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Dorey ES, Headrick JP, Paravicini TM, Wlodek ME, Moritz KM, Reichelt ME. Periconceptional alcohol alters in vivo heart function in ageing female rat offspring: Possible involvement of oestrogen receptor signalling. Exp Physiol 2023; 108:772-784. [PMID: 36951040 PMCID: PMC10988452 DOI: 10.1113/ep090587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? What are the cardiovascular consequences of periconceptual ethanol on offspring throughout the lifespan? What is the main finding and its importance? It is shown for the first time that periconceptional alcohol has sex-specific effects on heart growth, with ageing female offspring exhibiting decreased cardiac output. Altered in vivo cardiac function in ageing female offspring may be linked to changes in cardiac oestrogen receptor expression. ABSTRACT Alcohol exposure throughout gestation is detrimental to cardiac development and function. Although many women decrease alcohol consumption once aware of a pregnancy, exposure prior to recognition is common. We, therefore, examined the effects of periconceptional alcohol exposure (PC:EtOH) on heart function, and explored mechanisms that may contribute. Female Sprague-Dawley rats received a liquid diet ±12.5% v/v ethanol from 4 days prior to mating until 4 days after mating (PC:EtOH). Cardiac function was assessed via echocardiography, and offspring were culled at multiple time points for assessment of morphometry, isolated heart and aortic ring function, protein and transcriptional changes. PC:EtOH-exposed embryonic day 20 fetuses (but not postnatal offspring) had larger hearts relative to body weight. Ex vivo analysis of hearts at 5-7 months old (mo) indicated no changes in coronary function or cardiac ischaemic tolerance, and apparently improved ventricular compliance in PC:EtOH females (compared to controls). At 12 mo, vascular responses in isolated aortic rings were unaltered by PC:EtOH, whilst echocardiography revealed reduced cardiac output in female but not male PC:EtOH offspring. At 19 mo, left ventricular transcript and protein for type 1 oestrogen receptor (ESR1), HSP90 transcript and plasma oestradiol levels were all elevated in female PC:EtOH exposed offspring. Summarising, PC:EtOH adversely impacts in vivo heart function in mature female offspring, associated with increased ventricular oestrogen-related genes. PC:EtOH may thus influence age-related heart dysfunction in females through modulation of oestrogen signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily S. Dorey
- School of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of QueenslandBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
| | - John P. Headrick
- School of Pharmacy and Medical ScienceGriffith UniversitySouthportQueenslandAustralia
| | - Tamara M. Paravicini
- School of Health and Biomedical SciencesRMIT UniversityMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Mary E. Wlodek
- The Department of Obstetrics and GynaecologyThe University of MelbourneMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Karen M. Moritz
- School of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of QueenslandBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
- Child Health Research CentreUniversity of QueenslandBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
| | - Melissa E. Reichelt
- School of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of QueenslandBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
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A Scoping Review of Life-Course Psychosocial Stress and Kidney Function. CHILDREN-BASEL 2021; 8:children8090810. [PMID: 34572242 PMCID: PMC8467128 DOI: 10.3390/children8090810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Increased exposure to maternal psychosocial stress during gestation and adverse neonatal environments has been linked to alterations in developmental programming and health consequences in offspring. A programmed low nephron endowment, among other altered pathways of susceptibility, likely increases the vulnerability to develop chronic kidney disease in later life. Our aim in this scoping review was to identify gaps in the literature by focusing on understanding the association between life-course exposure to psychosocial stress, and the risk of reduced kidney function. A systematic search in four databases (PubMed, ProQuest, Wed of Science, and Scopus) was performed, yielding 609 articles. Following abstract and full-text review, we identified 19 articles meeting our inclusion criteria, reporting associations between different psychosocial stressors and an increase in the prevalence of kidney disease or decline in kidney function, mainly in adulthood. There are a lack of studies that specifically evaluated the association between gestational exposure to psychosocial stress and measures of kidney function or disease in early life, despite the overall evidence consistent with the independent effects of prenatal stress on other perinatal and postnatal outcomes. Further research will establish epidemiological studies with clear and more comparable psychosocial stressors to solve this critical research gap.
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3
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Zhao X, Chen H, Zhu Y, Liu Y, Gao L, Wang H, Ao Y. The selection and identification of compound housekeeping genes for quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis in rat fetal kidney. J Appl Toxicol 2021; 42:360-370. [PMID: 34374451 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Revised: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
During quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) data analysis, the selection of optimal housekeeping gene is necessary to ensure the accuracy of results. It is noteworthy that housekeeping genes commonly used in adult studies may not be applicable for fetus. However, the stability analysis of housekeeping gene in fetal kidney has not been reported. This study intends to screen the applicable compound housekeeping genes in rat fetal kidney. In this study, eight housekeeping genes used in kidney studies based on literature reports (GAPDH, ACTB, 18S, HPRT, YWHAZ, HMBS, PPIA, and TBP) were selected as the research object. Their expression levels in the rat fetal kidney in physiological condition and the intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) model induced by prenatal dexamethasone exposure (PDE) (0.2 mg/kg·day from gestation Days 9 to 20) was measured. Furthermore, these eight housekeeping genes were used to conduct relative quantitative analysis of nephrin expression in the fetal kidney in PDE-induced IUGR model, to compare the influence of choosing different housekeeping gene on data analysis of nephrin expression and to verify the reliability of selected compound housekeeping genes. In this study, stable housekeeping genes of fetal kidney tissues in PDE-induced IUGR model were identified: ACTB, GAPDH, TBP, and HMBS for males; ACTB, YWHAZ, and GAPDH for females. Besides, our results suggest that ACTB + GAPDH were the best compound housekeeping genes for normalization analysis in male fetal kidney studies, and ACTB + YWHAZ in females. This study will provide an experimental evidence basis for the selection of housekeeping genes in the RT-qPCR experiment in renal development toxicology-related models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqi Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medical School of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Haiyun Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medical School of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yanan Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medical School of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medical School of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lili Gao
- Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medical School of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medical School of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan, China
| | - Ying Ao
- Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medical School of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan, China
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4
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Tortelote GG, Colón-Leyva M, Saifudeen Z. Metabolic programming of nephron progenitor cell fate. Pediatr Nephrol 2021; 36:2155-2164. [PMID: 33089379 PMCID: PMC10734399 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-020-04752-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic pathways are one of the first responses at the cellular level to maternal/fetal interface stressors. Studies have revealed the previously unrecognized contributions of intermediary metabolism to developmental programs. Here, we provide an overview of cellular metabolic pathways and the cues that modulate metabolic states. We discuss the developmental and physiological implications of metabolic reprogramming and the key role of metabolites in epigenetic and epiproteomic modifications during embryonic development and with respect to kidney development and nephrogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovane G Tortelote
- Department of Pediatrics, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue SL37, Room 5534, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Mariel Colón-Leyva
- Department of Pediatrics, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue SL37, Room 5534, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Zubaida Saifudeen
- Department of Pediatrics, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue SL37, Room 5534, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA.
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5
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Makayes Y, Resnick E, Hinden L, Aizenshtein E, Shlomi T, Kopan R, Nechama M, Volovelsky O. Increasing mTORC1 Pathway Activity or Methionine Supplementation during Pregnancy Reverses the Negative Effect of Maternal Malnutrition on the Developing Kidney. J Am Soc Nephrol 2021; 32:1898-1912. [PMID: 33958489 PMCID: PMC8455268 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2020091321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low nephron number at birth is associated with a high risk of CKD in adulthood because nephrogenesis is completed in utero. Poor intrauterine environment impairs nephron endowment via an undefined molecular mechanism. A calorie-restricted diet (CRD) mouse model examined the effect of malnutrition during pregnancy on nephron progenitor cells (NPCs). METHODS Daily caloric intake was reduced by 30% during pregnancy. mRNA expression, the cell cycle, and metabolic activity were evaluated in sorted Six2 NPCs. The results were validated using transgenic mice, oral nutrient supplementation, and organ cultures. RESULTS Maternal CRD is associated with low nephron number in offspring, compromising kidney function at an older age. RNA-seq identified cell cycle regulators and the mTORC1 pathway, among other pathways, that maternal malnutrition in NPCs modifies. Metabolomics analysis of NPCs singled out the methionine pathway as crucial for NPC proliferation and maintenance. Methionine deprivation reduced NPC proliferation and lowered NPC number per tip in embryonic kidney cultures, with rescue from methionine metabolite supplementation. Importantly, in vivo, the negative effect of caloric restriction on nephrogenesis was prevented by adding methionine to the otherwise restricted diet during pregnancy or by removing one Tsc1 allele in NPCs. CONCLUSIONS These findings show that mTORC1 signaling and methionine metabolism are central to the cellular and metabolic effects of malnutrition during pregnancy on NPCs, contributing to nephrogenesis and later, to kidney health in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaniv Makayes
- Pediatric Nephrology Unit and Research Lab, Hadassah Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Elad Resnick
- Pediatric Nephrology Unit and Research Lab, Hadassah Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Liad Hinden
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Institute for Drug Research, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | | | - Raphael Kopan
- Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine and Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Morris Nechama
- Pediatric Nephrology Unit and Research Lab, Hadassah Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
- Wohl’s Translation Research Institute at Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Oded Volovelsky
- Pediatric Nephrology Unit and Research Lab, Hadassah Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
- Wohl’s Translation Research Institute at Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
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6
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Neal ES, Hofstee P, Askew MR, Kent NL, Bartho LA, Perkins AV, Cuffe JSM. Maternal selenium deficiency in mice promotes sex-specific changes to urine flow and renal expression of mitochondrial proteins in adult offspring. Physiol Rep 2021; 9:e14785. [PMID: 33769708 PMCID: PMC7995548 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Selenium deficiency during pregnancy can impair fetal development and predispose offspring to thyroid dysfunction. Given that key selenoproteins are highly expressed in the kidney and that poor thyroid health can lead to kidney disease, it is likely that kidney function may be impaired in offspring of selenium-deficient mothers. This study utilized a mouse model of maternal selenium deficiency to investigate kidney protein glycation, mitochondrial adaptations, and urinary excretion in offspring. Female C57BL/6 mice were fed control (>190 µg selenium/kg) or low selenium (<50 µg selenium/kg) diets four weeks prior to mating, throughout gestation, and lactation. At postnatal day (PN) 170, offspring were placed in metabolic cages for 24 hr prior to tissue collection at PN180. Maternal selenium deficiency did not impact selenoprotein antioxidant activity, but increased advanced glycation end products in female kidneys. Male offspring had reduced renal Complex II and Complex IV protein levels and lower 24 hr urine flow. Although renal aquaporin 2 (Aqp2) and arginine vasopressin receptor 2 (Avpr2) mRNA were not altered by maternal selenium deficiency, a correlation between urine flow and plasma free T4 concentrations in male but not female offspring suggests that programed thyroid dysfunction may be mediating impaired urine flow. This study demonstrates that maternal selenium deficiency can lead to long-term deficits in kidney parameters that may be secondary to impaired thyroid dysfunction. Considering the significant burden of renal dysfunction as a comorbidity to metabolic diseases, improving maternal selenium intake in pregnancy may be one simple measure to prevent lifelong disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elliott S. Neal
- School of Biomedical SciencesThe University of QueenslandSt LuciaQLDAustralia
| | - Pierre Hofstee
- School of Medical ScienceGriffith University Gold Coast CampusSouthportQLDAustralia
| | - Montana R. Askew
- School of Biomedical SciencesThe University of QueenslandSt LuciaQLDAustralia
| | - Nykola L. Kent
- School of Biomedical SciencesThe University of QueenslandSt LuciaQLDAustralia
| | - Lucy A. Bartho
- School of Medical ScienceGriffith University Gold Coast CampusSouthportQLDAustralia
| | - Anthony V. Perkins
- School of Medical ScienceGriffith University Gold Coast CampusSouthportQLDAustralia
| | - James S. M. Cuffe
- School of Biomedical SciencesThe University of QueenslandSt LuciaQLDAustralia
- School of Medical ScienceGriffith University Gold Coast CampusSouthportQLDAustralia
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Abstract
AbstractIt is well established that high-dose alcohol consumption during pregnancy increases the risk for a plethora of adverse offspring outcomes. These include neurodevelopmental, cognitive and social deficits, as well as psychiatric illnesses, such as depression and anxiety. However, much less evidence is available on the effects of low- and early-dose alcohol exposure on mental health outcomes, regardless of the accumulating evidence that mental health outcomes should be considered in the context of the Developmental Origins of Health and Disease hypothesis. This review will discuss the evidence that indicates low-dose and early prenatal alcohol exposure can increase the risk of mental illness in offspring and discuss the mechanistic pathways that may be involved.
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8
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Dorey ES, Walton SL, Kalisch‐Smith JI, Paravicini TM, Gardebjer EM, Weir KA, Singh RR, Bielefeldt‐Ohmann H, Anderson ST, Wlodek ME, Moritz KM. Periconceptional ethanol exposure induces a sex specific diuresis and increase in AQP2 and AVPR2 in the kidneys of aged rat offspring. Physiol Rep 2019; 7:e14273. [PMID: 31691500 PMCID: PMC6832009 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal alcohol consumption can impair renal development and program kidney dysfunction in offspring. Given that most women who drink alcohol cease consumption upon pregnancy recognition, we aimed to investigate the effect of alcohol around the time of conception (PC:EtOH) on offspring renal development and function. Rats received a liquid diet ±12.5% v/v ethanol from 4 days before to 4 days after mating. At postnatal day 30, nephron number was assessed. Urine flow and electrolyte (Na, K, Cl) excretion was measured at 6 and 19 months and blood pressure at 12 months. At 19 months, kidneys were collected for gene and protein analysis and assessment of collecting duct length. At postnatal day 30, PC:EtOH offspring had fewer nephrons. At 6 months, PC:EtOH exposure did not alter urine flow nor affect blood pressure at 12 months. At 19 months, female but not male offspring exposed to PC:EtOH drank more water and had a higher urine flow despite no differences in plasma arginine vasopressin (AVP) concentrations. Aqp2 mRNA and Avpr2 mRNA and protein expression was increased in kidneys from female PC:EtOH offspring but collecting duct lengths were similar. Immunofluorescent staining revealed diffuse cytoplasmic distribution of AQP2 protein in kidneys from PC:EtOH females, compared with controls with apical AQP2 localization. PC:EtOH resulted in a low nephron endowment and in female offspring, associated with age-related diuresis. Changes in expression and cellular localization of AQP2 likely underpin this disturbance in water homeostasis and highlight the need for alcohol to be avoided in early pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily S. Dorey
- School of Biomedical SciencesThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueensland
| | - Sarah L. Walton
- School of Biomedical SciencesThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueensland
| | | | | | | | - Kristy A. Weir
- School of Biomedical SciencesThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueensland
| | - Reetu R. Singh
- School of Biomedical SciencesThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueensland
| | | | | | - Mary E. Wlodek
- The Department of PhysiologyThe University of MelbourneMelbourneVictoria
| | - Karen M. Moritz
- School of Biomedical SciencesThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueensland
- Child Health Research CentreThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueensland
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9
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Moritz KM, Reid N, Akison LK. Can Fetal Alcohol Exposure Increase the Risk of Hypertension? A New Study in Children and Adolescents Diagnosed With Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder Suggests It Can. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2019; 43:2057-2059. [PMID: 31403704 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karen M Moritz
- Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, South Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Natasha Reid
- Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, South Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Lisa K Akison
- Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, South Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
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10
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Sekiya S, Kikuchi T, Shimizu T. Perfusion culture maintained with an air-liquid interface to stimulate epithelial cell organization in renal organoids in vitro. BMC Biomed Eng 2019; 1:15. [PMID: 32903332 PMCID: PMC7422605 DOI: 10.1186/s42490-019-0017-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Organoids derived from induced pluripotent stem (iPS) or embryonic stem (ES) cells have been evaluated as in vitro models of development and disease. However, maintaining these cells under long-term static culture conditions is difficult because of nutrition shortages and waste accumulation. To overcome these issues, perfusion culture systems are required for organoid technology. A system with a stable microenvironment, nutrient availability, and waste removal will accelerate organoid generation. The aim of this study was to develop a novel perfusion system for renal organoids by maintaining the air-liquid interface with a device fabricated using a 3D printer. Results Our results revealed slow flow at the organoid cultivation area based on microbead movement on the membrane, which depended on the perfusion rate under the membrane. Moreover, the perfused culture medium below the organoids via a porous membrane diffused throughout the organoids, maintaining the air-liquid interface. The diffusion rates within organoids were increased according to the flow rate of the culture medium under the membrane. The perfused culture medium also stimulated cytoskeletal and basement membrane re-organization associated with promotion tubular formation under 2.5 μL/min flow culture. In contrast, tubules in organoids were diminished at a flow rate of 10 μL/min. Conclusions Our liquid-air interface perfusion system accelerated organization of the renal organoids. These results suggest that suitable perfusion conditions can accelerate organization of epithelial cells and tissues in renal organoids in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachiko Sekiya
- Institute of Advanced Biomedical and Engineering Science, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Kawada-cho 8-1 TWIns, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8666 Japan
| | - Tetsutaro Kikuchi
- Institute of Advanced Biomedical and Engineering Science, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Kawada-cho 8-1 TWIns, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8666 Japan
| | - Tatsuya Shimizu
- Institute of Advanced Biomedical and Engineering Science, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Kawada-cho 8-1 TWIns, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8666 Japan
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11
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Svitok P, Okuliarova M, Varga I, Zeman M. Renal impairment induced by prenatal exposure to angiotensin II in male rat offspring. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2019; 244:923-931. [PMID: 31088116 DOI: 10.1177/1535370219851110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Suboptimal conditions during prenatal ontogeny can impair development of several physiological systems and result in cardiometabolic diseases in adulthood. The kidney has been identified as one of the most sensitive organs for developmental programming, but underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. Therefore, in our study we explored the consequences of prenatally increased angiotensin II (Ang II) on the structural development of the kidney and its damage by infiltrated immune cells under normal diet and after an increased salt intake, as a second insult representing a lifestyle factor in humans. Female rats were implanted with osmotic mini-pumps continuously releasing Ang II of dose 2 µg/kg/h during last two weeks of pregnancy, whereas control females were sham operated. Immunohistological and ultrastructural evaluations of the kidneys and their infiltration with immune cells were performed in mature male progeny kept either on a standard or increased salt (2% NaCl) diet. Glomerular volume decreased and the cortical tubulointerstitial injury increased in the offspring prenatally exposed to Ang II with no additional effect of increased salt. Ultrastructural examination demonstrated degenerative changes in proximal tubules, mainly fewer and shorter microvilli in the brush border, enlarged mitochondria, and an increased number of lysosomes in the epithelial cells in the progeny prenatally exposed to Ang II. Moreover, the treatment resulted in increased infiltration of T-cells and macrophages in the renal cortex compared to controls. These changes paralleled with reduced numbers of cytotoxic T-cells in circulation and higher oxidative burst of neutrophils in the progeny of Ang II-treated mothers compared to controls. Altogether, results suggest that prenatally increased Ang II promoted infiltration of immune cells in the kidney and subsequent oxidative stress, which induced a damage of renal glomerular and tubular system entailing negative consequences on the cardiovascular system. Impact statement Suboptimal prenatal conditions can contribute to development of cardiovascular diseases and an altered renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) can be involved in the process. In our study, increased angiotensin II in pregnant female rats resulted in renal cortical interstitial damage, and renal ultrastructural changes in the glomeruli, the brush border of proximal tubules and mitochondria in mature male offspring. The treatment promoted infiltration of T cells and macrophages in the kidneys and primed an oxidative burst of circulating neutrophils, indicating a pro-inflammatory state in the progeny of angiotensin II-treated mothers. Deregulated RAAS of mothers is involved in developmental programming of hypertension in adult male offspring via damaging kidney morphology and function. These findings suggest that preventing the activation of RAAS and oxidative stress during perinatal development might protect against hypertension development in adult male progeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Svitok
- 1 Department of Animal Physiology & Ethology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Bratislava 841 04, Slovak Republic
| | - Monika Okuliarova
- 1 Department of Animal Physiology & Ethology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Bratislava 841 04, Slovak Republic
| | - Ivan Varga
- 2 Institute of Histology & Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava 813 72, Slovak Republic
| | - Michal Zeman
- 1 Department of Animal Physiology & Ethology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Bratislava 841 04, Slovak Republic
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12
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The relationship between maternal obesity and diabetes during pregnancy on offspring kidney structure and function in humans: a systematic review. J Dev Orig Health Dis 2018; 10:406-419. [PMID: 30411699 DOI: 10.1017/s2040174418000867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Evidence from animal models indicates that exposure to an obesogenic or hyperglycemic intrauterine environment adversely impacts offspring kidney development and renal function. However, evidence from human studies has not been evaluated systematically. Therefore, the aim of this systematic review was to synthesize current research in humans that has examined the relationship between gestational obesity and/or diabetes and offspring kidney structure and function. Systematic electronic database searches were conducted of five relevant databases (CINAHL, Cochrane, EMBASE, MEDLINE and Scopus). Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis guidelines were followed, and articles screened by two independent reviewers generated nine eligible papers for inclusion. Six studies were assessed as being of 'neutral' quality, two of 'negative' and one 'positive' quality. Observational studies suggest that offspring exposed to a hyperglycemic intrauterine environment are more likely to display markers of renal dysfunction and are at higher risk of end-stage renal disease. There was limited and inconsistent evidence for a link between exposure to an obesogenic intrauterine environment and offspring renal outcomes. Offspring renal outcome measures across studies were diverse, with a large variation in offspring age at follow-up, limiting comparability across studies. The collective current body of evidence suggests that intrauterine exposure to maternal obesity and/or diabetes adversely impacts renal programming in offspring, with an increased risk of kidney disease in adulthood. Further high-quality, longitudinal, prospective cohort studies that measure indicators of offspring renal development and function, including fetal kidney volume and albuminuria, at standardized follow-up time points, are warranted.
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13
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Impact of prenatal and postnatal maternal environment on nephron endowment, renal function and blood pressure in the Lewis polycystic kidney rat. J Dev Orig Health Dis 2018; 10:154-163. [PMID: 30274564 DOI: 10.1017/s2040174418000673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Maternal insufficiency during fetal development can have long-lasting effects on the offspring, most notably on nephron endowment. In polycystic kidney disease (PKD), variability in severity of disease is observed and maternal environment may be a modifying factor. In this study, we first established that in a rodent model of PKD, the Lewis polycystic kidney (LPK) rat's nephron numbers are 25% lower compared with wildtype animals. We then investigated the effects of prenatal and postnatal maternal environment on phenotype and nephron number. LPK pups born from and raised by homozygous LPK dams (control) were compared with LPK pups cross-fostered onto heterozygous LPK dams to improve postnatal environment; with LPK pups born from and raised by heterozygous LPK dams to improve both prenatal and postnatal environment and with LPK pups born from and raised by Wistar Kyoto-LPK heterozygous dams to improve both prenatal and postnatal environment on a different genetic background. Improvement in both prenatal and postnatal environment improved postnatal growth, renal function and reduced blood pressure, most notably in animals with different genetic background. Animals with improved postnatal environment only showed improved growth and blood pressure, but to a lesser extent. All intervention groups showed increased nephron number compared with control LPK. In summary, prenatal and postnatal environment had significant effect in delaying progression and reducing severity of PKD, including nephron endowment.
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14
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Reid N. Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder in Australia: What is the current state of affairs? Drug Alcohol Rev 2018; 37:827-830. [PMID: 30109741 DOI: 10.1111/dar.12855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The term fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) is used to describe a wide range of difficulties that individuals who are exposed to alcohol prenatally can face. FASD is a significant public health concern that is currently under-recognised and consequently, under-diagnosed in Australia. A new Commonwealth FASD Strategy (2018-2028) is being developed and the Australian Government has announced significant funding for the expansion of FASD prevention, diagnostic and intervention services around Australia. Therefore, it is timely to consider what the current state of affairs regarding FASD in Australia is and describe areas for future research and service delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Reid
- Child Health Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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15
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Sanders AP, Saland JM, Wright RO, Satlin L. Perinatal and childhood exposure to environmental chemicals and blood pressure in children: a review of literature 2007-2017. Pediatr Res 2018; 84:165-180. [PMID: 29884847 PMCID: PMC6185812 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-018-0055-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to environmental chemicals during periods of renal development from embryogenesis to birth and through childhood can inform critical windows of nephrotoxicity, including changes in childhood blood pressure. This review assessed recent studies that examined the relationship of air pollution, metals, and other organic pollutants with children's blood pressure outcomes. We restricted this review to peer-reviewed studies published in English between January 2007 and July 2017. We identified a total of 36 articles that estimated associations with childhood blood pressure, of which 14 studies examined the effects of air pollution, 10 examined metals, and 12 examined other organic pollutants including phthalates (n = 4), Bisphenol A (n = 3), polychlorinated biphenols (n = 2), organophosphate pesticides (n = 2), or perfluoroalkyl acids (n = 1). Similar to the established relationship between tobacco smoke exposure and childhood blood pressure, the majority of studies that examined air pollutants, particularly exposure to PM10 and PM2.5, reported associations with increased childhood blood pressure. The literature reported conflicting evidence for metals, and putative evidence of the effects of exposure to phthalates, Bisphenol A, polychlorinated biphenols, and pesticides. Overall, our review underscores the need for additional studies that assess the impact of nephrotoxicant exposure during early life, particularly the perinatal period, and blood pressure in childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison P Sanders
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Jeffrey M Saland
- Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Robert O Wright
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lisa Satlin
- Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
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16
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Walton SL, Singh RR, Little MH, Bowles J, Li J, Moritz KM. Prolonged prenatal hypoxia selectively disrupts collecting duct patterning and postnatal function in male mouse offspring. J Physiol 2018; 596:5873-5889. [PMID: 29676801 DOI: 10.1113/jp275918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS In the present study, we investigated whether hypoxia during late pregnancy impairs kidney development in mouse offspring, and also whether this has long-lasting consequences affecting kidney function in adulthood. Hypoxia disrupted growth of the kidney, particularly the collecting duct network, in juvenile male offspring. By mid-late adulthood, these mice developed early signs of kidney disease, notably a compromised response to water deprivation. Female offspring showed no obvious signs of impaired kidney development and did not develop kidney disease, suggesting an underlying protection mechanism from the hypoxia insult. These results help us better understand the long-lasting impact of gestational hypoxia on kidney development and the increased risk of chronic kidney disease. ABSTRACT Prenatal hypoxia is a common perturbation to arise during pregnancy, and can lead to adverse health outcomes in later life. The long-lasting impact of prenatal hypoxia on postnatal kidney development and maturation of the renal tubules, particularly the collecting duct system, is relatively unknown. In the present study, we used a model of moderate chronic maternal hypoxia throughout late gestation (12% O2 exposure from embryonic day 14.5 until birth). Histological analyses revealed marked changes in the tubular architecture of male hypoxia-exposed neonates as early as postnatal day 7, with disrupted medullary development and altered expression of Ctnnb1 and Crabp2 (encoding a retinoic acid binding protein). Kidneys of the RARElacZ line offspring exposed to hypoxia showed reduced β-galactosidase activity, indicating reduced retinoic acid-directed transcriptional activation. Wild-type male mice exposed to hypoxia had an early decline in urine concentrating capacity, evident at 4 months of age. At 12 months of age, hypoxia-exposed male mice displayed a compromised response to a water deprivation challenge, which was was correlated with an altered cellular composition of the collecting duct and diminished expression of aquaporin 2. There were no differences in the tubular structures or urine concentrating capacity between the control and hypoxia-exposed female offspring at any age. The findings of the present study suggest that prenatal hypoxia selectively disrupts collecting duct patterning through altered Wnt/β-catenin and retinoic acid signalling and this results in impaired function in male mouse offspring in later life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Walton
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Reetu R Singh
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Melissa H Little
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Josephine Bowles
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Joan Li
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Karen M Moritz
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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17
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Briffa JF, Wlodek ME, Moritz KM. Transgenerational programming of nephron deficits and hypertension. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2018; 103:94-103. [PMID: 29859996 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2018.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to a sub-optimal environment in the womb can result in poor fetal growth and impair the normal development of organs. The kidney, specifically the process of nephrogenesis, has been shown to be impacted by many common pregnancy exposures including an inadequate diet, poor placental function, maternal stress as well as maternal smoking and alcohol consumption. This can result in offspring being born with a reduced nephron endowment, which places these individuals at increased risk of hypertension and chronic kidney disease (CKD). Of recent interest is whether this disease risk can be passed on to subsequent generations and, if so, what are the mechanisms and pathways involved. In this review, we highlight the growing body of evidence that a low birth weight and hypertension, which are both major risk factors for cardiovascular and CKD, can be transmitted across generations. However, as yet there is little data as to whether a low nephron endowment contributes to this disease transmission. The emerging data suggests transmission can occur both through both the maternal and paternal lines, which likely involves epigenetic mechanisms such chromatin remodelling (DNA methylation and histone modification) and non-coding RNA modifications. In addition, females who were born small and/or have a low nephron endowment are at an increased risk for pregnancy complications, which can influence the growth and development of the next generation. Future animal studies in this area should include examining nephron endowment across multiple generations and determining adult renal function. Clinically, long term follow-up studies of large birth cohorts need to be undertaken to more clearly determine the impact a sub-optimal environment in one generation has on the health outcomes in the second, and subsequent, generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica F Briffa
- Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Mary E Wlodek
- Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Karen M Moritz
- Child Health Research Centre and School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia.
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18
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Walton SL, Mazzuca MQ, Tare M, Parkington HC, Wlodek ME, Moritz KM, Gallo LA. Angiotensin receptor blockade in juvenile male rat offspring: Implications for long-term cardio-renal health. Pharmacol Res 2018; 134:320-331. [PMID: 29870806 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of the renin-angiotensin system in early postnatal life is a potential therapeutic approach to prevent long-term cardiovascular and kidney diseases in individuals born small. We determined the long-term effects of juvenile losartan treatment on cardiovascular and kidney function in control male rat offspring and those exposed to uteroplacental insufficiency and born small. Bilateral uterine vessel ligation (Restricted) or sham (Control) surgery was performed in late gestation in Wistar Kyoto rats. At weaning, male offspring were randomly assigned to receive losartan in their drinking water or drinking water alone from 5 to 8 weeks of age, and followed to 26 weeks of age. Systolic blood pressure and kidney function were assessed throughout the study. Pressure myography was used to assess passive mechanical wall properties in mesenteric and femoral arteries from 26-week-old offspring. Losartan treatment for three weeks lowered systolic blood pressure in both Control and Restricted groups but this difference was not sustained after the cessation of treatment. Losartan, irrespective of birth weight, mildly increased renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis when assessed at 26 weeks of age. Mesenteric artery stiffness was increased by the early losartan treatment, and was associated with increased collagen and decreased elastin content. Losartan also exerted long-term increases in fat mass and decreases in skeletal muscle mass. In this study, untreated Restricted offspring did not develop hypertension, vascular dysfunction or kidney changes as anticipated. Regardless, we demonstrate that short-term losartan treatment in the juvenile period negatively affects postnatal growth, and kidney and vascular parameters in adulthood, irrespective of birth weight. The long-term effects of early-life losartan treatment warrant further consideration in settings where the potential benefits may outweigh the risks; i.e. when programmed adulthood diseases are apparent and in childhood cardiovascular and kidney diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Walton
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia; Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, South Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Marc Q Mazzuca
- Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Marianne Tare
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia; Monash Rural Health, Churchill, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Mary E Wlodek
- Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Karen M Moritz
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia; Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, South Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
| | - Linda A Gallo
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia; Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Mater Research Institute-University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
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19
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Glastras SJ, Chen H, Pollock CA, Saad S. Maternal obesity increases the risk of metabolic disease and impacts renal health in offspring. Biosci Rep 2018; 38:BSR20180050. [PMID: 29483369 PMCID: PMC5874265 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20180050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Revised: 02/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity, together with insulin resistance, promotes multiple metabolic abnormalities and is strongly associated with an increased risk of chronic disease including type 2 diabetes (T2D), hypertension, cardiovascular disease, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and chronic kidney disease (CKD). The incidence of obesity continues to rise in astronomical proportions throughout the world and affects all the different stages of the lifespan. Importantly, the proportion of women of reproductive age who are overweight or obese is increasing at an alarming rate and has potential ramifications for offspring health and disease risk. Evidence suggests a strong link between the intrauterine environment and disease programming. The current review will describe the importance of the intrauterine environment in the development of metabolic disease, including kidney disease. It will detail the known mechanisms of fetal programming, including the role of epigenetic modulation. The evidence for the role of maternal obesity in the developmental programming of CKD is derived mostly from our rodent models which will be described. The clinical implication of such findings will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Glastras
- Department of Medicine, Kolling Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia
| | - Hui Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Australia
| | - Carol A Pollock
- Department of Medicine, Kolling Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Sonia Saad
- Department of Medicine, Kolling Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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20
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Cuffe JSM, Briffa JF, Rosser S, Siebel AL, Romano T, Hryciw DH, Wlodek ME, Moritz KM. Uteroplacental insufficiency in rats induces renal apoptosis and delays nephrogenesis completion. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2018; 222. [PMID: 29047216 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2017] [Revised: 10/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM Uteroplacental insufficiency in rats reduces nephron endowment, leptin concentrations and programmes cardiorenal disease in offspring. Cross-fostering growth-restricted (Restricted) offspring onto a mother with normal lactation restores leptin concentrations and nephron endowment. This study aimed to determine whether the reduced nephron endowment in Restricted offspring is due to delayed glomerular formation and dysregulation of renal genes regulating branching morphogenesis, apoptosis or leptin signalling. Furthermore, we aimed to investigate whether cross-fostering Restricted offspring onto Control mothers could improve glomerular maturation and restore renal gene abundance. METHODS Uteroplacental insufficiency was induced by bilateral uterine vessel ligation (Restricted) or sham (Control) surgery on gestation day 18 (E18). Kidneys were collected at E20, postnatal day 1 (PN1) and PN7. An additional cohort was cross-fostered onto separate mothers at birth and kidneys collected at PN7. RESULTS Kidneys were lighter in the Restricted group, but weight was restored with cross-fostering. At E20, abundance of Bax, Flt1 and Vegfa was increased in Restricted offspring, while Ret and Bcl2 transcripts were increased only in Restricted females. At PN7, abundance of Gdnf and Ret was higher in Restricted offspring, as was Casp3. Restricted offspring had a wider nephrogenic zone with more immature glomeruli suggesting a delayed or extended nephrogenic period. Cross-fostering had subtle effects on gene abundance and glomerular maturity. CONCLUSION Uteroplacental insufficiency induced apoptosis in the developing kidney and delayed and extended nephrogenesis. Cross-fostering Restricted offspring onto Control mothers had beneficial effects on kidney growth and renal maturity, which may contribute to the restoration of nephron endowment.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. S. M. Cuffe
- School of Biomedical Sciences; The University of Queensland; St. Lucia Qld Australia
- School of Medical Science; Menzies Health Institute Queensland; Griffith University; Southport Qld Australia
| | - J. F. Briffa
- Department of Physiology; The University of Melbourne; Parkville Vic. Australia
| | - S. Rosser
- School of Biomedical Sciences; The University of Queensland; St. Lucia Qld Australia
| | - A. L. Siebel
- Department of Physiology; The University of Melbourne; Parkville Vic. Australia
| | - T. Romano
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology; La Trobe University; Bundoora Vic. Australia
| | - D. H. Hryciw
- Department of Physiology; The University of Melbourne; Parkville Vic. Australia
| | - M. E. Wlodek
- Department of Physiology; The University of Melbourne; Parkville Vic. Australia
| | - K. M. Moritz
- School of Biomedical Sciences; The University of Queensland; St. Lucia Qld Australia
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21
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Lee YQ, Collins CE, Gordon A, Rae KM, Pringle KG. The Relationship between Maternal Nutrition during Pregnancy and Offspring Kidney Structure and Function in Humans: A Systematic Review. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10020241. [PMID: 29466283 PMCID: PMC5852817 DOI: 10.3390/nu10020241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The intrauterine environment is critical for fetal growth and organ development. Evidence from animal models indicates that the developing kidney is vulnerable to suboptimal maternal nutrition and changes in health status. However, evidence from human studies are yet to be synthesised. Therefore, the aim of the current study was to systematically review current research on the relationship between maternal nutrition during pregnancy and offspring kidney structure and function in humans. A search of five databases identified 9501 articles, of which three experimental and seven observational studies met the inclusion criteria. Nutrients reviewed to date included vitamin A (n = 3), folate and vitamin B12 (n = 2), iron (n = 1), vitamin D (n = 1), total energy (n = 2) and protein (n = 1). Seven studies were assessed as being of "positive" and three of "neutral" quality. A variety of populations were studied, with limited studies investigating maternal nutrition during pregnancy, while measurements of offspring kidney outcomes were diverse across studies. There was a lack of consistency in the timing of follow-up for offspring kidney structure and/or function assessments, thus limiting comparability between studies. Deficiencies in maternal folate, vitamin A, and total energy during pregnancy were associated with detrimental impacts on kidney structure and function, measured by kidney volume, proteinuria, eGFRcystC and mean creatinine clearance in the offspring. Additional experimental and longitudinal prospective studies are warranted to confirm this relationship, especially in Indigenous populations where the risk of renal disease is greater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Qi Lee
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW 2308, Australia.
- Priority Research Centre for Reproductive Sciences, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW 2308, Australia.
| | - Clare E Collins
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW 2308, Australia.
- Priority Research Centre in Physical Activity and Nutrition, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW 2308, Australia.
| | - Adrienne Gordon
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - Kym M Rae
- Priority Research Centre for Reproductive Sciences, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW 2308, Australia.
- Gomeroi Gaaynggal Centre, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Tamworth, NSW 2340, Australia.
- Department of Rural Health, School of Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Tamworth, NSW 2340, Australia.
- Priority Research Centre for Generational Health and Ageing, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW 2308, Australia.
| | - Kirsty G Pringle
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW 2308, Australia.
- Priority Research Centre for Reproductive Sciences, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW 2308, Australia.
- Gomeroi Gaaynggal Centre, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Tamworth, NSW 2340, Australia.
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22
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Liu J, Edgington-Giordano F, Dugas C, Abrams A, Katakam P, Satou R, Saifudeen Z. Regulation of Nephron Progenitor Cell Self-Renewal by Intermediary Metabolism. J Am Soc Nephrol 2017; 28:3323-3335. [PMID: 28754792 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2016111246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Nephron progenitor cells (NPCs) show an age-dependent capacity to balance self-renewal with differentiation. Older NPCs (postnatal day 0) exit the progenitor niche at a higher rate than younger (embryonic day 13.5) NPCs do. This behavior is reflected in the transcript profiles of young and old NPCs. Bioenergetic pathways have emerged as important regulators of stem cell fate. Here, we investigated the mechanisms underlying this regulation in murine NPCs. Upon isolation and culture in NPC renewal medium, younger NPCs displayed a higher glycolysis rate than older NPCs. Inhibition of glycolysis enhanced nephrogenesis in cultured embryonic kidneys, without increasing ureteric tree branching, and promoted mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition in cultured isolated metanephric mesenchyme. Cotreatment with a canonical Wnt signaling inhibitor attenuated but did not entirely block the increase in nephrogenesis observed after glycolysis inhibition. Furthermore, inhibition of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt self-renewal signaling pathway or stimulation of differentiation pathways in the NPC decreased glycolytic flux. Our findings suggest that glycolysis is a pivotal, cell-intrinsic determinant of NPC fate, with a high glycolytic flux supporting self-renewal and inhibition of glycolysis stimulating differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Nephrology
| | | | | | - Anna Abrams
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Nephrology
| | - Prasad Katakam
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
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23
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Skröder H, Hawkesworth S, Moore SE, Wagatsuma Y, Kippler M, Vahter M. Prenatal lead exposure and childhood blood pressure and kidney function. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2016; 151:628-634. [PMID: 27611993 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2016.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Revised: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to lead, a common environmental pollutant, is known to cause cardiovascular and nephrotoxic effects in adults. Potential effects of early-life lead exposure on these functions are, however, less well characterized. OBJECTIVES To assess blood pressure and kidney function in preschool-aged children in relation to prenatal lead exposure. METHODS This prospective study in rural Bangladesh measured children's systolic and diastolic blood pressure in triplicate at the follow-up at 4.5±0.11 years. Their kidney function was assessed by the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), calculated based on serum cystatin C concentrations, and by kidney volume, measured by sonography. Exposure to lead was assessed by concentrations in the mothers' blood (erythrocyte fraction; Ery-Pb) in gestational weeks (GW) 14 and 30, the effects of which were evaluated separately in multivariable-adjusted linear regression analyses. RESULTS We found no associations between maternal exposure to lead [n~1500 for GW14 and 700 for GW30] and children's blood pressure or eGFR. However, we found an inverse association between late gestation lead and kidney volume, although the sample size was limited (n=117), but not with early gestation lead (n=573). An increase of 85µg/kg in Ery-Pb (median concentration at GW30) was associated with a 6.0cm3/m2 decrease in kidney volume (=0.4SD; p=0.041). After stratifying on gender, there seemed to be a somewhat stronger association in girls. CONCLUSIONS Prenatal lead exposure may cause long-lasting effects on the kidney. This warrants follow-up studies in older children, as well as additional studies in other populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Skröder
- Unit of Metals and Health, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | - Yukiko Wagatsuma
- Department of Clinical Trial and Clinical Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Maria Kippler
- Unit of Metals and Health, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marie Vahter
- Unit of Metals and Health, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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24
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Walton SL, Moritz KM, Bertram JF, Singh RR. Lengths of nephron tubule segments and collecting ducts in the CD-1 mouse kidney: an ontogeny study. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2016; 311:F976-F983. [DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00435.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The kidney continues to mature postnatally, with significant elongation of nephron tubules and collecting ducts to maintain fluid/electrolyte homeostasis. The aim of this project was to develop methodology to estimate lengths of specific segments of nephron tubules and collecting ducts in the CD-1 mouse kidney using a combination of immunohistochemistry and design-based stereology (vertical uniform random sections with cycloid arc test system). Lengths of tubules were determined at postnatal day 21 (P21) and 2 and 12 mo of age and also in mice fed a high-salt diet throughout adulthood. Immunohistochemistry was performed to identify individual tubule segments [aquaporin-1, proximal tubules (PT) and thin descending limbs of Henle (TDLH); uromodulin, distal tubules (DT); aquaporin-2, collecting ducts (CD)]. All tubular segments increased significantly in length between P21 and 2 mo of age (PT, 602% increase; DT, 200% increase; TDLH, 35% increase; CD, 53% increase). However, between 2 and 12 mo, a significant increase in length was only observed for PT (76% increase in length). At 12 mo of age, kidneys of mice on a high-salt diet demonstrated a 27% greater length of the TDLH, but no significant change in length was detected for PT, DT, and CD compared with the normal-salt group. Our study demonstrates an efficient method of estimating lengths of specific segments of the renal tubular system. This technique can be applied to examine structure of the renal tubules in combination with the number of glomeruli in the kidney in models of altered renal phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L. Walton
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Karen M. Moritz
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - John F. Bertram
- Cardiovascular Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Reetu R. Singh
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; and
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25
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Cuffe JSM, Burgess DJ, O'Sullivan L, Singh RR, Moritz KM. Maternal corticosterone exposure in the mouse programs sex-specific renal adaptations in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in 6-month offspring. Physiol Rep 2016; 4:4/8/e12754. [PMID: 27122048 PMCID: PMC4848720 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Short‐term maternal corticosterone (Cort) administration at mid‐gestation in the mouse reduces nephron number in both sexes while programming renal and cardiovascular dysfunction in 12‐month male but not female offspring. The renal renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS), functions in a sexually dimorphic manner to regulate both renal and cardiovascular physiology. This study aimed to identify if there are sex‐specific differences in basal levels of the intrarenal RAAS and to determine the impact of maternal Cort exposure on the RAAS in male and female offspring at 6 months of age. While intrarenal renin concentrations were higher in untreated females compared to untreated males, renal angiotensin II concentrations were higher in males than females. Furthermore, basal plasma aldosterone concentrations were greater in females than males. Cort exposed male but not female offspring had reduced water intake and urine excretion. Cort exposure increased renal renin concentrations and elevated mRNA expression of Ren1, Ace2, and Mas1 in male but not female offspring. In addition, male Cort exposed offspring had increased expression of the aldosterone receptor, Nr3c2 and renal sodium transporters. In contrast, Cort exposure increased Agtr1a mRNA levels in female offspring only. This study demonstrates that maternal Cort exposure alters key regulators of renal function in a sex‐specific manner at 6 months of life. These finding likely contribute to the disease outcomes in male but not female offspring in later life and highlights the importance of renal factors other than nephron number in the programming of renal and cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- James S M Cuffe
- School of Biomedical Science, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
| | - Danielle J Burgess
- School of Biomedical Science, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
| | - Lee O'Sullivan
- School of Biomedical Science, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
| | - Reetu R Singh
- School of Biomedical Science, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
| | - Karen M Moritz
- School of Biomedical Science, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
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26
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Chowdhury SS, Lecomte V, Erlich JH, Maloney CA, Morris MJ. Paternal High Fat Diet in Rats Leads to Renal Accumulation of Lipid and Tubular Changes in Adult Offspring. Nutrients 2016; 8:E521. [PMID: 27563922 PMCID: PMC5037508 DOI: 10.3390/nu8090521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Revised: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Along with diabetes and obesity, chronic kidney disease (CKD) is increasing across the globe. Although some data support an effect of maternal obesity on offspring kidney, the impact of paternal obesity is unknown; thus, we have studied the effect of paternal obesity prior to conception. Male Sprague Dawley rats were fed chow diet or high fat diet (HFD) for 13-14 weeks before mating with chow-fed females. Male offspring were weaned onto chow and killed at 27 weeks for renal gene expression and histology. Fathers on HFD were 30% heavier than Controls at mating. At 27 weeks of age offspring of obese fathers weighed 10% less; kidney triglyceride content was significantly increased (5.35 ± 0.84 vs. 2.99 ± 0.47 μg/mg, p < 0.05, n = 8 litters per group. Histological analysis of the kidney demonstrated signs of tubule damage, with significantly greater loss of brush border, and increased cell sloughing in offspring of obese compared to Control fathers. Acat1, involved in entry of fatty acid for beta-oxidation, was significantly upregulated, possibly to counteract increased triglyceride storage. However other genes involved in lipid metabolism, inflammation and kidney injury showed no changes. Paternal obesity was associated with renal triglyceride accumulation and histological changes in tubules, suggesting a mild renal insult in offspring, who may be at risk of developing CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabiha S Chowdhury
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, NSW, Australia.
| | - Virginie Lecomte
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, NSW, Australia.
| | - Jonathan H Erlich
- Prince of Wales Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, NSW, Australia.
- Department of Nephrology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick 2031, NSW, Australia.
| | - Christopher A Maloney
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, NSW, Australia.
| | - Margaret J Morris
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, NSW, Australia.
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Wise PH. Child Poverty and the Promise of Human Capacity: Childhood as a Foundation for Healthy Aging. Acad Pediatr 2016; 16:S37-45. [PMID: 27044700 DOI: 10.1016/j.acap.2016.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Revised: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The effect of child poverty and related early life experiences on adult health outcomes and patterns of aging has become a central focus of child health research and advocacy. In this article a critical review of this proliferating literature and its relevance to child health programs and policy are presented. This literature review focused on evidence of the influence of child poverty on the major contributors to adult morbidity and mortality in the United States, the mechanisms by which these associations operate, and the implications for reforming child health programs and policies. Strong and varied evidence base documents the effect of child poverty and related early life experiences and exposures on the major threats to adult health and healthy aging. Studies using a variety of methodologies, including longitudinal and cross-sectional strategies, have reported significant findings regarding cardiovascular disorders, obesity and diabetes, certain cancers, mental health conditions, osteoporosis and fractures, and possibly dementia. These relationships can operate through alterations in fetal and infant development, stress reactivity and inflammation, the development of adverse health behaviors, the conveyance of child chronic illness into adulthood, and inadequate access to effective interventions in childhood. Although the reviewed studies document meaningful relationships between child poverty and adult outcomes, they also reveal that poverty, experiences, and behaviors in adulthood make important contributions to adult health and aging. There is strong evidence that poverty in childhood contributes significantly to adult health. Changes in the content, financing, and advocacy of current child health programs will be required to address the childhood influences on adult health and disease. Policy reforms that reduce child poverty and mitigate its developmental effects must be integrated into broader initiatives and advocacy that also attend to the health and well-being of adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul H Wise
- March of Dimes Center for Prematurity Research, the Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, and the Centers for Health Policy/Primary Care and Outcomes Research, Stanford University, Calif.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW There is currently much interest in the numbers of both glomeruli and podocytes. This interest stems from a greater understanding of the effects of suboptimal fetal events on nephron endowment, the associations between low nephron number and chronic cardiovascular and kidney disease in adults, and the emergence of the podocyte depletion hypothesis. RECENT FINDINGS Obtaining accurate and precise estimates of glomerular and podocyte number has proven surprisingly difficult. When whole kidneys or large tissue samples are available, design-based stereological methods are considered gold standard because they are based on principles that negate systematic bias. However, these methods are often tedious and time consuming, and oftentimes inapplicable when dealing with small samples such as biopsies. Therefore, novel methods suitable for small tissue samples, and innovative approaches to facilitate high throughput measurements, such as MRI to estimate glomerular number and flow cytometry to estimate podocyte number, have recently been described. SUMMARY This review describes current gold-standard methods for estimating glomerular and podocyte number, as well as methods developed in the past 3 years. We are now better placed than ever before to accurately and precisely estimate glomerular and podocyte number, and examine relationships between these measurements and kidney health and disease.
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29
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Giussani DA. The fetal brain sparing response to hypoxia: physiological mechanisms. J Physiol 2016; 594:1215-30. [PMID: 26496004 DOI: 10.1113/jp271099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
How the fetus withstands an environment of reduced oxygenation during life in the womb has been a vibrant area of research since this field was introduced by Joseph Barcroft, a century ago. Studies spanning five decades have since used the chronically instrumented fetal sheep preparation to investigate the fetal compensatory responses to hypoxia. This defence is contingent on the fetal cardiovascular system, which in late gestation adopts strategies to decrease oxygen consumption and redistribute the cardiac output away from peripheral vascular beds and towards essential circulations, such as those perfusing the brain. The introduction of simultaneous measurement of blood flow in the fetal carotid and femoral circulations by ultrasonic transducers has permitted investigation of the dynamics of the fetal brain sparing response for the first time. Now we know that major components of fetal brain sparing during acute hypoxia are triggered exclusively by a carotid chemoreflex and that they are modified by endocrine agents and the recently discovered vascular oxidant tone. The latter is determined by the interaction between nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species. The fetal brain sparing response matures as the fetus approaches term, in association with the prepartum increase in fetal plasma cortisol, and treatment of the preterm fetus with clinically relevant doses of synthetic steroids mimics this maturation. Despite intense interest into how the fetal brain sparing response may be affected by adverse intrauterine conditions, this area of research has been comparatively scant, but it is likely to take centre stage in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dino A Giussani
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EG, UK
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30
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Little MH. Improving our resolution of kidney morphogenesis across time and space. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2015; 32:135-43. [PMID: 25819979 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2015.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2014] [Revised: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
As with many mammalian organs, size and cellular complexity represent considerable challenges to the comprehensive analysis of kidney organogenesis. Traditional analyses in the mouse have revealed early patterning events and spatial cellular relationships. However, an understanding of later events is lacking. The generation of a comprehensive temporospatial atlas of gene expression during kidney development has facilitated advances in lineage definition, as well as selective compartment ablation. Advances in quantitative and dynamic imaging have allowed comprehensive analyses at the level of organ, component tissue and cell across kidney organogenesis. Such approaches will enhance our understanding of the links between kidney development and final postnatal organ function. The final frontier will be translating this understanding to outcomes for renal disease in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa H Little
- The Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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31
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Singh RR, Denton KM. Role of the kidney in the fetal programming of adult cardiovascular disease: an update. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2015; 21:53-9. [PMID: 25588322 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2014.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Revised: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
It is well established that an adverse in utero environment can impinge upon fetal development and place the offspring on a track leading to future cardiovascular disease. Significantly, this may occur in the absence of any outward manifestations at birth. In this brief review, we focus on potential renal mechanisms that lead to adaptations in glomerular and tubular function that initiate hypertension of developmental origin and examine potential therapeutic interventions. This report updates recent data in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reetu R Singh
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Kate M Denton
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.
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32
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Gomez-Sanchez EP. Salt-sensitive hypertension: food for thought. Hypertension 2014; 65:283-4. [PMID: 25452474 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.114.04299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elise P Gomez-Sanchez
- From the Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medicine, and Neurobiology and Anatomical Science, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson.
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