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Li X, Feng R, Luo P, Zhang Y, Lu L. Synergistic effects of putative Ca 2+-binding sites of calmodulin in fungal development, temperature stress and virulence of Aspergillus fumigatus. Virulence 2024; 15:2290757. [PMID: 38085844 PMCID: PMC10761034 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2023.2290757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In pathogenic fungi, calcium-calmodulin-dependent serine-threonine-specific phosphatase calcineurin is involved in morphogenesis and virulence. Therefore, calcineurin and its tightly related protein complexes are attractive antifungal drug targets. However, there is limited knowledge available on the relationship between in vivo Ca2+-binding sites of calmodulin (CaM) and its functions in regulating stress responses, morphogenesis, and pathogenesis. In the current study, we demonstrated that calmodulin is required for hyphal growth, conidiation, and virulence in the human fungal pathogen, Aspergillus fumigatus. Site-directed mutations of calmodulin revealed that a single Ca2+-binding site mutation had no significant effect on A. fumigatus hyphal development, but multiple Ca2+-binding site mutations exhibited synergistic effects, especially when cultured at 42 °C, indicating that calmodulin function in response to temperature stress depends on its Ca2+-binding sites. Western blotting implied that mutations in Ca2+-binding sites caused highly degraded calmodulin fragments, suggesting that the loss of Ca2+-binding sites results in reduced protein stability. Moreover, normal intracellular calcium homeostasis and the nuclear translocation of the transcriptional factor CrzA are dependent on Ca2+-binding sites of AfCaM, demonstrating that Ca2+-binding sites of calmodulin are required for calcium signalling and its major transcription factor CrzA. Importantly, in situ mutations for four Ca2+-binding sites of calmodulin resulted in an almost complete loss of virulence in the Galleria mellonella wax moth model. This study shed more light on the functional characterization of putative calcium-binding sites of calmodulin in the morphogenesis and virulence of A. fumigatus, which enhances our understanding of calmodulin biological functions in cells of opportunistic fungal pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyue Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ruoyun Feng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Pan Luo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuanwei Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ling Lu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
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2
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Flynn MJ, Harper NW, Li R, Zhu LJ, Lee MJ, Benanti JA. Calcineurin promotes adaptation to chronic stress through two distinct mechanisms. Mol Biol Cell 2024; 35:ar123. [PMID: 39083354 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e24-03-0122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Adaptation to environmental stress requires coordination between stress-defense programs and cell cycle progression. The immediate response to many stressors has been well characterized, but how cells survive in challenging environments long term is unknown. Here, we investigate the role of the stress-activated phosphatase calcineurin (CN) in adaptation to chronic CaCl2 stress in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We find that prolonged exposure to CaCl2 impairs mitochondrial function and demonstrate that cells respond to this stressor using two CN-dependent mechanisms-one that requires the downstream transcription factor Crz1 and another that is Crz1 independent. Our data indicate that CN maintains cellular fitness by promoting cell cycle progression and preventing CaCl2-induced cell death. When Crz1 is present, transient CN activation suppresses cell death and promotes adaptation despite high levels of mitochondrial loss. However, in the absence of Crz1, prolonged activation of CN prevents mitochondrial loss and further cell death by upregulating glutathione biosynthesis genes thereby mitigating damage from reactive oxygen species. These findings illustrate how cells maintain long-term fitness during chronic stress and suggest that CN promotes adaptation in challenging environments by multiple mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mackenzie J Flynn
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program, Morningside Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - Nicholas W Harper
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program, Morningside Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605
- Department of Systems Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - Rui Li
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - Lihua Julie Zhu
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605
- Department of Genomics and Computational Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - Michael J Lee
- Department of Systems Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - Jennifer A Benanti
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605
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Conti MM, Bail JP, Li R, Zhu LJ, Benanti JA. Dynamic phosphorylation of Hcm1 promotes fitness in chronic stress. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.09.18.613713. [PMID: 39345542 PMCID: PMC11429972 DOI: 10.1101/2024.09.18.613713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/01/2024]
Abstract
Cell survival depends upon the ability to adapt to changing environments. Environmental stressors trigger an acute stress response program that rewires cell physiology, downregulates proliferation genes and pauses the cell cycle until the cell adapts. Here, we show that dynamic phosphorylation of the yeast cell cycle-regulatory transcription factor Hcm1 is required to maintain fitness in chronic stress. Hcm1 is activated by cyclin dependent kinase (CDK) and inactivated by the phosphatase calcineurin (CN) in response to stressors that signal through increases in cytosolic Ca 2+ . Expression of a constitutively active, phosphomimetic Hcm1 mutant reduces fitness in stress, suggesting Hcm1 inactivation is required. However, a comprehensive analysis of Hcm1 phosphomutants revealed that Hcm1 activity is also important to survive stress, demonstrating that Hcm1 activity must be toggled on and off to promote gene expression and fitness. These results suggest that dynamic control of cell cycle regulators is critical for survival in stressful environments.
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Bernard M, Bergès T, Sebille S, Régnacq M. Calcineurin activation improves cell survival during amino acid starvation in lipid droplet-deficient yeasts. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2024; 735:150670. [PMID: 39276520 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2024.150670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2024] [Revised: 08/23/2024] [Accepted: 09/05/2024] [Indexed: 09/17/2024]
Abstract
Lipid droplets (LD) are storage sites for neutral lipids that can be used as a source of energy during nutrient starvation, but also function as hubs for fatty acid (FA) trafficking between organelles. In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the absence of LD causes a severe disorganization of the endomembrane network during starvation. Here we show that cells devoid of LD respond to amino acid (AA) starvation by activating the serine/threonine phosphatase calcineurin and the nuclear translocation of its target protein Crz1. This activation was inhibited by treatments that restore a normal endomembrane organization, i.e. inhibition of FA synthesis with cerulenin or deletion of the inhibitory transcription factor Opi1. Activation of calcineurin increased the lifespan of LD-deficient cells during AA starvation. Indeed, deletion of its regulatory or catalytic subunits accelerated cell death. Surprisingly, calcineurin activation appeared to be calcium-independent. An increase in intracellular calcium was observed in LD-deficient cells during AA starvation, but its inhibition by genetic deletion of MID1 or YVC1 did not affect calcineurin activity. In contrast, calcineurin activation required the direct regulator of calcineurin Rcn1 and its activating (GSK-3)-related protein kinase Mck1.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thierry Bergès
- Laboratoire PRéTI, UR 24184, Université de Poitiers, France
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Papoušková K, Černá K, Radova V, Zimmermannová O. The Role of Cornichons in the Biogenesis and Functioning of Monovalent-Cation Transport Systems. Physiol Res 2024; 73:S199-S215. [PMID: 38836370 PMCID: PMC11412353 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.935406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Monovalent-cation homeostasis, crucial for all living cells, is ensured by the activity of various types of ion transport systems located either in the plasma membrane or in the membranes of organelles. A key prerequisite for the functioning of ion-transporting proteins is their proper trafficking to the target membrane. The cornichon family of COPII cargo receptors is highly conserved in eukaryotic cells. By simultaneously binding their cargoes and a COPII-coat subunit, cornichons promote the incorporation of cargo proteins into the COPII vesicles and, consequently, the efficient trafficking of cargoes via the secretory pathway. In this review, we summarize current knowledge about cornichon proteins (CNIH/Erv14), with an emphasis on yeast and mammalian cornichons and their role in monovalent-cation homeostasis. Saccharomyces cerevisiae cornichon Erv14 serves as a cargo receptor of a large portion of plasma-membrane proteins, including several monovalent-cation transporters. By promoting the proper targeting of at least three housekeeping ion transport systems, Na+, K+/H+ antiporter Nha1, K+ importer Trk1 and K+ channel Tok1, Erv14 appears to play a complex role in the maintenance of alkali-metal-cation homeostasis. Despite their connection to serious human diseases, the repertoire of identified cargoes of mammalian cornichons is much more limited. The majority of current information is about the structure and functioning of CNIH2 and CNIH3 as auxiliary subunits of AMPAR multi-protein complexes. Based on their unique properties and easy genetic manipulation, we propose yeast cells to be a useful tool for uncovering a broader spectrum of human cornichons´ cargoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Papoušková
- Laboratory of Membrane Transport, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 4 - Krč, Czech Republic.
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Xie D, Sun Y, Li X, Zheng J, Ren S. Study of the effect of calcium signal participating in the antioxidant mechanism of yeast under high-sugar environment. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2024; 104:5776-5788. [PMID: 38390983 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.13411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Saccharomyces cerevisiae is susceptible to high-sugar stress in the production of bioethanol, wine and bread. Calcium signal is widely involved in various physiological and metabolic activities of cells. The present study aimed to explore the effects of Ca2+ signal on the antioxidant mechanism of yeast during high-sugar fermentation. RESULTS Compared to yeast without available Ca2+, yeast in the high glucose with Ca2+ group had higher dry weight, higher ethanol output at 12 and 24 h and higher glycerol output at 24 and 36 h. During the whole growth process, the trehalose synthesis capacity of yeast in the high glucose with Ca2+ group was lower and intracellular reactive oxygen species content was higher compared to yeast without available Ca2+. Intracellular malondialdehyde content of yeast under high glucose with Ca2+ was significantly lower than yeast under high glucose without available Ca2+ except for 6 h. The superoxide dismutase and catalase activities of yeast and glutathione content were higher in the high glucose with Ca2+ group compared to yeast in high glucose without available Ca2+. The expression levels of SOD1, GSH1, GPX2 genes were higher for high glucose without available Ca2+ at 6 h, while yeast in the high glucose with Ca2+ group had a higher expression of antioxidant-related genes except SOD1 and CTT1 at 12 h. The expression levels of antioxidant-related genes of yeast for high glucose with Ca2+ were higher at 24 h, and those of genes except SOD1 of yeast in the high glucose with Ca2+ group were higher at 36 h. CONCLUSION High-glucose stress limited the growth of yeast, while a moderate extracellular Ca2+ signal could improve the antioxidant capacity of yeast in a high-glucose environment by regulating protectant metabolism and enhancing the antioxidant enzyme activity and expression of antioxidant genes in a high-sugar environment. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongdong Xie
- Food Engineering Technology Research Center/Key Laboratory of Henan Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yingqi Sun
- Food Engineering Technology Research Center/Key Laboratory of Henan Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xing Li
- Food Engineering Technology Research Center/Key Laboratory of Henan Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jiaxin Zheng
- Food Engineering Technology Research Center/Key Laboratory of Henan Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shuncheng Ren
- Food Engineering Technology Research Center/Key Laboratory of Henan Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, China
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Xie D, Zheng J, Sun Y, Li X, Ren S. Effects of Ca 2+ signal on the activities of key enzymes and expression of related genes in yeast ethanol metabolism and mitochondrial function during high sugar fermentation. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2024; 104:5077-5088. [PMID: 38284794 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.13341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND During high sugar fermentation, yeast is mainly affected by high sugar stress in the early stage. It becomes jointly affected by high sugar and ethanol stress as ethanol accumulates during fermentation. Ca2+, as the second messenger of the cell, mediates various metabolic processes. In this study, the effects of the Ca2+ signal on the activities of key enzymes, expression of related genes of ethanol metabolism, and mitochondrial function were investigated. RESULTS The results showed a significant increase in the activities of enzymes related to ethanol metabolism in yeast cells under a high sugar environment. Ca2+ significantly promoted the activities of enzymes related to mitochondrial respiratory metabolism and regulated the carbon flow between ethanol metabolism and the tricarboxylic acid cycle. The high sugar environment affected the expression of genes related to carbon metabolism, while the addition of Ca2+ stabilized the expression of related genes. CONCLUSION Ca2+ signal participated in ethanol and mitochondrial metabolism and regulated the key enzymes and related gene expression to enhance the resistance of yeast to stress during high sugar fermentation. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongdong Xie
- Food Engineering Technology Research Center/Key Laboratory of Henan Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jiaxin Zheng
- Food Engineering Technology Research Center/Key Laboratory of Henan Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yingqi Sun
- Food Engineering Technology Research Center/Key Laboratory of Henan Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xing Li
- Food Engineering Technology Research Center/Key Laboratory of Henan Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shuncheng Ren
- Food Engineering Technology Research Center/Key Laboratory of Henan Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, China
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Longan ER, Fay JC. The distribution of beneficial mutational effects between two sister yeast species poorly explains natural outcomes of vineyard adaptation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.03.597243. [PMID: 38895255 PMCID: PMC11185594 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.03.597243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Domesticated strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae have adapted to resist copper and sulfite, two chemical stressors commonly used in winemaking. S. paradoxus, has not adapted to these chemicals despite being consistently present in sympatry with S. cerevisiae in vineyards. This contrast represents a case of apparent evolutionary constraints favoring greater adaptive capacity in S. cerevisiae. In this study, we used a comparative mutagenesis approach to test whether S. paradoxus is mutationally constrained with respect to acquiring greater copper and sulfite resistance. For both species, we assayed the rate, effect size, and pleiotropic costs of resistance mutations and sequenced a subset of 150 mutants isolated from our screen. We found that the distributions of mutational effects displayed by the two species were very similar and poorly explained the natural pattern. We also found that chromosome VIII aneuploidy and loss of function mutations in PMA1 confer copper resistance in both species, whereas loss of function mutations in REG1 were only a viable route to copper resistance in S. cerevisiae. We also observed a single de novo duplication of the CUP1 gene in S. paradoxus but none in S. cerevisiae. For sulfite, loss of function mutations in RTS1 and KSP1 confer resistance in both species, but mutations in RTS1 have larger average effects in S. paradoxus. Our results show that even when the distributions of mutational effects are largely similar, species can differ in the adaptive paths available to them. They also demonstrate that assays of the distribution of mutational effects may lack predictive insight concerning adaptive outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emery R. Longan
- University of Rochester, Department of Biology, Rochester, NY, 14620 USA
| | - Justin C. Fay
- University of Rochester, Department of Biology, Rochester, NY, 14620 USA
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Bao Z, Chen Y, Zhang Z, Yang H, Yan R, Zhu D. Heat stress-induced NO enhanced perylenequinone biosynthesis of Shiraia sp. via calcium signaling pathway. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 108:317. [PMID: 38700737 PMCID: PMC11068690 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-024-13142-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
Perylenequinones (PQs) are natural photosensitizing compounds used as photodynamic therapy, and heat stress (HS) is the main limiting factor of mycelial growth and secondary metabolism of fungi. This study aimed to unravel the impact of HS-induced Ca2+ and the calcium signaling pathway on PQ biosynthesis of Shiraia sp. Slf14(w). Meanwhile, the intricate interplay between HS-induced NO and Ca2+ and the calcium signaling pathway was investigated. The outcomes disclosed that Ca2+ and the calcium signaling pathway activated by HS could effectively enhance the production of PQs in Shiraia sp. Slf14(w). Further investigations elucidated the specific mechanism through which NO signaling molecules induced by HS act upon the Ca2+/CaM (calmodulin) signaling pathway, thus propelling PQ biosynthesis in Shiraia sp. Slf14(w). This was substantiated by decoding the downstream positioning of the CaM/CaN (calcineurin) pathway in relation to NO through comprehensive analyses encompassing transcript levels, enzyme assays, and the introduction of chemical agents. Concurrently, the engagement of Ca2+ and the calcium signaling pathway in heat shock signaling was also evidenced. The implications of our study underscore the pivotal role of HS-induced Ca2+ and the calcium signaling pathway, which not only participate in heat shock signal transduction but also play an instrumental role in promoting PQ biosynthesis. Consequently, our study not only enriches our comprehension of the mechanisms driving HS signaling transduction in fungi but also offers novel insights into the PQ synthesis paradigm within Shiraia sp. Slf14(w). KEY POINTS: • The calcium signaling pathway was proposed to participate in PQ biosynthesis under HS. • HS-induced NO was revealed to act upon the calcium signaling pathway for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuanying Bao
- Key Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Subtropic Plant Resources of Jiangxi Province, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, 330022, China
- Key Lab of Bioprocess Engineering of Jiangxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, 330013, China
| | - Yunni Chen
- Key Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Subtropic Plant Resources of Jiangxi Province, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, 330022, China
| | - Zhibin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Subtropic Plant Resources of Jiangxi Province, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, 330022, China
| | - Huilin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Subtropic Plant Resources of Jiangxi Province, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, 330022, China
| | - Riming Yan
- Key Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Subtropic Plant Resources of Jiangxi Province, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, 330022, China
| | - Du Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Subtropic Plant Resources of Jiangxi Province, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, 330022, China.
- Key Lab of Bioprocess Engineering of Jiangxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, 330013, China.
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Henry M, Khemiri I, Tebbji F, Abu-Helu R, Vincent AT, Sellam A. Manganese homeostasis modulates fungal virulence and stress tolerance in Candida albicans. mSphere 2024; 9:e0080423. [PMID: 38380913 PMCID: PMC10964418 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00804-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Due to the scarcity of transition metals within the human host, fungal pathogens have evolved sophisticated mechanisms to uptake and utilize these micronutrients at the infection interface. While considerable attention was turned to iron and copper acquisition mechanisms and their importance in fungal fitness, less was done regarding either the role of manganese (Mn) in infectious processes or the cellular mechanism by which fungal cells achieve their Mn-homeostasis. Here, we undertook transcriptional profiling in the pathogenic fungus Candida albicans experiencing both Mn starvation and excess to capture biological processes that are modulated by this metal. We uncovered that Mn scarcity influences diverse processes associated with fungal fitness including invasion of host cells and antifungal sensitivity. We show that Mn levels influence the abundance of iron and zinc emphasizing the complex crosstalk between metals. The deletion of SMF12, a member of Mn Nramp transporters, confirmed its contribution to Mn uptake. smf12 was unable to form hyphae and damage host cells and exhibited sensitivity to azoles. We found that the unfolded protein response (UPR), likely activated by decreased glycosylation under Mn limitation, was required to recover growth when cells were shifted from an Mn-starved to an Mn-repleted medium. RNA-seq profiling of cells exposed to Mn excess revealed that UPR was also activated. Furthermore, the UPR signaling axis Ire1-Hac1 was required to bypass Mn toxicity. Collectively, this study underscores the importance of Mn homeostasis in fungal virulence and comprehensively provides a portrait of biological functions that are modulated by Mn in a fungal pathogen. IMPORTANCE Transition metals such as manganese provide considerable functionality across biological systems as they are used as cofactors for many catalytic enzymes. The availability of manganese is very limited inside the human body. Consequently, pathogenic microbes have evolved sophisticated mechanisms to uptake this micronutrient inside the human host to sustain their growth and cause infections. Here, we undertook a comprehensive approach to understand how manganese availability impacts the biology of the prevalent fungal pathogen, Candida albicans. We uncovered that manganese homeostasis in this pathogen modulates different biological processes that are essential for host infection which underscores the value of targeting fungal manganese homeostasis for potential antifungal therapeutics development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manon Henry
- Montreal Heart Institute/Institut de Cardiologie de Montréal, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Inès Khemiri
- Montreal Heart Institute/Institut de Cardiologie de Montréal, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Faiza Tebbji
- Montreal Heart Institute/Institut de Cardiologie de Montréal, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Rasmi Abu-Helu
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Health Professions, Al-Quds University, Jerusalem, Palestine
| | - Antony T. Vincent
- Department of Animal Sciences, Université Laval, Quebec City, Québec, Canada
| | - Adnane Sellam
- Montreal Heart Institute/Institut de Cardiologie de Montréal, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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11
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Flynn MJ, Harper NW, Li R, Zhu LJ, Lee MJ, Benanti JA. Calcineurin promotes adaptation to chronic stress through two distinct mechanisms. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.19.585797. [PMID: 38562881 PMCID: PMC10983906 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.19.585797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Adaptation to environmental stress requires coordination between stress-defense programs and cell cycle progression. The immediate response to many stressors has been well characterized, but how cells survive in challenging environments long-term is unknown. Here, we investigate the role of the stress-activated phosphatase calcineurin (CN) in adaptation to chronic CaCl2 stress in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We find that prolonged exposure to CaCl2 impairs mitochondrial function and demonstrate that cells respond to this stressor using two CN-dependent mechanisms - one that requires the downstream transcription factor Crz1 and another that is Crz1-independent. Our data indicate that CN maintains cellular fitness by promoting cell cycle progression and preventing CaCl2-induced cell death. When Crz1 is present, transient CN activation suppresses cell death and promotes adaptation despite high levels of mitochondrial loss. However, in the absence of Crz1, prolonged activation of CN prevents mitochondrial loss and further cell death by upregulating glutathione (GSH) biosynthesis genes thereby mitigating damage from reactive oxygen species. These findings illustrate how cells maintain long-term fitness during chronic stress and suggest that CN promotes adaptation in challenging environments by multiple mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mackenzie J. Flynn
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program, Morningside Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - Nicholas W. Harper
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program, Morningside Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605
- Department of Systems Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - Rui Li
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - Lihua Julie Zhu
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605
- Department of Genomics and Computational Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester MA 01605
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester MA 01605
| | - Michael J. Lee
- Department of Systems Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - Jennifer A. Benanti
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605
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12
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Feng J, Tian L, Wang W, Yang Y, Li Q, Liu L, Bo H, He C. Effect of RSN1 gene knockout on the adsorption of strontium ions by irradiated Saccharomyces cerevisiae. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2024; 273:107396. [PMID: 38325251 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2024.107396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
The irradiated Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Y-7) has good biosorption ability for strontium ions. To investigate the mechanism of strontium ion bioaccumulation in Y-7, we employed CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing technology to engineer Saccharomyces cerevisiae Y-7 and knock out the RSN1 gene, successfully constructing a RSN1 gene knockout strain (Y-7-rsn1Δ). When tested for strontium ion adsorption, the Y-7-rsn1Δ strain exhibited decreased capacity for adsorbing strontium ions and increased resistance to strontium ions. The results showed that RSN1 is involved in the transport of Sr2+, and observed significant decreases in intracellular Ca2+ of Y-7-rsn1Δ, indicating a strong correlation between bioaccumulation of Sr2+ and Ca2+. This demonstrated that the adsorption of strontium ions by Y-7 is regulated by the RSN1 gene. The knockout of the RSN1 gene resulted in the shift of the peak positions of carboxyl, amino, amide, hydroxyl, and phosphate groups on the cell surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jundong Feng
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics & Astronautics, Nanjing, 210016, PR China.
| | - Liuxin Tian
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics & Astronautics, Nanjing, 210016, PR China
| | - Weitai Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics & Astronautics, Nanjing, 210016, PR China
| | - Yingqing Yang
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics & Astronautics, Nanjing, 210016, PR China
| | - Qian Li
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics & Astronautics, Nanjing, 210016, PR China
| | - Liang Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics & Astronautics, Nanjing, 210016, PR China
| | - Hongyu Bo
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics & Astronautics, Nanjing, 210016, PR China
| | - Chengyu He
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics & Astronautics, Nanjing, 210016, PR China
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13
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Jiang L, Xu H, Wei M, Gu Y, Yan H, Pan L, Wei C. Transcriptional expression of PHR2 is positively controlled by the calcium signaling transcription factor Crz1 through its binding motif in the promoter. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0168923. [PMID: 38054721 PMCID: PMC10783099 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01689-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE The fungal cell wall consists of glucans, mannoproteins, and chitin and is essential for cell viability, morphogenesis, and pathogenesis. The enzymes of the GH72 family are responsible for ß-(1,3)-glucan elongation and branching, which is crucial for the formation of the glucan-chitin polymer at the bud neck of yeast cells. In the human fungal pathogen Candida albicans, there are five GH72 enzyme-encoding genes: PHR1, PHR2, PHR3, PGA4, and PGA5. It is known that expression of PHR1 and PHR2 is controlled by the pH-responsive Rim101 pathway through the transcription factor Rim101. In this study, we have demonstrated that the transcription expression of PHR2 is also controlled by the transcription factor Crz1 through its binding motif in the promoter. Therefore, we have uncovered a dual-control mechanism by which PHR2 expression is negatively regulated via CaRim101 through the pH-responsive pathway and positively modulated by CaCrz1 through the calcium/calcineurin signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linghuo Jiang
- Laboratory of Yeast Biology and Fermentation Technology, Institute of Biological Sciences and Technology, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Huihui Xu
- Department of Food Science, School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
| | - Min Wei
- Laboratory of Yeast Biology and Fermentation Technology, Institute of Biological Sciences and Technology, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Yiying Gu
- Laboratory of Yeast Biology and Fermentation Technology, Institute of Biological Sciences and Technology, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Hongbo Yan
- Department of Food Science, School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
| | - Lingxin Pan
- Laboratory of Yeast Biology and Fermentation Technology, Institute of Biological Sciences and Technology, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Chunyu Wei
- Laboratory of Yeast Biology and Fermentation Technology, Institute of Biological Sciences and Technology, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi, China
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14
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Antunes M, Sá-Correia I. The role of ion homeostasis in adaptation and tolerance to acetic acid stress in yeasts. FEMS Yeast Res 2024; 24:foae016. [PMID: 38658183 PMCID: PMC11092280 DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/foae016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Maintenance of asymmetric ion concentrations across cellular membranes is crucial for proper yeast cellular function. Disruptions of these ionic gradients can significantly impact membrane electrochemical potential and the balance of other ions, particularly under stressful conditions such as exposure to acetic acid. This weak acid, ubiquitous to both yeast metabolism and industrial processes, is a major inhibitor of yeast cell growth in industrial settings and a key determinant of host colonization by pathogenic yeast. Acetic acid toxicity depends on medium composition, especially on the pH (H+ concentration), but also on other ions' concentrations. Regulation of ion fluxes is essential for effective yeast response and adaptation to acetic acid stress. However, the intricate interplay among ion balancing systems and stress response mechanisms still presents significant knowledge gaps. This review offers a comprehensive overview of the mechanisms governing ion homeostasis, including H+, K+, Zn2+, Fe2+/3+, and acetate, in the context of acetic acid toxicity, adaptation, and tolerance. While focus is given on Saccharomyces cerevisiae due to its extensive physiological characterization, insights are also provided for biotechnologically and clinically relevant yeast species whenever available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Antunes
- iBB—Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001, Lisbon, Portugal
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001, Lisbon, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy at Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Isabel Sá-Correia
- iBB—Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001, Lisbon, Portugal
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001, Lisbon, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy at Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001, Lisbon, Portugal
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15
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Antunes M, Kale D, Sychrová H, Sá-Correia I. The Hrk1 kinase is a determinant of acetic acid tolerance in yeast by modulating H + and K + homeostasis. MICROBIAL CELL (GRAZ, AUSTRIA) 2023; 10:261-276. [PMID: 38053573 PMCID: PMC10695635 DOI: 10.15698/mic2023.12.809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Acetic acid-induced stress is a common challenge in natural environments and industrial bioprocesses, significantly affecting the growth and metabolic performance of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The adaptive response and tolerance to this stress involves the activation of a complex network of molecular pathways. This study aims to delve deeper into these mechanisms in S. cerevisiae, particularly focusing on the role of the Hrk1 kinase. Hrk1 is a key determinant of acetic acid tolerance, belonging to the NPR/Hal family, whose members are implicated in the modulation of the activity of plasma membrane transporters that orchestrate nutrient uptake and ion homeostasis. The influence of Hrk1 on S. cerevisiae adaptation to acetic acid-induced stress was explored by employing a physiological approach based on previous phosphoproteomics analyses. The results from this study reflect the multifunctional roles of Hrk1 in maintaining proton and potassium homeostasis during different phases of acetic acid-stressed cultivation. Hrk1 is shown to play a role in the activation of plasma membrane H+-ATPase, maintaining pH homeostasis, and in the modulation of plasma membrane potential under acetic acid stressed cultivation. Potassium (K+) supplementation of the growth medium, particularly when provided at limiting concentrations, led to a notable improvement in acetic acid stress tolerance of the hrk1Δ strain. Moreover, abrogation of this kinase expression is shown to confer a physiological advantage to growth under K+ limitation also in the absence of acetic acid stress. The involvement of the alkali metal cation/H+ exchanger Nha1, another proposed molecular target of Hrk1, in improving yeast growth under K+ limitation or acetic acid stress, is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Antunes
- iBB—Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy at Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Deepika Kale
- Laboratory of Membrane Transport, Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 00 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Sychrová
- Laboratory of Membrane Transport, Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 00 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Isabel Sá-Correia
- iBB—Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy at Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
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16
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Dai M, Du W, Lu L, Zhang S. Transcription factors SltA and CrzA reversely regulate calcium homeostasis under calcium-limited conditions. Appl Environ Microbiol 2023; 89:e0117023. [PMID: 37874299 PMCID: PMC10686095 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01170-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Calcium ions are ubiquitous intracellular signaling molecules for many signaling pathways regulating the fungal response to stress and antifungal drugs. The concentration of intracellular calcium is tightly regulated in its storage, release, and distribution. CrzA is the best-studied transcription factor that regulates this process under sufficient calcium or other external signals. However, CrzA was excluded from nuclei and then lost transcriptional activation under calcium-limited conditions. The regulators in the Ca2+ signaling pathway under calcium-limited conditions remain unclear. Here, we identified SltA as a key regulator in the Ca2+ signaling pathway under calcium-limited conditions, and the underlying mechanisms were further explored in Aspergillus fumigatus. These findings reveal a transcriptional control pathway that precisely regulates calcium homeostasis under calcium-limited conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyao Dai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Engineering and Technology Research Center for Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenlong Du
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ling Lu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Engineering and Technology Research Center for Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shizhu Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Engineering and Technology Research Center for Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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17
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Peña A, Sánchez NS, Padilla-Garfias F, Ramiro-Cortés Y, Araiza-Villanueva M, Calahorra M. The Use of Thioflavin T for the Estimation and Measurement of the Plasma Membrane Electric Potential Difference in Different Yeast Strains. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:948. [PMID: 37755056 PMCID: PMC10532974 DOI: 10.3390/jof9090948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of the cationic, dye thioflavin T (ThT), to estimate the electric plasma membrane potential difference (PMP) via the fluorescence changes and to obtain its actual values from the accumulation of the dye, considering important correction factors by its binding to the internal components of the cell, was described previously for baker's yeast. However, it was considered important to explore whether the method developed could be applied to other yeast strains. Alternative ways to estimate the PMP by using flow cytometry and a multi-well plate reader are also presented here. The methods were tested with other strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (W303-1A and FY833), as well as with non-conventional yeasts: Debaryomyces hansenii, Candida albicans, Meyerozyma guilliermondii, and Rhodotorula mucilaginosa. Results of the estimation of the PMP via the fluorescence changes under different conditions were adequate with all strains. Consistent results were also obtained with several mutants of the main monovalent transporters, validating ThT as a monitor for PMP estimation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Peña
- Departamento de Genética Molecular, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, México City 04510, Mexico; (F.P.-G.); (M.A.-V.); (M.C.)
| | - Norma Silvia Sánchez
- Departamento de Genética Molecular, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, México City 04510, Mexico; (F.P.-G.); (M.A.-V.); (M.C.)
| | - Francisco Padilla-Garfias
- Departamento de Genética Molecular, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, México City 04510, Mexico; (F.P.-G.); (M.A.-V.); (M.C.)
| | - Yazmín Ramiro-Cortés
- Departamento de Neurodesarrollo y Fisiología, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, México City 04510, Mexico;
| | - Minerva Araiza-Villanueva
- Departamento de Genética Molecular, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, México City 04510, Mexico; (F.P.-G.); (M.A.-V.); (M.C.)
| | - Martha Calahorra
- Departamento de Genética Molecular, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, México City 04510, Mexico; (F.P.-G.); (M.A.-V.); (M.C.)
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18
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Danilevich VN, Kozlov SA, Sorokin VV, Mulyukin AL. Highly purified DNA-containing cell envelopes from fungi for direct use in PCR. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1273:341528. [PMID: 37423662 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Efficient DNA sample preparation from fungi with the rigid cell walls is still critical for successful polymerase chain reaction (PCR), one of the basic platforms in molecular diagnostics of fungi, especially in medical mycology. Common methods that involve different chaotropes to yield DNA samples have found a limited application for fungi. Here we describe a novel procedure for efficient production of permeable fungal cell envelopes with DNA inside as suitable templates for PCR. This procedure is facile, relies on boiling of fungal cells in aqueous solutions of selected chaotropic agents and additives and enables to remove RNA and proteins from PCR template samples. The use of chaotropic solutions containing 7 M urea, 1% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), up to100 mM ammonia and/or 25 mM sodium citrate was the best option to yield highly purified DNA-containing cell envelopes from all fungal strains under study, including clinical Candida and Cryptococcusisolates. After treatment with the selected chaotropic mixtures, the fungal cell walls had undergone loosening and were no longer a barrier to release DNA in PCR as evident from electron microscopy examinations and successful target gene amplifications. Overall, the developed simple, fast, and low-cost approach to produce PCR-suitable templates in the form of DNA encased by permeable cell walls can find application in molecular diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasily N Danilevich
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Science, Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, Moscow, 117997, Russia
| | - Sergey A Kozlov
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Science, Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, Moscow, 117997, Russia.
| | - Vladimir V Sorokin
- Winogradsky Institute of Microbiology, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences. 33, Bld. 2 Leninsky Ave., Moscow, 119071, Russia
| | - Andrey L Mulyukin
- Winogradsky Institute of Microbiology, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences. 33, Bld. 2 Leninsky Ave., Moscow, 119071, Russia
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19
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Attfield PV. Crucial aspects of metabolism and cell biology relating to industrial production and processing of Saccharomyces biomass. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2023; 43:920-937. [PMID: 35731243 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2022.2072268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The multitude of applications to which Saccharomyces spp. are put makes these yeasts the most prolific of industrial microorganisms. This review considers biological aspects pertaining to the manufacture of industrial yeast biomass. It is proposed that the production of yeast biomass can be considered in two distinct but interdependent phases. Firstly, there is a cell replication phase that involves reproduction of cells by their transitions through multiple budding and metabolic cycles. Secondly, there needs to be a cell conditioning phase that enables the accrued biomass to withstand the physicochemical challenges associated with downstream processing and storage. The production of yeast biomass is not simply a case of providing sugar, nutrients, and other growth conditions to enable multiple budding cycles to occur. In the latter stages of culturing, it is important that all cells are induced to complete their current budding cycle and subsequently enter into a quiescent state engendering robustness. Both the cell replication and conditioning phases need to be optimized and considered in concert to ensure good biomass production economics, and optimum performance of industrial yeasts in food and fermentation applications. Key features of metabolism and cell biology affecting replication and conditioning of industrial Saccharomyces are presented. Alternatives for growth substrates are discussed, along with the challenges and prospects associated with defining the genetic bases of industrially important phenotypes, and the generation of new yeast strains."I must be cruel only to be kind: Thus bad begins, and worse remains behind." William Shakespeare: Hamlet, Act 3, Scene 4.
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20
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Chawla S, Ahmadpour D, Schneider KL, Kumar N, Fischbach A, Molin M, Nystrom T. Calcineurin stimulation by Cnb1p overproduction mitigates protein aggregation and α-synuclein toxicity in a yeast model of synucleinopathy. Cell Commun Signal 2023; 21:220. [PMID: 37620860 PMCID: PMC10464345 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01242-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The calcium-responsive phosphatase, calcineurin, senses changes in Ca2+ concentrations in a calmodulin-dependent manner. Here we report that under non-stress conditions, inactivation of calcineurin signaling or deleting the calcineurin-dependent transcription factor CRZ1 triggered the formation of chaperone Hsp100p (Hsp104p)-associated protein aggregates in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Furthermore, calcineurin inactivation aggravated α-Synuclein-related cytotoxicity. Conversely, elevated production of the calcineurin activator, Cnb1p, suppressed protein aggregation and cytotoxicity associated with the familial Parkinson's disease-related mutant α-Synuclein A53T in a partly CRZ1-dependent manner. Activation of calcineurin boosted normal localization of both wild type and mutant α-synuclein to the plasma membrane, an intervention previously shown to mitigate α-synuclein toxicity in Parkinson's disease models. The findings demonstrate that calcineurin signaling, and Ca2+ influx to the vacuole, limit protein quality control in non-stressed cells and may have implications for elucidating to which extent aberrant calcineurin signaling contributes to the progression of Parkinson's disease(s) and other synucleinopathies. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srishti Chawla
- Institute for Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, Centre for Ageing and Health - AgeCap, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, 405 30, Sweden.
- Department of Life Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Doryaneh Ahmadpour
- Center for Bionics and Pain Research, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, 431 30, Sweden
| | - Kara L Schneider
- Institute for Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, Centre for Ageing and Health - AgeCap, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, 405 30, Sweden
| | - Navinder Kumar
- Institute for Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, Centre for Ageing and Health - AgeCap, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, 405 30, Sweden
| | - Arthur Fischbach
- Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Cologne, 50931, Germany
| | - Mikael Molin
- Department of Life Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Thomas Nystrom
- Institute for Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, Centre for Ageing and Health - AgeCap, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, 405 30, Sweden.
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21
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Kim GD, Qiu D, Jessen HJ, Mayer A. Metabolic Consequences of Polyphosphate Synthesis and Imminent Phosphate Limitation. mBio 2023; 14:e0010223. [PMID: 37074217 PMCID: PMC10294617 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00102-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Cells stabilize intracellular inorganic phosphate (Pi) to compromise between large biosynthetic needs and detrimental bioenergetic effects of Pi. Pi homeostasis in eukaryotes uses Syg1/Pho81/Xpr1 (SPX) domains, which are receptors for inositol pyrophosphates. We explored how polymerization and storage of Pi in acidocalcisome-like vacuoles supports Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolism and how these cells recognize Pi scarcity. Whereas Pi starvation affects numerous metabolic pathways, beginning Pi scarcity affects few metabolites. These include inositol pyrophosphates and ATP, a low-affinity substrate for inositol pyrophosphate-synthesizing kinases. Declining ATP and inositol pyrophosphates may thus be indicators of impending Pi limitation. Actual Pi starvation triggers accumulation of the purine synthesis intermediate 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide (AICAR), which activates Pi-dependent transcription factors. Cells lacking inorganic polyphosphate show Pi starvation features already under Pi-replete conditions, suggesting that vacuolar polyphosphate supplies Pi for metabolism even when Pi is abundant. However, polyphosphate deficiency also generates unique metabolic changes that are not observed in starving wild-type cells. Polyphosphate in acidocalcisome-like vacuoles may hence be more than a global phosphate reserve and channel Pi to preferred cellular processes. IMPORTANCE Cells must strike a delicate balance between the high demand of inorganic phosphate (Pi) for synthesizing nucleic acids and phospholipids and its detrimental bioenergetic effects by reducing the free energy of nucleotide hydrolysis. The latter may stall metabolism. Therefore, microorganisms manage the import and export of phosphate, its conversion into osmotically inactive inorganic polyphosphates, and their storage in dedicated organelles (acidocalcisomes). Here, we provide novel insights into metabolic changes that yeast cells may use to signal declining phosphate availability in the cytosol and differentiate it from actual phosphate starvation. We also analyze the role of acidocalcisome-like organelles in phosphate homeostasis. This study uncovers an unexpected role of the polyphosphate pool in these organelles under phosphate-rich conditions, indicating that its metabolic roles go beyond that of a phosphate reserve for surviving starvation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geun-Don Kim
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Danye Qiu
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Andreas Mayer
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
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22
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Chen Z, Zhang SL. Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress: A Key Regulator of Cardiovascular Disease. DNA Cell Biol 2023. [PMID: 37140435 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2022.0532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The problems associated with economic development and social progress have led to an increase in the occurrence of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), which affect the health of an increasing number of people and are a leading cause of disease and population mortality worldwide. Endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS), a hot topic of interest for scholars in recent years, has been confirmed in numerous studies to be an important pathogenetic basis for many metabolic diseases and play an important role in maintaining physiological processes. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a major organelle that is involved in protein folding and modification synthesis, and ERS occurs when several physiological and pathological factors allow excessive amounts of unfolded/misfolded proteins to accumulate. ERS often leads to initiation of the unfolded protein response (UPR) in a bid to re-establish tissue homeostasis; however, UPR has been documented to induce vascular remodeling and cardiomyocyte damage under various pathological conditions, leading to or accelerating the development of CVDs such as hypertension, atherosclerosis, and heart failure. In this review, we summarize the latest knowledge gained concerning ERS in terms of cardiovascular system pathophysiology, and discuss the feasibility of targeting ERS as a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of CVDs. Investigation of ERS has immense potential as a new direction for future research involving lifestyle intervention, the use of existing drugs, and the development of novel drugs that target and inhibit ERS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Chen
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Shi-Liang Zhang
- Section 4, Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
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23
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Schmollinger S, Chen S, Merchant SS. Quantitative elemental imaging in eukaryotic algae. Metallomics 2023; 15:mfad025. [PMID: 37186252 PMCID: PMC10209819 DOI: 10.1093/mtomcs/mfad025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
All organisms, fundamentally, are made from the same raw material, namely the elements of the periodic table. Biochemical diversity is achieved by how these elements are utilized, for what purpose, and in which physical location. Determining elemental distributions, especially those of trace elements that facilitate metabolism as cofactors in the active centers of essential enzymes, can determine the state of metabolism, the nutritional status, or the developmental stage of an organism. Photosynthetic eukaryotes, especially algae, are excellent subjects for quantitative analysis of elemental distribution. These microbes utilize unique metabolic pathways that require various trace nutrients at their core to enable their operation. Photosynthetic microbes also have important environmental roles as primary producers in habitats with limited nutrient supplies or toxin contaminations. Accordingly, photosynthetic eukaryotes are of great interest for biotechnological exploitation, carbon sequestration, and bioremediation, with many of the applications involving various trace elements and consequently affecting their quota and intracellular distribution. A number of diverse applications were developed for elemental imaging, allowing subcellular resolution, with X-ray fluorescence microscopy (XFM, XRF) being at the forefront, enabling quantitative descriptions of intact cells in a non-destructive method. This Tutorial Review summarizes the workflow of a quantitative, single-cell elemental distribution analysis of a eukaryotic alga using XFM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Schmollinger
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences (QB3), University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Departments of Molecular and Cell Biology and Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Si Chen
- X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
| | - Sabeeha S Merchant
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences (QB3), University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Departments of Molecular and Cell Biology and Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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24
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Lee GM, Weng F, Cranley J, Rajasekhar A, Stoeckel M, Kane T, Tisi R, Wang Y. The Ycx1 protein encoded by the yeast YDL206W gene plays a role in calcium and calcineurin signaling. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:104647. [PMID: 36965615 PMCID: PMC10126930 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.104647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Calcium is ubiquitously present in all living cells and plays important regulatory roles in a wide variety of biological processes. In yeast, many effects of calcium are mediated via the action of calcineurin, a calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein phosphatase. Proper signaling of calcium and calcineurin is important in yeast, and the calcineurin pathway has emerged as a valuable target for developing novel antifungal drugs. Here, we report a role of YDL206W in calcium and calcineurin signaling in yeast. YDL206W is an uncharacterized gene in yeast, encoding a protein with two sodium/calcium exchange domains. Disrupting the YDL206W gene leads to a diminished level of calcium-induced activation of calcineurin and a reduced accumulation of cytosolic calcium. Consistent with a role of calcineurin in regulating pheromone and cell wall integrity signaling, the ydl206wΔ mutants display an enhanced growth arrest induced by pheromone treatment and poor growth at elevated temperature. Subcellular localization studies indicate that YDL206W is localized in endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi. Together, our results reveal YDL206W as a new regulator for calcineurin signaling in yeast and suggest a role of the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi in regulating cytosolic calcium in yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace M Lee
- Department of Biology, Saint Louis University, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Fangli Weng
- Department of Biology, Saint Louis University, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Juliana Cranley
- Department of Biology, Saint Louis University, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | | | - Matthew Stoeckel
- Department of Biology, Saint Louis University, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Thomas Kane
- Department of Biology, Saint Louis University, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Renata Tisi
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Yuqi Wang
- Department of Biology, Saint Louis University, St Louis, Missouri, USA.
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25
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Saeki N, Yamamoto C, Eguchi Y, Sekito T, Shigenobu S, Yoshimura M, Yashiroda Y, Boone C, Moriya H. Overexpression profiling reveals cellular requirements in the context of genetic backgrounds and environments. PLoS Genet 2023; 19:e1010732. [PMID: 37115757 PMCID: PMC10171610 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Overexpression can help life adapt to stressful environments, making an examination of overexpressed genes valuable for understanding stress tolerance mechanisms. However, a systematic study of genes whose overexpression is functionally adaptive (GOFAs) under stress has yet to be conducted. We developed a new overexpression profiling method and systematically identified GOFAs in Saccharomyces cerevisiae under stress (heat, salt, and oxidative). Our results show that adaptive overexpression compensates for deficiencies and increases fitness under stress, like calcium under salt stress. We also investigated the impact of different genetic backgrounds on GOFAs, which varied among three S. cerevisiae strains reflecting differing calcium and potassium requirements for salt stress tolerance. Our study of a knockout collection also suggested that calcium prevents mitochondrial outbursts under salt stress. Mitochondria-enhancing GOFAs were only adaptive when adequate calcium was available and non-adaptive when calcium was deficient, supporting this idea. Our findings indicate that adaptive overexpression meets the cell's needs for maximizing the organism's adaptive capacity in the given environment and genetic context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nozomu Saeki
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Chie Yamamoto
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yuichi Eguchi
- Biomedical Business Center, RICOH Futures BU, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Takayuki Sekito
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan
| | | | - Mami Yoshimura
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Wako, Japan
| | - Yoko Yashiroda
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Wako, Japan
| | - Charles Boone
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Wako, Japan
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Hisao Moriya
- Faculty of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
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26
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Kelly CJ, Couch RK, Ha VT, Bodart CM, Wu J, Huff S, Herrel NT, Kim HD, Zimmermann AO, Shattuck J, Pan YC, Kaeberlein M, Grillo AS. Iron status influences mitochondrial disease progression in Complex I-deficient mice. eLife 2023; 12:e75825. [PMID: 36799301 PMCID: PMC10030112 DOI: 10.7554/elife.75825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction caused by aberrant Complex I assembly and reduced activity of the electron transport chain is pathogenic in many genetic and age-related diseases. Mice missing the Complex I subunit NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 4 (NDUFS4) are a leading mammalian model of severe mitochondrial disease that exhibit many characteristic symptoms of Leigh Syndrome including oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, brain lesions, and premature death. NDUFS4 knockout mice have decreased expression of nearly every Complex I subunit. As Complex I normally contains at least 8 iron-sulfur clusters and more than 25 iron atoms, we asked whether a deficiency of Complex I may lead to iron perturbations, thereby accelerating disease progression. Consistent with this, iron supplementation accelerates symptoms of brain degeneration in these mice, while iron restriction delays the onset of these symptoms, reduces neuroinflammation, and increases survival. NDUFS4 knockout mice display signs of iron overload in the liver including increased expression of hepcidin and show changes in iron-responsive element-regulated proteins consistent with increased cellular iron that were prevented by iron restriction. These results suggest that perturbed iron homeostasis may contribute to pathology in Leigh Syndrome and possibly other mitochondrial disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- CJ Kelly
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
| | - Reid K Couch
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
| | - Vivian T Ha
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
| | - Camille M Bodart
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
| | - Judy Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
| | - Sydney Huff
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
| | - Nicole T Herrel
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
| | - Hyunsung D Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
| | - Azaad O Zimmermann
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
| | - Jessica Shattuck
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
| | - Yu-Chen Pan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
| | - Matt Kaeberlein
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
| | - Anthony S Grillo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
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27
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Ma T, Zhang Y, Yan C, Zhang C. Phenotypic and Genomic Difference among Four Botryosphaeria Pathogens in Chinese Hickory Trunk Canker. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:204. [PMID: 36836318 PMCID: PMC9963396 DOI: 10.3390/jof9020204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Botryosphaeria species are amongst the most widespread and important canker and dieback pathogens of trees worldwide, with B. dothidea as one of the most common Botryosphaeria species. However, the information related to the widespread incidence and aggressiveness of B. dothidea among various Botryosphaeria species causing trunk cankers is still poorly investigated. In this study, the metabolic phenotypic diversity and genomic differences of four Chinese hickory canker-related Botryosphaeria pathogens, including B. dothidea, B. qingyuanensis, B. fabicerciana, and B. corticis, were systematically studied to address the competitive fitness of B. dothidea. Large-scale screening of physiologic traits using a phenotypic MicroArray/OmniLog system (PMs) found B. dothidea has a broader spectrum of nitrogen source and greater tolerance toward osmotic pressure (sodium benzoate) and alkali stress among Botryosphaeria species. Moreover, the annotation of B. dothidea species-specific genomic information via a comparative genomics analysis found 143 B. dothidea species-specific genes that not only provides crucial cues in the prediction of B. dothidea species-specific function but also give a basis for the development of a B. dothidea molecular identification method. A species-specific primer set Bd_11F/Bd_11R has been designed based on the sequence of B. dothidea species-specific gene jg11 for the accurate identification of B. dothidea in disease diagnoses. Overall, this study deepens the understanding in the widespread incidence and aggressiveness of B. dothidea among various Botryosphaeria species, providing valuable clues to assist in trunk cankers management.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Chuanqing Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forest University, Hangzhou 311300, China
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28
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de Oya IG, Jiménez-Gutiérrez E, Gaillard H, Molina M, Martín H, Wellinger RE. Manganese Stress Tolerance Depends on Yap1 and Stress-Activated MAP Kinases. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232415706. [PMID: 36555348 PMCID: PMC9779322 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding which intracellular signaling pathways are activated by manganese stress is crucial to decipher how metal overload compromise cellular integrity. Here, we unveil a role for oxidative and cell wall stress signaling in the response to manganese stress in yeast. We find that the oxidative stress transcription factor Yap1 protects cells against manganese toxicity. Conversely, extracellular manganese addition causes a rapid decay in Yap1 protein levels. In addition, manganese stress activates the MAPKs Hog1 and Slt2 (Mpk1) and leads to an up-regulation of the Slt2 downstream transcription factor target Rlm1. Importantly, Yap1 and Slt2 are both required to protect cells from oxidative stress in mutants impaired in manganese detoxification. Under such circumstances, Slt2 activation is enhanced upon Yap1 depletion suggesting an interplay between different stress signaling nodes to optimize cellular stress responses and manganese tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inés G. de Oya
- Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa, Universidad de Sevilla, Avda. Américo Vespucio s/n, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
- Departamento de Genética, Universidad de Sevilla, Avda. Reina Mercedes 6, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Elena Jiménez-Gutiérrez
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigaciones Sanitarias (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - Hélène Gaillard
- Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa, Universidad de Sevilla, Avda. Américo Vespucio s/n, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
- Departamento de Genética, Universidad de Sevilla, Avda. Reina Mercedes 6, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - María Molina
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigaciones Sanitarias (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - Humberto Martín
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigaciones Sanitarias (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ralf Erik Wellinger
- Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa, Universidad de Sevilla, Avda. Américo Vespucio s/n, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
- Departamento de Genética, Universidad de Sevilla, Avda. Reina Mercedes 6, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
- Correspondence:
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29
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Metal ion availability and homeostasis as drivers of metabolic evolution and enzyme function. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2022; 77:101987. [PMID: 36183585 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2022.101987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Metal ions are potent catalysts and have been available for cellular biochemistry at all stages of evolution. Growing evidence suggests that metal catalysis was critical for the origin of the very first metabolic reactions. With approximately 80% of modern metabolic pathways being dependent on metal ions, metallocatalysis and homeostasis continue to be essential for intracellular metabolic networks and physiology. However, the genetic network that controls metal ion homeostasis and the impact of metal availability on metabolism is poorly understood. Here, we review recent work on gene and protein evolution relevant for better understanding metal ion biology and its role in metabolism. We highlight the importance of analysing the origin and evolution of enzyme catalysis in the context of catalytically relevant metal ions, summarise unanswered questions essential for developing a comprehensive understanding of metal ion homeostasis and advocate for the consideration of metal ion properties and availability in the design and directed evolution of novel enzymes and pathways.
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30
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The NPR/Hal family of protein kinases in yeasts: biological role, phylogeny and regulation under environmental challenges. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2022; 20:5698-5712. [PMID: 36320937 PMCID: PMC9596735 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2022.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein phosphorylation is the most common and versatile post-translational modification occurring in eukaryotes. In yeast, protein phosphorylation is fundamental for maintaining cell growth and adapting to sudden changes in environmental conditions by regulating cellular processes and activating signal transduction pathways. Protein kinases catalyze the reversible addition of phosphate groups to target proteins, thereby regulating their activity. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, kinases are classified into six major groups based on structural and functional similarities. The NPR/Hal family of kinases comprises nine fungal-specific kinases that, due to lack of similarity with the remaining kinases, were classified to the “Other” group. These kinases are primarily implicated in regulating fundamental cellular processes such as maintaining ion homeostasis and controlling nutrient transporters’ concentration at the plasma membrane. Despite their biological relevance, these kinases remain poorly characterized and explored. This review provides an overview of the information available regarding each of the kinases from the NPR/Hal family, including their known biological functions, mechanisms of regulation, and integration in signaling pathways in S. cerevisiae. Information gathered for non-Saccharomyces species of biotechnological or clinical relevance is also included.
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31
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Identification and biochemical characterization of a novel N-acetylglucosamine kinase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Sci Rep 2022; 12:16991. [PMID: 36216916 PMCID: PMC9550789 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-21400-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) is a key component of glycans such as glycoprotein and the cell wall. GlcNAc kinase is an enzyme that transfers a phosphate onto GlcNAc to generate GlcNAc-6-phosphate, which can be a precursor for glycan synthesis. GlcNAc kinases have been found in a broad range of organisms, including pathogenic yeast, human and bacteria. However, this enzyme has never been discovered in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a eukaryotic model. In this study, the first GlcNAc kinase from S. cerevisiae was identified and named Ngk1. The Km values of Ngk1 for GlcNAc and glucose were 0.11 mM and 71 mM, respectively, suggesting that Ngk1 possesses a high affinity for GlcNAc, unlike hexokinases. Ngk1 showed the GlcNAc phosphorylation activity with various nucleoside triphosphates, namely ATP, CTP, GTP, ITP, and UTP, as phosphoryl donors. Ngk1 is phylogenetically distant from known enzymes, as the amino acid sequence identity with others is only about 20% or less. The physiological role of Ngk1 in S. cerevisiae is also discussed.
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32
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Mussin J, Giusiano G. Biogenic silver nanoparticles as antifungal agents. Front Chem 2022; 10:1023542. [PMID: 36277355 PMCID: PMC9583421 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.1023542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, an increase in multidrug-resistant fungal strains has been observed, which, together with the limited number of clinically available antifungal agents, highlights the need for the development of new antifungal agents. Due to the proven antifungal activity of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), there is a growing interest in their use in the treatment of fungal infections. Nanoparticles are usually synthesised through a variety of physical and chemical processes that are costly and pollute the environment. For this reason, biogenic synthesis is emerging as an environmentally friendly technology and new strategies are increasingly based on the use of biogenic AgNPs as antifungal agents for clinical use. The aim of this review is to compare the antifungal activity of different biogenic AgNPs and to summarise the current knowledge on the mechanisms of action and resistance of fungi to AgNPs. Finally, a general analysis of the toxicity of biogenic AgNPs in human and veterinary medicine is performed.
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33
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Nazir R, Soleja N, Agrawal N, Siddiqi TO, Mohsin M. A ratiometric fluorescent probe based on FRET for selective monitoring of tungsten in living cells. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.133182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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34
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Coleman CE, Landin C, Neuer A, Sayegh FM, Marshall PA. Calmodulin kinase 2 genetically interacts with Rch1p to negatively regulate calcium import into Saccharomyces cerevisiae after extracellular calcium pulse. Arch Microbiol 2022; 204:519. [DOI: 10.1007/s00203-022-03095-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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35
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Vanacloig-Pedros E, Fisher KJ, Liu L, Debrauske DJ, Young MKM, Place M, Hittinger CT, Sato TK, Gasch AP. Comparative chemical genomic profiling across plant-based hydrolysate toxins reveals widespread antagonism in fitness contributions. FEMS Yeast Res 2022; 21:6650360. [PMID: 35883225 PMCID: PMC9508847 DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/foac036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been used extensively in fermentative industrial processes, including biofuel production from sustainable plant-based hydrolysates. Myriad toxins and stressors found in hydrolysates inhibit microbial metabolism and product formation. Overcoming these stresses requires mitigation strategies that include strain engineering. To identify shared and divergent mechanisms of toxicity and to implicate gene targets for genetic engineering, we used a chemical genomic approach to study fitness effects across a library of S. cerevisiae deletion mutants cultured anaerobically in dozens of individual compounds found in different types of hydrolysates. Relationships in chemical genomic profiles identified classes of toxins that provoked similar cellular responses, spanning inhibitor relationships that were not expected from chemical classification. Our results also revealed widespread antagonistic effects across inhibitors, such that the same gene deletions were beneficial for surviving some toxins but detrimental for others. This work presents a rich dataset relating gene function to chemical compounds, which both expands our understanding of plant-based hydrolysates and provides a useful resource to identify engineering targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Vanacloig-Pedros
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 53726, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Kaitlin J Fisher
- Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 53706, Madison, WI, United States
- Center for Genomic Science Innovation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 53706, Madison, WI, United States
- J.F. Crow Institute for the Study of Evolution, 53706, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Lisa Liu
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 53726, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Derek J Debrauske
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 53726, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Megan K M Young
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 53726, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Michael Place
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 53726, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Chris Todd Hittinger
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 53726, Madison, WI, United States
- Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 53706, Madison, WI, United States
- Center for Genomic Science Innovation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 53706, Madison, WI, United States
- J.F. Crow Institute for the Study of Evolution, 53706, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Trey K Sato
- Corresponding author: Trey K. Sato, Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 4117 Wisconsin Energy Institute, 1552 University Ave, Madison, WI 53726. Tel: (608) 890-2546; E-mail:
| | - Audrey P Gasch
- Corresponding author: Audrey P. Gasch, Center for Genomic Science Innovation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 3422 Genetics-Biotechnology Center, 425 Henry Mall, Madison, WI 53704, United States. Tel: (608)265-0859; E-mail:
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36
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Ribeiro‐Filho N, Ayed C, Akepach P. The buffering capacity of single amino acids in brewing wort. Int J Food Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.15924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Normando Ribeiro‐Filho
- DSER/Centre for Agrarian Science Campus II Federal University of Paraiba Areia Paraiba Brazil
| | - Charfedinne Ayed
- Division of Food, Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Biosciences University of Nottingham Loughborough Leicestershire UK
| | - Patchaniya Akepach
- Department of Thai and International Culinary Art, International School of Tourism Suratthani Rajabhat University Tambon Bo Put, Amphoe Ko Samui Chang Wat Surat Thani 84320 Thailand
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37
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Ye J, Wang Y, Li X, Wan Q, Zhang Y, Lu L. Synergistic Antifungal Effect of a Combination of Iron Deficiency and Calcium Supplementation. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0112122. [PMID: 35674440 PMCID: PMC9241635 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01121-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungal diseases have become a major public health issue worldwide. Increasing drug resistance and the limited number of available antifungals result in high morbidity and mortality. Metal-based drugs have been reported to be therapeutic agents against major protozoan diseases, but knowledge of their ability to function as antifungals is limited. In this study, we found that calcium supplementation combined with iron deficiency causes dramatic growth inhibition of the human fungal pathogens Aspergillus fumigatus, Candida albicans, and Cryptococcus neoformans. Calcium induces the downregulation of iron uptake-related genes and, in particular, causes a decrease in the expression of the transcription factor HapX, which tends to transcriptionally activate siderophore-mediated iron acquisition under iron-deficient conditions. Iron deficiency causes calcium overload and the overproduction of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), and perturbed ion homeostasis suppresses fungal growth. These phenomena are consistently identified in azole-resistant A. fumigatus isolates. The findings here imply that low iron availability lets cells mistakenly absorb calcium as a substitute, causing calcium abnormalities. Thus, there is a mutual effect between iron and calcium in fungal pathogens, and the combination of calcium with an iron chelator could serve to improve antifungal therapy. IMPORTANCE Millions of immunocompromised people are at a higher risk of developing different types of severe fungal diseases. The limited number of antifungals and the emergence of antimicrobial resistance highlight an urgent need for new strategies against invasive fungal infections. Here, we report that calcium can interfere with iron absorption of fungal pathogens, especially in iron-limited environments. Thus, a combination of calcium supplementation with an iron chelator inhibits the growth of human fungal pathogens, including Aspergillus fumigatus, Candida albicans, and Cryptococcus neoformans. Moreover, we demonstrate that iron deficiency induces a nonspecific calcium uptake response, which results in toxic levels of metal. Findings in this study suggest that a microenvironment with excess calcium and limited iron is an efficient strategy to curb the growth of fungal pathogens, especially for drug-resistant isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Ye
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Centre for Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yamei Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Centre for Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xinyu Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Centre for Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qinyi Wan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Centre for Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuanwei Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Centre for Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ling Lu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Centre for Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
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38
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Cip1 tunes cell cycle arrest duration upon calcineurin activation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2202469119. [PMID: 35653562 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2202469119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
SignificanceTo ensure their survival, cells arrest the cell division cycle when they are exposed to environmental stress. The duration of this arrest is dependent upon the time it takes a cell to adapt to a particular environment. How cells adjust the amount of time they remain arrested is not known. This study investigates the role of the phosphatase calcineurin in controlling cell cycle arrest duration in yeast. We show that calcineurin lengthens arrest by prolonging Hog1-dependent activation of the poorly characterized cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor Cip1. Cip1 only impacts cell cycle arrest in response to stressors that robustly activate calcineurin, suggesting that Cip1 is a context-specific regulator that differentially adjusts the length of arrest depending on the particular stressor.
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Shi H, Zhuang Q, Zheng A, Zhan P, Guan Y, Wei D, Xu X, Wu T. Antibacterial Mechanism of N-PMI and the Characteristics of PMMA-Co-N-PMI Copolymer. Chem Biodivers 2022; 19:e202100753. [PMID: 35560720 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202100753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Aiming at the excellent killing effect of N-phenylmaleimide (N-PMI) on microorganisms, this article used structural simulation analysis, fluorescence analysis, confocal laser scanning microscope and SEM to find that the double bond in N-PMI could interact with the sulfur groups in the membrane protein, changing its conformation, rupturing the plasma membrane of the cell, leaking the contents, and ultimately causing the death of the microorganisms. Therefore, once the double bond participated in the polymerization, N-PMI lost its antimicrobial function. N-PMI could achieve azeotropic copolymerization with MMA through reactive extrusion polymerization. N-PMI with a content of 5 % can be evenly inserted into the PMMA chain segment during the copolymerization reaction, thereby increasing the Tg of pure PMMA by up to 15 °C, which provided the PMMA-co-PMI copolymer with resistance to boiling water sterilization advantageous conditions. In addition, N-PMI with a content of 5 % has little effect on the transparency of PMMA after participating in the copolymerization. Moreover, the trace amount of residual N-PMI made the material have excellent antimicrobial function, and the bacteriostatic zone is extremely small, which provided an excellent guarantee for the safety and durability of the material. As a medical biological material, the PMMA-co-PMI copolymer has a good industrialization application prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Shi
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Qixin Zhuang
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Anna Zheng
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Pengfei Zhan
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Yong Guan
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Dafu Wei
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Xiang Xu
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Tao Wu
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
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Liu C, Shi K, Lyu K, Liu D, Wang X. The toxicity of neodymium and genome-scale genetic screen of neodymium-sensitive gene deletion mutations in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:41439-41454. [PMID: 35088271 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-18100-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The wide usage of neodymium (Nd) in industry, agriculture, and medicine has made it become an emerging pollutant in the environment. Increasing Nd pollution has potential hazards to plants, animals, and microorganisms. Thus, it is necessary to study the toxicity of Nd and the mechanism of Nd transportation and detoxification in microorganisms. Through genome-scale screening, we identified 70 yeast monogene deletion mutations sensitive to Nd ions. These genes are mainly involved in metabolism, transcription, protein synthesis, cell cycle, DNA processing, protein folding, modification, and cell transport processes. Furthermore, the regulatory networks of Nd toxicity were identified by using the protein interaction group analysis. These networks are associated with various signal pathways, including calcium ion transport, phosphate pathways, vesicular transport, and cell autophagy. In addition, the content of Nd ions in yeast was detected by an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, and most of these Nd-sensitive mutants showed an increased intracellular Nd content. In all, our results provide the basis for understanding the molecular mechanisms of detoxifying Nd ions in yeast cells, which will be useful for future studies on Nd-related issues in the environment, agriculture, and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengkun Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, 255049, Shandong, China
| | - Kailun Shi
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, 255049, Shandong, China
| | - Keliang Lyu
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, 255049, Shandong, China
| | - Dongwu Liu
- School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, 255049, China
| | - Xue Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, 255049, Shandong, China
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41
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Halloum I, Al-Attrache H, El-Ghoz K, Hammoud L, Abdel-Razzak Z. Dose-dependent interaction of two heavy metals with amiodarone toxicity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Toxicol Ind Health 2022; 38:249-258. [PMID: 35513769 DOI: 10.1177/07482337221088354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Amiodarone (AMD) is an antiarrhythmic drug that induces idiosyncratic toxicity. Environmental pollutants, including heavy metals, could interact with its toxicity by affecting pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Other levels of interaction could exist in yeast, such as oxidative stress and the general stress response. In this study, we investigated the interaction of mercury chloride (HgCl2) and cadmium chloride (CdCl2) with AMD toxicity on Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Interaction type - synergistic, additive, or antagonistic - was determined by median drug effect analysis using "CompuSyn". HgCl2 potentiated AMD toxicity at high doses (≥ 71.4 μm, which yielded more than 60% inhibition). CdCl2 acted similarly at high doses (≥ 57.9 μm). An antagonistic effect appeared at lower doses with both heavy metals (≤ 49.4 μm for HgCl2 and AMD; ≤ 18.9 μm for CdCl2 and AMD). The threshold concentrations (HgCl2 or CdCl2 combined with AMD) that switched the interaction from antagonistic to additive, and then to synergistic, were decreased in the yeast strain mutant in catalase (CTT1), suggesting an important role for this enzyme. Moreover, mutation of the nutrient sensing receptor gene GPR1 caused the synergistic interaction of CdCl2, but not HgCl2, with AMD to occur at the lowest tested concentrations (1.2 μm). The reverse was obtained with the mutant strain in calcium-manganese transporter gene PMR1, where the synergistic interaction of HgCl2 with AMD occurred at concentrations (20.7 μm) lower than that of the wild type (71.4 μm). These results demonstrated a dose-dependent interaction between the two heavy metals with AMD toxicity, and the involvement of oxidative stress, calcium homeostasis, and nutrient sensing in the observed interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iman Halloum
- 63572Lebanese University, FS1, Rafic Hariri Campus, Beirut. Lebanon
| | - Houssein Al-Attrache
- 63572Lebanese University, FS1, Rafic Hariri Campus, Beirut. Lebanon.,Faculty of Sciences, Section III, 63572Lebanese University, Tripoli, Lebanon.,Faculty of Public Health, Section IV, 63572Lebanese University, Zahleh, Lebanon
| | - Katia El-Ghoz
- 63572Lebanese University, FS1, Rafic Hariri Campus, Beirut. Lebanon
| | - Lara Hammoud
- Faculty of Sciences, Section III, 63572Lebanese University, Tripoli, Lebanon
| | - Ziad Abdel-Razzak
- 63572Lebanese University, FS1, Rafic Hariri Campus, Beirut. Lebanon.,EDST, AZM biotechnology research center, LBA3B, Tripoli, Lebanon
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42
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Yeast Trk1 Potassium Transporter Gradually Changes Its Affinity in Response to Both External and Internal Signals. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8050432. [PMID: 35628688 PMCID: PMC9144525 DOI: 10.3390/jof8050432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Yeasts need a high intracellular concentration of potassium to grow. The main K+ uptake system in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is the Trk1 transporter, a complex protein with four MPM helical membrane motifs. Trk1 has been shown to exist in low- or high-affinity modes, which reflect the availability of potassium in the environment. However, when and how the affinity changes, and whether the potassium availability is the only signal for the affinity switch, remains unknown. Here, we characterize the Trk1 kinetic parameters under various conditions and find that Trk1’s KT and Vmax change gradually. This gliding adjustment is rapid and precisely reflects the changes in the intracellular potassium content and membrane potential. A detailed characterization of the specific mutations in the P-helices of the MPM segments reveals that the presence of proline in the P-helix of the second and third MPM domain (F820P and L949P) does not affect the function of Trk1 in general, but rather specifically prevents the transporter’s transition to a high-affinity state. The analogous mutations in the two remaining MPM domains (L81P and L1115P) result in a mislocalized and inactive protein, highlighting the importance of the first and fourth P-helices in proper Trk1 folding and activity at the plasma membrane.
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Dimou S, Dionysopoulou M, Sagia GM, Diallinas G. Golgi-Bypass Is a Major Unconventional Route for Translocation to the Plasma Membrane of Non-Apical Membrane Cargoes in Aspergillus nidulans. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:852028. [PMID: 35465316 PMCID: PMC9021693 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.852028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nutrient transporters have been shown to translocate to the plasma membrane (PM) of the filamentous fungus Aspergillus nidulans via an unconventional trafficking route that bypasses the Golgi. This finding strongly suggests the existence of distinct COPII vesicle subpopulations, one following Golgi-dependent conventional secretion and the other directed towards the PM. Here, we address whether Golgi-bypass concerns cargoes other than nutrient transporters and whether Golgi-bypass is related to cargo structure, size, abundance, physiological function, or polar vs. non-polar distribution in the PM. To address these questions, we followed the dynamic subcellular localization of two selected membrane cargoes differing in several of the aforementioned aspects. These are the proton-pump ATPase PmaA and the PalI pH signaling component. Our results show that neosynthesized PmaA and PalI are translocated to the PM via Golgi-bypass, similar to nutrient transporters. In addition, we showed that the COPII-dependent exit of PmaA from the ER requires the alternative COPII coat subunit LstA, rather than Sec24, whereas PalI requires the ER cargo adaptor Erv14. These findings strengthen the evidence of distinct cargo-specific COPII subpopulations and extend the concept of Golgi-independent biogenesis to essential transmembrane proteins, other than nutrient transporters. Overall, our findings point to the idea that Golgi-bypass might not constitute a fungal-specific peculiarity, but rather a novel major and cargo-specific sorting route in eukaryotic cells that has been largely ignored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Dimou
- Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimioupolis, Athens, Greece
| | - Mariangela Dionysopoulou
- Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimioupolis, Athens, Greece
| | - Georgia Maria Sagia
- Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimioupolis, Athens, Greece
| | - George Diallinas
- Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimioupolis, Athens, Greece
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology, Heraklion, Greece
- *Correspondence: George Diallinas,
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44
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Moharir A, Gay L, Markus B. Mitochondrial energy metabolism regulates the nutrient import activity and endocytosis of APC transporters. FEBS Lett 2022; 596:1111-1123. [PMID: 35156710 PMCID: PMC9117475 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Nutrient import by APC-type transporters is predicted to have a high energy demand because it depends on the plasma membrane proton gradient established by the ATP-driven proton pump Pma1. We show that Pma1 is indeed a major energy consumer and its activity is tightly linked to the cellular ATP levels. The low Pma1 activity caused by acute loss of respiration resulted in a dramatic drop in cytoplasmic pH, which triggered the downregulation of the major proton importers, the APC transporters. This regulatory system is likely the reason for the observed rapid endocytosis of APC transporters during many environmental stresses. Furthermore, we show the importance of respiration in providing ATP to maintain a strong proton gradient for efficient nutrient uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akshay Moharir
- Henry Eyring Center for Cell and Genome Science, University of Utah, 1390 President Circle, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Lincoln Gay
- Henry Eyring Center for Cell and Genome Science, University of Utah, 1390 President Circle, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Babst Markus
- Henry Eyring Center for Cell and Genome Science, University of Utah, 1390 President Circle, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
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45
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Liu L, Jiang T, Zhou J, Mei Y, Li J, Tan J, Wei L, Li J, Peng Y, Chen C, Liu N, Wang H. Repurposing the FDA-approved anticancer agent ponatinib as a fluconazole potentiator by suppression of multidrug efflux and Pma1 expression in a broad spectrum of yeast species. Microb Biotechnol 2022; 15:482-498. [PMID: 33955652 PMCID: PMC8867973 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.13814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal infections have emerged as a major global threat to human health because of the increasing incidence and mortality rates every year. The emergence of drug resistance and limited arsenal of antifungal agents further aggravates the current situation resulting in a growing challenge in medical mycology. Here, we identified that ponatinib, an FDA-approved antitumour drug, significantly enhanced the activity of the azole fluconazole, the most widely used antifungal drug. Further detailed investigation of ponatinib revealed that its combination with fluconazole displayed broad-spectrum synergistic interactions against a variety of human fungal pathogens such as Candida albicans, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Cryptococcus neoformans. Mechanistic insights into the mode of action unravelled that ponatinib reduced the efflux of fluconazole via Pdr5 and suppressed the expression of the proton pump, Pma1. Taken together, our study identifies ponatinib as a novel antifungal that enhances drug activity of fluconazole against diverse fungal pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related GenesCenter for Single‐Cell OmicsSchool of Public HealthShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai200025China
| | - Tong Jiang
- Center for MicrobesDevelopment and HealthKey Laboratory of Molecular Virology and ImmunologyInstitut Pasteur of ShanghaiChinese Academy of SciencesShanghai200031China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Jia Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related GenesCenter for Single‐Cell OmicsSchool of Public HealthShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai200025China
| | - Yikun Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related GenesCenter for Single‐Cell OmicsSchool of Public HealthShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai200025China
| | - Jinyang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related GenesCenter for Single‐Cell OmicsSchool of Public HealthShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai200025China
| | - Jingcong Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related GenesCenter for Single‐Cell OmicsSchool of Public HealthShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai200025China
| | - Luqi Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related GenesCenter for Single‐Cell OmicsSchool of Public HealthShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai200025China
| | - Jingquan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related GenesCenter for Single‐Cell OmicsSchool of Public HealthShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai200025China
| | - Yibing Peng
- Department of Laboratory MedicineRuijin HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineNo. 197 Ruijin ER RoadShanghai200025China
- Faculty of Medical Laboratory ScienceShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineNo. 197 Ruijin ER RoadShanghai200025China
| | - Changbin Chen
- Center for MicrobesDevelopment and HealthKey Laboratory of Molecular Virology and ImmunologyInstitut Pasteur of ShanghaiChinese Academy of SciencesShanghai200031China
- The Nanjing Unicorn Academy of InnovationInstitut Pasteur of ShanghaiChinese Academy of SciencesNanjing211135China
| | - Ning‐Ning Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related GenesCenter for Single‐Cell OmicsSchool of Public HealthShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai200025China
| | - Hui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related GenesCenter for Single‐Cell OmicsSchool of Public HealthShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai200025China
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46
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Revel B, Catty P, Ravanel S, Bourguignon J, Alban C. High-affinity iron and calcium transport pathways are involved in U(VI) uptake in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 422:126894. [PMID: 34416697 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Uranium (U) is a naturally-occurring radionuclide that is toxic for all living organisms. To date, the mechanisms of U uptake are far from being understood. Here we provide a direct characterization of the transport machineries capable of transporting U, using the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a unicellular eukaryote model. First, we evidenced a metabolism-dependent U transport in yeast. Then, competition experiments with essential metals allowed us to identify calcium, iron and copper entry pathways as potential routes for U uptake. The analysis of various metal transport mutants revealed that mutant affected in calcium (mid1Δ and cch1Δ) and Fe(III) (ftr1Δ) transport, exhibited highly reduced U uptake rates and accumulation, demonstrating the implication of the calcium channel Mid1/Cch1 and the iron permease Ftr1 in U uptake. Finally, expression of the Mid1 gene into the mid1Δ mutant restored U uptake levels of the wild type strain, underscoring the central role of the Mid1/Cch1 calcium channel in U absorption process in yeast. Our results also open up the opportunity for rapid screening of U-transporter candidates by functional expression in yeast, before their validation in more complex higher eukaryote model systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoît Revel
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, INRAE, CNRS, IRIG, LPCV, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Patrice Catty
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IRIG, LCBM, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Stéphane Ravanel
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, INRAE, CNRS, IRIG, LPCV, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | | | - Claude Alban
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, INRAE, CNRS, IRIG, LPCV, 38000 Grenoble, France.
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47
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Enhancement of Copper Uptake of Yeast Through Systematic Optimization of Medium and the Cultivation Process of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2022; 194:1857-1870. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-021-03775-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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48
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Nazir R, Mohsin M, Siddiqi TO. Real time optical detection of gold in living cells through genetically-encoded probe. RSC Adv 2022; 12:23193-23203. [PMID: 36090423 PMCID: PMC9380193 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra02574d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
To study the efflux of gold (Au) in living cells, a genetically encoded fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based sensor has been developed. The gold-sensing domain GolB from Salmonella typhimurium has been fused to the N- and C-termini of the FRET pair enhanced cyan fluorescent protein (ECFP) and Venus respectively. In living cells, this probe is highly selective and sensitive to gold and it can withstand changes in variable pH ranges. GolSeN-25, the most efficient sensor variant, binds gold with an affinity (Kd) of 0.3 × 10−6 M, covering gold concentrations of nM to μM, and can be used for non-invasive real-time in vivo gold measurement in living cells. A simple and sensitive FRET probe was designed for the detection of gold with high selectivity and can be applied to the analysis of real samples. To study the efflux of gold (Au) in living cells, a genetically encoded fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based sensor has been developed.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahila Nazir
- Metabolic Engineering Lab, Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University), New Delhi 110025, India
- Molecular Ecology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Mohd Mohsin
- Metabolic Engineering Lab, Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University), New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Tariq Omar Siddiqi
- Molecular Ecology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
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49
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Marquardt J, Chen X, Bi E. Septin Assembly and Remodeling at the Cell Division Site During the Cell Cycle. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:793920. [PMID: 34901034 PMCID: PMC8656427 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.793920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The septin family of proteins can assemble into filaments that further organize into different higher order structures to perform a variety of different functions in different cell types and organisms. In the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the septins localize to the presumptive bud site as a cortical ring prior to bud emergence, expand into an hourglass at the bud neck (cell division site) during bud growth, and finally “split” into a double ring sandwiching the cell division machinery during cytokinesis. While much work has been done to understand the functions and molecular makeups of these structures, the mechanisms underlying the transitions from one structure to another have largely remained elusive. Recent studies involving advanced imaging and in vitro reconstitution have begun to reveal the vast complexity involved in the regulation of these structural transitions, which defines the focus of discussion in this mini-review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Marquardt
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Erfei Bi
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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50
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Ozturk M, Metin M, Altay V, De Filippis L, Ünal BT, Khursheed A, Gul A, Hasanuzzaman M, Nahar K, Kawano T, Caparrós PG. Molecular Biology of Cadmium Toxicity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biol Trace Elem Res 2021; 199:4832-4846. [PMID: 33462792 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-021-02584-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic heavy metal mainly originating from industrial activities and causes environmental pollution. To better understand its toxicity and pollution remediation, we must understand the effects of Cd on living beings. Saccharomyces cerevisiae (budding yeast) is an eukaryotic unicellular model organism. It has provided much scientific knowledge about cellular and molecular biology in addition to its economic benefits. Effects associated with copper and zinc, sulfur and selenium metabolism, calcium (Ca2+) balance/signaling, and structure of phospholipids as a result of exposure to cadmium have been evaluated. In yeast as a result of cadmium stress, "mitogen-activated protein kinase," "high osmolarity glycerol," and "cell wall integrity" pathways have been reported to activate different signaling pathways. In addition, abnormalities and changes in protein structure, ribosomes, cell cycle disruption, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) following cadmium cytotoxicity have also been detailed. Moreover, the key OLE1 gene that encodes for delta-9 FA desaturase in relation to cadmium toxicity has been discussed in more detail. Keeping all these studies in mind, an attempt has been made to evaluate published cellular and molecular toxicity data related to Cd stress, and specifically published on S. cerevisiae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munir Ozturk
- Department of Botany and Centre for Environmental Studies, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey.
| | - Mert Metin
- Graduate School of Environmental Engineering, The University of Kitakyushu, 1-1 Hibikino, Wakamatsu-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, 808-0135, Japan
| | - Volkan Altay
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Arts, Hatay Mustafa Kemal University, Antakya, Hatay, Turkey
| | - Luigi De Filippis
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, 123, Australia
| | - Bengu Turkyilmaz Ünal
- Faculty of Science and Arts, Department of Biotechnology, Nigde Omer Halisdemir University, Nigde, Turkey
| | - Anum Khursheed
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Alvina Gul
- Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences & Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Mirza Hasanuzzaman
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Kamuran Nahar
- Department of Agricultural Botany, Faculty of Agriculture, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Tomonori Kawano
- Graduate School of Environmental Engineering, The University of Kitakyushu, 1-1 Hibikino, Wakamatsu-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, 808-0135, Japan
| | - Pedro García Caparrós
- Agronomy Department of Superior School Engineering, University of Almería, Ctra. Sacramento s/n, La Cañadade San Urbano, 04120, Almería, Spain
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