1
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Velazquez MA. Nutritional Strategies to Promote Bovine Oocyte Quality for In Vitro Embryo Production: Do They Really Work? Vet Sci 2023; 10:604. [PMID: 37888556 PMCID: PMC10611302 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10100604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability of bovine oocytes to reach the blastocyst stage (i.e., embryo with around 150 cells in cattle) in vitro can be affected by technical (e.g., culture medium used) and physiological factors in oocyte donors (e.g., age, breed). As such, the nutritional status of oocyte donors plays a significant role in the efficiency of in vitro embryo production (IVEP), and several nutritional strategies have been investigated in cattle subjected to ovum pick-up (OPU). However, there is no clear consensus on the reliability of nutritional schemes to improve IVEP in cattle. Available evidence suggests that a moderate body condition score (i.e., 3 in a 1-5 scale) in cattle is compatible with a metabolic microenvironment in ovarian follicles that will promote embryo formation in vitro. The usefulness of fatty acid and micronutrient supplementation to improve IVEP in cattle is debatable with the current information available. Overall, the supply of maintenance nutritional requirements according to developmental and productive stage seems to be enough to provide bovine oocyte donors with a good chance of producing embryos in vitro. Future nutrition research in cattle using OPU-IVEP models needs to consider animal well-being aspects (i.e., stress caused by handling and sampling), which could affect the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A Velazquez
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
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2
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Pfeifer LFM, Rodrigues WB, Nogueira E. Relationship between body condition score index and fertility in beef cows subjected to timed artificial insemination. Livest Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2021.104482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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3
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Mikkola M, Hasler JF, Taponen J. Factors affecting embryo production in superovulated Bos taurus cattle. Reprod Fertil Dev 2020; 32:104-124. [PMID: 32188562 DOI: 10.1071/rd19279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite a long history of bovine superovulation research, significant commercial applications did not start until the early 1970s. For some 20 years thereafter, superovulation represented the primary tool for the production of cattle embryos. In the early 1990s, commercial invitro production (IVP) was initiated in cattle. Although ovum pick-up and IVP are now commercially practiced on a wide scale, superovulation and embryo recovery by flushing remain a widespread and very effective approach to the production of cattle embryos. This review covers both the history and the effects of multiple factors on superovulation in Bos taurus cattle. There are three general protocols for suitable pre-FSH programming of donors so that gonadotrophin-responsive follicles are available. Superovulation protocols vary widely based on the FSH source, the diluent used, the number and timing of FSH injections and the timing and utilisation of various prostaglandins, controlled internal progesterone releasing devices, gonadotrophin-releasing hormone, and other means of controlling follicular development and ovulation. The number of oocytes that can be stimulated to grow and ovulate within any given donor can be estimated by either ultrasound-guided sonography or by measuring concentrations of anti-Müllerian hormone in the blood. Animal-related factors that can influence the efficacy of superovulation include cattle breed, age, parity, genetics, lactational status and reproductive history. In addition, nutrition, stress, season, climate, weather and several semen factors are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mikkola
- Geno SA, Store Ree AI Station, Ekebergveien 54, 2335 Stange, Norway; and University of Helsinki, Department of Production Animal Medicine, FIN-04920 Saarentaus, Finland; and Corresponding author.
| | - J F Hasler
- Vetoquinol USA, 4250N Sylvania Avenue, Fort Worth, TX 76137, USA
| | - J Taponen
- University of Helsinki, Department of Production Animal Medicine, FIN-04920 Saarentaus, Finland
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4
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Gamarra G, Ponsart C, Lacaze S, Nuttinck F, Cordova A, Mermillod P, Marquant-Le Guienne B, Monniaux D, Humblot P, Ponter AA. Oral propylene glycol modifies follicular fluid and gene expression profiles in cumulus-oocyte complexes and embryos in feed-restricted heifers. Reprod Fertil Dev 2018; 30:417-429. [PMID: 28822459 DOI: 10.1071/rd17037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Dietary supplementation with propylene glycol (PG) increases in vitro production of high-quality embryos in feed-restricted heifers. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of PG in feed-restricted heifers on follicular fluid insulin and insulin-like growth factor (IGF) 1 concentrations, expression of IGF system genes in oocytes and cumulus cells and the expression of selected genes in blastocysts. Feed-restricted (R) heifers were drenched with water or PG during induced oestrous cycles (400mL of PG or water/drench, daily drenching at 1600 hours for the first 9 days of the oestrous cycle). Ovum pick-up (OPU) was performed after superovulation to produce in vitro embryos and without superovulation to recover oocytes, cumulus cells and follicular fluid. OPU was also performed in a control group (not feed restricted and no drenching). Follicular fluid IGF1 concentrations were reduced by R, and PG restored IGF1 concentrations to those seen in the control group. In cumulus cells, expression of IGF1, IGF1 receptor (IGF1R) and IGF binding protein 4 (IGFBP4) was decreased in the R group, and fully (IGF1 and IGF1R) or partially (IGFBP4) restored to control levels by PG. Blastocyst perilipin 2 (PLIN2; also known as adipophilin), Bcl-2-associated X protein (BAX), SCL2A1 (facilitated glucose/fructose transporter GLUT1), aquaporin 3 (AQP3), DNA (cytosine-5)-methyltransferase 3A (DNMT3A) and heat shock 70-kDa protein 9 (HSPA9B) expression were decreased in R heifers; PG restored the expression of the last four genes to control levels. In conclusion, these results suggest that, during follicular growth, PG exerts epigenetic regulatory effects on gene expression in blastocyst stage embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Gamarra
- ALLICE, Département Recherche et Développement, 78350 Jouy en Josas, France
| | - C Ponsart
- ANSES, Animal Health Laboratory, 94706 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | | | - F Nuttinck
- INRA, UMR 1198 Biologie du Développement et Reproduction, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - A Cordova
- INRA, UMR 7247 Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, 37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - P Mermillod
- INRA, UMR 7247 Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, 37380 Nouzilly, France
| | | | - D Monniaux
- INRA, UMR 85 Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, 37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - P Humblot
- Division of Reproduction, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Agricultural Sciences, SLU, PO Box 7054, SE 75007, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - A A Ponter
- INRA, UMR 1198 Biologie du Développement et Reproduction, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
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5
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Abstract
This manuscript describes the different topics I have been involved in the fields of reproductive
physiology and embryo biotechnologies with attempts to address practical issues raised
mainly by the breeding industry. The journey started with phenotyping work in the field of
reproductive physio-pathology. Other issues were related to the optimization of reproductive
biotechnologies to favorize genetic selection. The implementation of genomic selection
raised opportunities to develop the use embryo biotechnologies and showed the interest of
combining them in the case of embryo genotyping. There is still a need to refine phenotyping
for reproductive traits especially for the identification of markers of uterine dysfunction.
It is believed that new knowledge generated by combining different molecular approaches
will be the source of applications that may benefit AI practice and embryo technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrice Humblot
- Division of Reproduction, Department of Clinical Sciences, SLU, Uppsala, Sweden
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6
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Laskowski D, Humblot P, Sirard MA, Sjunnesson Y, Jhamat N, Båge R, Andersson G. DNA methylation pattern of bovine blastocysts associated with hyperinsulinemia in vitro. Mol Reprod Dev 2018; 85:599-611. [PMID: 29745447 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.22995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Insulin functions as a regulator of metabolism and plays an important role in reproduction. Hyperinsulinemia is often observed in patients with obesity and diabetes type 2 and is known to impair fertility, but the underlying molecular mechanisms are only partly understood. Metabolic programming through epigenetic mechanisms such as DNA methylation during embryonic development can lead to health implications for the offspring later in life. Our aim was to study the potential effect of hyperinsulinemia on gene expression and DNA methylation of embryos by adding insulin (0.1 µg/ml = INS0.1 or 10 µg/ml = INS10) during in vitro oocyte maturation by using the EmbryoGENE DNA methylation array for a study of the bovine epigenome. Our results showed significant differences between blastocysts originating from insulin-treated oocytes compared with untreated control blastocysts. In total, 13,658 and 12,418 probes were differentially methylated (DM) in INS0.1 and INS10, respectively, with an overlap of 3,233 probes in the DM regions (DMR) for both insulin groups. Genes related to pathways such as lipid metabolism, growth and proliferation, mitochondrial function, and oxidative stress responses were influenced at both the epigenetic and transcriptomic levels. In addition, imprinted genes and genes with functions in the epigenetic machinery were among the DMRs. This study identified DMRs correlated to differential expression of genes involved in metabolic regulation and should help to improve our knowledge of the underlying molecular mechanisms of metabolic imbalance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Laskowski
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.,The Centre for Reproductive Biology in Uppsala (CRU), Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Patrice Humblot
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.,The Centre for Reproductive Biology in Uppsala (CRU), Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Marc-André Sirard
- Departement des Sciences Animales, Centre de Recherche en Développement Reproduction et Santé Intergénérationnelle (CRDSI) Pavillon Des Services, University Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Ylva Sjunnesson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.,The Centre for Reproductive Biology in Uppsala (CRU), Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Naveed Jhamat
- Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Renée Båge
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.,The Centre for Reproductive Biology in Uppsala (CRU), Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Göran Andersson
- The Centre for Reproductive Biology in Uppsala (CRU), Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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7
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Abstract
SummarySuperovulatory response is characterized by a high degree of variability and unpredictability. The aim of the present experimental study was to examine whether the amount of maternal body fat can influence the efficiency of ovarian stimulation with gonadotropins. Female mice of two body condition types, normal and obese, produced in a standardized two-generation model, were subjected to ovarian stimulation using eCG and hCG followed by natural mating. Produced ova and embryos were recovered on day 1 and day 4 of pregnancy respectively, and several quantitative, qualitative and developmental parameters were evaluated in them. The overall response of mouse females with normal and elevated amounts of body fat to superovulation was similar: They produced almost the same numbers of ova and embryos on average. Conversely, a higher number of immature oocytes, non-fertilized mature oocytes and lower-stage zygotes were collected from fat females. In both groups, the majority of fertilized oocytes was able to cleave and reach the higher stages of development. However, in the group of fat mice, a lower number of blastocysts was collected, and these blastocysts showed increased incidence of apoptotic cell death. In conclusion, although the response of normal and fat mice to superovulatory treatment was similar, the quality and developmental capacities of produced ova were lower in the group of fat donors.
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8
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Gamarra G, Ponsart C, Lacaze S, Le Guienne B, Humblot P, Deloche MC, Monniaux D, Ponter AA. Dietary propylene glycol and in vitro embryo production after ovum pick-up in heifers with different anti-Müllerian hormone profiles. Reprod Fertil Dev 2017; 27:1249-61. [PMID: 25226865 DOI: 10.1071/rd14091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 05/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid genetic improvement in cattle requires the production of high numbers of embryos of excellent quality. Increasing circulating insulin and/or glucose concentrations improves ovarian follicular growth, which may improve the response to superovulation. The measurement of anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) can help predict an animal's response to superovulation treatment. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether increasing circulating insulin concentrations, through propylene glycol (PG) drenches, could improve in vitro embryo production in oestrus-synchronised superovulated heifers with different AMH profiles. Holstein heifers were grouped according to pre-experimental AMH concentrations as low (L) or high (H). The PG drench increased circulating insulin and glucose concentrations and reduced β-hydroxybutyrate and urea concentrations compared with the control group. AMH was a good predictor of follicle and oocyte numbers at ovum pick-up (OPU), and of oocyte and embryo quality (AMH H>AMH L). PG in the AMH H group increased the number of follicles and blastocyst quality above that in the control group, but did not improve these parameters in the AMH L group. These results indicate that short-term oral PG supplementation modifies an animal's metabolic milieu and is effective in improving in vitro embryo production, after superovulation-OPU, more markedly in heifers with high rather than low AMH concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Gamarra
- UNCEIA Département Recherche et Développement, 13 rue Jouet, F-94704 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - C Ponsart
- UNCEIA Département Recherche et Développement, 13 rue Jouet, F-94704 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - S Lacaze
- MIDATEST, Domine de Sensacq cedex 55A, F-64230 Denguin, France
| | - B Le Guienne
- UNCEIA Département Recherche et Développement, 13 rue Jouet, F-94704 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - P Humblot
- Division of Reproduction, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Agricultural Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, PO Box 7054, SE 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - M-C Deloche
- UNCEIA Département Recherche et Développement, 13 rue Jouet, F-94704 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - D Monniaux
- INRA, UMR85 Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, F-37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - A A Ponter
- Université Paris Est, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, UMR 1198 Biologie du Développement et Reproduction, F-94704 Maisons-Alfort, France
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9
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Quality of preimplantation embryos recovered in vivo from dairy cows in relation to their body condition. ZYGOTE 2017; 24:378-88. [PMID: 27172055 DOI: 10.1017/s0967199415000295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the impact of cow body condition on the quality of bovine preimplantation embryos. The embryos (n = 107) were flushed from dairy cows and classified according to a five-point scale body condition score (BCS2 n = 17; BCS3 n = 31; BCS4 n = 11) on the 7th day after insemination and then analyzed for development, dead cell index (DCI), cell number and actin cytoskeleton quality. The highest embryo recovery rate (P < 0.05) was recorded in the BCS3 group and the lowest in the BCS4 group. More transferable (morula, blastocyst) embryos were obtained from the BCS4 cows (79%), compared with the BCS2 (64%) or BCS3 (63%) animals. However, cell numbers were higher in the BCS2 and BCS3 groups (P < 0.05) compared with the BCS4 embryos. Conversely, the DCI was lowest in the BCS2 (3.88%; P < 0.05) and highest in the BCS4 (6.56%) embryos. The proportion of embryos with the best actin quality (grade I) was higher in the BCS2 and BCS3 cows compared with the BCS4 group. Almost 25% of all embryos showed fragmented morphology and a higher DCI (5.65%) than normal morulas (1.76%). More fragmented embryos were revealed in the BCS2 (28.6%) and BCS4 (31.25%) groups, and less (19.15%) in the BCS3 group. The cell numbers in such embryos were lower in the BCS4 (22.57) than in the BCS2 (46.25) or BCS3 (42.4) groups. In conclusion, the body condition of dairy cows affects the quality of preimplantation embryos. A BCS over 3.0 resulted in a higher incidence of poor (fragmented) embryos.
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10
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Porcu C, Pasciu V, Succu S, Baralla E, Manca ME, Serra E, Leoni GG, Dattena M, Bomboi GC, Molle G, Naitana S, Berlinguer F. Glucogenic treatment creates an optimal metabolic milieu for the conception period in ewes. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2017; 59:105-115. [PMID: 28063291 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2016.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This study determined the influence of a short-term glucogenic nutritional treatment on circulating concentrations of glucose, insulin, insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA), and urea, and on their correspondent levels in follicular fluid (FF) collected 12 h after the end of the treatment. After estrous synchronization with intravaginal progestagen-impregnated sponges, 20 Sarda ewes were randomly allocated into two experimental groups (GLU and WAT) and, from day 7 to day 10 (day 0 = day of sponge removal), the GLU group was gavaged with a glycogenic mixture, whereas the WAT group was gavaged with water (control group). Follicular development was stimulated by FSH administration from day 8 to 10. At day 11, ovaries were collected and follicular fluid processed. Plasma changes were assessed from day 6 to 11. In GLU group, circulating concentration of glucose (P < 0.0001), insulin (P < 0.0001), and IGF-1 (P < 0.01) rose significantly, whereas NEFA and urea concentrations decreased (P < 0.0001), as compared with controls. In particular, in FF the higher glucose concentrations found in GLU ewes compared with controls (P < 0.0001) were not accompanied by any increase in insulin and IGF-1 concentrations. NEFA (P < 0.0001) and urea (P < 0.0001) were lower in FF of GLU than WAT group, although NEFA clearance in the ovary proved to be less efficient than at the systemic level. No significant difference between groups was found in FF concentrations of pregnancy-associated plasma protein A (a protease regulating the levels of free IGF-1 in follicles), glutathione, and in its total antioxidant capacity. These results suggest that glycogenic mixture administration creates a suitable follicular microenvironment for the conception period in dairy ewes.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Porcu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - V Pasciu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - S Succu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - E Baralla
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - M E Manca
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - E Serra
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - G G Leoni
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - M Dattena
- Department of Animal Production, AGRIS Sardegna, Loc. Bonassai, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - G C Bomboi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - G Molle
- Department of Animal Production, AGRIS Sardegna, Loc. Bonassai, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - S Naitana
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - F Berlinguer
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy.
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11
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Pfeifer LF, Castro NA, Neves PM, Cestaro JP, Siqueira LG. Development and validation of an objective method for the assessment of body condition scores and selection of beef cows for timed artificial insemination. Livest Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2017.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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12
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Diskin MG, Waters SM, Parr MH, Kenny DA. Pregnancy losses in cattle: potential for improvement. Reprod Fertil Dev 2017; 28:83-93. [PMID: 27062877 DOI: 10.1071/rd15366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
For heifers, beef and moderate-yielding dairy cows, it appears that the fertilisation rate generally lies between 90% and 100%. For high-producing dairy cows, there is a less substantive body of literature, but it would appear that the fertilisation rate is somewhat lower and possibly more variable. In cattle, the major component of embryo loss occurs in the first 16 days following breeding (Day 0), with emerging evidence of greater losses before Day 8 in high-producing dairy cows. In cattle, late embryo mortality causes serious economic losses because it is often recognised too late to rebreed females. Systemic concentrations of progesterone during both the cycle preceding and following insemination affect embryo survival, with evidence of either excessive or insufficient concentrations being negatively associated with survival rate. The application of direct progesterone supplementation or treatments to increase endogenous output of progesterone to increase embryo survival cannot be recommended at this time. Energy balance and dry matter intake during the first 4 weeks after calving are critically important in determining pregnancies per AI when cows are inseminated at 70-100 days after calving. Level of concentrate supplementation of cows at pasture during the breeding period has minimal effects on conception rates, although sudden reductions in dietary intake should be avoided. For all systems of milk production, more balanced breeding strategies with greater emphasis on fertility and feed intake and/or energy must be developed. There is genetic variability within the Holstein breed for fertility traits, which can be exploited. Genomic technology will not only provide scientists with an improved understanding of the underlying biological processes involved in fertilisation and the establishment of pregnancy, but also, in the future, could identify genes responsible for improved embryo survival. Such information could be incorporated into breeding objectives in order to increase the rate of genetic progress for embryo survival. In addition, there is a range of easily adoptable management factors, under producer control, that can either directly increase embryo survival or ameliorate the consequences of low embryo survival rates. The correction of minor deficits in several areas can have a substantial cumulative positive effect on herd reproductive performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Diskin
- Teagasc, Animal and Grassland and Innovation Research Centre, Mellows Campus, Athenry, Co. Galway, H65 R718, Ireland
| | - S M Waters
- Teagasc, Animal and Grassland and Innovation Research Centre, Grange, Dunsany, Co. Meath, C15 PW93, Ireland
| | - M H Parr
- Teagasc, Animal and Grassland and Innovation Research Centre, Grange, Dunsany, Co. Meath, C15 PW93, Ireland
| | - D A Kenny
- Teagasc, Animal and Grassland and Innovation Research Centre, Grange, Dunsany, Co. Meath, C15 PW93, Ireland
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13
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Explaining variability in first grazing season heifer growth combining individually measured parasitological and clinical indicators with exposure to gastrointestinal nematode infection based on grazing management practice. Vet Parasitol 2016; 225:61-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2016.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Revised: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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14
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Laskowski D, Sjunnesson Y, Humblot P, Andersson G, Gustafsson H, Båge R. The functional role of insulin in fertility and embryonic development-What can we learn from the bovine model? Theriogenology 2016; 86:457-64. [PMID: 27177960 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2016.04.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Revised: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Insulin is a key metabolic hormone that plays a crucial role in regulating energy homeostasis in the body. In addition, insulin-dependent signaling has important functions in reproduction and early embryo development. As metabolism and reproduction are closely linked, metabolic challenges may be the source of reproductive disorders and decreased fertility. This is known for the dairy cow and for other species including the human. Although metabolic disorders in the dairy cow often derive from a failure to adapt to a high milk production, the situation in the human is often linked to emerging conditions and associated diseases in our modern society such as obesity and diabetes, where an excess energy intake causes decreased fertility in women. Both energy excess and energy deficit are associated with a deviation of insulin concentrations in serum and follicular fluid from normal levels. Although many studies have shown that extreme variation in energy supply can negatively influence early embryo development by inducing changes in circulating concentrations of several metabolites or hormones like insulin, several in vitro culture media are still supplemented with insulin in high concentrations. In this review, direct and indirect effects of insulin on fertility will be described. Differences between the in vivo and in vitro situations will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Laskowski
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Y Sjunnesson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - P Humblot
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - G Andersson
- Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - H Gustafsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - R Båge
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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15
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Laskowski D, Sjunnesson Y, Humblot P, Sirard MA, Andersson G, Gustafsson H, Båge R. Insulin exposure during in vitro bovine oocyte maturation changes blastocyst gene expression and developmental potential. Reprod Fertil Dev 2016; 29:RD15315. [PMID: 26922243 DOI: 10.1071/rd15315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Metabolic imbalance impairs fertility, because changes in concentrations of metabolites and hormones in the blood and follicular fluid create an unfavourable environment for early embryonic development. Insulin is a key metabolic hormone known for its effects on fertility: insulin concentrations are increased during energy balance disturbances in diabetes or metabolic syndrome. Still, insulin is frequently used at supraphysiological concentrations for embryo in vitro culture with unknown consequences for the developmental potential of the offspring. In the present study we investigated the effects of insulin exposure during in vitro bovine oocyte maturation on developmental rates, embryo quality and gene expression. Supplementation of the maturation media with insulin at 10 or 0.1 µg mL-1 decreased blastocyst rates compared with an insulin-free control (19.8 ± 1.3% and 20.4 ± 1.3% vs 23.8 ± 1.3%, respectively; P < 0.05) and led to increased cell numbers (nearly 10% more cells on Day 8 compared with control; P < 0.05). Transcriptome analysis revealed significant upregulation of genes involved in lipid metabolism, nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (NRF2) stress response and cell differentiation, validated by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. To conclude, the results of the present study demonstrate that insulin exposure during in vitro oocyte maturation has a lasting effect on the embryo until the blastocyst stage, with a potential negative effect in the form of specific gene expression perturbations.
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Velazquez MA. Impact of maternal malnutrition during the periconceptional period on mammalian preimplantation embryo development. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2015; 51:27-45. [PMID: 25498236 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2014.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Revised: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
During episodes of undernutrition and overnutrition the mammalian preimplantation embryo undergoes molecular and metabolic adaptations to cope with nutrient deficits or excesses. Maternal adaptations also take place to keep a nutritional microenvironment favorable for oocyte development and embryo formation. This maternal-embryo communication takes place via several nutritional mediators. Although adaptive responses to malnutrition by both the mother and the embryo may ensure blastocyst formation, the resultant quality of the embryo can be compromised, leading to early pregnancy failure. Still, studies have shown that, although early embryonic mortality can be induced during malnutrition, the preimplantation embryo possesses an enormous plasticity that allows it to implant and achieve a full-term pregnancy under nutritional stress, even in extreme cases of malnutrition. This developmental strategy, however, may come with a price, as shown by the adverse developmental programming induced by even subtle nutritional challenges exerted exclusively during folliculogenesis and the preimplantation period, resulting in offspring with a higher risk of developing deleterious phenotypes in adulthood. Overall, current evidence indicates that malnutrition during the periconceptional period can induce cellular and molecular alterations in preimplantation embryos with repercussions for fertility and postnatal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Velazquez
- Centre for Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK.
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Velázquez MA. [Impact of maternal overnutrition on the periconceptional period]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 62:246-53. [PMID: 25733194 DOI: 10.1016/j.endonu.2015.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Revised: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Overnutrition may lead to obesity. Maternal obesity may affect fertility not only via anovulation, but also through direct effects on oocytes and preimplantation embryos, indicating that the periconceptional period is sensitive to conditions of overnutrition. The periconceptional period includes from folliculogenesis to implantation. Animal model studies suggest that oocytes derived from obese females usually have a small size and mitochondrial abnormalities. These disruptions are probably induced by changes in the components of the ovarian follicular fluid. Experimental evidence also suggests that obesity may affect the microenvironment in oviducts and uterus, resulting in development of preimplantation embryos with reduced cell numbers and up-regulation of proinflammatory genes. However, further research is needed for in-depth characterization of the effects of maternal obesity during the periconceptional period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Abraham Velázquez
- Centre for Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital , Southampton, Reino Unido.
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Velazquez MA, Kues WA, Niemann H. Biomedical applications of ovarian transvaginal ultrasonography in cattle. Anim Biotechnol 2014; 25:266-93. [PMID: 24813220 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2013.870075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Ovarian transvaginal ultrasonography (OTU) has been used world-wide for commercial ovum pick-up programs for in vitro embryo production in elite herds, providing an excellent model for the elucidation of factors controlling bovine oocyte developmental competence. Noninvasive sampling and treatment of ovarian structures is easily accomplished with bovine OTU techniques providing a promising system for in vivo delivery of transgenes directly into the ovary. The current review summarizes existing bovine OTU models and provides prospective applications of bovine OTU to undertake research in reproductive topics of biomedical relevance, with special emphasis on the development of in vivo gene transfer strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A Velazquez
- a Centre for Biological Sciences , University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital , Southampton , United Kingdom
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Preliminary study of factors affecting the superovulatory response of high producing dairy cows superstimulated regardless of the stage of estrous cycle in Egypt. BENI-SUEF UNIVERSITY JOURNAL OF BASIC AND APPLIED SCIENCES 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bjbas.2014.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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20
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The effects of diet and arginine treatment on serum metabolites and selected hormones during the estrous cycle in sheep. Theriogenology 2014; 83:808-16. [PMID: 25498518 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2014.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Revised: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 11/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the effects of diet and arginine (Arg) treatment on serum concentrations of selected metabolites and metabolic and reproductive hormones in nonpregnant ewes. Sixty days before the onset of estrus (Day 0), Rambouillet ewes were randomly assigned to one of three dietary groups: maintenance control (C; N = 16; 100% National Research Council requirements), overfed (O; N = 16; 2 × C), or underfed (U; N = 16, 0.6 × C) to achieve and maintain three different body conditions during their estrous cycle(s). At Day 0, ewes from each nutritional group were randomly assigned to receive one of two treatments: saline (Sal) or Arg (L-Arg-HCl; 155 μmol Arg per kg of body weight [BW]; intravenous), which was administered three times per day for 21 or 26 days. Blood samples were collected on Days 0, 6, 10, 12, 16, 21, and 26 of Sal or Arg treatment for evaluation of Arg, nitric oxide metabolite, cholesterol, glucose, insulin, insulin-like growth factor 1, leptin, and progesterone. For a time-response trial, blood samples were collected at 0, 1, 2, 4, and 7 hours after Sal or Arg treatment at the mid-luteal phase to determine serum Arg concentrations. During the 11-week study, C maintained body weight, O gained 9.6 ± 0.7 kg, and U lost 13.9 ± 0.1 kg. Overall, serum concentrations of Arg, glucose, insulin, insulin-like growth factor 1, leptin, and progesterone were greater (P < 0.05) in O ewes than C and/or U ewes and were not affected by Arg treatment. Serum Arg concentration increased at 1 and 2 hours and decreased to basal level at 4 and 7 hours after Arg treatment. These data reinforce the importance of diet in regulation of metabolic and endocrine functions, and demonstrated that the dose and duration of Arg treatment used in this study does not alter serum metabolites or hormones in nonpregnant ewes of various nutritional planes.
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21
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Parturition to resumption of ovarian cyclicity: comparative aspects of beef and dairy cows. Animal 2014; 8 Suppl 1:40-53. [PMID: 24680122 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731114000251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a variable anoestrous period following parturition in the cow. Follicular growth generally resumes within 7 to 10 days in the majority of cows associated with a transient FSH rise that occurs within 3 to 5 days of parturition. Dairy cows that are not nutritionally stressed generally ovulate their first postpartum dominant follicle (~15 days), whereas beef suckler cows in good body condition normally have a mean of 3.2±0.2 dominant follicles (~30 days) to first ovulation; moreover, beef cows in poor body condition have a mean of 10.6±1.2 dominant follicles (~70 to 100 days) to first ovulation. The lack of ovulation of dominant follicles during the postpartum period is associated with infrequent LH pulses, with both maternal-offspring bonding and low body condition score (BCS) at calving being implicated as the predominant causes of delayed resumption of cyclicity in nursed beef cows. In dairy cows, the normal pattern of early resumption of ovulation may be delayed in high-yielding Holstein type cows generally owing to the effects of severe negative energy balance, dystocia, retained placental membranes and uterine infections. First ovulation, in both dairy and beef cows, is generally silent (i.e., no behavioural oestrus) and followed by a short inter-ovulatory interval (>70%). The key to optimizing the resumption of ovulation in both beef and dairy cows is appropriate pre-calving nutrition and management so that cows calve down in optimal body condition (BCS; 2.75 to 3.0) with postpartum body condition loss restricted to <0.5 BCS units.
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22
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Valour D, Degrelle SA, Ponter AA, Giraud-Delville C, Campion E, Guyader-Joly C, Richard C, Constant F, Humblot P, Ponsart C, Hue I, Grimard B. Energy and lipid metabolism gene expression of D18 embryos in dairy cows is related to dam physiological status. Physiol Genomics 2014; 46:39-56. [DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00091.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We analyzed the change in gene expression related to dam physiological status in day (D)18 embryos from growing heifers (GH), early lactating cows (ELC), and late lactating cows (LLC). Dam energy metabolism was characterized by measurement of circulating concentrations of insulin, glucose, IGF-1, nonesterified fatty acids, β-hydroxybutyrate, and urea before embryo flush. The metabolic parameters were related to differential gene expression in the extraembryonic tissues by correlation analysis. Embryo development estimated by measuring the length of the conceptuses and the proportion of expected D18 gastrulating stages was not different between the three groups of females. However, embryo metabolism was greatly affected by dam physiological status when we compared GH with ELC and GH with LLC but to a lesser extent when ELC was compared with LLC. Genes involved in glucose, pyruvate, and acetate utilization were upregulated in GH vs. ELC conceptuses (e.g., SLC2A1, PC, ACSS2, ACSS3). This was also true for the pentose pathway ( PGD, TKT), which is involved in synthesis of ribose precursors of RNA and DNA. The pathways involved in lipid synthesis were also upregulated in GH vs. ELC. Despite similar morphological development, the molecular characteristics of the heifers' embryos were consistently different from those of the cows. Most of these differences were strongly related to metabolic/hormone patterns before insemination and during conceptus free-life. Many biosynthetic pathways appeared to be more active in heifer embryos than in cow embryos, and consequently they seemed to be healthier, and this may be more conducive to continue development.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Valour
- INRA, UMR 1198 Biologie du Développement et Reproduction, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- Université Paris Est, ENVA, UMR 1198 Biologie du Développement et Reproduction, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - S. A. Degrelle
- INRA, UMR 1198 Biologie du Développement et Reproduction, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- Université Paris Est, ENVA, UMR 1198 Biologie du Développement et Reproduction, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - A. A. Ponter
- INRA, UMR 1198 Biologie du Développement et Reproduction, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- Université Paris Est, ENVA, UMR 1198 Biologie du Développement et Reproduction, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - C. Giraud-Delville
- INRA, UMR 1198 Biologie du Développement et Reproduction, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- Université Paris Est, ENVA, UMR 1198 Biologie du Développement et Reproduction, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - E. Campion
- INRA, UMR 1198 Biologie du Développement et Reproduction, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- Université Paris Est, ENVA, UMR 1198 Biologie du Développement et Reproduction, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - C. Guyader-Joly
- UNCEIA, Service Recherche et Développement, Maisons-Alfort, France; and
| | - C. Richard
- INRA, UE 1298, Unité Commune d'Expérimentation Animale de Bressonvilliers, Leudeville, France
| | - F. Constant
- INRA, UMR 1198 Biologie du Développement et Reproduction, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- Université Paris Est, ENVA, UMR 1198 Biologie du Développement et Reproduction, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - P. Humblot
- UNCEIA, Service Recherche et Développement, Maisons-Alfort, France; and
| | - C. Ponsart
- UNCEIA, Service Recherche et Développement, Maisons-Alfort, France; and
| | - I. Hue
- INRA, UMR 1198 Biologie du Développement et Reproduction, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- Université Paris Est, ENVA, UMR 1198 Biologie du Développement et Reproduction, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - B. Grimard
- INRA, UMR 1198 Biologie du Développement et Reproduction, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- Université Paris Est, ENVA, UMR 1198 Biologie du Développement et Reproduction, Maisons-Alfort, France
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23
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Bender RW, Hackbart KS, Dresch AR, Carvalho PD, Vieira LM, Crump PM, Guenther JN, Fricke PM, Shaver RD, Combs DK, Wiltbank MC. Effects of acute feed restriction combined with targeted use of increasing luteinizing hormone content of follicle-stimulating hormone preparations on ovarian superstimulation, fertilization, and embryo quality in lactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2013; 97:764-78. [PMID: 24359829 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2013-6926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 08/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Multiple metabolic and hormonal factors can affect the success of protocols for ovarian superstimulation. In this study, the effect of acute feed restriction and increased LH content in the superstimulatory FSH preparation on numbers of ovulations, fertilization, and embryo quality in lactating dairy cows was evaluated. Two experiments were performed using a Latin square design with treatments arranged as a 2 × 2 factorial: feed restriction (FR; 25% reduction in dry matter intake) compared with ad libitum (AL) feeding, combined with high (H) versus low (L) LH in the last 4 injections of the superstimulatory protocol. As expected, FR decreased circulating insulin concentrations (26.7 vs. 46.0 μU/mL). Two analyses were performed: one that evaluated the complete Latin square in experiment 2 and a second that evaluated only the first periods of experiments 1 and 2. For both analyses, follicle numbers, ovulation rates, and corpora lutea on d 7 were not different. In the first period analysis of experiments 1 and 2, we observed an interaction between feed allowance and amount of LH on fertilization rates, percentage of embryos or oocytes that were quality 1 and 2 embryos, and number of embryos or oocytes that were degenerate. Fertilization rates were greater for the AL-L (89.4%) and FR-H (80.1%) treatments compared with the AL-H (47.9%) and FR-L (59.9%) treatments. Similarly, the proportion of total embryos or oocytes designated as quality 1 and 2 embryos was greater for AL-L (76.7%) and FR-H (73.4%) treatments compared with AL-H (35.6%) and FR-L (47.3%) treatments. In addition, the number of degenerate embryos was decreased for AL-L (1.3) and FR-H (0.4) treatments compared with the AL-H (2.6) and FR-L (2.3) treatments. Thus, cows with either too low (FR-L) or too high (AL-H) insulin and LH stimulation had lesser embryo production after superstimulation because of reduced fertilization rate and increased percentage of degenerate embryos. Therefore, interaction of the gonadotropin content of the superstimulatory preparation with the nutritional program of the donor cow needs to be considered to optimize success of ovarian superstimulatory protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- R W Bender
- Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1675 Observatory Dr., Madison 53706
| | - K S Hackbart
- Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1675 Observatory Dr., Madison 53706
| | - A R Dresch
- Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1675 Observatory Dr., Madison 53706
| | - P D Carvalho
- Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1675 Observatory Dr., Madison 53706
| | - L M Vieira
- Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1675 Observatory Dr., Madison 53706
| | - P M Crump
- Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1675 Observatory Dr., Madison 53706
| | - J N Guenther
- Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1675 Observatory Dr., Madison 53706
| | - P M Fricke
- Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1675 Observatory Dr., Madison 53706
| | - R D Shaver
- Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1675 Observatory Dr., Madison 53706
| | - D K Combs
- Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1675 Observatory Dr., Madison 53706
| | - M C Wiltbank
- Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1675 Observatory Dr., Madison 53706.
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24
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Grazul-Bilska AT, Borowczyk E, Bilski JJ, Reynolds LP, Redmer DA, Caton JS, Vonnahme KA. Overfeeding and underfeeding have detrimental effects on oocyte quality measured by in vitro fertilization and early embryonic development in sheep. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2012; 43:289-98. [PMID: 22652013 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2012.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2011] [Revised: 04/17/2012] [Accepted: 05/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
To determine effects of maternal diet on in vitro fertilization (IVF) and early embryonic development, ewes (n = 48) were divided into control, overfed (ad libitum feeding), and underfed (60% of control) nutritional planes for 8 wk before oocyte collection. Follicular development was induced by twice-daily injections of FSH on days 13 and 14 of the estrous cycle, and ovaries and blood samples were collected on day 15 of the estrous cycle. During the 8-wk experiment, for control ewes BW and BCS did not change, but for overfed ewes mean (± SEM) BW and BCS increased (11.8 ± 1.1 kg and 2.0 ± 0.1, respectively) and for underfed ewes decreased (14.2 ± 0.9 kg and 0.7 ± 0.1, respectively). The number of follicles was determined; oocytes were collected and subjected to in vitro maturation and fertilization. After IVF, developing embryos were evaluated throughout the 8-d culture period. The proportion of cleaved oocytes after IVF and developing morula and blastocyst were less (P < 0.0001) in overfed and underfed ewes than in control ewes. However, number of visible follicles, total number of oocytes, number of healthy oocytes, and percentage of healthy oocytes were similar for control, overfed, and underfed ewes. Serum insulin concentration was greater (P < 0.05) in overfed ewes than in underfed ewes, estradiol 17-β (E(2)) concentration was greater (P < 0.05) in underfed ewes than in overfed ewes, but triiodothyronine (T(3)) and thyroxine (T(4)) concentrations were similar in all treatment groups. These data show that inadequate feeding has a negative effect on oocyte quality which results in lower oocyte cleavage after IVF and morula and blastocyst formation; overfeeding increased serum insulin and underfeeding increased serum E(2) but not T(3) or T(4). These data emphasize the importance of diet for reproductive and metabolic functions. Furthermore, the mechanisms through which enhanced or decreased energy in diet affect oocyte quality and serum insulin and E(2) concentrations remain to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- A T Grazul-Bilska
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA.
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25
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Abstract
For heifers, beef and moderate-yielding dairy cows, fertilisation generally exceeds 90%. In high-producing dairy cows, it may be lower and possibly more variable. The major component of embryo loss occurs before Day 16 following breeding, with emerging evidence of greater losses before Day 8 in high-producing dairy cows. Late embryo loss causes serious economic losses because it is often recognised too late to rebreed females. Systemic concentrations of progesterone during the cycles both preceding and following insemination affect embryo survival; too-high or too-low a concentration has been shown to be negatively associated with survival rate. Energy balance and dry matter intake during the 4 weeks after calving are critically important in determining conception rate when cows are inseminated 70 to 100 days after calving. More balanced breeding strategies with greater emphasis on fertility, feed intake and energy must be developed. Genetic variability for fertility traits can be exploited; genomic technology will not only provide scientists with an improved understanding of the underlying biological processes involved in fertilisation and the establishment of pregnancy, but could identify genes responsible for improved embryo survival. Their incorporation into breeding objectives would increase the rate of genetic progress for embryo survival. There is a range of easily adoptable management factors, under producer control, that can either directly increase embryo survival or ameliorate the consequences of low embryo survival rates. The correction of minor deficits in several areas can have a substantial overall effect on herd reproductive performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Diskin
- Teagasc, Animal & Grassland and Innovation Research Centre, Mellows Campus, Athenry, Co. Galway, Ireland.
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26
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Ponter A, Guyader-Joly C, Nuttinck F, Grimard B, Humblot P. Oocyte and embryo production and quality after OPU-IVF in dairy heifers given diets varying in their n-6/n-3 fatty acid ratio. Theriogenology 2012; 78:632-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2012.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2011] [Revised: 03/05/2012] [Accepted: 03/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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27
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Fleming TP, Lucas ES, Watkins AJ, Eckert JJ. Adaptive responses of the embryo to maternal diet and consequences for post-implantation development. Reprod Fertil Dev 2012; 24:35-44. [DOI: 10.1071/rd11905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Maternal periconceptional (PC) nutrition, coupled with maternal physiological condition, can impact on reproductive performance and potential across mammalian species. Oocyte quality and embryo development are affected adversely by either nutrient restriction or excess. Moreover, the quality of maternal PC nutrition can have lasting effects through fetal development and postnatally into adulthood. Chronic disease, notably cardiovascular and metabolic disease, and abnormal behaviour have been identified in adult offspring in small and large animal models of PC nutrient restriction. These long-term effects associate with compensatory responses that begin from the time of early embryo development. This review assesses the field of PC nutrition in vivo on short- and long-term developmental consequences in rodent and ruminant models and considers the implications for human health.
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28
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Ratto M, Peralta O, Mogollon G, Strobel P, Correa J. Transvaginal ultrasound-guided cumulus oocyte complexes aspiration and in vitro embryo production in suckled beef and lactating dairy cattle on pasture-based management conditions. Anim Reprod Sci 2011; 129:1-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2011.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2011] [Revised: 09/28/2011] [Accepted: 10/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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29
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Awasthi H, Saravia F, Rodríguez-Martínez H, Båge R. Do cytoplasmic lipid droplets accumulate in immature oocytes from over-conditioned repeat breeder dairy heifers? Reprod Domest Anim 2009; 45:e194-8. [PMID: 19735437 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0531.2009.01514.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
One of the main sources of repeat breeding in dairy cattle, caused by fertilization failure or early embryonic death, is metabolic stress during lactation. Nutrition seems also to play a role when the condition is seen in heifers, where oocyte cytoplasmic maturation is impaired. To determine whether over conditioning affects oocyte morphology, immature oocytes were collected by ovum pick-up (OPU) twice weekly during 5 weeks from three over-conditioned repeat breeder dairy heifers (RBH) and two normal virgin heifers (VH, controls) of the Swedish Red breed, monitored by body weight and condition. Oocyte quality was assessed under stereomicroscope and further examined by transmission electron microscope for accumulation of cytoplasmic lipid deposits. After OPU, the RBH yielded more low quality oocytes (60% vs 52% for VH, p = 0.14). The relative occupancy of osmophilic lipid droplets in the cytoplasm was higher in oocytes of bad quality compared with good ones, especially in RBH (p = 0.08) but also in VH (p = 0.11). Moreover, the oocytes from over-conditioned RBH showed higher amounts of cytoplasmic lipid deposits both in good (p = 0.14) and, even more prominent, in bad quality oocytes (p = 0.06). Such accumulation of lipid droplets may imply increased sensitivity to oxidative stress, hinder cytoplasmic maturation and lead to subfertility, as accounted in over-conditioned repeat breeders of the Swedish Red breed.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Awasthi
- Division of Reproduction, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, SLU, Uppsala, Sweden
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30
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Velazquez MA, Zaraza J, Oropeza A, Webb R, Niemann H. The role of IGF1 in the in vivo production of bovine embryos from superovulated donors. Reproduction 2009; 137:161-80. [DOI: 10.1530/rep-08-0362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
IGF1 plays an important role in bovine follicular growth, acquisition of oocyte competence and embryo viability. Current data also indicate a critical role for IGF1 in both the ovarian response and the embryo yield following the superovulatory treatments. IGF1 can have either positive or negative effects on embryo viability which is related to the concentration of IGF1 induced by superovulation treatment. These effects impact either on oocyte competence or directly on the embryo. Concentrations in the physiological range appear to result in the production of higher quality embryos, mainly due to the mitogenic and the anti-apoptotic activities of IGF1. However, high superovulatory responses are associated with decreased embryo viability and a concomitant increase in apoptosis. Studies in mice suggest that this increase in apoptosis is related to the downregulation of the IGF1 receptor in the embryo associated with high IGF1 concentrations. Strategies capable of controlling the IGF1 concentrations could be one approach to improve superovulation responses. A range of possible approaches for research within the IGF system in gonadotrophin-stimulated cattle is discussed in this review, including the possible use of superovulated female cattle as an alternative animal experimental model for research on reproductive disorders in humans associated with abnormal IGF1 concentrations.
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31
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Selesniemi K, Lee HJ, Tilly JL. Moderate caloric restriction initiated in rodents during adulthood sustains function of the female reproductive axis into advanced chronological age. Aging Cell 2008; 7:622-9. [PMID: 18549458 PMCID: PMC2990913 DOI: 10.1111/j.1474-9726.2008.00409.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Age-related ovarian failure in women heralds the transition into postmenopausal life, which is characterized by a loss of fertility and increased risk for cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis and cognitive dysfunction. Unfortunately, there are no options available for delaying loss of ovarian function with age in humans. Rodent studies have shown that caloric restriction (CR) can extend female fertile lifespan; however, much of this work initiated CR at weaning, which causes stunted adolescent growth and a delayed onset of sexual maturation. Herein we tested in mice if CR initiated in adulthood could delay reproductive aging. After 4 months of CR, the ovarian follicle reserve was doubled compared to ad libitum (AL)-fed age-matched controls, which in mating trials exhibited a loss of fertility by 15.5 months of age. In CR females returned to AL feeding at 15.5 months of age, approximately one-half remained fertile for 6 additional months and one-third continued to deliver offspring through 23 months of age. Notably, fecundity of CR-then-AL-fed females and postnatal offspring survival rates were dramatically improved compared with aging AL-fed controls. For example, between 10 and 23 months of age, only 22% of the 54 offspring delivered by AL-fed females survived. In contrast, over 73% of the 94 pups delivered by 15.5- to 23-month-old CR-then-AL-fed mice survived without any overt complications. These data indicate that in mice adult-onset CR maintains function of the female reproductive axis into advanced age and dramatically improves postnatal survival of offspring delivered by aged females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaisa Selesniemi
- Vincent Center for Reproductive Biology, Vincent OB/GYN Service, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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Kadokawa H, Tameoka N, Uchiza M, Kimura Y, Yonai M. Short Communication: A Field Study on the Relationship Between Body Condition and Embryo Production in Superovulated Holstein Yearling Heifers. J Dairy Sci 2008; 91:1087-91. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2007-0642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Abstract
Nutrition of the donor cow can influence oocyte and embryo quality, which can affect the success of embryo transfer. Severe undernutrition compromised ovarian follicular development, with implications for superovulatory response and embryo quality. In postpartum lactating cows, undernutrition or inability to consume sufficient nutrients delayed resumption of ovulation, reduced the number of follicles, and compromised oocyte quality. Moderate undernutrition of nonlactating cows was unlikely to affect embryo quality; conversely, nonlactating animals on maintenance diets usually had better superovulatory responses and improved oocyte competence and embryo quality. The negative effects of overfeeding are thought to be mediated by alterations in endocrine cues, such as hyperinsulinemia and increased glucose and IGF-I, which may interfere with glucose transport in the embryo and increase apoptosis. Manipulating energy sources such as carbohydrates and fatty acids (FA) may influence embryo viability, but the effects of FA were not consistent in vitro; increasing concentrations of unsaturated FA in follicular and embryonic cells usually improved embryo viability and resistance to cryopreservation. Excess protein intake and increased urea and ammonia in body fluids can be toxic to embryos, impairing their development; these effects seemed to be associated with alterations in uterine pH and granulosa cell function. Likewise, toxins in feeds (e.g. gossypol), reduced embryo development and increased pregnancy losses. Diet of donor cows should be formulated to optimize the supply of nutrients to meet needs; however, manipulating energy intake, source of FA and protein content of donor diets, particularly moderate underfeeding in nonlactating cows, may further optimize responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E P Santos
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Tulare, CA 93274 USA.
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