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Luengo-Mateos M, González-Vila A, Torres Caldas AM, Alasaoufi AM, González-Domínguez M, López M, González-García I, Barca-Mayo O. Protocol for ovariectomy and estradiol replacement in mice. STAR Protoc 2024; 5:102910. [PMID: 38416648 PMCID: PMC10907206 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2024.102910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Ovariectomy, involving the surgical removal of ovaries, and estradiol replacement facilitate the understanding of sexual dimorphism-related physiological changes, encompassing reproductive biology, metabolism, and hormone-related diseases. In this study, we present a protocol for conducting ovariectomy and estradiol replacement in mice. We describe steps for performing sham and ovariectomy operations, outline preoperative preparations, and provide details on postoperative care, including analgesia administration and the removal of surgical clips. Additionally, we elaborate on the procedures for performing vehicle and estradiol injections. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Luengo-Mateos et al.1.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Luengo-Mateos
- Circadian and Glial Biology Lab, Physiology Department, Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases Research Centre (CiMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Antía González-Vila
- Circadian and Glial Biology Lab, Physiology Department, Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases Research Centre (CiMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; NeurObesity Lab, Physiology Department, Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases Research Centre (CiMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Ana María Torres Caldas
- Center for Experimental Biomedicine (CEBEGA), University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Ali M Alasaoufi
- Circadian and Glial Biology Lab, Physiology Department, Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases Research Centre (CiMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Marco González-Domínguez
- Circadian and Glial Biology Lab, Physiology Department, Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases Research Centre (CiMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Miguel López
- NeurObesity Lab, Physiology Department, Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases Research Centre (CiMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Ismael González-García
- Neuroendocrine Regulation of Metabolism Lab, Physiology Department, Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases Research Centre (CiMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Olga Barca-Mayo
- Circadian and Glial Biology Lab, Physiology Department, Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases Research Centre (CiMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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2
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Luengo-Mateos M, González-Vila A, Vicente Dragano NR, Ohinska N, Silveira-Loureiro M, González-Domínguez M, Estévez-Salguero Á, Novelle-Rodríguez P, López M, Barca-Mayo O. Hypothalamic astrocytic-BMAL1 regulates energy homeostasis in a sex-dependent manner. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112949. [PMID: 37542717 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Here, we demonstrate that hypothalamic astrocytic BMAL1 computes cyclic metabolic information to optimize energetic resources in a sexually dimorphic manner. Knockdown of BMAL1 in female astrocytes leads to negative energy balance and alters basal metabolic cycles without affecting circadian locomotor activity. Thus, astrocytic BMAL1 contributes to the control of energy balance through the modulation of the metabolic rate, hepatic and white adipose tissue lipogenesis, and the activity of brown adipose tissue. Importantly, most of these alterations are specific to hypothalamic astrocytic BMAL1. Moreover, female mice with BMAL1 knockdown in astrocytes exhibited a "male-like" metabolic obese phenotype when fed a high-fat diet. Overall, our results suggest a sexually dimorphic effect of astrocytic BMAL1 on the regulation of energy homeostasis, which may be of interest in the physiopathology of obesity and related comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Luengo-Mateos
- Physiology Department, Molecular Medicine, and Chronic Diseases Research Centre (CiMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Antía González-Vila
- Physiology Department, Molecular Medicine, and Chronic Diseases Research Centre (CiMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Nathalia Romanelli Vicente Dragano
- Physiology Department, Molecular Medicine, and Chronic Diseases Research Centre (CiMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Nataliia Ohinska
- Physiology Department, Molecular Medicine, and Chronic Diseases Research Centre (CiMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Horbachevsky Ternopil National Medical University, 46001 Ternopil, Ukraine
| | - María Silveira-Loureiro
- Physiology Department, Molecular Medicine, and Chronic Diseases Research Centre (CiMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Marco González-Domínguez
- Physiology Department, Molecular Medicine, and Chronic Diseases Research Centre (CiMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Ánxela Estévez-Salguero
- Physiology Department, Molecular Medicine, and Chronic Diseases Research Centre (CiMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Paula Novelle-Rodríguez
- Physiology Department, Molecular Medicine, and Chronic Diseases Research Centre (CiMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Miguel López
- Physiology Department, Molecular Medicine, and Chronic Diseases Research Centre (CiMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Olga Barca-Mayo
- Physiology Department, Molecular Medicine, and Chronic Diseases Research Centre (CiMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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Zhong C, Ju G, Yang S, Zhao X, Chen J, Li N. Total Flavonoids of Polygala fallax Hemsl Induce Apoptosis of Human Ectopic Endometrial Stromal Cells through PI3K/AKT/Bcl-2 Signaling Pathway. Gynecol Obstet Invest 2023; 88:197-213. [PMID: 36934719 PMCID: PMC10619591 DOI: 10.1159/000530104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to explore the inhibitory effect of total flavonoids of Polygala fallax Hemsl (PFHF) on human ectopic endometrial stromal cells (HEcESCs) and its mechanism. DESIGN The apoptosis, cell cycle, migration, and invasion ability of HEcESCs (Fresh human ovarian endometriosis tissue was used for primary culture) after PFHF treatment were detected, and the mechanism of action was explored. MATERIALS The Polygala fallax Hemsl (PFH), RPMI 1640 culture medium, Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM)/F-12, fetal bovine serum, penicillin/streptomycin, cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) kit, trypsin, phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, radioimmunoprecipitation assay tissue/cell lysate, bicinchoninic acid protein concentration detection kits, protein loading buffer, the apoptosis and cell cycle extraction kits, the matrix glue, TRIzol Universal Reagent, the reverse transcription kit, AB HS Green qPCR Mix, the ECL chromogenic solution, enzyme labeling instrument, flow cytometry, automatic real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR instrument, Goat anti-rabbit, rabbit anti-β-actin, vimentin, phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K), protein kinase B (AKT), B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2), Bcl-extra long (Bcl-xl), Bcl-2 associated death promoter (Bad) antibody, Alexa Fluor 594-labeled secondary antibody, the inverted microscope, the constant temperature carbon dioxide cell incubator. SETTING Five parts included introduction, materials and methods, results, discussion, and conclusion. METHODS The potential targets and pathways of PFHF in the treatment of endometriosis were predicted by network pharmacology. The effect of PFHF on the proliferation, apoptosis and cell cycle, migration, and invasion of HEcESCs was detected by CCK-8 method, flow cytometry, and Transwell chamber experiment. Label-free quantitative proteomics based on mass spectrometry was used to analyze the protein mass spectrum of differential expression of HEcESCs before and after PFHF, and the biological information was analyzed. The effects of PFHF on the mRNA and protein expression of pathway-related genes predicted in HEcESCs were detected by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting. RESULTS The network pharmacology predicts that PFHF treats endometriosis through PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. Compared with control group (DMEM/F-12 medium alone), the high dose PFHF can significantly reduce the viability, migration, and invasion of HEcESCs, increase the apoptosis rate of HEcESCs, and make the HEcESCs accumulated in G0/G1 phase in a time- and dose-dependent manner (p < 0.05). The analysis of label-free quantitative proteomics indicated that PFHF flavonoids may induce apoptosis of EESCs through PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. The results of RT-qPCR and Western blotting showed that the expressions of PI3K, AKT, Bcl-2, and Bcl-xl were significantly downregulated, while the bad expression was upregulated in HEcESCs treated with PFHF (p < 0.05). LIMITATIONS This research investigated the effects of PFHF on the stromal endometriotic cells only. So it is unknown how PFHF can affect the entire endometriotic lesion. And the research is carried out in vitro, which gives no impression about the bioavailability of the flavonoids. CONCLUSION PFHF reduces the expression of PI3K, AKT, Bcl-2, and Bcl-xl through the PI3K/AKT/Bcl-2 signaling pathway to inhibit HEcESCs proliferation, migration, and invasion and promote their apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanmei Zhong
- Guangxi International Zhuang Medicine Hospital Affiliated to Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, China
- Yongchuan Hospital Of Chongqing Medicine University, Chongqing, China
| | - Gongchenhao Ju
- The First Clinical College of Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi, China
| | - Sufang Yang
- Guangxi International Zhuang Medicine Hospital Affiliated to Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, China
| | - Xiangpei Zhao
- Guangxi International Zhuang Medicine Hospital Affiliated to Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, China
| | - Jixiang Chen
- Guangxi International Zhuang Medicine Hospital Affiliated to Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, China
| | - Ning Li
- Guangxi International Zhuang Medicine Hospital Affiliated to Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, China
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González-García I, García-Clavé E, Cebrian-Serrano A, Le Thuc O, Contreras RE, Xu Y, Gruber T, Schriever SC, Legutko B, Lintelmann J, Adamski J, Wurst W, Müller TD, Woods SC, Pfluger PT, Tschöp MH, Fisette A, García-Cáceres C. Estradiol regulates leptin sensitivity to control feeding via hypothalamic Cited1. Cell Metab 2023; 35:438-455.e7. [PMID: 36889283 PMCID: PMC10028007 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2023.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
Until menopause, women have a lower propensity to develop metabolic diseases than men, suggestive of a protective role for sex hormones. Although a functional synergy between central actions of estrogens and leptin has been demonstrated to protect against metabolic disturbances, the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms mediating this crosstalk have remained elusive. By using a series of embryonic, adult-onset, and tissue/cell-specific loss-of-function mouse models, we document an unprecedented role of hypothalamic Cbp/P300-interacting transactivator with Glu/Asp-rich carboxy-terminal domain 1 (Cited1) in mediating estradiol (E2)-dependent leptin actions that control feeding specifically in pro-opiomelanocortin (Pomc) neurons. We reveal that within arcuate Pomc neurons, Cited1 drives leptin's anorectic effects by acting as a co-factor converging E2 and leptin signaling via direct Cited1-ERα-Stat3 interactions. Together, these results provide new insights on how melanocortin neurons integrate endocrine inputs from gonadal and adipose axes via Cited1, thereby contributing to the sexual dimorphism in diet-induced obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismael González-García
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Elena García-Clavé
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Alberto Cebrian-Serrano
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ophélia Le Thuc
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Raian E Contreras
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Research Unit NeuroBiology of Diabetes, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Yanjun Xu
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Tim Gruber
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Sonja C Schriever
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Research Unit NeuroBiology of Diabetes, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Beata Legutko
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jutta Lintelmann
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jerzy Adamski
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Medical Drive 8, Singapore 117597, Singapore; Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Wolfgang Wurst
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Developmental Genetics, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany; Deutsches Institut für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE) Site Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 17, 81377 Munich, Germany; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Adolf-Butenandt-Institut, LudwigMaximilians Universität München, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 17, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Timo D Müller
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Stephen C Woods
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Paul T Pfluger
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Research Unit NeuroBiology of Diabetes, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Division of Neurobiology of Diabetes, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 80333 Munich, Germany
| | - Matthias H Tschöp
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Division of Metabolic Diseases, Technische Universität München, 80333 Munich, Germany
| | - Alexandre Fisette
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - Cristina García-Cáceres
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80336 Munich, Germany.
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Estrogen as a key regulator of energy homeostasis and metabolic health. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 156:113808. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Abstract
AbstractAlterations in metabolism, sleep patterns, body composition and hormone status are all key features of aging. While the hypothalamus is a well-conserved brain region that controls these homeostatic and survival-related behaviors, little is known about the intrinsic features of hypothalamic aging. Here, we perform single-nuclei RNA sequencing of 40,064 hypothalamic nuclei from young and aged female mice. We identify cell type-specific signatures of aging in neuronal subtypes as well as astrocytes and microglia. We uncover changes in cell types critical for metabolic regulation and body composition and in an area of the hypothalamus linked to cognition. Our analysis also reveals an unexpected female-specific feature of hypothalamic aging: the master regulator of X inactivation, Xist, is elevated with age, particularly in hypothalamic neurons. Moreover, using machine learning, we show that levels of X chromosome genes and Xist itself, can accurately predict cellular age. This study identifies critical cell-specific changes of the aging hypothalamus in mammals and uncovers a potential marker of neuronal aging in females.
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Kappa-Opioid Receptor Blockade Ameliorates Obesity Caused by Estrogen Withdrawal via Promotion of Energy Expenditure through mTOR Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23063118. [PMID: 35328539 PMCID: PMC8953356 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Weight gain is a hallmark of decreased estradiol (E2) levels because of menopause or following surgical ovariectomy (OVX) at younger ages. Of note, this weight gain tends to be around the abdomen, which is frequently associated with impaired metabolic homeostasis and greater cardiovascular risk in both rodents and humans. However, the molecular underpinnings and the neuronal basis for these effects remain to be elucidated. The aim of this study is to elucidate whether the kappa-opioid receptor (k-OR) system is involved in mediating body weight changes associated with E2 withdrawal. Here, we document that body weight gain induced by OVX occurs, at least partially, in a k-OR dependent manner, by modulation of energy expenditure independently of food intake as assessed in Oprk1−/−global KO mice. These effects were also observed following central pharmacological blockade of the k-OR system using the k-OR-selective antagonist PF-04455242 in wild type mice, in which we also observed a decrease in OVX-induced weight gain associated with increased UCP1 positive immunostaining in brown adipose tissue (BAT) and browning of white adipose tissue (WAT). Remarkably, the hypothalamic mTOR pathway plays an important role in regulating weight gain and adiposity in OVX mice. These findings will help to define new therapies to manage metabolic disorders associated with low/null E2 levels based on the modulation of central k-OR signaling.
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Crosstalk between Melanin Concentrating Hormone and Endocrine Factors: Implications for Obesity. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052436. [PMID: 35269579 PMCID: PMC8910548 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) is a 19aa cyclic peptide exclusively expressed in the lateral hypothalamic area, which is an area of the brain involved in a large number of physiological functions and vital processes such as nutrient sensing, food intake, sleep-wake arousal, memory formation, and reproduction. However, the role of the lateral hypothalamic area in metabolic regulation stands out as the most relevant function. MCH regulates energy balance and glucose homeostasis by controlling food intake and peripheral lipid metabolism, energy expenditure, locomotor activity and brown adipose tissue thermogenesis. However, the MCH control of energy balance is a complex mechanism that involves the interaction of several neuroendocrine systems. The aim of the present work is to describe the current knowledge of the crosstalk of MCH with different endocrine factors. We also provide our view about the possible use of melanin-concentrating hormone receptor antagonists for the treatment of metabolic complications. In light of the data provided here and based on its actions and function, we believe that the MCH system emerges as an important target for the treatment of obesity and its comorbidities.
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Metz L, Isacco L, Redman LM. Effect of oral contraceptives on energy balance in women: A review of current knowledge and potential cellular mechanisms. Metabolism 2022; 126:154919. [PMID: 34715118 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2021.154919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Body weight management is currently of major concern as the obesity epidemic is still a worldwide challenge. As women face more difficulties to lose weight than men, there is an urgent need to better understand the underlying reasons and mechanisms. Recent data have suggested that the use of oral contraceptive (OC) could be involved. The necessity of utilization and development of contraceptive strategies for birth regulation is undeniable and contraceptive pills appear as a quite easy approach. Moreover, OC also represent a strategy for the management of premenstrual symptoms, acne or bulimia nervosa. The exact impact of OC on body weight remains not clearly established. Thus, after exploring the potential underlying mechanisms by which OC could influence the two side of energy balance, we then provide an overview of the available evidence regarding the effects of OC on energy balance (i.e. energy expenditure and energy intake). Finally, we highlight the necessity for future research to clarify the cellular effects of OC and how the individualization of OC prescriptions can improve long-term weight loss management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lore Metz
- Laboratory of the Metabolic Adaptations to Exercise under Physiological and Pathological Conditions, (AME2P), UE3533, Clermont Auvergne University, 63170 Aubiere CEDEX, France; Auvergne Research Center for Human Nutrition (CRNH), 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - Laurie Isacco
- Laboratory of the Metabolic Adaptations to Exercise under Physiological and Pathological Conditions, (AME2P), UE3533, Clermont Auvergne University, 63170 Aubiere CEDEX, France; Auvergne Research Center for Human Nutrition (CRNH), 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Leanne M Redman
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States
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Lizcano F. Roles of estrogens, estrogen-like compounds, and endocrine disruptors in adipocytes. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:921504. [PMID: 36213285 PMCID: PMC9533025 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.921504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Women are subject to constitutional changes after menopause, which increases conditions and diseases prone to cardiovascular risks such as obesity and diabetes mellitus. Both estrogens and androgens influence the individual's metabolic mechanism, which controls the fat distribution and the hypothalamic organization of the regulatory centers of hunger and satiety. While androgens tend to accumulate fat in the splanchnic and the visceral region with an increase in cardiovascular risk, estrogens generate more subcutaneous and extremity distribution of adipose tissue. The absence of estrogen during menopause seems to be the main factor that gives rise to the greater predisposition of women to suffer cardiovascular alterations. However, the mechanisms by which estrogens regulate the energy condition of people are not recognized. Estrogens have several mechanisms of action, which mainly include the modification of specific receptors that belong to the steroid receptor superfamily. The alpha estrogen receptors (ERα) and the beta receptors (ERβ) have a fundamental role in the metabolic control of the individual, with a very characteristic corporal distribution that exerts an influence on the metabolism of lipids and glucose. Despite the significant amount of knowledge in this field, many of the regulatory mechanisms exerted by estrogens and ER continue to be clarified. This review will discuss the role of estrogens and their receptors on the central regulation of caloric expenditure and the influence they exert on the differentiation and function of adipocytes. Furthermore, chemical substances with a hormonal activity that cause endocrine disruption with affectation on estrogen receptors will be considered. Finally, the different medical therapies for the vasomotor manifestations of menopause and their role in reducing obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular risk will be analyzed.
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Torres Irizarry VC, Jiang Y, He Y, Xu P. Hypothalamic Estrogen Signaling and Adipose Tissue Metabolism in Energy Homeostasis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:898139. [PMID: 35757435 PMCID: PMC9218066 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.898139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity has become a global epidemic, and it is a major risk factor for other metabolic disorders such as type 2 diabetes and cardiometabolic disease. Accumulating evidence indicates that there is sex-specific metabolic protection and disease susceptibility. For instance, in both clinical and experimental studies, males are more likely to develop obesity, insulin resistance, and diabetes. In line with this, males tend to have more visceral white adipose tissue (WAT) and less brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenic activity, both leading to an increased incidence of metabolic disorders. This female-specific fat distribution is partially mediated by sex hormone estrogens. Specifically, hypothalamic estrogen signaling plays a vital role in regulating WAT distribution, WAT beiging, and BAT thermogenesis. These regulatory effects on adipose tissue metabolism are primarily mediated by the activation of estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) in neurons, which interacts with hormones and adipokines such as leptin, ghrelin, and insulin. This review discusses the contribution of adipose tissue dysfunction to obesity and the role of hypothalamic estrogen signaling in preventing metabolic diseases with a particular focus on the VMH, the central regulator of energy expenditure and glucose homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria C. Torres Irizarry
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Yuwei Jiang
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
- *Correspondence: Yuwei Jiang, ; Yanlin He, ; Pingwen Xu,
| | - Yanlin He
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
- *Correspondence: Yuwei Jiang, ; Yanlin He, ; Pingwen Xu,
| | - Pingwen Xu
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
- *Correspondence: Yuwei Jiang, ; Yanlin He, ; Pingwen Xu,
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12
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Debarba LK, Jayarathne HSM, Miller RA, Garratt M, Sadagurski M. 17-a-estradiol has sex-specific effects on neuroinflammation that are partly reversed by gonadectomy. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2021; 77:66-74. [PMID: 34309657 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glab216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
17-α-estradiol (17aE2) treatment from 4-months of age extends lifespan in male mice and can reduce neuroinflammatory responses in the hypothalamus of 12-month-old males. Although 17aE2 improves longevity in males, female mice are unaffected, suggesting a sexually dimorphic pattern of lifespan regulation. We tested whether the sex-specific effects of 17aE2 on neuroinflammatory responses are affected by gonadal removal and whether hypothalamic changes extend to other brain regions in old age. We show that sex-specific effects of 17aE2 on age-associated gliosis are brain region-specific and are partially dependent on gonadectomy. 17aE2 treatment started at 4 months of age protected 25-month-old males from hypothalamic inflammation. Castration before 17aE2 exposure reduced the effect of 17aE2 on hypothalamic astrogliosis in males. By contrast, sex-specific inhibition of microgliosis generated by 17aE2 was not significantly affected by castration. In the hippocampus, gonadectomy influenced the severity of gliosis and the responsiveness to 17aE2 in a region-dependent manner. The male-specific effects of 17aE2 correlate with increases in hypothalamic ERα expression, specifically in gonadally intact males, consistent with the idea that 17aE2 might act through this receptor. Our results indicate that neuroinflammatory responses to 17aE2 are partially controlled by the presence of sex-specific gonads. Loss of gonadal function and age-associated neuroinflammation could, therefore, influence late-life health and disease onset, leading to sexual dimorphism in both aging and in response to drugs that modify the pace of aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas K Debarba
- Department of Biological Sciences, IBio (Integrative Biosciences Center), Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, MI
| | - Hashan S M Jayarathne
- Department of Biological Sciences, IBio (Integrative Biosciences Center), Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, MI
| | - Richard A Miller
- Department of Pathology and Geriatrics Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Michael Garratt
- Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, NZ
| | - Marianna Sadagurski
- Department of Biological Sciences, IBio (Integrative Biosciences Center), Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, MI
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13
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Pontifex MG, Martinsen A, Saleh RNM, Harden G, Tejera N, Müller M, Fox C, Vauzour D, Minihane AM. APOE4 genotype exacerbates the impact of menopause on cognition and synaptic plasticity in APOE-TR mice. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21583. [PMID: 33891334 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202002621rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The impact of sex and menopausal status in Alzheimer's disease remains understudied despite increasing evidence of greater female risk, particularly in APOE4 carriers. Utilizing female APOE-TR mice maintained on a high-fat diet background we induced ovarian failure through repeated VCD injections, to mimic human menopause. At 12 months of age, recognition memory and spatial memory were assessed using object recognition, Y-maze spontaneous alternation, and Barnes maze. A VCD*genotype interaction reduced the recognition memory (P < .05), with APOE4 VCD-treated animals unable to distinguish between novel and familiar objects. APOE4 mice displayed an additional 37% and 12% reduction in Barnes (P < .01) and Y-maze (P < .01) performance, indicative of genotype-specific spatial memory impairment. Molecular analysis indicated both VCD and genotype-related deficits in synaptic plasticity with BDNF, Akt, mTOR, and ERK signaling compromised. Subsequent reductions in the transcription factors Creb1 and Atf4 were also evident. Furthermore, the VCD*genotype interaction specifically diminished Ephb2 expression, while Fos, and Cnr1 expression reduced as a consequence of APOE4 genotype. Brain DHA levels were 13% lower in VCD-treated animals independent of genotype. Consistent with this, we detected alterations in the expression of the DHA transporters Acsl6 and Fatp4. Our results indicate that the combination of ovarian failure and APOE4 leads to an exacerbation of cognitive and neurological deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Glenn Harden
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Noemi Tejera
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Michael Müller
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Chris Fox
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - David Vauzour
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
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14
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Role of BDNF-mTORC1 Signaling Pathway in Female Depression. Neural Plast 2021; 2021:6619515. [PMID: 33628219 PMCID: PMC7886502 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6619515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Depression is a common psychological and mental disorder, characterized by low mood, slow thinking and low will, and even suicidal tendencies in severe cases. It imposes a huge mental and economic burden on patients and their families, and its prevention and treatment have become an urgent public health problem. It is worth noting that there is a significant gender difference in the incidence of depression. Studies have shown that females are far more likely to suffer from depression than males, confirming a close relationship between estrogen and the onset of depression. Moreover, recent studies suggest that the brain-derived neurotrophic factor- (BDNF-) mammalian target of rapamycin complex-1 (mTORC1) signaling pathway is a crucial target pathway for improving depression and mediates the rapid antidepressant-like effects of various antidepressants. However, it is not clear whether the BDNF-mTORC1 signaling pathway mediates the regulation of female depression and how to regulate female depression. Hence, we focused on the modulation of estrogen-BDNF-mTORC1 signaling in depression and its possible mechanisms in recent years.
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15
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Seoane-Collazo P, Romero-Picó A, Rial-Pensado E, Liñares-Pose L, Estévez-Salguero Á, Fernø J, Nogueiras R, Diéguez C, López M. κ-Opioid Signaling in the Lateral Hypothalamic Area Modulates Nicotine-Induced Negative Energy Balance. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041515. [PMID: 33546289 PMCID: PMC7913331 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies have reported that nicotine, the main bioactive component of tobacco, exerts a marked negative energy balance. Apart from its anorectic action, nicotine also modulates energy expenditure, by regulating brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenesis and white adipose tissue (WAT) browning. These effects are mainly controlled at the central level by modulation of hypothalamic neuropeptide systems and energy sensors, such as AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). In this study, we aimed to investigate the kappa opioid receptor (κOR)/dynorphin signaling in the modulation of nicotine’s effects on energy balance. We found that body weight loss after nicotine treatment is associated with a down-regulation of the κOR endogenous ligand dynorphin precursor and with a marked reduction in κOR signaling and the p70 S6 kinase/ribosomal protein S6 (S6K/rpS6) pathway in the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA). The inhibition of these pathways by nicotine was completely blunted in κOR deficient mice, after central pharmacological blockade of κOR, and in rodents where κOR was genetically knocked down specifically in the LHA. Moreover, κOR-mediated nicotine effects on body weight do not depend on orexin. These data unravel a new central regulatory pathway modulating nicotine’s effects on energy balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Seoane-Collazo
- Department of Physiology, CiMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (A.R.-P.); (E.R.-P.); (L.L.-P.); (Á.E.-S.); (R.N.); (C.D.)
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Correspondence: (P.S.-C.); (M.L.)
| | - Amparo Romero-Picó
- Department of Physiology, CiMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (A.R.-P.); (E.R.-P.); (L.L.-P.); (Á.E.-S.); (R.N.); (C.D.)
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Eva Rial-Pensado
- Department of Physiology, CiMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (A.R.-P.); (E.R.-P.); (L.L.-P.); (Á.E.-S.); (R.N.); (C.D.)
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Laura Liñares-Pose
- Department of Physiology, CiMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (A.R.-P.); (E.R.-P.); (L.L.-P.); (Á.E.-S.); (R.N.); (C.D.)
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Ánxela Estévez-Salguero
- Department of Physiology, CiMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (A.R.-P.); (E.R.-P.); (L.L.-P.); (Á.E.-S.); (R.N.); (C.D.)
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Johan Fernø
- Hormone Laboratory, Haukeland University Hospital, N-5021 Bergen, Norway;
| | - Rubén Nogueiras
- Department of Physiology, CiMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (A.R.-P.); (E.R.-P.); (L.L.-P.); (Á.E.-S.); (R.N.); (C.D.)
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Carlos Diéguez
- Department of Physiology, CiMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (A.R.-P.); (E.R.-P.); (L.L.-P.); (Á.E.-S.); (R.N.); (C.D.)
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Miguel López
- Department of Physiology, CiMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (A.R.-P.); (E.R.-P.); (L.L.-P.); (Á.E.-S.); (R.N.); (C.D.)
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Correspondence: (P.S.-C.); (M.L.)
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16
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Dragano NRV, Fernø J, Diéguez C, López M, Milbank E. Reprint of: Recent Updates on Obesity Treatments: Available Drugs and Future Directions. Neuroscience 2020; 447:191-215. [PMID: 33046217 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In the last thirty years, obesity has reached epidemic proportions and is now regarded as a major health issue in contemporary society trending to serious economic and social burdens. The latest projections of the World Health Organization are alarming. By 2030, nearly 60% of the worldwide population could be either obese or overweight, highlighting the needs to find innovative treatments. Currently, bariatric surgery is the most effective way to efficiently lower body mass. Although great improvements in terms of recovery and patient care were made in these surgical procedures, bariatric surgery remains an option for extreme forms of obesity and seems unable to tackle obesity pandemic expansion. Throughout the last century, numerous pharmacological strategies targeting either peripheral or central components of the energy balance regulatory system were designed to reduce body mass, some of them reaching sufficient levels of efficiency and safety. Nevertheless, obesity drug therapy remains quite limited on its effectiveness to actually overcome the obesogenic environment. Thus, innovative unimolecular polypharmacology strategies, able to simultaneously target multiple actors involved in the obesity initiation and expansion, were developed during the last ten years opening a new promising avenue in the pharmacological management of obesity. In this review, we first describe the clinical features of obesity-associated conditions and then focus on the outcomes of currently approved drug therapies for obesity as well as new ones expecting to reach the clinic in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalia R V Dragano
- NeurObesity Group, Department of Physiology, CiMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), 15706, Spain.
| | - Johan Fernø
- Hormone Laboratory, Haukeland University Hospital, N-5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Carlos Diéguez
- NeurObesity Group, Department of Physiology, CiMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), 15706, Spain
| | - Miguel López
- NeurObesity Group, Department of Physiology, CiMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), 15706, Spain
| | - Edward Milbank
- NeurObesity Group, Department of Physiology, CiMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), 15706, Spain.
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17
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalia Dragano
- NeurObesity Group, Department of Physiology, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), 15706, Spain
| | - Edward Milbank
- NeurObesity Group, Department of Physiology, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), 15706, Spain
| | - Miguel López
- NeurObesity Group, Department of Physiology, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), 15706, Spain.
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18
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Yu K, He Y, Hyseni I, Pei Z, Yang Y, Xu P, Cai X, Liu H, Qu N, Liu H, He Y, Yu M, Liang C, Yang T, Wang J, Gourdy P, Arnal JF, Lenfant F, Xu Y, Wang C. 17β-estradiol promotes acute refeeding in hungry mice via membrane-initiated ERα signaling. Mol Metab 2020; 42:101053. [PMID: 32712433 PMCID: PMC7484552 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2020.101053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Estrogen protects animals from obesity through estrogen receptor α (ERα), partially by inhibiting overeating in animals fed ad libitum. However, the effects of estrogen on feeding behavior in hungry animals remain unclear. In this study, we examined the roles of 17β-estradiol (E2) and ERα in the regulation of feeding in hungry female animals and explored the underlying mechanisms. Methods Wild-type female mice with surgical depletion of endogenous estrogens were used to examine the effects of E2 supplementation on acute refeeding behavior after starvation. ERα-C451A mutant mice deficient in membrane-bound ERα activity and ERα-AF20 mutant mice lacking ERα transcriptional activity were used to further examine mechanisms underlying acute feeding triggered by either fasting or central glucopenia (induced by intracerebroventricular injections of 2-deoxy-D-glucose). We also used electrophysiology to explore the impact of these ERα mutations on the neural activities of ERα neurons in the hypothalamus. Results In the wild-type female mice, ovariectomy reduced fasting-induced refeeding, which was restored by E2 supplementation. The ERα-C451A mutation, but not the ERα-AF20 mutation, attenuated acute feeding induced by either fasting or central glucopenia. The ERα-C451A mutation consistently impaired the neural responses of hypothalamic ERα neurons to hypoglycemia. Conclusion In addition to previous evidence that estrogen reduces deviations in energy balance by inhibiting eating at a satiated state, our findings demonstrate the unexpected role of E2 that promotes eating in hungry mice, also contributing to the stability of energy homeostasis. This latter effect specifically requires membrane-bound ERα activity. Endogenous E2 is required to maintain acute refeeding in hungry female mice after starvation. Membrane-bound ERα activity in female mice is required for efficient refeeding after starvation. Membrane-bound ERα activity is required for hypothalamic ERα neurons to respond to hypoglycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaifan Yu
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA; College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Yanlin He
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA; Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Brain Glycemic and Metabolism Control Department, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70808, USA
| | - Ilirjana Hyseni
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Zhou Pei
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Yongjie Yang
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Pingwen Xu
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Xing Cai
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Hesong Liu
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Na Qu
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Hailan Liu
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Yang He
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Meng Yu
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Chen Liang
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Tingting Yang
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Julia Wang
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Pierre Gourdy
- I2MC, Inserm U1048, CHU de Toulouse and Université de Toulouse III, Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-Francois Arnal
- I2MC, Inserm U1048, CHU de Toulouse and Université de Toulouse III, Toulouse, France
| | - Francoise Lenfant
- I2MC, Inserm U1048, CHU de Toulouse and Université de Toulouse III, Toulouse, France
| | - Yong Xu
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| | - Chunmei Wang
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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Dragano NRV, Fernø J, Diéguez C, López M, Milbank E. Recent Updates on Obesity Treatments: Available Drugs and Future Directions. Neuroscience 2020; 437:215-239. [PMID: 32360593 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In the last thirty years, obesity has reached epidemic proportions and is now regarded as a major health issue in contemporary society trending to serious economic and social burdens. The latest projections of the World Health Organization are alarming. By 2030, nearly 60% of the worldwide population could be either obese or overweight, highlighting the needs to find innovative treatments. Currently, bariatric surgery is the most effective way to efficiently lower body mass. Although great improvements in terms of recovery and patient care were made in these surgical procedures, bariatric surgery remains an option for extreme forms of obesity and seems unable to tackle obesity pandemic expansion. Throughout the last century, numerous pharmacological strategies targeting either peripheral or central components of the energy balance regulatory system were designed to reduce body mass, some of them reaching sufficient levels of efficiency and safety. Nevertheless, obesity drug therapy remains quite limited on its effectiveness to actually overcome the obesogenic environment. Thus, innovative unimolecular polypharmacology strategies, able to simultaneously target multiple actors involved in the obesity initiation and expansion, were developed during the last ten years opening a new promising avenue in the pharmacological management of obesity. In this review, we first describe the clinical features of obesity-associated conditions and then focus on the outcomes of currently approved drug therapies for obesity as well as new ones expecting to reach the clinic in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalia R V Dragano
- NeurObesity Group, Department of Physiology, CiMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), 15706, Spain.
| | - Johan Fernø
- Hormone Laboratory, Haukeland University Hospital, N-5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Carlos Diéguez
- NeurObesity Group, Department of Physiology, CiMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), 15706, Spain
| | - Miguel López
- NeurObesity Group, Department of Physiology, CiMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), 15706, Spain
| | - Edward Milbank
- NeurObesity Group, Department of Physiology, CiMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), 15706, Spain.
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20
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Negrón AL, Yu G, Boehm U, Acosta-Martínez M. Targeted Deletion of PTEN in Kisspeptin Cells Results in Brain Region- and Sex-Specific Effects on Kisspeptin Expression and Gonadotropin Release. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21062107. [PMID: 32204355 PMCID: PMC7139936 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21062107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Kisspeptin-expressing neurons in the anteroventral periventricular nucleus (AVPV) and the arcuate nucleus (ARC) of the hypothalamus relay hormonal and metabolic information to gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurons, which in turn regulate pituitary and gonadal function. Phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) blocks phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), a signaling pathway utilized by peripheral factors to transmit their signals. However, whether PTEN signaling in kisspeptin neurons helps to integrate peripheral hormonal cues to regulate gonadotropin release is unknown. To address this question, we generated mice with a kisspeptin cell-specific deletion of Pten (Kiss-PTEN KO), and first assessed kisspeptin protein expression and gonadotropin release in these animals. Kiss-PTEN KO mice displayed a profound sex and region-specific kisspeptin neuron hyperthrophy. We detected both kisspeptin neuron hyperthrophy as well as increased kisspeptin fiber densities in the AVPV and ARC of Kiss-PTEN KO females and in the ARC of Kiss-PTEN KO males. Moreover, Kiss-PTEN KO mice showed a reduced gonadotropin release in response to gonadectomy. We also found a hyperactivation of mTOR, a downstream PI3K target and central regulator of cell metabolism, in the AVPV and ARC of Kiss-PTEN KO females but not males. Fasting, known to inhibit hypothalamic kisspeptin expression and luteinizing hormone levels, failed to induce these changes in Kiss-PTEN KO females. We conclude that PTEN signaling regulates kisspeptin protein synthesis in both sexes and that its role as a metabolic signaling molecule in kisspeptin neurons is sex-specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel L. Negrón
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA;
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA;
| | - Guiqin Yu
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA;
| | - Ulrich Boehm
- Experimental Pharmacology, Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Saarland University School of Medicine, 66421 Homburg, Germany;
| | - Maricedes Acosta-Martínez
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-631-444-6075; Fax: +1-631-444-3432
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Bakhti-Suroosh A, Nesil T, Lynch WJ. Tamoxifen Blocks the Development of Motivational Features of an Addiction-Like Phenotype in Female Rats. Front Behav Neurosci 2019; 13:253. [PMID: 31780909 PMCID: PMC6856674 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2019.00253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Women become addicted sooner after initiating cocaine use as compared to men. Preclinical studies reveal a similar vulnerability in females, with findings from ovariectomized rats suggesting that estradiol mediates the enhanced vulnerability. However, since ovariectomy depletes not only estradiol, but all ovarian hormones, its role in a physiological context is not clear. Thus, the goal of this study was to determine the role of estradiol in the development of an addiction-like phenotype in ovary-intact females treated chronically with the selective estrogen receptor (ER) modulator tamoxifen. We hypothesized that tamoxifen, by antagonizing ERs, would block the development of an addiction-like phenotype as defined by an enhanced motivation for cocaine (assessed under a progressive-ratio schedule), and a heightened vulnerability to relapse (assessed under an extinction/cue-induced reinstatement procedure). Effects were examined following extended access cocaine self-administration (24-h/day; 4-discrete trials/h; 1.5 mg/kg/infusion) and 14-days of abstinence, conditions optimized for inducing an addiction-like phenotype. As predicted, motivation for cocaine was increased following extended-access self-administration and protracted abstinence in the vehicle (sesame oil) and no-injection control groups, but not in the tamoxifen group indicating that ER signaling is critical for the development of this feature of an addiction-like phenotype. Surprisingly, the increase in motivation for cocaine following abstinence was also attenuated in the vehicle group as compared to no-injection controls suggesting that oil/injections also affected its development. Contrary to our hypothesis, tamoxifen did not decrease vulnerability to relapse as this group responded at similar levels during initial extinction sessions and cue-induced reinstatement testing as compared to controls. Tamoxifen did, however, impair extinction learning as this group took longer to extinguish as compared to controls. Taken together, these findings indicate that estradiol is critical for the extinction of drug-associated cues and the development of motivational features of addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anousheh Bakhti-Suroosh
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Tanseli Nesil
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Wendy J Lynch
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
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Central nicotine induces browning through hypothalamic κ opioid receptor. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4037. [PMID: 31492869 PMCID: PMC6731305 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12004-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased body weight is a major factor that interferes with smoking cessation. Nicotine, the main bioactive compound in tobacco, has been demonstrated to have an impact on energy balance, since it affects both feeding and energy expenditure at the central level. Among the central actions of nicotine on body weight, much attention has been focused on its effect on brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenesis, though its effect on browning of white adipose tissue (WAT) is unclear. Here, we show that nicotine induces the browning of WAT through a central mechanism and that this effect is dependent on the κ opioid receptor (KOR), specifically in the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA). Consistent with these findings, smokers show higher levels of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) expression in WAT, which correlates with smoking status. These data demonstrate that central nicotine-induced modulation of WAT browning may be a target against human obesity. Nicotine reduces food intake and increases energy expenditure in brown adipose tissue. Here the authors show that nicotine also induces white adipose tissue browning via central kappa opioid receptor action.
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