were analyzed to reveal the consequences of cerebral increase in ketone body level detection. First, an increase in food intake appeared over a 12-h period of brain ketone body perfusion. This stimulated food intake was associated with an increased expression of the hypothalamic neuropeptides NPY and AgRP as well as phosphorylated AMPK and is due to ketone bodies sensed by the brain, as blood ketone body levels did not change at that time. In parallel, gluconeogenesis and insulin sensitivity were transiently altered. Indeed, a dysregulation of glucose production and insulin secretion was observed after 6 h of ketone body perfusion, which reversed to normal at 12 h of perfusion. Altogether, these results suggest that an increase in brain ketone body concentration leads to hyperphagia and a transient perturbation of peripheral metabolic homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lionel Carneiro
- Department of Physiology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sarah Geller
- Department of Physiology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Xavier Fioramonti
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR6265, Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation (CSGA), Dijon, France; Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR1324, CSGA, Dijon, France; and Université de Bourgogne, CSGA, Dijon, France
| | - Audrey Hébert
- Department of Physiology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Cendrine Repond
- Department of Physiology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Corinne Leloup
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR6265, Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation (CSGA), Dijon, France; Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR1324, CSGA, Dijon, France; and Université de Bourgogne, CSGA, Dijon, France
| | - Luc Pellerin
- Department of Physiology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland;
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22
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Fu SP, Liu BR, Wang JF, Xue WJ, Liu HM, Zeng YL, Huang BX, Li SN, Lv QK, Wang W, Liu JX. β-Hydroxybutyric acid inhibits growth hormone-releasing hormone synthesis and secretion through the GPR109A/extracellular signal-regulated 1/2 signalling pathway in the hypothalamus. J Neuroendocrinol 2015; 27:212-22. [PMID: 25580562 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2014] [Revised: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
β-Hydroxybutyric acid (BHBA) has recently been shown to regulate hormone synthesis and secretion in the hypothalamus. However, little is known about the effects of BHBA-mediated hormone regulation or the detailed mechanisms by which BHBA regulates growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) synthesis and secretion. In the present study, we examined the expression of the BHBA receptor GPR109A in primary hypothalamic cell cultures. We hypothesised that BHBA regulates GHRH via GPR109A and its downstream signals. Initial in vivo studies conducted in rats demonstrated that GHRH mRNA expression in the hypothalamus was strongly inversely correlated with BHBA levels in the cerebrospinal fluid during postnatal development (r = -0.89, P < 0.01). Furthermore, i.c.v. administration of BHBA acutely decreased GHRH mRNA expression in rats. Further in vitro studies revealed a decrease in GHRH synthesis and secretion in primary hypothalamic cells after treatment with BHBA; this effect was inhibited when hypothalamic cells were pretreated with pertussis toxin (PTX). BHBA had no effect on GHRH synthesis and secretion in GT1-7 cells, which do not exhibit cell surface expression of GPR109A. Furthermore, BHBA acutely decreased the transcription of the homeobox gene for Gsh-1 in the hypothalamus in both in vivo and in vitro, and this effect was also inhibited by PTX in vitro. In primary hypothalamic cells, BHBA activated the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2, p38 and c-Jun N-terminal kinase mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) kinases, as shown by western blot analysis. Moreover, inhibition of ERK1/2 with U0126 attenuated the BHBA-mediated reduction in Gsh-1 expression and GHRH synthesis and secretion. These results strongly suggest that BHBA directly regulates GHRH synthesis and secretion via the GPR109A/ERK1/2 MAPK pathway, and also that Gsh-1 is essential for this function.
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Affiliation(s)
- S-P Fu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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23
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Youm YH, Nguyen KY, Grant RW, Goldberg EL, Bodogai M, Kim D, D'Agostino D, Planavsky N, Lupfer C, Kanneganti TD, Kang S, Horvath TL, Fahmy TM, Crawford PA, Biragyn A, Alnemri E, Dixit VD. The ketone metabolite β-hydroxybutyrate blocks NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated inflammatory disease. Nat Med 2015; 21:263-9. [PMID: 25686106 PMCID: PMC4352123 DOI: 10.1038/nm.3804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1284] [Impact Index Per Article: 142.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The ketone bodies β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) and acetoacetate (AcAc) support mammalian survival during states of energy deficit by serving as alternative sources of ATP. BHB levels are elevated by starvation, caloric restriction, high-intensity exercise, or the low-carbohydrate ketogenic diet. Prolonged fasting reduces inflammation; however, the impact that ketones and other alternative metabolic fuels produced during energy deficits have on the innate immune response is unknown. We report that BHB, but neither AcAc nor the structurally related short-chain fatty acids butyrate and acetate, suppresses activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in response to urate crystals, ATP and lipotoxic fatty acids. BHB did not inhibit caspase-1 activation in response to pathogens that activate the NLR family, CARD domain containing 4 (NLRC4) or absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2) inflammasome and did not affect non-canonical caspase-11, inflammasome activation. Mechanistically, BHB inhibits the NLRP3 inflammasome by preventing K(+) efflux and reducing ASC oligomerization and speck formation. The inhibitory effects of BHB on NLRP3 are not dependent on chirality or starvation-regulated mechanisms like AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), reactive oxygen species (ROS), autophagy or glycolytic inhibition. BHB blocks the NLRP3 inflammasome without undergoing oxidation in the TCA cycle, and independently of uncoupling protein-2 (UCP2), sirtuin-2 (SIRT2), the G protein-coupled receptor GPR109A or hydrocaboxylic acid receptor 2 (HCAR2). BHB reduces NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18 production in human monocytes. In vivo, BHB or a ketogenic diet attenuates caspase-1 activation and IL-1β secretion in mouse models of NLRP3-mediated diseases such as Muckle-Wells syndrome, familial cold autoinflammatory syndrome and urate crystal-induced peritonitis. Our findings suggest that the anti-inflammatory effects of caloric restriction or ketogenic diets may be linked to BHB-mediated inhibition of the NLRP3 inflammasome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Hee Youm
- Section of Comparative Medicine and Program on Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism, Yale School of Medicine
| | - Kim Y. Nguyen
- Section of Comparative Medicine and Program on Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism, Yale School of Medicine
| | | | - Emily L. Goldberg
- Section of Comparative Medicine and Program on Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism, Yale School of Medicine
| | - Monica Bodogai
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Baltimore, MD
| | - Dongin Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Yale University
| | - Dominic D'Agostino
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida, Tampa
| | | | | | | | - Seokwon Kang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia PA
| | - Tamas L. Horvath
- Section of Comparative Medicine and Program on Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism, Yale School of Medicine
| | | | - Peter A. Crawford
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, Orlando, FL
| | - Arya Biragyn
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Baltimore, MD
| | - Emad Alnemri
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia PA
| | - Vishwa Deep Dixit
- Section of Comparative Medicine and Program on Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism, Yale School of Medicine
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06520
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24
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β-Hydroxybutyric sodium salt inhibition of growth hormone and prolactin secretion via the cAMP/PKA/CREB and AMPK signaling pathways in dairy cow anterior pituitary cells. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:4265-80. [PMID: 25690038 PMCID: PMC4346956 DOI: 10.3390/ijms16024265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Revised: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
β-hydroxybutyric acid (BHBA) regulates the synthesis and secretion of growth hormone (GH) and prolactin (PRL), but its mechanism is unknown. In this study, we detected the effects of BHBA on the activities of G protein signaling pathways, AMPK-α activity, GH, and PRL gene transcription, and GH and PRL secretion in dairy cow anterior pituitary cells (DCAPCs). The results showed that BHBA decreased intracellular cAMP levels and a subsequent reduction in protein kinase A (PKA) activity. Inhibition of PKA activity reduced cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) phosphorylation, thereby inhibiting GH and PRL transcription and secretion. The effects of BHBA were attenuated by a specific Gαi inhibitor, pertussis toxin (PTX). In addition, intracellular BHBA uptake mediated by monocarboxylate transporter 1 (MCT1) could trigger AMPK signaling and result in the decrease in GH and PRL mRNA translation in DCAPCs cultured under low-glucose and non-glucose condition when compared with the high-glucose group. This study identifies a biochemical mechanism for the regulatory action of BHBA on GH and PRL gene transcription, translation, and secretion in DCAPCs, which may be one of the factors that regulate pituitary function during the transition period in dairy cows.
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25
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Paoli A, Bosco G, Camporesi EM, Mangar D. Ketosis, ketogenic diet and food intake control: a complex relationship. Front Psychol 2015; 6:27. [PMID: 25698989 PMCID: PMC4313585 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Though the hunger-reduction phenomenon reported during ketogenic diets is well-known, the underlying molecular and cellular mechanisms remain uncertain. Ketosis has been demonstrated to exert an anorexigenic effect via cholecystokinin (CCK) release while reducing orexigenic signals e.g., via ghrelin. However, ketone bodies (KB) seem to be able to increase food intake through AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) phosphorylation, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and the release and production of adiponectin. The aim of this review is to provide a summary of our current knowledge of the effects of ketogenic diet (KD) on food control in an effort to unify the apparently contradictory data into a coherent picture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Paoli
- Nutrition and Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova Padova, Italy
| | - Gerardo Bosco
- Nutrition and Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova Padova, Italy
| | - Enrico M Camporesi
- Department of Surgery, University of South Florida Tampa, FL, USA ; TEAMHealth Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Devanand Mangar
- TEAMHealth Tampa, FL, USA ; Tampa General Hospital Tampa, FL, USA
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26
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Abstract
Over the last two decades, several genes have been identified that appear to play a role in the regulation of energy homeostasis and body weight. For a small subset of them, a reduction or an absence of expression confers a resistance to the development of obesity. Recently, a knockin mouse for a member of the monocarboxylate transporter (MCT) family, MCT1, was demonstrated to exhibit a typical phenotype of resistance to diet-induced obesity and a protection from its associated metabolic perturbations. Such findings point out at MCTs as putatively new therapeutic targets in the context of obesity. Here, we will review what is known about MCTs and their possible metabolic roles in different organs and tissues. Based on the description of the phenotype of the MCT1 knockin mouse, we will also provide some insights about their putative roles in weight gain regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Carneiro
- Department of Physiology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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27
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Gao X, Guo M, Li Q, Peng L, Liu H, Zhang L, Bai X, Wang Y, Li J, Cai C. Plasma metabolomic profiling to reveal antipyretic mechanism of Shuang-huang-lian injection on yeast-induced pyrexia rats. PLoS One 2014; 9:e100017. [PMID: 24940599 PMCID: PMC4062457 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Shuang-huang-lian injection (SHLI) is a famous Chinese patent medicine, which has been wildly used in clinic for the treatment of acute respiratory tract infection, pneumonia, influenza, etc. The existing randomized controlled trial (RCT) studies suggested that SHLI could afford a certain anti-febrile action. However, seldom does research concern the pharmacological mechanisms of SHLI. In the current study, we explored plasma metabolomic profiling technique and selected potential metabolic markers to reveal the antipyretic mechanism of SHLI on yeast-induced pyrexia rat model using UPLC-Q-TOF/MS coupled with multivariate statistical analysis and pattern recognition techniques. We discovered a significant perturbance of metabolic profile in the plasma of fever rats and obvious reversion in SHLI-administered rats. Eight potential biomarkers, i.e. 1) 3-hydeoxybutyric acid, 2) leucine, 3) 16:0 LPC, 4) allocholic acid, 5) vitamin B2, 6) Cys-Lys-His, 7) 18:2 LPC, and 8) 3-hydroxychola-7, 22-dien-24-oic acid, were screened out by OPLS-DA approach. Five potential perturbed metabolic pathways, i.e. 1) valine, leucine, and isoleucine biosynthesis, 2) glycerophospholipid metabolism, 3) ketone bodies synthesis and degradation, 4) bile acid biosynthesis, and 5) riboflavin metabolism, were revealed to relate to the antipyretic mechanisms of SHLI. Overall, we investigated antipyretic mechanisms of SHLI at metabolomic level for the first time, and the obtained results highlights the necessity of adopting metabolomics as a reliable tool for understanding the holism and synergism of Chinese patent drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Gao
- Science experiment center for TCM, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Mingxing Guo
- Science experiment center for TCM, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Qiang Li
- School of Chinese material medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Long Peng
- Science experiment center for TCM, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Haiyu Liu
- Science experiment center for TCM, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Science experiment center for TCM, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xu Bai
- Waters technologies (Shanghai) Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Yingxin Wang
- The 2 Traditional Chinese Medicine factory of Harbin pharm group CO. LTD, Harbin, China
| | - Jian Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (JL); (CC)
| | - Chengke Cai
- School of Chinese material medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (JL); (CC)
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28
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Sumithran P, Prendergast LA, Delbridge E, Purcell K, Shulkes A, Kriketos A, Proietto J. Ketosis and appetite-mediating nutrients and hormones after weight loss. Eur J Clin Nutr 2013; 67:759-64. [PMID: 23632752 DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2013.90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Revised: 03/27/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Diet-induced weight loss is accompanied by compensatory changes, which increase appetite and encourage weight regain. There is some evidence that ketogenic diets suppress appetite. The objective is to examine the effect of ketosis on a number of circulating factors involved in appetite regulation, following diet-induced weight loss. SUBJECTS/METHODS Of 50 non-diabetic overweight or obese subjects who began the study, 39 completed an 8-week ketogenic very-low-energy diet (VLED), followed by 2 weeks of reintroduction of foods. Following weight loss, circulating concentrations of glucose, insulin, non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), leptin, gastrointestinal hormones and subjective ratings of appetite were compared when subjects were ketotic, and after refeeding. RESULTS During the ketogenic VLED, subjects lost 13% of initial weight and fasting BHB increased from (mean±s.e.m.) 0.07±0.00 to 0.48±0.07 mmol/l (P<0.001). BHB fell to 0.19±0.03 mmol/l after 2 weeks of refeeding (P<0.001 compared with week 8). When participants were ketotic, the weight loss induced increase in ghrelin was suppressed. Glucose and NEFA were higher, and amylin, leptin and subjective ratings of appetite were lower at week 8 than after refeeding. CONCLUSIONS The circulating concentrations of several hormones and nutrients which influence appetite were altered after weight loss induced by a ketogenic diet, compared with after refeeding. The increase in circulating ghrelin and subjective appetite which accompany dietary weight reduction were mitigated when weight-reduced participants were ketotic.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Sumithran
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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29
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Derno M, Nürnberg G, Schön P, Schwarm A, Röntgen M, Hammon H, Metges C, Bruckmaier R, Kuhla B. Short-term feed intake is regulated by macronutrient oxidation in lactating Holstein cows. J Dairy Sci 2013; 96:971-80. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2012-5727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2012] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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