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Al Outa A, Abubaker D, Madi J, Nasr R, Shirinian M. The Leukemic Fly: Promises and Challenges. Cells 2020; 9:E1737. [PMID: 32708107 PMCID: PMC7409271 DOI: 10.3390/cells9071737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukemia involves different types of blood cancers, which lead to significant mortality and morbidity. Murine models of leukemia have been instrumental in understanding the biology of the disease and identifying therapeutics. However, such models are time consuming and expensive in high throughput genetic and drug screening. Drosophilamelanogaster has emerged as an invaluable in vivo model for studying different diseases, including cancer. Fruit flies possess several hematopoietic processes and compartments that are in close resemblance to their mammalian counterparts. A number of studies succeeded in characterizing the fly's response upon the expression of human leukemogenic proteins in hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic tissues. Moreover, some of these studies showed that these models are amenable to genetic screening. However, none were reported to be tested for drug screening. In this review, we describe the Drosophila hematopoietic system, briefly focusing on leukemic diseases in which fruit flies have been used. We discuss myeloid and lymphoid leukemia fruit fly models and we further highlight their roles for future therapeutic screening. In conclusion, fruit fly leukemia models constitute an interesting area which could speed up the process of integrating new therapeutics when complemented with mammalian models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amani Al Outa
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon
| | - Dana Abubaker
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon
- Center for Infectious Diseases Research, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon
| | - Joelle Madi
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon
- Center for Infectious Diseases Research, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon
| | - Rihab Nasr
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon
| | - Margret Shirinian
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon
- Center for Infectious Diseases Research, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon
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2
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Rader B, McAnulty SJ, Nyholm SV. Persistent symbiont colonization leads to a maturation of hemocyte response in the Euprymna scolopes/Vibrio fischeri symbiosis. Microbiologyopen 2019; 8:e858. [PMID: 31197972 PMCID: PMC6813443 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The binary association between the squid, Euprymna scolopes, and its symbiont, Vibrio fischeri, serves as a model system to study interactions between beneficial bacteria and the innate immune system. Previous research demonstrated that binding of the squid's immune cells, hemocytes, to V. fischeri is altered if the symbiont is removed from the light organ, suggesting that host colonization alters hemocyte recognition of V. fischeri. To investigate the influence of symbiosis on immune maturation during development, we characterized hemocyte binding and phagocytosis of V. fischeri and nonsymbiotic Vibrio harveyi from symbiotic (sym) and aposymbiotic (apo) juveniles, and wild-caught and laboratory-raised sym and apo adults. Our results demonstrate that while light organ colonization by V. fischeri did not alter juvenile hemocyte response, these cells bound a similar number of V. fischeri and V. harveyi yet phagocytosed only V. harveyi. Our results also indicate that long-term colonization altered the adult hemocyte response to V. fischeri but not V. harveyi. All hemocytes from adult squid, regardless of apo or sym state, both bound and phagocytosed a similar number of V. harveyi while hemocytes from both wild-caught and sym-raised adults bound significantly fewer V. fischeri, although more V. fischeri were phagocytosed by hemocytes from wild-caught animals. In contrast, hemocytes from apo-raised squid bound similar numbers of both V. fischeri and V. harveyi, although more V. harveyi cells were engulfed, suggesting that blood cells from apo-raised adults behaved similarly to juvenile hosts. Taken together, these data suggest that persistent colonization by the light organ symbiont is required for hemocytes to differentially bind and phagocytose V. fischeri. The cellular immune system of E. scolopes likely possesses multiple mechanisms at different developmental stages to promote a specific and life-long interaction with the symbiont.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethany Rader
- Department of MicrobiologySouthern Illinois UniversityCarbondaleIllinois
| | - Sarah J. McAnulty
- Department of Molecular and Cell BiologyUniversity of ConnecticutStorrsConnecticut
| | - Spencer V. Nyholm
- Department of Molecular and Cell BiologyUniversity of ConnecticutStorrsConnecticut
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Khadilkar RJ, Vogl W, Goodwin K, Tanentzapf G. Modulation of occluding junctions alters the hematopoietic niche to trigger immune activation. eLife 2017; 6:28081. [PMID: 28841136 PMCID: PMC5597334 DOI: 10.7554/elife.28081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cells are regulated by signals from their microenvironment, or niche. During Drosophila hematopoiesis, a niche regulates prohemocytes to control hemocyte production. Immune challenges activate cell-signalling to initiate the cellular and innate immune response. Specifically, certain immune challenges stimulate the niche to produce signals that induce prohemocyte differentiation. However, the mechanisms that promote prohemocyte differentiation subsequent to immune challenges are poorly understood. Here we show that bacterial infection induces the cellular immune response by modulating occluding-junctions at the hematopoietic niche. Occluding-junctions form a permeability barrier that regulates the accessibility of prohemocytes to niche derived signals. The immune response triggered by infection causes barrier breakdown, altering the prohemocyte microenvironment to induce immune cell production. Moreover, genetically induced barrier ablation provides protection against infection by activating the immune response. Our results reveal a novel role for occluding-junctions in regulating niche-hematopoietic progenitor signalling and link this mechanism to immune cell production following infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohan J Khadilkar
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Wayne Vogl
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Katharine Goodwin
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Guy Tanentzapf
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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Zhang CU, Cadigan KM. The matrix protein Tiggrin regulates plasmatocyte maturation in Drosophila larva. Development 2017; 144:2415-2427. [PMID: 28526755 DOI: 10.1242/dev.149641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The lymph gland (LG) is a major source of hematopoiesis during Drosophila development. In this tissue, prohemocytes differentiate into multiple lineages, including macrophage-like plasmatocytes, which comprise the vast majority of mature hemocytes. Previous studies have uncovered genetic pathways that regulate prohemocyte maintenance and some cell fate choices between hemocyte lineages. However, less is known about how the plasmatocyte pool of the LG is established and matures. Here, we report that Tiggrin, a matrix protein expressed in the LG, is a specific regulator of plasmatocyte maturation. Tiggrin mutants exhibit precocious maturation of plasmatocytes, whereas Tiggrin overexpression blocks this process, resulting in a buildup of intermediate progenitors (IPs) expressing prohemocyte and hemocyte markers. These IPs likely represent a transitory state in prohemocyte to plasmatocyte differentiation. We also found that overexpression of Wee1 kinase, which slows G2/M progression, results in a phenotype similar to Tiggrin overexpression, whereas String/Cdc25 expression phenocopies Tiggrin mutants. Further analysis revealed that Wee1 inhibits plasmatocyte maturation through upregulation of Tiggrin transcription. Our results elucidate connections between the extracellular matrix and cell cycle regulators in the regulation of hematopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen U Zhang
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Ken M Cadigan
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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Letourneau M, Lapraz F, Sharma A, Vanzo N, Waltzer L, Crozatier M. Drosophila hematopoiesis under normal conditions and in response to immune stress. FEBS Lett 2016; 590:4034-4051. [PMID: 27455465 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Revised: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of hematopoietic progenitors and their differentiation into various highly specialized blood cell types constitute a finely tuned process. Unveiling the genetic cascades that control blood cell progenitor fate and understanding how they are modulated in response to environmental changes are two major challenges in the field of hematopoiesis. In the last 20 years, many studies have established important functional analogies between blood cell development in vertebrates and in the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster. Thereby, Drosophila has emerged as a powerful genetic model for studying mechanisms that control hematopoiesis during normal development or in pathological situations. Moreover, recent advances in Drosophila have highlighted how intricate cell communication networks and microenvironmental cues regulate blood cell homeostasis. They have also revealed the striking plasticity of Drosophila mature blood cells and the presence of different sites of hematopoiesis in the larva. This review provides an overview of Drosophila hematopoiesis during development and summarizes our current knowledge on the molecular processes controlling larval hematopoiesis, both under normal conditions and in response to an immune challenge, such as wasp parasitism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manon Letourneau
- Centre de Biologie du Développement, UMR 5547 CNRS/Université Toulouse III and Centre de Biologie Intégrative, Toulouse Cedex 9, France
| | - Francois Lapraz
- Centre de Biologie du Développement, UMR 5547 CNRS/Université Toulouse III and Centre de Biologie Intégrative, Toulouse Cedex 9, France
| | - Anurag Sharma
- Centre de Biologie du Développement, UMR 5547 CNRS/Université Toulouse III and Centre de Biologie Intégrative, Toulouse Cedex 9, France.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, NU Centre for Science Education & Research, Nitte University, Mangalore-18, India
| | - Nathalie Vanzo
- Centre de Biologie du Développement, UMR 5547 CNRS/Université Toulouse III and Centre de Biologie Intégrative, Toulouse Cedex 9, France
| | - Lucas Waltzer
- Centre de Biologie du Développement, UMR 5547 CNRS/Université Toulouse III and Centre de Biologie Intégrative, Toulouse Cedex 9, France
| | - Michèle Crozatier
- Centre de Biologie du Développement, UMR 5547 CNRS/Université Toulouse III and Centre de Biologie Intégrative, Toulouse Cedex 9, France
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Heavner ME, Hudgins AD, Rajwani R, Morales J, Govind S. Harnessing the natural Drosophila-parasitoid model for integrating insect immunity with functional venomics. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2014; 6:61-67. [PMID: 25642411 PMCID: PMC4309977 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2014.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Drosophila species lack most hallmarks of adaptive immunity yet are highly successful against an array of natural microbial pathogens and metazoan enemies. When attacked by figitid parasitoid wasps, fruit flies deploy robust, multi-faceted innate immune responses and overcome many attackers. In turn, parasitoids have evolved immunosuppressive strategies to match, and more frequently to overcome, their hosts. We present methods to examine the evolutionary dynamics underlying anti-parasitoid host defense by teasing apart the specialized immune-modulating venoms of figitid parasitoids and, in turn, possibly delineating the roles of individual venom molecules. This combination of genetic, phylogenomic, and "functional venomics" methods in the Drosophila-parasitoid model should allow entomologists and immunologists to tackle important outstanding questions with implications across disciplines and to pioneer translational applications in agriculture and medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary E. Heavner
- The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, 10016
- Department of Biology, The City College of New York, City University of New York, New York, New York, 10031
| | - Adam D. Hudgins
- Department of Biology, The City College of New York, City University of New York, New York, New York, 10031
| | - Roma Rajwani
- Department of Biology, The City College of New York, City University of New York, New York, New York, 10031
| | - Jorge Morales
- Department of Biology, The City College of New York, City University of New York, New York, New York, 10031
| | - Shubha Govind
- The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, 10016
- Department of Biology, The City College of New York, City University of New York, New York, New York, 10031
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Mondal BC, Shim J, Evans CJ, Banerjee U. Pvr expression regulators in equilibrium signal control and maintenance of Drosophila blood progenitors. eLife 2014; 3:e03626. [PMID: 25201876 PMCID: PMC4185420 DOI: 10.7554/elife.03626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood progenitors within the lymph gland, a larval organ that supports hematopoiesis in Drosophila melanogaster, are maintained by integrating signals emanating from niche-like cells and those from differentiating blood cells. We term the signal from differentiating cells the 'equilibrium signal' in order to distinguish it from the 'niche signal'. Earlier we showed that equilibrium signaling utilizes Pvr (the Drosophila PDGF/VEGF receptor), STAT92E, and adenosine deaminase-related growth factor A (ADGF-A) (Mondal et al., 2011). Little is known about how this signal initiates during hematopoietic development. To identify new genes involved in lymph gland blood progenitor maintenance, particularly those involved in equilibrium signaling, we performed a genetic screen that identified bip1 (bric à brac interacting protein 1) and Nucleoporin 98 (Nup98) as additional regulators of the equilibrium signal. We show that the products of these genes along with the Bip1-interacting protein RpS8 (Ribosomal protein S8) are required for the proper expression of Pvr.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bama Charan Mondal
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Jiwon Shim
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States
- Department of Life Science, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Cory J Evans
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Utpal Banerjee
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States
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