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Poltorak A, Apalko S, Sherbak S. Wild-derived mice: from genetic diversity to variation in immune responses. Mamm Genome 2018; 29:577-584. [PMID: 30056578 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-018-9766-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Classical inbred mouse strains have historically been instrumental in mapping immunological traits. However, most of the classical strains originate from a relatively limited number of founder animals, largely within the Mus musculus domesticus subspecies. Therefore, their genetic diversity is ultimately limited. For this reason, it is not feasible to use these mice for exhaustive interrogation of immune signaling pathways. In order to investigate networks through forward genetic analysis, larger genetic diversity is required than is introduced under laboratory conditions. Recently, inbred strains from other mouse subspecies were established such as Mus musculus castaneus and Mus musculus musculus, which diverged from a shared common ancestor with Mus musculus domesticus more than one million years ago. A direct genomic comparison clearly demonstrates the evolutionary divergence that has occurred between wild-derived mice and the classical inbred strains. When compared to classical inbred strains, wild-derived mice exhibit polymorphisms every 100-200 base pairs. Studying the molecular basis of these traits provides us with insight into how the immune system can evolve regulatory features to accommodate environment-specific constraints. Because most wild-derived strains are able to breed with classical inbred mice, they represent a rich source of evolutionarily significant diversity for forward genetic studies. These organisms are an emerging, though still largely unexplored, model for the identification and study of novel immunological genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Poltorak
- Department of Immunology, Tufts University, Boston, MA, 02111, USA. .,Petrozavodsk State University, Karelia, Russian Federation.
| | | | - Sergei Sherbak
- City Hospital, 40, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation.,St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
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2
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Islam MA, Torigoe D, Kameda Y, Irie T, Kouguchi H, Nakao R, Masum MA, Ichii O, Kon Y, Tag-El-Din-Hassan HT, Morimatsu M, Yagi K, Agui T. Analysis for genetic loci controlling protoscolex development in the Echinococcus multilocularis infection using congenic mice. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2018; 65:65-71. [PMID: 30030204 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2018.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The resistance/susceptibility to Echinococcus multilocularis infection in mice is genetically controlled. However, genetic factors responsible for these differences remain unknown. Our previous study in genetic linkage analysis has revealed that there is a significant quantitative trait locus (QTL) for the establishment of cyst (Emcys1), and a highly significant QTL for the development of protoscolex of E. multilocularis larvae (Empsc1), on mouse chromosomes 6 and 1, respectively. The current study aimed to confirm these QTLs and narrow down the critical genetic region that controls resistance/susceptibility to E. multilocularis infection by establishing congenic and subcongenic lines from C57BL/6 (B6) and DBA/2 (D2) mice. For protoscolex development phenotype, two congenic lines, B6.D2-Empsc1 and D2.B6-Empsc1 were developed, where responsible QTL, Empsc1 was introgressed from D2 into B6 background and vice versa. For cyst establishment phenotype, two congenic lines, B6.D2-Emcys1 and D2.B6-Emcys1 were developed, where responsible QTL, Emcys1 was introgressed from D2 into B6 background and vice versa. Because there was no significant difference in cyst establishment between B6.D2-Emcys1 and D2.B6-Emcys1 mice after challenge with E. multilocularis, it is suggested that the Emcys1 does not solely control the cyst establishment in mouse liver. However, infection experiments with B6.D2-Empsc1 and D2.B6-Empsc1 mice showed a significant difference in protoscolex development in the cyst. It confirms that the Empsc1 controls phenotype of the protoscolex development in the cyst. Subsequently, two subcongenic lines, B6.D2-Empsc1.1 and B6.D2-Empsc1.2 from B6.D2-Emcys1 and one subcongenic line, D2.B6-Empsc1.1 from D2.B6-Empsc1 were developed to narrow down the critical region responsible for protoscolex development. From the results of infection experiments with E. multilocularis in these subcongenic mice, it is concluded that a gene responsible for protoscolex development is located between D1Mit290 (68.1 cM) and D1Mit511 (97.3 cM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Atiqul Islam
- Laboratory of Laboratory Animal Science and Medicine, Department of Applied Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Daisuke Torigoe
- Laboratory of Laboratory Animal Science and Medicine, Department of Applied Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Yayoi Kameda
- Laboratory of Laboratory Animal Science and Medicine, Department of Applied Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Takao Irie
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hokkaido Institute of Public Health, Sapporo 060-0819, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Kouguchi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hokkaido Institute of Public Health, Sapporo 060-0819, Japan
| | - Ryo Nakao
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Disease Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Md Abdul Masum
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Osamu Ichii
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kon
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Hassan T Tag-El-Din-Hassan
- Laboratory of Laboratory Animal Science and Medicine, Department of Applied Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan; Poultry Production Department, Mansour University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt.; Laboratory of Laboratory Animal Science and Medicine, Department of Applied Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Masami Morimatsu
- Laboratory of Laboratory Animal Science and Medicine, Department of Applied Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan; Laboratory of Laboratory Animal Science and Medicine, Department of Applied Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Kinpei Yagi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hokkaido Institute of Public Health, Sapporo 060-0819, Japan
| | - Takashi Agui
- Laboratory of Laboratory Animal Science and Medicine, Department of Applied Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan; Laboratory of Laboratory Animal Science and Medicine, Department of Applied Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan.
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3
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Zhang J, Malo D, Mott R, Panthier JJ, Montagutelli X, Jaubert J. Identification of new loci involved in the host susceptibility to Salmonella Typhimurium in collaborative cross mice. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:303. [PMID: 29703142 PMCID: PMC5923191 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-4667-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Salmonella is a Gram-negative bacterium causing a wide range of clinical syndromes ranging from typhoid fever to diarrheic disease. Non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) serovars infect humans and animals, causing important health burden in the world. Susceptibility to salmonellosis varies between individuals under the control of host genes, as demonstrated by the identification of over 20 genetic loci in various mouse crosses. We have investigated the host response to S. Typhimurium infection in 35 Collaborative Cross (CC) strains, a genetic population which involves wild-derived strains that had not been previously assessed. Results One hundred and forty-eight mice from 35 CC strains were challenged intravenously with 1000 colony-forming units (CFUs) of S. Typhimurium. Bacterial load was measured in spleen and liver at day 4 post-infection. CC strains differed significantly (P < 0.0001) in spleen and liver bacterial loads, while sex and age had no effect. Two significant quantitative trait loci (QTLs) on chromosomes 8 and 10 and one suggestive QTL on chromosome 1 were found for spleen bacterial load, while two suggestive QTLs on chromosomes 6 and 17 were found for liver bacterial load. These QTLs are caused by distinct allelic patterns, principally involving alleles originating from the wild-derived founders. Using sequence variations between the eight CC founder strains combined with database mining for expression in target organs and known immune phenotypes, we were able to refine the QTLs intervals and establish a list of the most promising candidate genes. Furthermore, we identified one strain, CC042/GeniUnc (CC042), as highly susceptible to S. Typhimurium infection. Conclusions By exploring a broader genetic variation, the Collaborative Cross population has revealed novel loci of resistance to Salmonella Typhimurium. It also led to the identification of CC042 as an extremely susceptible strain. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-018-4667-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Institut Pasteur, Department of Development & Stem Cell Biology, Mouse Functional Genetics, F-75015, Paris, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CNRS UMR 3738, F-75015, Paris, France
| | - Danielle Malo
- McGill University Research Centre on Complex Traits, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Richard Mott
- University College London, UCL Genetics Institute, London, UK
| | - Jean-Jacques Panthier
- Institut Pasteur, Department of Development & Stem Cell Biology, Mouse Functional Genetics, F-75015, Paris, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CNRS UMR 3738, F-75015, Paris, France
| | - Xavier Montagutelli
- Institut Pasteur, Department of Development & Stem Cell Biology, Mouse Functional Genetics, F-75015, Paris, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CNRS UMR 3738, F-75015, Paris, France
| | - Jean Jaubert
- Institut Pasteur, Department of Development & Stem Cell Biology, Mouse Functional Genetics, F-75015, Paris, France. .,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CNRS UMR 3738, F-75015, Paris, France.
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Survival analysis and microarray profiling identify Cd40 as a candidate for the Salmonella susceptibility locus, Ity5. Genes Immun 2015; 17:19-29. [PMID: 26562079 DOI: 10.1038/gene.2015.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Revised: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The outcome of infection with Salmonella Typhimurium in mouse models of human typhoid fever is dependent upon a coordinated complex immune response. A panel of recombinant congenic strains (RCS) derived from reciprocal backcross of A/J and C57BL/6J mice was screened for their susceptibility to Salmonella infection and two susceptibility loci, Ity4 (Immunity to Typhimurium locus 4) and Ity5, were identified. We validated Ity5 in a genetic environment free of the impact of Ity4 using a cross between A/J and 129S6. Using a time-series analysis of genome-wide transcription during infection, comparing A/J with AcB60 mice having a C57BL/6J-derived Ity5 interval, we have identified the differential expression of the positional candidate gene Cd40, Cd40-associated signaling pathways, and the differential expression of numerous genes expressed in neutrophils. CD40 is known to coordinate T cell-dependent B-cell responses and myeloid cell activation. In fact, CD40 signaling is altered in A/J mice as seen by impaired IgM upregulation during infection, decreased Ig class switching, neutropenia, reduced granulocyte recruitment in response to infection and inflammation, and decreased ERK1/2 activity. These results suggest that altered CD40 signaling and granulocyte recruitment in response to infection are responsible for the Ity5-associated Salmonella susceptibility of A/J mice.
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Low D, DeGruttola AK, Poltrak A, Mizoguchi A, Mino-Kenudson M, Mizoguchi E. High Endogenous Expression of Chitinase 3-Like 1 and Excessive Epithelial Proliferation with Colonic Tumor Formation in MOLF/EiJ Mice. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0139149. [PMID: 26440614 PMCID: PMC4594921 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) development is mediated by uncontrolled survival and proliferation of tumor progenitor cells. Using animal models to identify and study host-derived factors that underlie this process can aid interventions in preventing tumor expansion and metastasis. In healthy steady states in humans and mice (e.g. C57BL/6 strain), colonic Chitinase 3-like 1 (CHI3L1) gene expression is undetectable. However, this expression can be induced during intestinal inflammation and tumorigenesis where CHI3L1 plays an important role in tissue restitution and cell proliferation. Here, we show that a wild-derived mouse strain MOLF/EiJ expresses high levels of colonic epithelial CHI3L1 at the steady state due to several nucleotide polymorphisms in the proximal promoter regions of the CHI3L1 gene. Interestingly, these mice spontaneously developed polypoid nodules in the colon with signs of immune cell infiltrations at steady state. The CHI3L1 positive colonic epithelial cells were highly proliferative and exhibited malignant transformation and expansion when exposed in vivo to azoxymethane, one of the well-known colonic carcinogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daren Low
- Gastrointestinal Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Arianna K. DeGruttola
- Gastrointestinal Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Alexander Poltrak
- Department of Molecular Biology, Petrozavodsk State University, 185910, Petrozavodsk, Republic of Karelia, Russia
- Graduate Program in Genetics, Sackler School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Atsushi Mizoguchi
- Department of Immunology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Mari Mino-Kenudson
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Emiko Mizoguchi
- Gastrointestinal Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Loomis WP, Johnson ML, Brasfield A, Blanc MP, Yi J, Miller SI, Cookson BT, Hajjar AM. Temporal and anatomical host resistance to chronic Salmonella infection is quantitatively dictated by Nramp1 and influenced by host genetic background. PLoS One 2014; 9:e111763. [PMID: 25350459 PMCID: PMC4211889 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The lysosomal membrane transporter, Nramp1, plays a key role in innate immunity and resistance to infection with intracellular pathogens such as non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS). NTS-susceptible C57BL/6 (B6) mice, which express the mutant Nramp1D169 allele, are unable to control acute infection with Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium following intraperitoneal or oral inoculation. Introducing functional Nramp1G169 into the B6 host background, either by constructing a congenic strain carrying Nramp1G169 from resistant A/J mice (Nramp-Cg) or overexpressing Nramp1G169 from a transgene (Nramp-Tg), conferred equivalent protection against acute Salmonella infection. In contrast, the contributions of Nramp1 for controlling chronic infection are more complex, involving temporal and anatomical differences in Nramp1-dependent host responses. Nramp-Cg, Nramp-Tg and NTS-resistant 129×1/SvJ mice survived oral Salmonella infection equally well for the first 2–3 weeks, providing evidence that Nramp1 contributes to the initial control of NTS bacteremia preceding establishment of chronic Salmonella infection. By day 30, increased host Nramp1 expression (Tg>Cg) provided greater protection as indicated by decreased splenic bacterial colonization (Tg<Cg). However, despite controlling bacterial growth within MLN as effectively as 129×1/SvJ mice, Nramp-Cg and Nramp-Tg mice eventually succumbed to infection. These data indicate: 1) discrete, anatomically localized host resistance is conferred by Nramp1 expression in NTS-susceptible mice, 2) restriction of systemic bacterial growth in the spleens of NTS-susceptible mice is enhanced by Nramp1 expression and dose-dependent, and 3) host genes other than Nramp1 also contribute to the ability of NTS-resistant 129×1/SvJ mice to control bacterial replication during chronic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy P. Loomis
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Matthew L. Johnson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Alicia Brasfield
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Marie-Pierre Blanc
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Jaehun Yi
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Samuel I. Miller
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Departments of Medicine and Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Brad T. Cookson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Adeline M. Hajjar
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Khan RT, Chevenon M, Yuki KE, Malo D. Genetic dissection of the ity3 locus identifies a role for ncf2 co-expression modules and suggests selp as a candidate gene underlying the ity3.2 locus. Front Immunol 2014; 5:375. [PMID: 25161653 PMCID: PMC4129629 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Typhoid fever and salmonellosis, which are caused by Salmonella typhi and typhimurium, respectively, are responsible for significant morbidity and mortality in both developed and developing countries. We model typhoid fever using mice infected with Salmonella typhimurium, which results in a systemic disease, whereby the outcome of infection is variable in different inbred strains of mice. This model recapitulates several clinical aspects of the human disease and allows the study of the host response to Salmonella typhimurium infection in vivo. Previous work in our laboratory has identified three loci (Ity, Ity2, and Ity3) in the wild-derived MOLF/Ei mice influencing survival after infection with Salmonella typhimurium. Fine mapping of the Ity3 locus indicated that two sub-loci contribute collectively to the susceptibility of B6.MOLF-Ity/Ity3 congenic mice to Salmonella infection. In the current paper, we provided further evidence supporting a role for Ncf2 (neutrophil cytosolic factor 2 a subunit of NADPH oxidase) as the gene underlying the Ity3.1 sub-locus. Gene expression profiling indicated that the Ity3.1 sub-locus defined a global gene expression signature with networks articulated around Ncf2. Furthermore, based on differential expression and complementation analysis using Selp (selectin-P) knock-out mice, Selp was identified as a strong candidate gene for the Ity3.2 sub-locus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabia Tahir Khan
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University , Montreal, QC , Canada ; Complex Traits Group, McGill University , Montreal, QC , Canada
| | - Marie Chevenon
- Complex Traits Group, McGill University , Montreal, QC , Canada ; Department of Medicine, McGill University , Montreal, QC , Canada
| | - Kyoko E Yuki
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University , Montreal, QC , Canada ; Complex Traits Group, McGill University , Montreal, QC , Canada
| | - Danielle Malo
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University , Montreal, QC , Canada ; Complex Traits Group, McGill University , Montreal, QC , Canada ; Department of Medicine, McGill University , Montreal, QC , Canada
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Chitinase 3-like 1 synergistically activates IL6-mediated STAT3 phosphorylation in intestinal epithelial cells in murine models of infectious colitis. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2014; 20:835-46. [PMID: 24694795 PMCID: PMC4012618 DOI: 10.1097/mib.0000000000000033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chitinase 3-like 1 (CHI3L1) is an inducible molecule on intestinal epithelial cells during the development of inflammatory bowel disease. METHODS To investigate the role of CHI3L1 in bacterial infectious colitis, we orally inoculated pathogenic Salmonella typhimurium and potentially pathogenic adherent-invasive Escherichia coli (AIEC) LF82 virulent strain into C57Bl/6 wild-type mice or CHI3L1 knockout (KO) mice. RESULTS Both S. typhimurium and AIEC LF82 were found to efficiently induce severe intestinal inflammation in wild-type mice but not in CHI3L1 KO mice. These bacteria-infected CHI3L1 KO mice exhibit decreased cellular infiltration, bacterial translocation, and production of interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-22, as compared with those of wild-type mice. More importantly, CHI3L1 KO mice displayed aberrant STAT3 activation after bacterial infections. Co-stimulation of CHI3L1 and IL-6, but not IL-22, synergistically activates STAT3 signaling pathway in intestinal epithelial cells in an NF-κB/MAPK-dependent manner. CONCLUSIONS CHI3L1 promotes the onset of selected gram-negative bacterial infectious colitis through IL-6/STAT3 pathway.
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Khan RT, Yuki KE, Malo D. Fine-mapping and phenotypic analysis of the Ity3 Salmonella susceptibility locus identify a complex genetic structure. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88009. [PMID: 24505352 PMCID: PMC3913713 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimental animal models of Salmonella infections have been widely used to identify genes important in the host immune response to infection. Using an F2 cross between the classical inbred strain C57BL/6J and the wild derived strain MOLF/Ei, we have previously identified Ity3 (Immunity to Typhimurium locus 3) as a locus contributing to the early susceptibility of MOLF/Ei mice to infection with Salmonella Typhimurium. We have also established a congenic strain (B6.MOLF-Ity/Ity3) with the MOLF/Ei Ity3 donor segment on a C57BL/6J background. The current study was designed to fine map and characterize functionally the Ity3 locus. We generated 12 recombinant sub-congenic strains that were characterized for susceptibility to infection, bacterial load in target organs, cytokine profile and anti-microbial mechanisms. These analyses showed that the impact of the Ity3 locus on survival and bacterial burden was stronger in male mice compared to female mice. Fine mapping of Ity3 indicated that two subloci contribute collectively to the susceptibility of B6.MOLF-Ity/Ity3 congenic mice to Salmonella infection. The Ity3.1 sublocus controls NADPH oxidase activity and is characterized by decreased ROS production, reduced inflammatory cytokine response and increased bacterial burden, thereby supporting a role for Ncf2 (neutrophil cytosolic factor 2 a subunit of NADPH oxidase) as the gene underlying this sublocus. The Ity3.2 sub-locus is characterized by a hyperresponsive inflammatory cytokine phenotype after exposure to Salmonella. Overall, this research provides support to the combined action of hormonal influences and complex genetic factors within the Ity3 locus in the innate immune response to Salmonella infection in wild-derived MOLF/Ei mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabia T. Khan
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
- Complex Traits Group, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Kyoko E. Yuki
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
- Complex Traits Group, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Danielle Malo
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
- Complex Traits Group, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Salem S, Gros P. Genetic Determinants of Susceptibility to Mycobacterial Infections: IRF8, A New Kid on the Block. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2013; 783:45-80. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-6111-1_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Resistance to plague of Mus spretus SEG/Pas mice requires the combined action of at least four genetic factors. Genes Immun 2012; 14:35-41. [DOI: 10.1038/gene.2012.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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12
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Terra JK, France B, Cote CK, Jenkins A, Bozue JA, Welkos SL, Bhargava R, Ho CL, Mehrabian M, Pan C, Lusis AJ, Davis RC, LeVine SM, Bradley KA. Allelic variation on murine chromosome 11 modifies host inflammatory responses and resistance to Bacillus anthracis. PLoS Pathog 2011; 7:e1002469. [PMID: 22241984 PMCID: PMC3248472 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2011] [Accepted: 11/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Anthrax is a potentially fatal disease resulting from infection with Bacillus anthracis. The outcome of infection is influenced by pathogen-encoded virulence factors such as lethal toxin (LT), as well as by genetic variation within the host. To identify host genes controlling susceptibility to anthrax, a library of congenic mice consisting of strains with homozygous chromosomal segments from the LT-responsive CAST/Ei strain introgressed on a LT-resistant C57BL/6 (B6) background was screened for response to LT. Three congenic strains containing CAST/Ei regions of chromosome 11 were identified that displayed a rapid inflammatory response to LT similar to, but more severe than that driven by a LT-responsive allele of the inflammasome constituent NRLP1B. Importantly, increased response to LT in congenic mice correlated with greater resistance to infection by the Sterne strain of B. anthracis. The genomic region controlling the inflammatory response to LT was mapped to 66.36–74.67 Mb on chromosome 11, a region that encodes the LT-responsive CAST/Ei allele of Nlrp1b. However, known downstream effects of NLRP1B activation, including macrophage pyroptosis, cytokine release, and leukocyte infiltration could not fully explain the response to LT or the resistance to B. anthracis Sterne in congenic mice. Further, the exacerbated response in congenic mice is inherited in a recessive manner while the Nlrp1b-mediated response to LT is dominant. Finally, congenic mice displayed increased responsiveness in a model of sepsis compared with B6 mice. In total, these data suggest that allelic variation of one or more chromosome 11 genes in addition to Nlrp1b controls the severity of host response to multiple inflammatory stimuli and contributes to resistance to B. anthracis Sterne. Expression quantitative trait locus analysis revealed 25 genes within this region as high priority candidates for contributing to the host response to LT. We show that genetic variation within an 8.3 Mb region on mouse chromosome 11 controls host response to anthrax lethal toxin (LT) and resistance to infection by the Sterne strain of Bacillus anthracis. Specifically, congenic C57BL/6 mice in which this region of chromosome 11 is derived from a genetically divergent CAST/Ei strain presented with a rapid and strong innate immune response to LT and displayed increased survival following infection with Sterne spores. CAST/Ei chromosome 11 encodes a dominant LT-responsive allele of Nlrp1b that may partially account for the severe response to LT. However, the strength of this response was attenuated in mice with only one copy of chromosome 11 derived from CAST/Ei indicating the existence of a recessive modifier of the inflammatory response to LT. In addition, congenic mice displayed a pronounced immune response using an experimental model of sepsis, indicating that one or more genes within the chromosome 11 region control host response to multiple inflammatory stimuli. Analyzing the influence of allelic variation on gene expression identified 25 genes as candidates for controlling these responses. In summary, we report a genetic model to study inflammatory responses beneficial to the host during anthrax.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill K Terra
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
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Refinement of the genetics of the host response to Salmonella infection in MOLF/Ei: regulation of type 1 IFN and TRP3 pathways by Ity2. Genes Immun 2011; 13:175-83. [PMID: 21956657 DOI: 10.1038/gene.2011.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Typhoid fever, which is caused by Salmonella typhi and paratyphi, is a severe systemic disease that remains a major public health issue in several areas of the world. We can model the human disease using mice infected with a related bacterium, Salmonella typhimurium. This model recapitulates several clinical aspects of the human disease and allows for the study of the host response to Salmonella typhimurium infection in vivo. Previous work in our laboratory has identified three Immunity to typhimurium loci (Ity, Ity2 and Ity3) in the wild-derived MOLF/Ei mice, influencing survival after infection with Salmonella typhimurium. The MOLF/Ei alleles at Ity and Ity2 are protective, while the MOLF/Ei allele at Ity3 confers susceptibility. In this paper, we have generated a novel cross combination between the highly susceptible strain, MOLF/Ei, and the resistant strain, 129S6, to better define the genetic architecture of susceptibility to infection in MOLF/Ei. Using this cross, we have replicated the locus on chr 11 (Ity2) and identified a novel locus on chr 13 (Ity13). Using microarrays and transcriptional profiling, we examined the response of uninfected and infected Ity2 congenic mice. These analyses demonstrate a role for both type-1-interferon (IFN) and TRP53 signaling in the pathogenesis of Salmonella infection.
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