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Ierardi JL, Veloso A, Mancia A. Transcriptome analysis of cadmium exposure in kidney fibroblast cells of the North Atlantic Right Whale (Eubalaena glacialis). Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2021; 242:108946. [PMID: 33285320 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2020.108946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
An 8X15k oligonucleotide microarray was developed consisting of 2334 Eubalaena glacialis probes and 2166 Tursiops truncatus probes and used to measure the effects, at transcriptomic level, of cadmium exposure in right whale kidney fibroblast cells. Cells were exposed to three concentrations (1 μM, 0.1 μM, and 0.01 μM) of cadmium chloride (CdCl2) for three exposure times (1, 4, and 24 h). Cells exposed to 1 μM CdCl2 for 4 h and 24 h showed upregulated genes involved in protection from metal toxicity and oxidative stress, protein renaturation, apoptosis inhibition, as well as several regulators of cellular processes. Downregulated genes represented a suite of functions including cell proliferation, transcription regulation, actin polymerization, and stress fiber synthesis. The collection of differentially expressed genes in this study support proposed mechanisms of cadmium-induced apoptosis such as ubiquitin proteasome system disruption, Ca2+ homeostasis interference, mitochondrial membrane potential collapse, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and cell cycle arrest. The results also have confirmed the right whale microarray as a reproducible tool in measuring differentiated gene expression that could be a valuable asset for transcriptome analysis of other baleen whales and potential health assessment protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessalyn L Ierardi
- Graduate Program of Marine Biology, College of Charleston, 205 Fort Johnson Rd, Charleston, SC 29412, USA
| | - Artur Veloso
- Graduate Program of Marine Biology, College of Charleston, 205 Fort Johnson Rd, Charleston, SC 29412, USA
| | - Annalaura Mancia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, 171 Ashley Ave, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; Marine Biomedicine and Environmental Sciences Center, Medical University of South Carolina, 331 Fort Johnson Rd, Charleston, SC 29412, USA; Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, Ferrara 44121, Italy.
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2
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Awadalla A, Mortada WI, Abol-Enein H, Shokeir AA. Correlation between blood levels of cadmium and lead and the expression of microRNA-21 in Egyptian bladder cancer patients. Heliyon 2020; 6:e05642. [PMID: 33313435 PMCID: PMC7721616 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To investigate the relationship between blood levels of cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) and the expression of miRNA-21 among bladder cancer (BC) patients. Material and methods The blood concentrations of Cd and Pb in 268 BC patients and 132 controls were determined by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). The blood concentrations of Cd and Pb were interpreted according to the type and stage of the carcinoma. The expression of miRNA-21 was assessed by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction in cancerous and adjacent non-cancerous bladder tissues among the patient groups. Results The blood concentrations of Cd and Pb were statistically elevated in BC patients compared to those of the controls. This elevation is more prevalent in groups with muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) than those with non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). Among the BC group, miRNA-21 was upregulated in cancerous tissues relative to adjacent non-cancerous tissues. Moreover, the expression was significantly higher in patients with MIBC compared to those with NMIBC. The expression of miRNA-21 in cancerous tissues was significantly associated with blood concentration of Cd and Pb among BC patients. Conclusion There is a relationship between Cd and Pb body burden and the tissue expression of miRNA-21 among BC patients. This indicates the role of miRNA-21 in Cd and Pb induced BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amira Awadalla
- Center of Excellence for Genome and Cancer Research, Urology and Nephrology Center, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Wael I Mortada
- Clinical Chemistry Laboratory, Urology and Nephrology Center, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Hassan Abol-Enein
- Center of Excellence for Genome and Cancer Research, Urology and Nephrology Center, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Ahmed A Shokeir
- Center of Excellence for Genome and Cancer Research, Urology and Nephrology Center, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
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3
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Oggiano R, Pisano A, Sabalic A, Farace C, Fenu G, Lintas S, Forte G, Bocca B, Madeddu R. An overview on amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and cadmium. Neurol Sci 2020; 42:531-537. [PMID: 33280067 PMCID: PMC7843544 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-020-04957-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The present review represents an update about the knowledge of the possible role of Cadmium (Cd) in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) initiation and its progression. ALS is a neurodegenerative disease that occurs in adulthood; its etiology is unknown and leads to death within a few years from its appearance. Among the various possible causes that can favor the development of the disease, heavy metals cannot be excluded. Cadmium is a heavy metal that does not play a biological role, but its neurotoxicity is well known. Numerous in vitro studies on cell and animal models confirm the toxicity of the metal on the nervous system, but these data are not accompanied by an epidemiological evidence, and, thus, an unclear correlation between Cd and the onset of the disease can be pointed out. On the other hand, a possible multifactorial and synergic mechanism in which Cd may have a role can explain the ALS onset. More efforts in new clinical, biochemical, and epidemiological studies are necessary to better elucidate the involvement of Cd in this lethal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Oggiano
- Department of Biomedical Science - Histology, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Andrea Pisano
- Department of Biomedical Science - Histology, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Angela Sabalic
- Department of Biomedical Science - Histology, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Cristiano Farace
- Department of Biomedical Science - Histology, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy.,National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems, Rome, Italy
| | - Grazia Fenu
- Department of Biomedical Science - Histology, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Simone Lintas
- Department of Biomedical Science - Histology, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Giovanni Forte
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Beatrice Bocca
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberto Madeddu
- Department of Biomedical Science - Histology, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy. .,National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems, Rome, Italy.
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Zhao R, Yu Q, Hou L, Dong X, Zhang H, Chen X, Zhou Z, Ma J, Huang S, Chen L. Cadmium induces mitochondrial ROS inactivation of XIAP pathway leading to apoptosis in neuronal cells. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2020; 121:105715. [PMID: 32035180 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2020.105715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd), a heavy metal pollutant, contributes to neurodegenerative disorders. Recently, we have demonstrated that Cd induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) causes apoptosis in neuronal cells. Whether X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP) is involved in Cd-induced ROS-dependent neuronal apoptosis remains unclear. Here, we show that Cd-induced ROS reduced the expression of XIAP, which resulted in up-regulation of murine double minute 2 homolog (MDM2) and down-regulation of p53, leading to apoptosis in PC12 cells and primary neurons. Inhibition of MDM2 with Nutlin-3a reversed Cd-induced reduction of p53 and substantially rescued cells from excess ROS-dependent death. Overexpression of XIAP protected against Cd induction of ROS-dependent neuronal apoptosis. Inhibition of XIAP by Embelin strengthened Cd-induced ROS and apoptosis in the cells. Furthermore, we found that Cd inactivation of XIAP pathway was attributed to Cd induction of mitochondrial ROS, as evidenced by using a mitochondrial superoxide indicator MitoSOX and a mitochondria-targeted antioxidant Mito-TEMPO. Taken together, these results indicate that Cd induces mitochondrial ROS inactivation of XIAP-MDM2-p53 pathway leading to apoptosis in neuronal cells. Our findings suggest that activators of XIAP or modulation of XIAP-MDM2-p53 pathway by antioxidants may be exploited for the prevention of Cd-induced oxidative stress and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Qianyun Yu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Long Hou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Xiaoqing Dong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Hai Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Xiaoling Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Zhihan Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Jing Ma
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Shile Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, 71130-3932, USA; Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, 71130-3932, USA.
| | - Long Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China.
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Cobb-Abdullah A, Lyles LR, Odewumi CO, Latinwo LM, Badisa VL, Abazinge M. Diallyl disulfide attenuation effect on transcriptome in rat liver cells against cadmium chloride toxicity. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2019; 34:950-957. [PMID: 31077537 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this report, liver cells were treated with cadmium chloride (CdCl2 ) and diallyl disulfide (DADS), a major compound from garlic to attenuate the toxic effect of Cd on transcriptome. The viability of Cd treated cells was reduced to 19.9% ± 2.4% in comparison to the untreated cells, whereas the viability of DADS pretreated cells was increased to 48.6% ± 2%. The attenuation effect of DADS was studied at shorter period (6 hours). Transcriptome analysis of CdCl2 alone treated cells resulted in 2119 and 982 (up and down) regulated genes (≥ 2 or ≤ 2-fold), whereas pretreated cells with DADS resulted in 2597 and 1784 genes. These genes were known to function in many important biological processes. Affymetrix array analysis was validated by the pathway specific PCR array that exhibited the same trend of expression. The current study clearly shows the DADS attenuation effect on transcriptome in CdCl2 -treated rat liver cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahkinyala Cobb-Abdullah
- School of the Environment, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, Florida
- School of Arts and Sciences, Virginia Union University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Leonard Roy Lyles
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, Florida
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Memorial University Medical Center, Savannah, Georgia
| | - Caroline O Odewumi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, Florida
| | - Lekan M Latinwo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, Florida
| | - Veera Ld Badisa
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, Florida
| | - Michael Abazinge
- School of the Environment, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, Florida
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Mascarenhas S, Mutnuri S, Ganguly A. Silica - A trace geogenic element with emerging nephrotoxic potential. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 645:297-317. [PMID: 30029111 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.07.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Silica is a trace-geogenic compound with limited-bioavailability. It inflicts health-perils like pulmonary-silicosis and chronic kidney disease (CKD), when available via anthropogenic-disturbances. Amidst silica-imposed pathologies, pulmonary toxicological-mechanisms are well-described, ignoring the renal-pathophysiological mechanisms. Hence, the present-study aimed to elucidate cellular-cum-molecular toxicological-mechanisms underlying silica-induced renal-pathology in-vitro. Various toxicity-assessments were used to study effects of silica on the physiological-functions of HK-cells (human-kidney proximal-tubular cells - the toxin's prime target) on chronic (1-7 days) sub-toxic (80 mg/L) and toxic (100-120 mg/L) dosing. Results depicted that silica triggered dose-cum-time dependent cytotoxicity/cell-death (MTT-assay) that significantly increased on long-term dosing with ≥100 mg/L silica; establishing the nephrotoxic-potential of this dose. Contrarily, insignificant cell-death on sub-toxic (80 mg/L) dosing was attributed to rapid intracellular toxin-clearance at lower-doses preventing toxic-effects. The proximal-tubular (HK-cells) cytotoxicity was found to be primarily mediated by silica-triggered incessant oxidative-stress (elevated ROS).·This enhanced ROS inflicted severe inflammation and subsequent fibrosis, evident from increased pro-inflammatory-cum-fibrogenic cytokines generation (IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, TNF-α and TGF-β). Simultaneously, ROS induced persistent DNA-damage (Comet-assay) that stimulated G2/M arrest for p53-mediated damage-repair, aided by checkpoint-promoter (Chk1) activation and mitotic-inducers (i.e. Cdc-25, Cdk1, cyclinB1) inhibition. However, DNA-injuries surpassed the cellular-repair, which provoked the p53-gene to induce mitochondrial-mediated apoptotic cell-death via activation of Bax, cytochrome-c and caspase-cascade (9/3). This persistent apoptotic cell-death and simultaneous incessant inflammation culminated in the development of tubular-atrophy and fibrosis, the major pathological-manifestations of CKD. These findings provided novel-insights into the pathological-mechanisms (cellular and molecular) of silica-induced CKD, inflicted on chronic toxic-dosing (≥100 mg/L).Thereby, encouraging the development of therapeutic-strategies (e.g. anti-oxidant treatment) for specific molecular-targets (e.g. ROS) to retard silica-induced CKD-progression, for reduction in the global-CKD burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Starlaine Mascarenhas
- Department of Biological Sciences, BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus, NH 17 B, Zuarinagar, Goa 403 726, India.
| | - Srikanth Mutnuri
- Department of Biological Sciences, BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus, NH 17 B, Zuarinagar, Goa 403 726, India.
| | - Anasuya Ganguly
- Department of Biological Sciences, BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus, NH 17 B, Zuarinagar, Goa 403 726, India.
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Kim HS, Lee SM, Kim YJ, Jang W, Seo YR. Integrative toxicogenomic analysis for elucidating molecular interference on DNA integrity and repair system with underlying signaling networks in response to low-level lead acetate in rat liver model. Mol Cell Toxicol 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s13273-017-0019-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Toxicogenomic approaches for understanding molecular mechanisms of heavy metal mutagenicity and carcinogenicity. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2013; 216:587-98. [PMID: 23540489 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2013.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2012] [Revised: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Heavy metals that are harmful to humans include arsenic, cadmium, chromium, lead, mercury, and nickel. Some metals or their related compounds may even cause cancer. However, the mechanism underlying heavy metal-induced cancer remains unclear. Increasing data show a link between heavy metal exposure and aberrant changes in both genetic and epigenetic factors via non-targeted multiple toxicogenomic technologies of the transcriptome, proteome, metabolome, and epigenome. These modifications due to heavy metal exposure might provide a better understanding of environmental disorders. Such informative changes following heavy metal exposure might also be useful for screening of biomarker-monitored exposure to environmental pollutants and/or predicting the risk of disease. We summarize advances in high-throughput toxicogenomic-based technologies and studies related to exposure to individual heavy metal and/or mixtures and propose the underlying mechanism of action and toxicant signatures. Integrative multi-level expression analysis of the toxicity of heavy metals via system toxicology-based methodologies combined with statistical and computational tools might clarify the biological pathways involved in carcinogenic processes. Although standard in vitro and in vivo endpoint testing of mutagenicity and carcinogenicity are considered a complementary approach linked to disease, we also suggest that further evaluation of prominent biomarkers reflecting effects, responses, and disease susceptibility might be diagnostic. Furthermore, we discuss challenges in toxicogenomic applications for toxicological studies of metal mixtures and epidemiological research. Taken together, this review presents toxicogenomic data that will be useful for improvement of the knowledge of carcinogenesis and the development of better strategies for health risk assessment.
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Krizkova S, Ryvolova M, Hrabeta J, Adam V, Stiborova M, Eckschlager T, Kizek R. Metallothioneins and zinc in cancer diagnosis and therapy. Drug Metab Rev 2012; 44:287-301. [PMID: 23050852 DOI: 10.3109/03602532.2012.725414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Metallothioneins (MTs) are involved in protection against oxidative stress (OS) and toxic metals and they participate in zinc metabolism and its homeostasis. Disturbing of zinc homeostasis can lead to formation of reactive oxygen species, which can result in OS causing alterations in immunity, aging, and civilization diseases, but also in cancer development. It is not surprising that altered zinc metabolism and expression of MTs are of great interest in the case of studying of oncogenesis and cancer prognosis. The role of MTs and zinc in cancer development is tightly connected, and the structure and function of MTs are strongly dependent on Zn²⁺ redox state and its binding to proteins. Antiapoptic effects of MTs and their interactions with proteins nuclear factor kappa B, protein kinase C, esophageal cancer-related gene, and p53 as well as the role of MTs in their proliferation, immunomodulation, enzyme activation, and interaction with nitric oxide are reviewed. Utilization of MTs in cancer diagnosis and therapy is summarized and their importance for chemoresistance is also mentioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sona Krizkova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
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Kim HL, Seo YR. Molecular and genomic approach for understanding the gene-environment interaction between Nrf2 deficiency and carcinogenic nickel-induced DNA damage. Oncol Rep 2012; 28:1959-67. [PMID: 23023193 PMCID: PMC3583472 DOI: 10.3892/or.2012.2057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Nickel (II) is a toxic and carcinogenic metal which induces a redox imbalance following oxidative stress. Nuclear factor erythroid-2 related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a redox factor that regulates oxidation/reduction status and consequently mediates cytoprotective responses against exposure to environmental toxicants. In this study, we investigated the protective roles of the Nrf2 gene against oxidative stress and DNA damage induced by nickel at sub-lethal doses. Under nickel exposure conditions, we detected significantly increased intracellular ROS generation, in addition to higher amounts of DNA damage using comet assay and γ-H2AX immunofluorescence staining in Nrf2 lacking cells, as compared to Nrf2 wild-type cells. In addition, we attempted to identify potential nickel and Nrf2-responsive targets and the relevant pathway. The genomic expression data were analyzed using microarray for the selection of synergistic effect-related genes by Nrf2 knockdown under nickel treatment. In particular, altered expressions of 6 upregulated genes (CAV1, FOSL2, MICA, PIM2, RUNX1 and SLC7A6) and 4 downregulated genes (APLP1, CLSPN, PCAF and PRAME) were confirmed by qRT-PCR. Additionally, using bioinformatics tool, we found that these genes functioned principally in a variety of molecular processes, including oxidative stress response, necrosis, DNA repair and cell survival. Thus, we describe the potential biomarkers regarded as molecular candidates for Nrf2-related cellular protection against nickel exposure. In conclusion, these findings indicate that Nrf2 is an important factor with a protective role in the suppression of mutagenicity and carcinogenicity by environmental nickel exposure in terms of gene-environment interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Lim Kim
- Department of Life Science, Dongguk University, Jung-gu, Seoul 100-715, Republic of Korea
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Genome-wide transcriptional response of the archaeon Thermococcus gammatolerans to cadmium. PLoS One 2012; 7:e41935. [PMID: 22848664 PMCID: PMC3407056 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2012] [Accepted: 06/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Thermococcus gammatolerans, the most radioresistant archaeon known to date, is an anaerobic and hyperthermophilic sulfur-reducing organism living in deep-sea hydrothermal vents. Knowledge of mechanisms underlying archaeal metal tolerance in such metal-rich ecosystem is still poorly documented. We showed that T. gammatolerans exhibits high resistance to cadmium (Cd), cobalt (Co) and zinc (Zn), a weaker tolerance to nickel (Ni), copper (Cu) and arsenate (AsO4) and that cells exposed to 1 mM Cd exhibit a cellular Cd concentration of 67 µM. A time-dependent transcriptomic analysis using microarrays was performed at a non-toxic (100 µM) and a toxic (1 mM) Cd dose. The reliability of microarray data was strengthened by real time RT-PCR validations. Altogether, 114 Cd responsive genes were revealed and a substantial subset of genes is related to metal homeostasis, drug detoxification, re-oxidization of cofactors and ATP production. This first genome-wide expression profiling study of archaeal cells challenged with Cd showed that T. gammatolerans withstands induced stress through pathways observed in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes but also through new and original strategies. T. gammatolerans cells challenged with 1 mM Cd basically promote: 1) the induction of several transporter/permease encoding genes, probably to detoxify the cell; 2) the upregulation of Fe transporters encoding genes to likely compensate Cd damages in iron-containing proteins; 3) the induction of membrane-bound hydrogenase (Mbh) and membrane-bound hydrogenlyase (Mhy2) subunits encoding genes involved in recycling reduced cofactors and/or in proton translocation for energy production. By contrast to other organisms, redox homeostasis genes appear constitutively expressed and only a few genes encoding DNA repair proteins are regulated. We compared the expression of 27 Cd responsive genes in other stress conditions (Zn, Ni, heat shock, γ-rays), and showed that the Cd transcriptional pattern is comparable to other metal stress transcriptional responses (Cd, Zn, Ni) but not to a general stress response.
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Kim HL, Seo YR. Identification of potential molecular biomarkers in response to thioredoxin reductase 1 deficiency under nickel exposure. BIOCHIP JOURNAL 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s13206-012-6208-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Chen X, Zhu G, Jin T, Gu S, Xiao H, Qiu J. Cadmium induces differentiation of RAW264.7 cells into osteoclasts in the presence of RANKL. Food Chem Toxicol 2011; 49:2392-7. [PMID: 21723911 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2011.06.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2011] [Revised: 06/17/2011] [Accepted: 06/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism of cadmium effects on bone is not fully understood. In this study, we investigated the effects of cadmium on osteoclasts differentiation and the probable mechanism. RAW264.7 cells were exposed to cadmium (0-60 nmol/L) in the presence or absence of receptor-activated nuclear factor κ B ligand (RANKL) for 5 days. Then, the viability, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) activity and the formation of TRAP positive multinucleated osteoclasts were observed. Receptor activator of nuclear factor κ B (RANK), tumor necrosis factor receptor associated factor 6 (TRAF6), c-src, c-fos, fos-related antigen 1 (Fra1) expression were determined by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Cadmium increased TRAP activity (20-40%) and TRAP positive cell formation in the presence of RANKL, but had no obvious influence on them without RANKL. RANK, TRAF6, Fra1, c-src and c-fos (at 15-30 nmol/L) expression were enhanced (30-70%) by cadmium in the presence of RANKL, but cadmium had little influence on them in the absence of RANKL. This study demonstrated that cadmium could induce differentiation of osteoclasts precursor into osteoclasts in the presence of RANKL. Even though the changes of gene expression were small, RANKL/RANK and downstream genes may play an important role in cadmium effects on osteoclasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Chen
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
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Wang X, Chang L, Sun Z. Differential expression of genes in the earthworm Eisenia fetida following exposure to Escherichia coli O157:H7. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 35:525-529. [PMID: 21187111 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2010.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2010] [Revised: 12/16/2010] [Accepted: 12/17/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
In this study, suppression subtractive hybridization was used to construct forward and reverse cDNA libraries to identify genes involved in the response of Eisenia fetida after exposure to Escherichia coli O157:H7. We cloned 1428 cDNAs or expressed sequence tags (ESTs), of which 738 were confirmed to be differentially expressed on dot blotting analysis. A total of 394 good-quality ESTs (GenBank dbEST accession numbers HO001170-HO001563) were obtained from the raw clone sequences after cleaning. The genes were associated with metabolism (10%), transport (10%), translation (5%), immunity (2%), and the cytoskeleton (1%). Thirteen candidates were selected to assess expression levels in earthworms exposed to artificially contaminated soil by real-time PCR. The translated amino acid sequences of clones were similar to fibrinolytic protease 1, extracellular globin-3, myosin essential light chain, lumbrokinase, lysozyme, ferritin, ATP synthase F0 subunit 6, and hsp 70. Characterization of differential gene expression in the earthworm E. fetida on exposure to E. coli O157:H7 expands our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of interactions at the earthworm-pathogen interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Wang
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, No. 2, Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing 100193, PR China
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Chargui A, Zekri S, Jacquillet G, Rubera I, Ilie M, Belaid A, Duranton C, Tauc M, Hofman P, Poujeol P, El May MV, Mograbi B. Cadmium-Induced Autophagy in Rat Kidney: An Early Biomarker of Subtoxic Exposure. Toxicol Sci 2011; 121:31-42. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfr031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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Hosoya J, Tamura K, Muraki N, Okumura H, Ito T, Maeno M. A novel approach for a toxicity prediction model of environmental pollutants by using a quantitative structure-activity relationship method based on toxicogenomics. ISRN TOXICOLOGY 2011; 2011:515724. [PMID: 23724284 PMCID: PMC3658544 DOI: 10.5402/2011/515724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2011] [Accepted: 04/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The development of automobile emission reduction technologies has decreased dramatically the particle concentration in emissions; however, there is a possibility that unexpected harmful chemicals are formed in emissions due to new technologies and fuels. Therefore, we attempted to develop new and efficient toxicity prediction models for the myriad environmental pollutants including those in automobile emissions. We chose 54 compounds related to engine exhaust and, by use of the DNA microarray, examined their effect on gene expression in human lung cells. We focused on IL-8 as a proinflammatory cytokine and developed a prediction model with quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) for the IL-8 gene expression by using an in silico system. Our results demonstrate that this model showed high accuracy in predicting upregulation of the IL-8 gene. These results suggest that the prediction model with QSAR based on the gene expression from toxicogenomics may have great potential in predictive toxicology of environmental pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junichi Hosoya
- Energy and Environment Research Division, Japan Automobile Research Institute, 2530 Karima, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0822, Japan ; Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, 8050 Ikarashi-2, Nishi-ku, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
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Dangre AJ, Manning S, Brouwer M. Effects of cadmium on hypoxia-induced expression of hemoglobin and erythropoietin in larval sheepshead minnow, Cyprinodon variegatus. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2010; 99:168-175. [PMID: 20447699 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2010.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2010] [Revised: 04/12/2010] [Accepted: 04/17/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxia and toxic metals are two common stressors found in the estuarine environment. To date little information is available on the combined effects of these stressors on early larval development in fish. We investigated the effect of cadmium and hypoxia exposure alone as well in combination on larval Cyprinodon variegatus. The LC(10) for cadmium was determined to be 0.3 ppm in a 96 h acute exposure. This concentration was used in all studies. Cadmium in larvae increased significantly with exposure time (1, 3, 5 and 7 days post-hatch). The increase was proportional to body weight and not affected by hypoxia. Cadmium responsive genes were identified by suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) in Cyprinodon variegatus larvae after exposure to cadmium for 1, 3, 5 and 7 days. We obtained over 700 sequences from the cadmium cDNA library. Blast search of ESTs suggested that cadmium modulates multiple physiological processes. Pertinent to this study, cadmium was found to down-regulate both embryonic alpha and beta globin, which are expressed in erythrocytes generated during the first, or primitive, wave of erythropoiesis in teleosts. Hemoglobin (Hb) and erythropoietin (Epo) (the hormone that promotes red blood cell production) are known hypoxia-inducible genes. To explore the possibility that cadmium might offset the hypoxia-induced expression of Hb and Epo, we investigated the expression of both genes following hypoxia, cadmium and combined exposures for 1, 3, 5 and 7 days post-hatch. Since Epo had not yet been identified in C. variegatus we first successfully cloned a partial coding sequence of the C. variegatus hormone. Subsequent studies revealed that expression levels of Hb and Epo remained unchanged in the normoxic controls during the time course of the study. Hypoxia increased Epo expression relative to normoxic controls, on days 3, 5 and 7, while cadmium in hypoxia inhibited the increase. Only the changes on days 5 and 7 were statistically significant. Hypoxia also lead to a modest, but significant induction of Hb after 5 days. However, in spite of the Cd-induced down-regulation of Epo on day 5, Cd did not affect the hypoxia-induced expression of embryonic Hb at this time point. It appears therefore that Epo has only limited effect on primitive erythropoiesis in C. variegatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Dangre
- Department of Coastal Sciences, The University of Southern Mississippi, 703 East Beach Drive, Ocean Springs, MS 39564, USA
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Lee GS, Liao X, Shimizu H, Collins MD. Genetic and pathologic aspects of retinoic acid-induced limb malformations in the mouse. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 88:863-82. [DOI: 10.1002/bdra.20712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Effect of metals on β-actin and total protein synthesis in cultured human intestinal epithelial cells. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2010; 63:47-58. [PMID: 20452446 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2010.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2009] [Revised: 02/08/2010] [Accepted: 04/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION As an important structural protein, β-actin is associated with anchoring of tight junctions (TJs) to the cell scaffold. Caco-2 cells, an immortal intestinal epithelial cell line, rely on β-actin to form intact monolayers with high transepithelial electrical resistance in cell culture inserts. METHODS We examined the effect of six metals on expression of β-actin mRNA and β-actin synthesis, on total and net production of newly synthesized proteins, on paracellular transport of TJ markers, and on cell viability in confluent monolayers. [(3)H]-glycine and [(3)H]-tyrosine were used as indicators of newly synthesized proteins in the absence or presence of increasing concentrations of arsenic, cadmium, copper, manganese, mercury and nickel. The monolayers were exposed to 24-h single exposures as well as continuous daily repeated doses of metals for 48-h and 96-h. RESULTS Results suggest that decreases in newly synthesized proteins, in which β-actin represents about 10%, correlated with 2- to 5-fold higher expression of β-actin mRNA for the higher concentrations of metals. Interestingly, IC(50)s calculated for each chemical for 24-h acute and 48- and 96-h repeated dosing experiments, using the MTT viability assay and paracellular permeability markers, decreased newly synthesized and total proteins to 10% and 40% of control, respectively. DISCUSSION Overall, the results indicate that, at equivalent concentrations, the metals affect β-actin mRNA and newly synthesized proteins before cell viability and paracellular permeability are compromised. Consequently the results help in elucidating mechanisms of metal cytotoxicity that lead to understanding the relationship between tight junction integrity, paracellular transport, and cell viability.
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Låg M, Rodionov D, Øvrevik J, Bakke O, Schwarze PE, Refsnes M. Cadmium-induced inflammatory responses in cells relevant for lung toxicity: Expression and release of cytokines in fibroblasts, epithelial cells and macrophages. Toxicol Lett 2010; 193:252-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2010.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2009] [Revised: 01/20/2010] [Accepted: 01/21/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Comparison of gene expression profiles in BALB/c 3T3 transformed foci exposed to tumor promoting agents. Toxicol In Vitro 2010; 24:430-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2009.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2009] [Revised: 09/17/2009] [Accepted: 10/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Cadmium and mitochondria. Mitochondrion 2009; 9:377-84. [PMID: 19706341 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2009.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2009] [Revised: 08/18/2009] [Accepted: 08/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The heavy metal cadmium (Cd) a pollutant associated with several modern industrial processes, is absorbed in significant quantities from cigarette smoke, water, food and air contaminations. It is known to have numerous undesirable effects on health in both experimental animals and humans, targeting kidney, liver and vascular system. The molecular mechanism accounting for most of the biological effects of Cd are not well-understood and the toxicity targets are largely unidentified. The present review focuses on important recent advances about the effects of cadmium on mitochondria of mammalian cells. Mitochondria are the proverbial powerhouses of the cell, running the fundamental biochemical processes that produce energy from nutrients using oxygen. They are among the key intracellular targets for different stressors including Cd. This review provides new additional informations on the cellular and molecular aspects of the interaction between Cd and cells, emphasizing alterations of mitochondria as important events in Cd cytotoxicity, thus representing an important basis for understanding the mechanisms of cadmium effect on the cells.
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Cui Y, Freedman JH. Cadmium induces retinoic acid signaling by regulating retinoic acid metabolic gene expression. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:24925-32. [PMID: 19556237 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.026609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The transition metal cadmium is an environmental teratogen. In addition, cadmium and retinoic acid can act synergistically to induce forelimb malformations. The molecular mechanism underlying the teratogenicity of cadmium and the synergistic effect with retinoic acid has not been addressed. An evolutionarily conserved gene, beta,beta-carotene 15,15'-monooxygenase (BCMO), which is involved in retinoic acid biosynthesis, was studied in both Caenorhabditis elegans and murine Hepa 1-6 cells. In C. elegans, bcmo-1 was expressed in the intestine and was cadmium inducible. Similarly, in Hepa 1-6 cells, Bcmo1 was induced by cadmium. Retinoic acid-mediated signaling increased after 24-h exposures to 5 and 10 microm cadmium in Hepa 1-6 cells. Examination of gene expression demonstrated that the induction of retinoic acid signaling by cadmium may be mediated by overexpression of Bcmo1. Furthermore, cadmium inhibited the expression of Cyp26a1 and Cyp26b1, which are involved in retinoic acid degradation. These results indicate that cadmium-induced teratogenicity may be due to the ability of the metal to increase the levels of retinoic acid by disrupting the expression of retinoic acid-metabolizing genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxia Cui
- Comparative Genomics Group, Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology, NIEHS, National Institutes of Health, Durham, North Carolina 27709, USA
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Bhattacharyya MH. Cadmium osteotoxicity in experimental animals: mechanisms and relationship to human exposures. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2009; 238:258-65. [PMID: 19463839 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2009.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2009] [Revised: 05/06/2009] [Accepted: 05/10/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Extensive epidemiological studies have recently demonstrated increased cadmium exposure correlating significantly with decreased bone mineral density and increased fracture incidence in humans at lower exposure levels than ever before evaluated. Studies in experimental animals have addressed whether very low concentrations of dietary cadmium can negatively impact the skeleton. This overview evaluates results in experimental animals regarding mechanisms of action on bone and the application of these results to humans. Results demonstrate that long-term dietary exposures in rats, at levels corresponding to environmental exposures in humans, result in increased skeletal fragility and decreased mineral density. Cadmium-induced demineralization begins soon after exposure, within 24 h of an oral dose to mice. In bone culture systems, cadmium at low concentrations acts directly on bone cells to cause both decreases in bone formation and increases in bone resorption, independent of its effects on kidney, intestine, or circulating hormone concentrations. Results from gene expression microarray and gene knock-out mouse models provide insight into mechanisms by which cadmium may affect bone. Application of the results to humans is considered with respect to cigarette smoke exposure pathways and direct vs. indirect effects of cadmium. Clearly, understanding the mechanism(s) by which cadmium causes bone loss in experimental animals will provide insight into its diverse effects in humans. Preventing bone loss is critical to maintaining an active, independent lifestyle, particularly among elderly persons. Identifying environmental factors such as cadmium that contribute to increased fractures in humans is an important undertaking and a first step to prevention.
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Cannino G, Ferruggia E, Luparello C, Rinaldi AM. Mitochondrial compartment: a possible target of cadmium effects on breast epithelial cells. Mol Cell Biochem 2009; 328:75-84. [PMID: 19266167 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-009-0076-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2009] [Accepted: 02/24/2009] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Cadmium-breast epithelial cell interactions were studied by analyzing some mitochondria-related aspects of stress response. We treated immortalized non-tumor breast cells with 5 or 50 microM CdCl(2) for 24 or 96 h demonstrating that the exposure did not cause a significant mitochondrial proliferation, while it induced a significant increase in the respiratory activity and mitochondrial polarization. In addition, we found that hsp60 was up-regulated while hsp70 and COXII and COXIV were down-regulated. The mRNA for hsp70 remained constant and only the inducible form of the 70-kDa heat shock protein was over expressed. The mRNAs for COXII and COXIV remained constant after 24 h and increased after longer incubations while the respective proteins decreased. These findings provide additional information on the cellular and molecular aspects of the interaction between Cd and epithelial cells, and on alterations of mitochondria as early events in Cd cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Cannino
- Dipartimento di Biologia Cellulare e dello Sviluppo "A.Monroy", Università di Palermo, Italy
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Hsiao CJJ, Stapleton SR. Early sensing and gene expression profiling under a low dose of cadmium exposure. Biochimie 2009; 91:329-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2008.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2008] [Accepted: 10/16/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Mechanisms of cytotoxicity of nickel ions based on gene expression profiles. Biomaterials 2009; 30:141-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2008.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2008] [Accepted: 09/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Nota B, Timmermans MJTN, Franken O, Montagne-Wajer K, Mariën J, De Boer ME, De Boer TE, Ylstra B, Van Straalen NM, Roelofs D. Gene expression analysis of collembola in cadmium containing soil. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2008; 42:8152-7. [PMID: 19031917 DOI: 10.1021/es801472r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Increasing concern about pollution of our environment calls for advanced and rapid methods to estimate ecological toxicity. The use of gene expression microarrays in environmental studies can potentially meet this challenge. We present a novel method to examine soil toxicity. We exposed the collembolan Folsomia candida to soil containing an ecologically relevant cadmium concentration, and found a cumulative total of 1586 differentially expressed transcripts across three exposure durations, including transcripts involved in stress response, detoxification, and hypoxia. Additional enrichment analysis of gene ontology (GO) terms revealed that antibiotic biosynthesis is important at all time points examined. Interestingly, genes involved in the "penicillin and cephalosporin biosynthesis pathway" have never been identified in animals before, but are expressed in F. candida's tissue. The synthesis of antibiotics can possibly be a response to increased cadmium-induced susceptibility to invading pathogens, which might be caused by repression of genes involved in the immune-system (C-type lectins and Toll receptor). This study presents a first global view on the environmental stress response of an arthropod species exposed to contaminated soil, and provides a mechanistic basis for the development of a gene expression soil quality test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Nota
- Department of Animal Ecology, Institute of Ecological Science, VU Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Sirchia R, Longo A, Luparello C. Cadmium regulation of apoptotic and stress response genes in tumoral and immortalized epithelial cells of the human breast. Biochimie 2008; 90:1578-90. [PMID: 18625282 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2008.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2008] [Accepted: 06/19/2008] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is a widely-disseminated metal which can be imported and accumulated in living cells thereby drastically interfering with their biological mechanisms. Increasing interest has been recently focused on the elucidation of the cellular and molecular aspects of Cd-dependent regulation of gene expression and signal transduction pathways in different model system. Concerning breast cancer, very limited studies have been produced so far on the role played by Cd on estrogen receptor-negative human breast cancer cells, that are expected to be insensitive to the already-proven metallo-estrogenic effect exerted by Cd on the estrogen receptor-positive cell counterparts. Here, we have examined the effects of long-term (96 h) exposure of estrogen receptor-negative MDA-MB231 malignant adenocarcinoma cells to CdCl(2) at 5 microM concentration, corresponding to the IC(50) for this time of incubation, by evaluating the expression levels of genes coding for stress response factors (e.g. heat shock proteins and metallothioneins), and for apoptosis-related factors and enzymes. In parallel, we tested the gene expression pattern of immortalized HB2 breast epithelial cells, taken as non-tumoral counterpart, after the same exposure to the metal which instead did not exert any change in their cell number with respect to controls. Our cumulative results indicate that, whilst HB2 cells appear to activate defense mechanisms against metal stress principally via metallothionein massive up-regulation and appearance of the spliced form of XBP-1 message, MDA-MB231 cells seem to couple the onset of a protective reaction (e.g. up-regulation of hsp27 and metallothioneins) to the switching-on of new intracellular pathways directing cells to a kind of death which shares several aspects with the apoptotic program, such as down-regulation of Bcl-2 and over-expression of Dap kinase and several caspases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalia Sirchia
- Dipartimento di Biologia Cellulare e dello Sviluppo, Viale delle Scienze, Università di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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Yang L, Kemadjou JR, Zinsmeister C, Bauer M, Legradi J, Müller F, Pankratz M, Jäkel J, Strähle U. Transcriptional profiling reveals barcode-like toxicogenomic responses in the zebrafish embryo. Genome Biol 2008; 8:R227. [PMID: 17961207 PMCID: PMC2246301 DOI: 10.1186/gb-2007-8-10-r227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2007] [Revised: 09/17/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Microarray profiling of zebrafish embryos exposed to a range of environmental toxicants revealed distinct expression profiles for each of the toxicants tested. Background Early life stages are generally most sensitive to toxic effects. Our knowledge on the action of manmade chemicals on the developing vertebrate embryo is, however, rather limited. We addressed the toxicogenomic response of the zebrafish embryo in a systematic manner by asking whether distinct chemicals would induce specific transcriptional profiles. Results We exposed zebrafish embryos to a range of environmental toxicants and measured the changes in gene-expression profiles by hybridizing cDNA to an oligonucleotide microarray. Several hundred genes responded significantly to at least one of the 11 toxicants tested. We obtained specific expression profiles for each of the chemicals and could predict the identity of the toxicant from the expression profiles with high probability. Changes in gene expression were observed at toxicant concentrations that did not cause morphological effects. The toxicogenomic profiles were highly stage specific and we detected tissue-specific gene responses, underscoring the sensitivity of the assay system. Conclusion Our results show that the genome of the zebrafish embryo responds to toxicant exposure in a highly sensitive and specific manner. Our work provides proof-of-principle for the use of the zebrafish embryo as a toxicogenomic model and highlights its potential for systematic, large-scale analysis of the effects of chemicals on the developing vertebrate embryo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixin Yang
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Postfach 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany.
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Connon R, Hooper HL, Sibly RM, Lim FL, Heckmann LH, Moore DJ, Watanabe H, Soetaert A, Cook K, Maund SJ, Hutchinson TH, Moggs J, De Coen W, Iguchi T, Callaghan A. Linking molecular and population stress responses in Daphnia magna exposed to cadmium. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2008; 42:2181-8. [PMID: 18409656 DOI: 10.1021/es702469b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
DNA microarrays can be used to measure environmental stress responses. If they are to be predictive of environmental impact, we need to determine if altered gene expression translates into negative impacts on individuals and populations. A large cDNA microarray (14000 spots) was created to measure molecular stress responses to cadmium in Daphnia magna,the mostwidely used aquatic indicator species, and relate responses to population growth rate (pgr). We used the array to detect differences in the transcription of genes in juvenile D. magna (24 h old) after 24 h exposure to a control and three cadmium concentrations (6, 20, and 37 microg Cd2+ L(-1)). Stress responses at the population level were estimated following a further 8 days exposure. Pgr was approximately linear negative with increasing cadmium concentration over this range. The microarray profile of gene expression in response to acute cadmium exposure begins to provide an overview of the molecular responses of D. magna, especially in relation to growth and development. Of the responding genes, 29% were involved with metabolism including carbohydrate, fat and peptide metabolism, and energy production, 31% were involved with transcription/translation, while 40% of responding genes were associated with cellular processes like growth and moulting, ion transport, and general stress responses (which included oxidative stress). Our production and application of a large Daphnia magna microarray has shown that measured gene responses can be logically linked to the impact of a toxicant such as cadmium on somatic growth and development, and consequently pgr.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Connon
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, P.O. Box 68, Reading RG6 6BX, UK
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Cui Y, McBride SJ, Boyd WA, Alper S, Freedman JH. Toxicogenomic analysis of Caenorhabditis elegans reveals novel genes and pathways involved in the resistance to cadmium toxicity. Genome Biol 2008; 8:R122. [PMID: 17592649 PMCID: PMC2394766 DOI: 10.1186/gb-2007-8-6-r122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2007] [Revised: 05/22/2007] [Accepted: 06/25/2007] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to cadmium is associated with a variety of human diseases. At low concentrations, cadmium activates the transcription of stress-responsive genes, which can prevent or repair the adverse effects caused by this metal. RESULTS Using Caenorhabditis elegans, 290 genes were identified that are differentially expressed (>1.5-fold) following a 4 or 24 hour exposure to cadmium. Several of these genes are known to be involved in metal detoxification, including mtl-1, mtl-2, cdr-1 and ttm-1, confirming the efficacy of the study. The majority, however, were not previously associated with metal-responsiveness and are novel. Gene Ontology analysis mapped these genes to cellular/ion trafficking, metabolic enzymes and proteolysis categories. RNA interference-mediated inhibition of 50 cadmium-responsive genes resulted in an increased sensitivity to cadmium toxicity, demonstrating that these genes are involved in the resistance to cadmium toxicity. Several functional protein interacting networks were identified by interactome analysis. Within one network, the signaling protein KEL-8 was identified. Kel-8 protects C. elegans from cadmium toxicity in a mek-1 (MAPKK)-dependent manner. CONCLUSION Because many C. elegans genes and signal transduction pathways are evolutionarily conserved, these results may contribute to the understanding of the functional roles of various genes in cadmium toxicity in higher organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxia Cui
- Nicholas School of the Environment and Earth Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Sandra J McBride
- Nicholas School of the Environment and Earth Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Windy A Boyd
- Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Scott Alper
- Laboratory of Environmental Lung Disease, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27707, USA
| | - Jonathan H Freedman
- Nicholas School of the Environment and Earth Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
- Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
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Shaw JR, Colbourne JK, Davey JC, Glaholt SP, Hampton TH, Chen CY, Folt CL, Hamilton JW. Gene response profiles for Daphnia pulex exposed to the environmental stressor cadmium reveals novel crustacean metallothioneins. BMC Genomics 2007; 8:477. [PMID: 18154678 PMCID: PMC2234263 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-8-477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2007] [Accepted: 12/21/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Genomic research tools such as microarrays are proving to be important resources to study the complex regulation of genes that respond to environmental perturbations. A first generation cDNA microarray was developed for the environmental indicator species Daphnia pulex, to identify genes whose regulation is modulated following exposure to the metal stressor cadmium. Our experiments revealed interesting changes in gene transcription that suggest their biological roles and their potentially toxicological features in responding to this important environmental contaminant. Results Our microarray identified genes reported in the literature to be regulated in response to cadmium exposure, suggested functional attributes for genes that share no sequence similarity to proteins in the public databases, and pointed to genes that are likely members of expanded gene families in the Daphnia genome. Genes identified on the microarray also were associated with cadmium induced phenotypes and population-level outcomes that we experimentally determined. A subset of genes regulated in response to cadmium exposure was independently validated using quantitative-realtime (Q-RT)-PCR. These microarray studies led to the discovery of three genes coding for the metal detoxication protein metallothionein (MT). The gene structures and predicted translated sequences of D. pulex MTs clearly place them in this gene family. Yet, they share little homology with previously characterized MTs. Conclusion The genomic information obtained from this study represents an important first step in characterizing microarray patterns that may be diagnostic to specific environmental contaminants and give insights into their toxicological mechanisms, while also providing a practical tool for evolutionary, ecological, and toxicological functional gene discovery studies. Advances in Daphnia genomics will enable the further development of this species as a model organism for the environmental sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph R Shaw
- Department of Biology, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, USA.
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Planelló R, Martínez-Guitarte JL, Morcillo G. Ribosomal genes as early targets of cadmium-induced toxicity in Chironomus riparius larvae. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2007; 373:113-21. [PMID: 17169405 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2006.10.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2006] [Revised: 10/25/2006] [Accepted: 10/25/2006] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium is a widespread environmental pollutant that causes severe impacts in organisms. Although the effects of cadmium on aquatic insects have been studied in terms of their toxicity and changes in developmental parameters, little is known about its molecular and genetic effects. We have investigated the alterations in the pattern of gene expression provoked by acute exposure to cadmium in Chironomus riparius Mg. (Diptera, Chironomidae), a sentinel organism widely used in aquatic toxicity testing. The early cytotoxic effects were evaluated using immunocytochemistry and specific fluorescent probes in fourth instar larvae after 12 h of 10 mM cadmium treatments; under these conditions no significant effect on larvae mortality was detected until after 36 h of exposure. The changes in the pattern of gene expression were analysed by means of DNA/RNA hybrid antibodies in the polytene chromosomes from salivary gland cells. A decrease in the activity of the nucleolus is especially remarkable, accompanied by a significant reduction in size and the modification in nucleolar architecture, as shown by FISH. The inhibition of rDNA transcription was further evaluated by Northern blot analysis, which showed a marked decrease in the level of preribosomal rRNA (54% 45S 12 h). However, the BR genes, whose products are the giant polypeptides that constitute the silk-like secretion for constructing housing tubes, remain active. Simultaneously, decondensation and activation take place at some chromosomal regions, especially at the centromeres. The changes observed in the pattern of gene expression do not resemble those found after heat shock or other cell stressors. These data provide the first evidence that cadmium interacts with ribosomal genes and results in a drastic impairment of the functional activity of the nucleolus, an essential organelle for cellular survival. Therefore, the depletion of ribosomes would be a long-term effect of Cd-induced cellular damage. These findings may have important implications for understanding the adverse biological effects of cadmium and its toxic mechanism, as yet not clearly defined, and provide a sensitive biomarker of cadmium exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Planelló
- Biología Ambiental, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, Senda del Rey 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain
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Cui Y, McBride SJ, Boyd WA, Alper S, Freedman JH. Toxicogenomic analysis of Caenorhabditis elegans reveals novel genes and pathways involved in the resistance to cadmium toxicity. Genome Biol 2007; 8:R122. [PMID: 17592649 DOI: 10.1186/gb-2007-8-6-r122|issn1465-6914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2007] [Revised: 05/22/2007] [Accepted: 06/25/2007] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to cadmium is associated with a variety of human diseases. At low concentrations, cadmium activates the transcription of stress-responsive genes, which can prevent or repair the adverse effects caused by this metal. RESULTS Using Caenorhabditis elegans, 290 genes were identified that are differentially expressed (>1.5-fold) following a 4 or 24 hour exposure to cadmium. Several of these genes are known to be involved in metal detoxification, including mtl-1, mtl-2, cdr-1 and ttm-1, confirming the efficacy of the study. The majority, however, were not previously associated with metal-responsiveness and are novel. Gene Ontology analysis mapped these genes to cellular/ion trafficking, metabolic enzymes and proteolysis categories. RNA interference-mediated inhibition of 50 cadmium-responsive genes resulted in an increased sensitivity to cadmium toxicity, demonstrating that these genes are involved in the resistance to cadmium toxicity. Several functional protein interacting networks were identified by interactome analysis. Within one network, the signaling protein KEL-8 was identified. Kel-8 protects C. elegans from cadmium toxicity in a mek-1 (MAPKK)-dependent manner. CONCLUSION Because many C. elegans genes and signal transduction pathways are evolutionarily conserved, these results may contribute to the understanding of the functional roles of various genes in cadmium toxicity in higher organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxia Cui
- Nicholas School of the Environment and Earth Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
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Ermentrout RM, Layon ME, Ackley CJ, Venkatesan P, Lowrey CH. The effects of lead and cadmium on GATA-1 regulated erythroid gene expression. Blood Cells Mol Dis 2006; 37:164-72. [PMID: 17055757 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcmd.2006.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2006] [Revised: 08/09/2006] [Accepted: 08/10/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) are heavy metal toxins that cause many pathophysiologic effects, including anemia. Previous in vitro studies have shown that these metals are able to replace coordinated Zinc (Zn) atoms in the Zn fingers of transcription factors and that this can alter the structure and DNA-binding characteristics of these proteins. This has lead to the hypothesis that one mechanism underlying the toxic effects of Pb and Cd is their ability to alter Zn finger transcription factor function resulting in aberrant target gene expression. A recent report that Pb is able to replace Zn in the Zn fingers of the hematopoietic transcription factor GATA-1 prompted us to address this hypothesis in the setting of MEL cell differentiation. If Pb or Cd is able to inhibit GATA-1 function, this should be detectable through alterations in chemically induced erythroid differentiation and GATA-1-dependent gene expression. Despite a strong rationale for this hypothesis, we have found no significant change in MEL differentiation, the expression of several GATA-1 target genes, or of in vitro and in vivo GATA-1 binding to DNA at concentrations well above those associated with toxic effects in humans. These results argue against the hypothesis that Pb or Cd significantly alters GATA-1 function in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Mitchell Ermentrout
- Department of Medicine and Pharmacology and Toxicology of Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, NH, USA
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Williams TD, Diab AM, George SG, Godfrey RE, Sabine V, Conesa A, Minchin SD, Watts PC, Chipman JK. Development of the GENIPOL European flounder (Platichthys flesus) microarray and determination of temporal transcriptional responses to cadmium at low dose. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2006; 40:6479-88. [PMID: 17120584 DOI: 10.1021/es061142h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
We have constructed a high density, 13 270-clone cDNA array for the sentinel fish species European flounder (Platichthys flesus), combining clones from suppressive subtractive hybridization and a liver cDNA library; DNA sequences of 5211 clones were determined. Fish were treated by single intraperitoneal injection with 50 micrograms cadmium chloride per kilogram body weight, a dose relevant to environmental exposures, and hepatic gene expression changes were determined at 1, 2, 4, 8, and 16 days postinjection in comparison to saline-treated controls. Gene expression responses were confirmed by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Blast2GO gene ontology analysis highlighted a general induction of the unfolded protein response, response to oxidative stress, protein synthesis, transport, and degradation pathways, while apoptosis, cell cycle, cytoskeleton, and cytokine genes were also affected. Transcript levels of cytochrome P450 1A (CYP1A) were repressed and vitellogenin altered, real-time PCR showed induction of metallothionein. We thus describe the establishment of a useful resource for ecotoxicogenomics and the determination of the temporal molecular responses to cadmium, a prototypical heavy metal pollutant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim D Williams
- School of Biosciences, The University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT UK.
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Abstract
The advantages seen by patients receiving total hip arthroplasties and the implications of the release of both metal particles and soluble metal ions are discussed. This paper describes some of the early changes that have been observed in metal-on-metal hip arthroplasties, in terms of both changes in metal levels in blood and chromosome changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Bhamra
- Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Rotherham General Hospital, Oakwood, Rotherham, UK.
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Glaviano A, Nayak V, Cabuy E, Baird DM, Yin Z, Newson R, Ladon D, Rubio MA, Slijepcevic P, Lyng F, Mothersill C, Case CP. Effects of hTERT on metal ion-induced genomic instability. Oncogene 2006; 25:3424-35. [PMID: 16449970 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1209399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
There is currently a great interest in delayed chromosomal and other damaging effects of low-dose exposure to a variety of pollutants which appear collectively to act through induction of stress-response pathways related to oxidative stress and ageing. These have been studied mostly in the radiation field but evidence is accumulating that the mechanisms can also be triggered by chemicals, especially heavy metals. Humans are exposed to metals, including chromium (Cr) (VI) and vanadium (V) (V), from the environment, industry and surgical implants. Thus, the impact of low-dose stress responses may be larger than expected from individual toxicity projections. In this study, a short (24 h) exposure of human fibroblasts to low doses of Cr (VI) and V (V) caused both acute chromosome damage and genomic instability in the progeny of exposed cells for at least 30 days after exposure. Acutely, Cr (VI) caused chromatid breaks without aneuploidy while V (V) caused aneuploidy without chromatid breaks. The longer-term genomic instability was similar but depended on hTERT positivity. In telomerase-negative hTERT- cells, Cr (VI) and V (V) caused a long lasting and transmissible induction of dicentric chromosomes, nucleoplasmic bridges, micronuclei and aneuploidy. There was also a long term and transmissible reduction of clonogenic survival, with an increased beta-galactosidase staining and apoptosis. This instability was not present in telomerase-positive hTERT+ cells. In contrast, in hTERT+ cells the metals caused a persistent induction of tetraploidy, which was not noted in hTERT- cells. The growth and survival of both metal-exposed hTERT+ and hTERT- cells differed if they were cultured at subconfluent levels or plated out as colonies. Genomic instability is considered to be a driving force towards cancer. This study suggests that the type of genomic instability in human cells may depend critically on whether they are telomerase-positive or -negative and that their sensitivities to metals could depend on whether they are clustered or diffuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Glaviano
- Bristol Implant Research Centre, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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Liu W, Li PJ, Qi XM, Zhou QX, Zheng L, Sun TH, Yang YS. DNA changes in barley (Hordeum vulgare) seedlings induced by cadmium pollution using RAPD analysis. CHEMOSPHERE 2005; 61:158-67. [PMID: 16168739 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.02.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2004] [Revised: 01/23/2005] [Accepted: 02/22/2005] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, several plant species have been used as bioindicators, and several tests have been developed to evaluate the toxicity of environmental contaminants on vegetal organisms. In this study, barley (Hordeum vulgare L) seedling was used as bioindicator of cadmium (Cd) pollution in the range of 30-120 mgl(-1). Inhibition of root growth and reduction of total soluble protein content in root tips of barley seedlings were observed with the increase of Cd concentrations. The changes occurring in random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) profiles of root tips following Cd treatment included variation in band intensity, loss of normal bands and appearance of new bands compared with the normal seedlings. Additionally, we found that the effect of changes was dose-dependent. These results indicated that genomic template stability (a qualitative measure reflecting changes in RAPD profiles) was significantly affected at the above Cd concentration. Thus, DNA polymorphisms detected by RAPD analysis could be used as an investigation tool for environmental toxicology and as a useful biomarker assay for the detection of genotoxic effects of Cd pollution on plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan Liu
- Key laboratory of Terrestrial Ecological Processes, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, PR China.
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Diep PTN, Denizeau F, Jumarie C. Kinetics of the early subcellular distribution of cadmium in rat hepatocytes. Biometals 2005; 18:255-67. [PMID: 15984570 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-005-1538-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The kinetics of the early subcellular distribution of cadmium (Cd) was characterized in primary cultures of rat hepatocytes exposed to 10, 50 and 100 microM Cd in a serum-free WME medium for 10, 30 or 60 min. Our results demonstrate a time- and concentration-dependent increase in Cd content with the highest metal concentration measured in the cytosol, whereas the lowest was observed in the mitochondria. With the exception of early localization in the plasma membrane, Cd concentrations in fractions were characterized by the following decreasing order of magnitude: cytosol > low density molecules approximately nuclei > lysosomes approximately mitochondria. We also found evidence for: (i) a two-step process for Cd distribution in the nuclei and mitochondria; and (ii) a time-dependent 'slow' process of transfer from the plasma membrane to the cytosol. Saturation in Cd uptake was observed at 50 microM in most cell fractions at 10 and 30 min, except for the plasma membrane. The lack of apparent saturation for Cd accumulation at 60 min was not related to an increase in metallothionein synthesis. Altogether, our data provide insights into the dynamics of transfer between intracellular compartments, and allow a better identification of the organelles that are the most subjected to Cd toxicity for early exposure conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pham T N Diep
- Department de chimie, Université dal Québec à Montréal, C.P. 8888, Succ. centre-ville, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3C 3P8
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Amundson SA, Do KT, Vinikoor L, Koch-Paiz CA, Bittner ML, Trent JM, Meltzer P, Fornace AJ. Stress-specific signatures: expression profiling of p53 wild-type and -null human cells. Oncogene 2005; 24:4572-9. [PMID: 15824734 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1208653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Gene expression responses of human cell lines exposed to a diverse set of stress agents were compared by cDNA microarray hybridization. The B-lymphoblastoid cell line TK6 (p53 wild-type) and its p53-null derivative, NH32, were treated in parallel to facilitate investigation of p53-dependent responses. RNA was extracted 4 h after the beginning of treatment when no notable decrease in cell viability was evident in the cultures. Gene expression signatures were defined that discriminated between four broad general mechanisms of stress agents: Non-DNA-damaging stresses (heat shock, osmotic shock, and 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate), agents causing mainly oxidative stress (arsenite and hydrogen peroxide), ionizing radiations (neutron and gamma-ray exposures), and other DNA-damaging agents (ultraviolet radiation, methyl methanesulfonate, adriamycin, camptothecin, and cis-Platinum(II)diammine dichloride (cisplatin)). Within this data set, non-DNA-damaging stresses could be discriminated from all DNA-damaging stresses, and profiles for individual agents were also defined. While DNA-damaging stresses showed a strong p53-dependent element in their responses, no discernible p53-dependent responses were triggered by the non-DNA-damaging stresses. A set of 16 genes did exhibit a robust p53-dependent pattern of induction in response to all nine DNA-damaging agents, however.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally A Amundson
- Gene Response Section, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Dong J, Song MO, Freedman JH. Identification and characterization of a family of Caenorhabditis elegans genes that is homologous to the cadmium-responsive gene cdr-1. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 1727:16-26. [PMID: 15652154 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbaexp.2004.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2004] [Revised: 11/03/2004] [Accepted: 11/09/2004] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Six Caenorhabditis elegans genes that are homologous to the novel, cadmium-responsive gene cdr-1 have been identified and characterized. Nucleotide and amino acid sequence comparisons among the CDR family, which includes cdr-1, cdr-2, cdr-3, cdr-4, cdr-5, cdr-6, and cdr-7, reveals a high degree of identity among the seven members in this family. There are high levels of amino acid and nucleotide sequence similarity in the lengths of the open reading frames, predicted sizes, and protein characteristics. The seven proteins are predicted to be extremely hydrophobic, and are classified as integral membrane proteins. Structural analysis of the predicted proteins suggests that they may have similar biological functions. In response to cadmium exposure, cdr-1, cdr-2, cdr-3, and cdr-4 transcription significantly increases. In contrast, the levels of cdr-5, cdr-6, and cdr-7 transcription are not significantly affected or inhibited by cadmium exposure. Further, in non-exposed C. elegans, cdr-2, cdr-4, cdr-6, and cdr-7 are constitutively expressed. When CDR-1 expression was inhibited using RNAi, numerous fluid droplets were observed throughout the nematode body cavity. This phenotype became more pronounced in the presence of hypotonic stress. This suggests that CDR-1 may function in osmoregulation to maintain salt balance in C. elegans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Dong
- Nicholas School of the Environment and Earth Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
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