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Schoeler NE, Ridout D, Neal EG, Becirovic M, Whiteley VJ, Meskell R, Lightfoot K, Mills N, Ives T, Bara V, Cameron E, Thomas P, Wilford E, Fox R, Fabe J, Leong JY, Tan-Smith C. Maintenance of response to ketogenic diet therapy for drug-resistant epilepsy post diet discontinuation: A multi-centre case note review. Seizure 2024; 121:78-84. [PMID: 39121817 DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2024.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2024] [Revised: 08/01/2024] [Accepted: 08/03/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE There is limited research on the proportion of individuals with epilepsy who maintain response to ketogenic diet therapy (KDT) after discontinuing treatment. We aimed to determine the proportion of individuals who did / did not maintain response post KDT and explore factors that may influence the likelihood of maintaining response. METHODS Retrospective data were collected from 97 individuals from 9 KDT centres. Individuals had achieved ≥50 % seizure reduction on KDT for at least 12 months, with seizure frequency data available at 3 months+ post diet. Outcome 1 was: recurrence of seizures or increase in seizure frequency post diet; outcome 2: recurrence of seizures, increase in seizure frequency or an additional anti-seizure treatment started post diet. RESULTS 61/97 (62.9 %) individuals maintained response at latest follow-up (mean 2.5[2.0] years since stopping KDT). Approximately one third maintained response without further anti-seizure treatments. One quarter of individuals had an increase in frequency or recurrence of seizures within 6 months (95 %CI 4, 12) for outcome 1 and within 3 months (3, 6) for outcome 2. Individuals who did not achieve seizure freedom on diet were significantly more likely to have an increase in seizures or to require additional anti-seizure treatments post diet compared to those who were seizure-free on diet (hazard ratio 4.02, 95 %CI (1.46, 11.16) p < 0.01). CONCLUSION Our findings should help guide clinical teams with the information they provide patients and their families regarding likelihood of long-term seizure response to KDT. Realistic costings for KDT services may need to be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha E Schoeler
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK; Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, Great Ormond St, London WC1N 3JH, UK.
| | - Deborah Ridout
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Elizabeth G Neal
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Marisa Becirovic
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | | | - Rachel Meskell
- Leeds Children's Hospital, Clarendon Wing, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds LS1 3EX, UK
| | - Kathryn Lightfoot
- Leeds Children's Hospital, Clarendon Wing, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds LS1 3EX, UK
| | - Nicole Mills
- Cambridge University Hospitals, Hills Rd, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Tammy Ives
- Royal Berkshire Hospital, London Rd, Reading RG1 5AN, UK
| | - Vanessa Bara
- Bristol Royal Hospital for Children, Upper Maudlin St, Bristol BS2 8BJ, UK
| | - Emma Cameron
- Bristol Royal Hospital for Children, Upper Maudlin St, Bristol BS2 8BJ, UK
| | - Phillipa Thomas
- Bristol Royal Hospital for Children, Upper Maudlin St, Bristol BS2 8BJ, UK
| | - Ellen Wilford
- Leicester Royal Infirmary, Infirmary Square, Leicester LE1 5WW, UK
| | - Rachel Fox
- Leicester Royal Infirmary, Infirmary Square, Leicester LE1 5WW, UK
| | - Jennifer Fabe
- McMaster Children's Hospital, 1200 Main St W, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Jia Yi Leong
- Christchurch Hospital, 2 Riccarton Avenue, Christchurch Central City, Christchurch 4710, New Zealand
| | - Charlene Tan-Smith
- Christchurch Hospital, 2 Riccarton Avenue, Christchurch Central City, Christchurch 4710, New Zealand
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Cameron T, Allan K, Kay Cooper. The use of ketogenic diets in children living with drug-resistant epilepsy, glucose transporter 1 deficiency syndrome and pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency: A scoping review. J Hum Nutr Diet 2024; 37:827-846. [PMID: 38838079 DOI: 10.1111/jhn.13324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ketogenic diet (KD) is a high fat, moderate protein and very low carbohydrate diet. It can be used as a medical treatment for drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE), glucose transporter 1 deficiency syndrome and pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency. The aim of this scoping review was to map the KD literature, with a focus on epilepsy and associated metabolic conditions, to summarise the current evidence-base and identify any gaps. METHODS This review was conducted using JBI scoping review methodological guidance and the PRISMA extension for scoping reviews reporting guidance. A comprehensive literature search was conducted in September 2021 and updated in February 2024 using MEDLINE, CINAHL, AMED, EmBASE, CAB Abstracts, Scopus and Food Science Source databases. RESULTS The initial search yielded 2721 studies and ultimately, data were extracted from 320 studies that fulfilled inclusion criteria for the review. There were five qualitative studies, and the remainder were quantitative, including 23 randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and seven quasi-experimental studies. The USA published the highest number of KD studies followed by China, South Korea and the UK. Most studies focused on the classical KD and DRE. The studies key findings suggest that the KD is efficacious, safe and tolerable. CONCLUSIONS There are opportunities available to expand the scope of future KD research, particularly to conduct high-quality RCTs and further qualitative research focused on the child's needs and family support to improve the effectiveness of KDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy Cameron
- Royal Aberdeen Children's Hospital, NHS Grampian, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK
- School of Health Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK
| | - Karen Allan
- School of Health Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK
| | - Kay Cooper
- School of Health Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK
- Scottish Centre for Evidence-based, Multi-professional Practice: A JBI Centre of Excellence, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK
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Rodrigo Marinowic D, Bottega Pazzin D, Prates da Cunha de Azevedo S, Pinzetta G, Victor Machado de Souza J, Tonon Schneider F, Thor Ramos Previato T, Jean Varella de Oliveira F, Costa Da Costa J. Epileptogenesis and drug-resistant in focal cortical dysplasias: Update on clinical, cellular, and molecular markers. Epilepsy Behav 2024; 150:109565. [PMID: 38070410 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2023.109565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
Focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) is a cortical malformation in brain development and is considered as one of the major causes of drug-resistant epilepsiesin children and adults. The pathogenesis of FCD is yet to be fully understood. Imaging markers such as MRI are currently the surgeons major obstacle due to the difficulty in delimiting the precise dysplasic area and a mosaic brain where there is epileptogenic tissue invisible to MRI. Also increased gene expression and activity may be responsible for the alterations in cell proliferation, migration, growth, and survival. Altered expressions were found, particularly in the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. Surgery is still considered the most effective treatment option, due to drug-resistance, and up to 60 % of patients experience complete seizure control, varying according to the type and location of FCD. Both genetic and epigenetic factors may be involved in the pathogenesis of FCD, and there is no conclusive evidence whether these alterations are inherited or have an environmental origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Rodrigo Marinowic
- Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul (BraIns), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Graduate Program in Medicine and Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
| | - Douglas Bottega Pazzin
- Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul (BraIns), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Graduate Program in Medicine and Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | - Giulia Pinzetta
- Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul (BraIns), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - João Victor Machado de Souza
- Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul (BraIns), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Fernando Tonon Schneider
- Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul (BraIns), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Thales Thor Ramos Previato
- Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul (BraIns), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Graduate Program in Medicine and Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Fábio Jean Varella de Oliveira
- Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul (BraIns), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Graduate Program in Medicine and Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Jaderson Costa Da Costa
- Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul (BraIns), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Graduate Program in Medicine and Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Focal cortical dysplasia as a cause of epilepsy: The current evidence of associated genes and future therapeutic treatments. INTERDISCIPLINARY NEUROSURGERY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inat.2022.101635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Mohamed K, Elmalik EE, Bakry M, Bayoumi MAA. Refractory neonatal seizures caused by hemimegalencephaly. BMJ Case Rep 2022; 15:e251587. [PMID: 36104033 PMCID: PMC9476121 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2022-251587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Khuloud Mohamed
- Department of medical education, Hamad Medical Corporation (HMC), Doha, Qatar
| | - Einas Elzubier Elmalik
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU), Women's Wellness and Research Center (WWRC), Hamad Medical Corporation (HMC), Doha, Qatar
| | - Mohamed Bakry
- Corporate communication department, Hamad Medical Corporation (HMC), Doha, Qatar
| | - Mohammad A A Bayoumi
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU), Women's Wellness and Research Center (WWRC), Hamad Medical Corporation (HMC), Doha, Qatar
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Na JH, Jung DE, Kang HJ, Kang HC, Kim HD. Treatment strategies for Lennox-Gastaut syndrome: outcomes of multimodal treatment approaches. Ther Adv Neurol Disord 2022; 15:17562864221108012. [PMID: 35958038 PMCID: PMC9358332 DOI: 10.1177/17562864221108012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Multimodal treatment approaches are often considered for patients with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome (LGS). Creating an algorithm that can guide healthcare providers in selecting treatment options for patients with LGS remains a challenge. Herein, we assessed the long-term seizure-free and neurodevelopmental outcomes of stepwise multimodal treatment in patients with LGS. Objective Herein, we assess the long-term seizure-free and neurodevelopmental outcomes of stepwise multimodal treatment in patients with LGS. Methods We retrospectively examined the data of 371 patients with LGS who underwent stepwise multimodal treatment, including antiseizure medication (ASM) therapy, dietary therapy (DT), resective epilepsy surgery (R-ES), and palliative epilepsy surgery (P-ES). The seizure-free outcome was considered to be the effect of the final treatment according to the treatment algorithm, and the percentage of patients who remained seizure-free in each treatment group was calculated. ASM treatment, DT, R-ES, and P-ES were applied to 371 (100%), 201 (54.2%), 112 (30.2%), and 115 (31.0%) patients with LGS, respectively. We evaluated the stepwise multimodal treatment outcomes in these patients. Results One hundred sixty-eight patients (45.3%) remained seizure-free for at least 1 year (seizure-free-for-1-year group), 61 of whom (16.5%) remained seizure-free for more than 5 years (remained-seizure-free group). Among the patients treated with ASM therapy, DT, R-ES, and P-ES, 41 (11.1%), 53 (14.3%), 56 (15.1%), and 29 (7.8%), respectively, remained seizure-free for 1 year. In addition, 15 (4.1%), 15 (4.1%), 19 (5.1%), and 12 (3.2%) patients in the ASM, DT, R-ES, and P-ES treatment groups, respectively, remained seizure-free for more than 5 years. Both the seizure-free-for-1-year and remained-seizure-free groups showed significant improvement in electroencephalography findings and neurodevelopmental status following treatment. Conclusion This study provides an update on the long-term seizure outcomes and neurodevelopmental improvements in a large cohort of patients with LGS following comprehensive multimodal treatment. We emphasize that the active combination of multiple ASMs, DT, and surgical treatment could provide long-term seizure-free outcomes and significant neurological benefits to patients with LGS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hoon Na
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Epilepsy Research Institute, Severance Children's Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Da Eun Jung
- Department of Pediatrics, Ajou Hospital, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Jung Kang
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Epilepsy Research Institute, Severance Children's Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hoon-Chul Kang
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Epilepsy Research Institute, Severance Children's Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Heung Dong Kim
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Epilepsy Research Institute, Severance Children's Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1, Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
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Carroll JH, Martin-McGill KJ, Cross JH, Hickson M, Williams E, Aldridge V, Collinson A. Core outcome set development for childhood epilepsy treated with ketogenic diet therapy: Results of a scoping review and parent interviews. Seizure 2022; 99:54-67. [PMID: 35598573 DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2022.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Clinical trials on childhood epilepsy treated with ketogenic diet (KD) use a wide range of outcomes, however, patients and decision-makers often do not perceive the outcomes used as the most important. We sought parental opinion on outcomes of importance and compared these to outcomes reported in published research. METHODS Ethical approval (London-Surrey-REC19/LO/1680). A scoping review identified outcomes reported in previous studies of childhood epilepsy and KD. Parents were recruited from nine KD centres (UK), charities and social media (international), then interviewed (Jan-April 2020) to explore priority outcomes. Content analysis identified all outcomes in transcripts. Parent identified outcomes were compared with those in the scoping review. Outcomes were collated and grouped into domains according to the COMET Taxonomy. RESULTS Of 2663 articles;147 met inclusion criteria. 921 verbatim outcomes were sorted into 90 discrete outcomes, reduced to 70 in consultation with the study advisory group, then classified into 21 domains. Parents (n = 21) identified 39 outcomes as important from the scoping review and seven new outcomes. They prioritised both physiological and functional outcomes in contrast to past studies, which prioritised physiological outcomes. CONCLUSION Little consistency exists in the outcomes used in childhood epilepsy and KD research. Those traditionally used do not adequately reflect parents' important outcomes for their child. Clinical trials should consider the broader priorities of parents when choosing outcomes, in particular, functional outcomes. Identified outcomes will inform an international two-round Delphi-study with parent, professional and researcher participants to develop a core outcome set for this clinical area (COMET registration #1116).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - J Helen Cross
- Developmental Neurosciences, UCL, NIHR BRC Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mary Hickson
- Faculty of Health, University of Plymouth, Devon, United Kingdom
| | - Emma Williams
- Matthew's Friends, Lingfield, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Val Aldridge
- Matthew's Friends, Lingfield, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Avril Collinson
- Faculty of Health, University of Plymouth, Devon, United Kingdom
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Dou X, Xu X, Mo T, Chen H, Wang Z, Li X, Jia S, Wang D. Evaluation of the seizure control and the tolerability of ketogenic diet in Chinese children with structural drug-resistant epilepsy. Seizure 2021; 94:43-51. [PMID: 34864251 DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2021.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In this study, we aimed to evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of ketogenic diet (KD) in Chinese children with drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE) due to structural etiology. METHODS We retrospectively analyzed data from 23 pediatric patients with DRE due to structural etiology who were treated with KD at Department of Neurology, between May 2014 and December 2020. Based on etiological classifications, the patients were divided into a neonatal brain injury (Group 1), an intracranial infection group (Group2) and a group that showed malformations of cortical development (MCDs) (Group 3). RESULTS The 23 patients remained on the KD for a mean duration of 15.3 ± 9.7 months. The response rates for the control of seizures were 60.9% (14/23), 52.2 % (12/23), 47.8% (11/23) at 3, 6 and 12 months, respectively. Subjective improvements in cognition were observed in 87.0% (20/23) of the children during follow-up. Reductions in the frequency of seizures of > 50% were more commonly achieved by patients in group 1 (75.0%, 9/12) compared to the patients in groups 2 (60.0%, 3/5) and 3 (33.4%, 2/6). Further analysis of the patients in Group 1 showed that children with a history of hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) (100.0%, 6/6) had the highest rate of > 50% seizure reduction. The main reasons for the discontinuation of the KD were due to lack of efficacy and poor compliance. Most of the side effects associated with the KD diet were minor and easily corrected by appropriately adjusting the diet. Only 1 patient discontinued the diet due to severe refusal to eat. CONCLUSIONS KD is an effective and safe treatment for Chinese children with DRE due to structural etiology. Better efficacy of seizure control was observed in patients with a history of neonatal brain injury. Patients with DRE secondary to HIE may be particularly responsive to the KD therapy, and so KD should be considered earlier in those patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangjun Dou
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Xi'an Children' Hospital, No. 69, Xijuyuan Lane, Lianhu District, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710003, China.
| | - Xiaoke Xu
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Xi'an Children' Hospital, No. 69, Xijuyuan Lane, Lianhu District, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710003, China
| | - Tingting Mo
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Xi'an Children' Hospital, No. 69, Xijuyuan Lane, Lianhu District, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710003, China.
| | - Hua Chen
- Department of Pediatric Radiology, Xi'an Children' Hospital, No. 69, Xijuyuan Lane, Lianhu District, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710003, China
| | - Zhijing Wang
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Xi'an Children' Hospital, No. 69, Xijuyuan Lane, Lianhu District, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710003, China
| | - Xia Li
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Xi'an Children' Hospital, No. 69, Xijuyuan Lane, Lianhu District, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710003, China
| | - Shanshan Jia
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Xi'an Children' Hospital, No. 69, Xijuyuan Lane, Lianhu District, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710003, China.
| | - Dong Wang
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Xi'an Children' Hospital, No. 69, Xijuyuan Lane, Lianhu District, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710003, China.
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Breu M, Häfele C, Trimmel-Schwahofer P, Schmidt WM, Laconne F, Vodopiutz J, Male C, Dressler A. The relation of etiology based on the 2017 ILAE classification to the effectiveness of the ketogenic diet in drug-resistant epilepsy in childhood. Epilepsia 2021; 62:2814-2825. [PMID: 34453316 PMCID: PMC9290115 DOI: 10.1111/epi.17052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Objective To investigate the effectiveness and safety of the ketogenic diet (KD) in drug‐resistant epilepsy in childhood in relation to the new 2017 International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) classification of etiology. Methods A consecutive cohort of patients treated with the KD were categorized according to the ILAE classification into known (structural, genetic, metabolic, infectious, and immune‐mediated) and unknown etiology. Primary outcome was the frequency of patients achieving seizure freedom with the KD at 3 months, secondary outcomes were seizure reduction >50% at 3 months, and both seizure freedom and seizure reduction >50% at 6, 12 months, and at last follow‐up (LFU), and adverse effects. Outcomes were compared between etiology groups. Results Etiology was known in 70% (129/183). Outcomes did not differ at 3 months (known vs unknown: seizure freedom 28% vs 33%, seizure reduction 62 vs 67%), but seizure freedom was significantly less frequent in known etiology at 6 months (26% vs 43%) and beyond (22% vs 37%). Logistic regression identified duration of epilepsy, number of previous antiseizure medications (ASMs), and age‐appropriate psychomotor development as positive determinants of outcome. Among individual etiology groups, the effectiveness of KD was relatively best for genetic (33% at LFU) and poorest for metabolic etiology (8% at LFU). The small number of patients with infectious and immune‐mediated etiology requires larger numbers in each etiology group to corroborate our results. No differences in type and frequency of adverse effects (in 71%) between etiology groups were observed, requiring medical intervention in 21%. Significance The KD was most effective in genetic and unknown etiology, many unknowns probably represent yet unidentified genetic causes. We recommend consequent diagnostic and genetic work‐up to identify etiologies that respond best to the KD. The KD should be offered early to infants with genetic epilepsy before deterioration of epileptic symptoms and of psychomotor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Breu
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Affiliated Partner of the ERN EpiCARE, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Chiara Häfele
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Affiliated Partner of the ERN EpiCARE, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Petra Trimmel-Schwahofer
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Affiliated Partner of the ERN EpiCARE, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang M Schmidt
- Neuromuscular Research Department, Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Franco Laconne
- Institute for Medical Genetics, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Julia Vodopiutz
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Affiliated Partner of the ERN EpiCARE, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Male
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Affiliated Partner of the ERN EpiCARE, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anastasia Dressler
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Affiliated Partner of the ERN EpiCARE, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Yue J, Liu SY, Yang H. Efficacy of 3 Major Ketogenic Diet Therapies in Children With Drug-Resistant Epilepsy. JAMA Pediatr 2021; 175:434. [PMID: 33492351 DOI: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2020.5448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiong Yue
- Epilepsy Research Center of PLA, Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shi-Yong Liu
- Epilepsy Research Center of PLA, Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hui Yang
- Epilepsy Research Center of PLA, Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Puthanveetil P, Kong X, Bräse S, Voros G, Peer WA. Transcriptome analysis of two structurally related flavonoids; Apigenin and Chrysin revealed hypocholesterolemic and ketogenic effects in mouse embryonic fibroblasts. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 893:173804. [PMID: 33347826 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
There is no known single therapeutic drug for treating hypercholesterolemia that comes with negligible systemic side effects. In the current study, using next generation RNA sequencing approach in mouse embryonic fibroblasts we discovered that two structurally related flavonoid compounds. Apigenin and Chrysin exhibited moderate blocking ability of multiple transcripts that regulate rate limiting enzymes in the cholesterol biosynthesis pathway. The observed decrease in cholesterol biosynthesis pathway correlated well with an increase in transcripts involved in generation and trafficking of ketone bodies as evident by the upregulation of Bdh1 and Slc16a6 transcripts. The hypocholesterolemic potential of Apigenin and Chrysin at higher concentrations along with their ability to generate ketogenic substrate especially during embryonic stage is useful or detrimental for embryonic health is not clear and still debatable. Our study will serve as a steppingstone to further the investigation in whole animal studies and also in translating this knowledge to human studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasanth Puthanveetil
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL, USA.
| | - Xiaoli Kong
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Stefan Bräse
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems (IBCS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann von Helmholtz Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein Leopoldshafen, Germany.
| | - Gabor Voros
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Catholic University Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Wendy Ann Peer
- Department of Environmental Science and Technology, College of Agricultural and Natural Resources, University of Maryland, MD, USA.
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Youn SE, Park S, Kim SH, Lee JS, Kim HD, Kang HC. Long-term outcomes of ketogenic diet in patients with tuberous sclerosis complex-derived epilepsy. Epilepsy Res 2020; 164:106348. [PMID: 32413817 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2020.106348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE For epilepsy with tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC), ketogenic diet (KD) therapy has been consistently reported to be more beneficial than the average KD therapy response. Herein, we aimed to investigate the long-term outcomes of a KD on patients with TSC and intractable epilepsy. METHODS This study included 31 patients with intractable epilepsy and TSC who were treated with the KD, and an intention-to-treat analysis was performed. RESULTS Overall, 21 of the 31 patients (67.7%) had >50% reduction in seizures at 3 months after initiating the KD. Thirteen of the 31 patients (41.9%) were seizure-free for at least 3 months, but 10 of these 13 patients (76.9%) experienced seizure recurrence during the 24-month follow-up period. Finally, at 24 months of the KD observational period, there was >50% response in 10 of the 31 patients (32.3%), including seizure-free patients (6 of 31 patients, 19.4%). Most of the patients (12 of 13, 92.3%) who experienced seizure freedom had >50% reduction in seizures within 1 month after initiating the KD, and this result was the only factor associated with seizure freedom in the current study. CONCLUSION The KD appeared to be an effective therapeutic modality for intractable pediatric epilepsy in TSC, but it did not exhibit guaranteed efficacy over a long-term period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Ee Youn
- Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Pediatrics, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Soyoung Park
- Department of Pediatrics, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon, South Korea
| | - Se Hee Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Division of Pediatric Neurology, Epilepsy Research Institute, Severance Patients' Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Joon Soo Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Division of Pediatric Neurology, Epilepsy Research Institute, Severance Patients' Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Heung Dong Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Division of Pediatric Neurology, Epilepsy Research Institute, Severance Patients' Hospital, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Hoon-Chul Kang
- Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Division of Pediatric Neurology, Epilepsy Research Institute, Severance Patients' Hospital, Seoul, South Korea.
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13
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Armeno M, Caraballo R. The evolving indications of KD therapy. Epilepsy Res 2020; 163:106340. [PMID: 32330835 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2020.106340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Despite the rapid increase of clinical and basic-science knowledge on ketogenic diet therapies over the past years, it has not always been easy to determine the adequate indications of this treatment. Over the nearly 100 years of use, from being a last resource in the therapeutic algorithm, the diet has become one of the four main treatments for patients with difficult-to-control epilepsy together with antiepileptic drugs, surgery, and vagus nerve stimulation. The use of the diet has also changed. The current paper will briefly discuss the history of the diet together with a review of the literature regarding its most important indications and how they have evolved. The concept of the importance of defining the type of seizure, type of syndrome, and etiology in the selection of patients and timing of diet initiation has been gaining importance. This paper explores how the indications of the diet changed together with the shifting focus of epilepsy teams towards its use in different types of epilepsy and epilepsy syndromes and according to etiologies and as an alternative option in refractory and superrefractory status epilepticus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa Armeno
- Department of Nutrition, Hospital de Pediatria Juan P Garrahan, Combate de los Pozos 1881, C1245 CABA, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Roberto Caraballo
- Department of Neurology, Hospital de Pediatria Juan P Garrahan, Combate de los Pozos 1881, C1245 CABA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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14
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Campbell IH, Campbell H. Ketosis and bipolar disorder: controlled analytic study of online reports. BJPsych Open 2019; 5:e58. [PMID: 31530294 PMCID: PMC6620566 DOI: 10.1192/bjo.2019.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 04/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Members of online bipolar disorder forums often report experiences of mood-stabilisation on the ketogenic diet, which has traditionally been used in the treatment of epilepsy. We examined the nature and extent of such reports. AIMS To investigate associations between a ketogenic diet and mood stabilisation among individuals with bipolar disorder. METHOD We undertook an observational analytic study of free-text comments in online forums about mood effects of dietary interventions (ketogenic, omega-3 enriched or vegetarian) classified by a priori categories of change in mood stabilisation in 274 people with bipolar disorder. RESULTS There were 141 (85.5%) free-text comments on ketogenic diets that reported a positive impact on mood stabilisation. Reports of significant mood stabilisation or remission of symptoms over a period were substantially higher for a ketogenic diet than for other diets (93/165, 56.4%, 95% CI 48.4-64.1) v. 14/94, 14.9%, 95% CI 8.4-23.7), odds ratio 7.4, 95% CI 3.8-14.1, P < 0.0001), many with detailed reports of the improvements experienced and several lasting for extended periods (months to years). Other reported associations included fewer episodes of depression (in 41.2%, 95% CI 30.6-52.4 of individuals); improved clarity of thought and speech (28.2%, 95% CI 19.0-39.0); increased energy (25.9, 95% CI 17.0-36.5); and weight loss (25.9%, 95% CI 17.0-36.5). CONCLUSIONS Despite the inherent limitations of the observational data based on self-reports posted online, the association strength and reports of sustained benefit support a hypothesis of a ketogenic diet being associated with beneficial effects on mood stabilisation. Caution should be exercised in interpreting this data until a controlled trial can be carried out to examine this hypothesis. These preliminary observations are generally consistent with a mitochondrial dysfunction component to bipolar disorder aetiology with ketones bypassing a block between glycolysis and the tricarboxylic acid cycle. DECLARATION OF INTEREST None.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iain H. Campbell
- PhD student, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, UK
| | - Harry Campbell
- Professor of Genetic Epidemiology and Public Health, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, UK
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15
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A pyruvate dehydrogenase complex disorder hypothesis for bipolar disorder. Med Hypotheses 2019; 130:109263. [PMID: 31383331 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2019.109263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Revised: 05/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Ketosis is a metabolic state in which the body uses ketones derived from breakdown of fatty acids as the primary mitochondrial fuel source instead of glucose. In recent years an accumulation of evidence for the beneficial effects of the ketotic state on the brain have heightened interest in its potential for use in neurological conditions. The ketogenic diet (KD) induces ketosis and is an effective treatment for medically resistant epilepsy. There is significant comorbidity between epilepsy and bipolar disorder (BD) and both conditions are treated by anti-convulsant drugs. In addition, reports on bipolar disease online fora have highlighted subjective mood stabilization effects associated with the KD. These KD reported effects could be explained if there was a disorder in the conversion of pyruvate into Acetyl-CoA (and subsequent impairment of oxidative phosphorylation) which was bypassed by ketones providing an alternative substrate for oxidative phosphorylation. This is consistent with growing evidence that mitochondrial dysfunction plays a causal role in BD and explains the reported TCA cycle dysfunction and elevated pyruvate levels in BD. Reduced levels of ATP affects the normal operation of the Na, K-ATPase in the brain with differing levels of reduction either leading to reduced neuronal action potential and inhibition of neurotransmitter release (consistent with the depressed state in BD) or increased neuronal resting potential and hyper-excitability (consistent with a [hypo]manic mood state). We hypothesize that the mitochondrial dysfunction is due to a disorder of the Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex (PDC) and/or Mitochondrial Carrier Protein (MCP) shuttle which moves intracellular pyruvate into mitochondria. The resultant reduction in ATP generation could explain mood instability and cycling in BD (through mechanisms such as those delineated by Mallakh and Peters). This proposed novel causal pathway could explain mood de-stabilization in BD and the reported positive effects of KD. If true, this hypothesis would suggest that there should be increased research attention to PDC (and in particular the E1 alpha subunit) as potential therapeutic targets and further study of a possible role of KD in BD to improve mood stability. Experimental approaches, such as through a clinical trial of KD on mood stabilization in BD, are required to further investigate this hypothesis.
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16
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Riantarini I, Kim HD, Ko A, Kim SH, Kang HC, Lee JS, Jung DE. Short- and long-term seizure-free outcomes of dietary treatment in infants according to etiology. Seizure 2019; 71:100-104. [PMID: 31252281 DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2019.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE It is important to determine whether specific etiology is more effective to dietary treatment so that the diet can be started earlier for infants. We evaluated etiology-specific, seizure-free outcomes of dietary treatment in infants <1 year of age. METHODS We conducted a 10-year, retrospective, longitudinal observational study of 115 infants treated with ketogenic diet (KD) or modified Atkins diet (MAD). RESULTS Most patients (70%) received classical KD; 30% received MAD. During follow-up, 90%, 73%, and 61% of the patients remained on the diet at 3, 6, and 12 months, respectively. Seizure-free outcomes were reported in 50%, 44%, and 50% of the patients at 3, 6, and 12 months, respectively. Long-term seizure-free outcomes over 12 months were reported in 43 (74%) of 58 infants who were seizure-free at 3 months. Etiologies were mostly symptomatic (structural brain abnormalities, genetic, or metabolic) in 83 (72%) of 115 patients. According to underlying etiology, long-term seizure-free outcomes were observed in 14 (33%) of 42 patients with structural brain abnormalities, 7 (33%) of 21 with genetic etiologies, 7 (35%) of 20 with metabolic etiologies, and 15 (47%) of 32 with unknown etiologies. There were no etiology-based differences with respect to long-term seizure-free outcomes (P = 0.63). CONCLUSION The high rate of long-term seizure-free outcomes can be predicted based on the seizure freedom at 3 months regardless of etiology. Early dietary treatment is beneficial, even in infants <1 year of age with specific symptomatic etiologies such as genetic, structural brain abnormalities, and metabolic etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Heung Dong Kim
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Epilepsy Research Institute, Severance Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ara Ko
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Epilepsy Research Institute, Severance Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Se Hee Kim
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Epilepsy Research Institute, Severance Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hoon-Chul Kang
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Epilepsy Research Institute, Severance Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Joon Soo Lee
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Epilepsy Research Institute, Severance Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Da Eun Jung
- Department of Pediatrics, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea.
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17
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Challenges in managing epilepsy associated with focal cortical dysplasia in children. Epilepsy Res 2018; 145:1-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2018.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2017] [Revised: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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18
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19
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Auvin S. Prediction of responders to ketogenic diet based on syndrome and etiology: identification of a new target population? Dev Med Child Neurol 2018; 60:644. [PMID: 29569232 DOI: 10.1111/dmcn.13755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Auvin
- Pediatric Neurology Department & INSERM U1141, Robert-Debré University Hospital, Paris, France
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20
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Villaluz MM, Lomax LB, Jadhav T, Cross JH, Scheffer IE. The ketogenic diet is effective for refractory epilepsy associated with acquired structural epileptic encephalopathy. Dev Med Child Neurol 2018; 60:718-723. [PMID: 29451698 DOI: 10.1111/dmcn.13687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
AIM Ketogenic diet therapies have proven efficacy for refractory epilepsy. There are many reports of their use in the genetic developmental and epileptic encephalopathies; however, little attention has been paid as to whether the diet is also effective in individuals with an acquired structural aetiology. We observed remarkable efficacy of the diet in two patients with hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy. We then analysed our cases with refractory structural epilepsies of acquired origin to characterize their response to the ketogenic diet. METHOD The classical ketogenic diet was implemented with dietary ratios of 3:1 to 4.4:1. Seizure frequency at 1 month, 3 months, 6 months, 1 year, and 2 years was ascertained. A responder was defined as greater than 50% seizure reduction compared to baseline. RESULTS Seven of the nine patients were responders at 3 months. INTERPRETATION Somewhat surprisingly we found that the ketogenic diet was effective in patients with a developmental and epileptic encephalopathy due to an acquired structural aetiology. This cohort may not be routinely considered for the ketogenic diet because of their structural and acquired, rather than genetic, basis. The ketogenic diet should be considered early in the management of patients with acquired structural encephalopathies as it can improve seizure control with the potential to improve developmental outcome. WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS The ketogenic diet was effective in children with epilepsy associated with an acquired structural aetiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mel Michel Villaluz
- Epilepsy Research Centre, Austin Health, The University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Vic., Australia
| | - Lysa Boissé Lomax
- Epilepsy Research Centre, Austin Health, The University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Vic., Australia
| | - Trupti Jadhav
- Neurosciences Unit, Great Ormond Street Hospital, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - J Helen Cross
- Neurosciences Unit, Great Ormond Street Hospital, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK.,Young Epilepsy, London, UK
| | - Ingrid E Scheffer
- Epilepsy Research Centre, Austin Health, The University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Vic., Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, Royal Children's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.,Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
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21
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Kossoff EH, Zupec-Kania BA, Auvin S, Ballaban-Gil KR, Christina Bergqvist AG, Blackford R, Buchhalter JR, Caraballo RH, Cross JH, Dahlin MG, Donner EJ, Guzel O, Jehle RS, Klepper J, Kang HC, Lambrechts DA, Liu YMC, Nathan JK, Nordli DR, Pfeifer HH, Rho JM, Scheffer IE, Sharma S, Stafstrom CE, Thiele EA, Turner Z, Vaccarezza MM, van der Louw EJTM, Veggiotti P, Wheless JW, Wirrell EC. Optimal clinical management of children receiving dietary therapies for epilepsy: Updated recommendations of the International Ketogenic Diet Study Group. Epilepsia Open 2018; 3:175-192. [PMID: 29881797 PMCID: PMC5983110 DOI: 10.1002/epi4.12225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 358] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ketogenic dietary therapies (KDTs) are established, effective nonpharmacologic treatments for intractable childhood epilepsy. For many years KDTs were implemented differently throughout the world due to lack of consistent protocols. In 2009, an expert consensus guideline for the management of children on KDT was published, focusing on topics of patient selection, pre‐KDT counseling and evaluation, diet choice and attributes, implementation, supplementation, follow‐up, side events, and KDT discontinuation. It has been helpful in outlining a state‐of‐the‐art protocol, standardizing KDT for multicenter clinical trials, and identifying areas of controversy and uncertainty for future research. Now one decade later, the organizers and authors of this guideline present a revised version with additional authors, in order to include recent research, especially regarding other dietary treatments, clarifying indications for use, side effects during initiation and ongoing use, value of supplements, and methods of KDT discontinuation. In addition, authors completed a survey of their institution's practices, which was compared to responses from the original consensus survey, to show trends in management over the last 10 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric H Kossoff
- Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics Johns Hopkins Outpatient Center Baltimore Maryland U.S.A
| | | | - Stéphane Auvin
- Department of Pediatric Neurology CHU Hôpital Robert Debré Paris France
| | - Karen R Ballaban-Gil
- Department of Neurology and Pediatrics Montefiore Medical Center/Albert Einstein College of Medicine Bronx New York U.S.A
| | - A G Christina Bergqvist
- Department of Neurology The Childrens Hospital of Philadelphia Philadelphia Pennsylvania U.S.A
| | - Robyn Blackford
- Department of Nutrition Lurie Children's Hospital Chicago Illinois U.S.A
| | | | - Roberto H Caraballo
- Department of Neurology Hospital J P Garrahan, Capital Federal Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - J Helen Cross
- Department of Clinical & Experimental Epilepsy Great Ormond Street Hospital University College London London United Kingdom
| | - Maria G Dahlin
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Women's and Children's Health Karolinska Institute Stockholm Sweden
| | - Elizabeth J Donner
- Division of Neurology The Hospital for Sick Children Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Orkide Guzel
- Department of Pediatric Neurology Izmir Dr. Behcet Uz Children's Hospital Izmir Turkey
| | - Rana S Jehle
- Department of Neurology Montefiore Medical Center Bronx New York U.S.A
| | - Joerg Klepper
- Department of Pediatrics and Neuropediatrics Children's Hospital Aschaffenburg Aschaffenburg Germany
| | - Hoon-Chul Kang
- Department of Pediatrics Pediatric Epilepsy Clinic Severance Children's Hospital Seoul Korea
| | | | - Y M Christiana Liu
- Department of Neurology The Hospital for Sick Children Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Janak K Nathan
- Department of Child Neurology Shushrusha Hospital Mumbai India
| | - Douglas R Nordli
- Department of Neurology Children's Hospital of Los Angeles Los Angeles California U.S.A
| | - Heidi H Pfeifer
- Department of Neurology Massachusetts General Hospital Boston Massachusetts U.S.A
| | - Jong M Rho
- Department of Paediatrics Alberta Children's Hospital Calgary Alberta Canada
| | - Ingrid E Scheffer
- Epilepsy Research Centre The University of Melbourne Austin Health Heidelberg Victoria Australia
| | - Suvasini Sharma
- Department of Pediatrics Lady Hardinge Medical College New Delhi India
| | - Carl E Stafstrom
- Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology Johns Hopkins Hospital Baltimore Maryland U.S.A
| | - Elizabeth A Thiele
- Department of Neurology Massachusetts General Hospital Boston Massachusetts U.S.A
| | - Zahava Turner
- Department of Pediatrics The Johns Hopkins University Baltimore Maryland U.S.A
| | - Maria M Vaccarezza
- Department of Neurology Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Elles J T M van der Louw
- Department of Dietetics Sophia Children's Hospital Erasmus Medical Centre Rotterdam The Netherlands
| | - Pierangelo Veggiotti
- Infantile Neuropsychiatry Neurological Institute Foundation Casimiro Mondino Pavia Italy
| | - James W Wheless
- Department of Pediatric Neurology University of Tennessee Memphis Tennessee U.S.A
| | - Elaine C Wirrell
- Department of Neurology, Child and Adolescent Neurology Mayo Clinic Rochester Minnesota U.S.A
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22
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Pasca L, Caraballo RH, De Giorgis V, Reyes JG, Macasaet JA, Masnada S, Armeno M, Musicco M, Tagliabue A, Veggiotti P. Ketogenic diet use in children with intractable epilepsy secondary to malformations of cortical development: A two- centre experience. Seizure 2018; 57:34-37. [PMID: 29554640 DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2018.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Revised: 03/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of the ketogenic diet (KD) as a treatment for drug-resistant epilepsy secondary to malformations of cortical development. METHODS A two-centre retrospective analysis of 45 paediatric patients with refractory epilepsy due to malformation of cortical development was carried out. Patients were divided into three groups based on malformation type: abnormal neural proliferation (Group 1); abnormal neural migration (Group 2) and abnormal post-migrational development (Group 3). The efficacy of the KD was assessed in terms of seizure frequency reduction. We identified the proportion of patients achieving > 50% seizure frequency reduction overall and in the three subgroups. RESULTS The adherence to KD was variable. KD was pursued from a minimum of 4 months to a maximum of 96 months. 20 patients (44%) obtained a seizure reduction of > 50% and 2 patients became seizure free. >50% seizure reduction was most commonly achieved by patients in group 3 (64.7%) than in groups 2 (31.8%) and 1 (33.3%). CONCLUSIONS The best response was observed in patients with malformations of post migrational development. Considering its tolerability, the use of KD should be considered in patients with drug-resistant epilepsy secondary to malformations of cortical development when surgery is not a viable option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludovica Pasca
- Department of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, IRCCS "C. Mondino" National Neurological Institute, Pavia, Italy.
| | - Roberto H Caraballo
- Department of Neurology, Juan P Garrahan Pediatric Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Valentina De Giorgis
- Department of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, IRCCS "C. Mondino" National Neurological Institute, Pavia, Italy; Brain and Behaviour Department, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
| | - J Gabriela Reyes
- Department of Neurology, Juan P Garrahan Pediatric Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | | | - Silvia Masnada
- Brain and Behaviour Department, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
| | - Marisa Armeno
- Department of Neurology, Juan P Garrahan Pediatric Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Massimo Musicco
- Department of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, IRCCS "C. Mondino" National Neurological Institute, Pavia, Italy.
| | - Anna Tagliabue
- Human Nutrition and Eating Disorder Centre, Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Italy.
| | - Pierangelo Veggiotti
- Department of Child Neurology, Children Hospital V. Buzzi, Milan, Italy; Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, L. Sacco - University of Milan, Italy.
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23
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Rezaei S, Abdurahman AA, Saghazadeh A, Badv RS, Mahmoudi M. Short-term and long-term efficacy of classical ketogenic diet and modified Atkins diet in children and adolescents with epilepsy: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutr Neurosci 2017; 22:317-334. [PMID: 29069983 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2017.1387721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Classical ketogenic diet (KD) and modified Atkins diet (MAD) are two types of KD commonly used for the treatment of intractable epilepsy throughout the world. Studies have shown the efficacy of these diets. However, no systematic review and meta-analysis study has to date compared the efficacy of KD and MAD in a time trend. Therefore, the objectives of the present study were to compare the short-term and long-term efficacy of classical KD and MAD in children and adolescents with epilepsy and to determine the efficacy of classical KD and MAD at multiple time points and in a time trend. METHODS Main electronic literature databases, including MEDLINE/PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and EMBASE, were searched in November 2016. Rate difference and random effects model were used to compare the efficacy of the classical KD and MAD. RESULTS Overall, 70 studies were eligible for inclusion. Meta-analysis revealed a non-significant trend toward a higher efficacy of MAD at month-3 and month-6 (P > 0.05). In the classical KD group, the percentage of responder patients achieving ≥50% seizure reduction was 62, 60, 52, 42, and 46% at month-1, 3, 6, 12 and 24 and for the MAD group was 55, 47, 42, and 29% at month-1, 3, 6, and 12, respectively. DISCUSSION Classical KD does not differ substantially from MAD in ≥50% and ≥90% reduction of seizure frequency at month-3 and month-6. Overall, the number of patients achieving seizure freedom increases over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahabeddin Rezaei
- a Department of Cellular and Molecular Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran.,b Students' Scientific Research Center , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Ahmed Abdulahi Abdurahman
- c Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics , Tehran University of Medical Sciences International Campus (TUMS-IC) , Tehran , Iran
| | - Amene Saghazadeh
- d Molecular Immunology Research Center, Department of Immunology, School of Medicine , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran.,e Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Expert Group (SRMEG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN) , Tehran , Iran
| | - Reza Shervin Badv
- f Paediatrics Centre of Excellence, Department of Paediatric Neurology , Children's Medical Centre, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Maryam Mahmoudi
- a Department of Cellular and Molecular Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran.,g Pediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology Research Center, Children's Medical Center , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran.,h Dietitians and Nutrition Experts Team (DiNET), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN) , Tehran , Iran
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24
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Helen Cross J, Spoudeas H. Medical management and antiepileptic drugs in hypothalamic hamartoma. Epilepsia 2017; 58 Suppl 2:16-21. [DOI: 10.1111/epi.13758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Helen Cross
- UCL-Institute of Child Health; Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children; London United Kingdom
- Young Epilepsy; Lingfield United Kingdom
| | - Helen Spoudeas
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children & University College Hospital; London United Kingdom
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25
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Schoeler NE, Bell G, Yuen A, Kapelner AD, Heales SJR, Cross JH, Sisodiya S. An examination of biochemical parameters and their association with response to ketogenic dietary therapies. Epilepsia 2017; 58:893-900. [PMID: 28369834 DOI: 10.1111/epi.13729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In the absence of specific metabolic disorders, accurate predictors of response to ketogenic dietary therapies (KDTs) for treating epilepsy are largely unknown. We hypothesized that specific biochemical parameters would be associated with the effectiveness of KDT in humans with epilepsy. The parameters tested were β-hydroxybutyrate, acetoacetate, nonesterified fatty acids, free and acylcarnitine profile, glucose, and glucose-ketone index (GKI). METHODS Biochemical results from routine blood tests conducted at baseline prior to initiation of KDT and at 3-month follow-up were obtained from 13 adults and 215 children with KDT response data from participating centers. One hundred thirty-two (57%) of 228 participants had some data at both baseline and 3 months; 52 (23%) of 228 had data only at baseline; 22 (10%) of 228 had data only at 3 months; and 22 (10%) of 228 had no data. KDT response was defined as ≥50% seizure reduction at 3-month follow-up. RESULTS Acetyl carnitine at baseline was significantly higher in responders (p < 0.007). It was not associated with response at 3-month follow-up. There was a trend for higher levels of free carnitine and other acylcarnitine esters at baseline and at 3-month follow-up in KDT responders. There was also a trend for greater differences in levels of propionyl carnitine and in β-hydroxybutyrate measured at baseline and 3-month follow-up in KDT responders. No other biochemical parameters were associated with response at any time point. SIGNIFICANCE Our finding that certain carnitine fractions, in particular baseline acetyl carnitine, are positively associated with greater efficacy of KDT is consistent with the theory that alterations in energy metabolism may play a role in the mechanisms of action of KDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha E Schoeler
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, NIHR University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gail Bell
- Epilepsy Society, Chalfont St Peter, United Kingdom
| | - Alan Yuen
- Epilepsy Society, Chalfont St Peter, United Kingdom
| | - Adam D Kapelner
- Department of Mathematics, Queens College, The City University of New York (CUNY), New York, New York, U.S.A
| | - Simon J R Heales
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom.,Chemical Pathology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, United Kingdom.,Neurometabolic Unit, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom
| | - J Helen Cross
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom.,Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, United Kingdom.,Young Epilepsy, Lingfield, United Kingdom
| | - Sanjay Sisodiya
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, NIHR University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom.,Epilepsy Society, Chalfont St Peter, United Kingdom
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26
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Pasca L, De Giorgis V, Macasaet JA, Trentani C, Tagliabue A, Veggiotti P. The changing face of dietary therapy for epilepsy. Eur J Pediatr 2016; 175:1267-76. [PMID: 27586246 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-016-2765-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Revised: 08/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Ketogenic diet is an established and effective non-pharmacologic treatment for drug-resistant epilepsy. Ketogenic diet represents the treatment of choice for GLUT-1 deficiency syndrome and pyruvate dehydrogenase complex deficiency. Infantile spasms, Dravet syndrome and myoclonic-astatic epilepsy are epilepsy syndromes for which ketogenic diet should be considered early in the therapeutic pathway. Recently, clinical indications for ketogenic diet have been increasing, as there is emerging evidence regarding safety and effectiveness. Specifically, ketogenic diet response has been investigated in refractory status epilepticus and encephalopathy with status epilepticus during sleep. New targets in neuropharmacology, such as mitochondrial permeability transition, are being studied and might lead to using it effectively in other neurological diseases. But, inefficient connectivity and impaired ketogenic diet proposal limit ideal availability of this therapeutic option. Ketogenic diet in Italy is not yet considered as standard of care, not even as a therapeutic option for many child neurologists and epileptologists. CONCLUSIONS The aim of this review is to revisit ketogenic diet effectiveness and safety in order to highlight its importance in drug-resistant epilepsy and other neurological disorders. WHAT IS KNOWN • Ketogenic diet efficacy is now described in large case series, with adequate diet compliance and side effects control. • Ketogenic diet is far from being attempted as a first line therapy. Its availability varies worldwide. What is New: • New pharmacological targets such as mitochondrial permeability transition and new epileptic syndromes and etiologies responding to the diet such as refractory status epilepticus are being pointed out. • Ketogenic diet can function at its best when used as a tailor-made therapy. Fine tuning is crucial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludovica Pasca
- Department of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, IRCCS "C. Mondino" National Neurological Institute, Pavia, Italy
| | - Valentina De Giorgis
- Department of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, IRCCS "C. Mondino" National Neurological Institute, Pavia, Italy.,Brain and Behaviour Department, University of Pavia, Via Mondino, 2, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | | | - Claudia Trentani
- Human nutrition and eating disorder center, department of public health, experimental and forensic medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Anna Tagliabue
- Human nutrition and eating disorder center, department of public health, experimental and forensic medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Pierangelo Veggiotti
- Department of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, IRCCS "C. Mondino" National Neurological Institute, Pavia, Italy. .,Brain and Behaviour Department, University of Pavia, Via Mondino, 2, 27100, Pavia, Italy.
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Abstract
OPINION STATEMENT The mainstay of treatment of epilepsy has been antiepileptic drugs; however, despite the emergence of new agents, a consistent proportion remain drug-resistant. Newer AEDs show promise. However, as it becomes clear that the epilepsies are a group of diseases rather than a single disorder the prospect of targeted treatment in some may become a reality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Vezyroglou
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, Great Ormond Street, London, WC1N 3JH, UK
| | - J Helen Cross
- Clinical Neurosciences, 30 Guilford St, London, WC1N 1EH, UK. .,Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, Great Ormond Street, London, WC1N 3JH, UK.
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28
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Guerrini R, Duchowny M, Jayakar P, Krsek P, Kahane P, Tassi L, Melani F, Polster T, Andre VM, Cepeda C, Krueger DA, Cross JH, Spreafico R, Cosottini M, Gotman J, Chassoux F, Ryvlin P, Bartolomei F, Bernasconi A, Stefan H, Miller I, Devaux B, Najm I, Giordano F, Vonck K, Barba C, Blumcke I. Diagnostic methods and treatment options for focal cortical dysplasia. Epilepsia 2015; 56:1669-86. [DOI: 10.1111/epi.13200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Renzo Guerrini
- Pediatric Neurology and Neurogenetics Unit and Laboratories; Children's Hospital Meyer-University of Florence; Florence Italy
- IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation; Pisa Italy
| | - Michael Duchowny
- Neuroscience Program and the Comprehensive Epilepsy Center; Miami Children's Hospital; Miami Florida U.S.A
| | - Prasanna Jayakar
- Department of Neurology; Miami Children's Hospital; Miami Florida U.S.A
| | - Pavel Krsek
- Department of Pediatric Neurology; 2nd Faculty of Medicine; Motol University Hospital; Charles University; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Philippe Kahane
- INSERM U836; University of Grenoble Alpes, GIN; Grenoble; France
- Epilepsy Unit; Michallon Hospital; Grenoble France
| | - Laura Tassi
- Epilepsy Surgery Center; Niguarda Hospital; Milan Italy
| | - Federico Melani
- Pediatric Neurology and Neurogenetics Unit and Laboratories; Children's Hospital Meyer-University of Florence; Florence Italy
| | - Tilman Polster
- Department of Child Neurology; Bethel Epilepsy Center; Bielefeld Germany
| | | | - Carlos Cepeda
- Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center; David Geffen School of Medicine; University of California at Los Angeles; Los Angeles California U.S.A
| | - Darcy A. Krueger
- Division of Neurology; Department of Pediatrics; Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center; University of Cincinnati College of Medicine; Cincinnati Ohio U.S.A
| | - J. Helen Cross
- UCL-Institute of Child Health; Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; London United Kingdom
- Young Epilepsy; Lingfield United Kingdom
| | - Roberto Spreafico
- Clinical Epileptology and Experimental Neurophysiology Unit; Neurological InstituteC. Besta”; Milan Italy
| | - Mirco Cosottini
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery; University of Pisa; Pisa Italy
| | - Jean Gotman
- Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital; McGill University; Montreal Quebec Canada
| | | | - Philippe Ryvlin
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences; CHUV; Lausanne Switzerland
- Translational and Integrative Group in Epilepsy Research (TIGER) and Institute for Epilepsies (IDEE); Lyon's Neuroscience Center; INSERM U1028; CNRS 5292; UCBL; Le Vinatier Hospital; Bron; Lyon France
| | - Fabrice Bartolomei
- Faculty of Medicine; INSERM, U1106; Institute of Neurosciences of Systems; Marseille France
- Faculty of Medicine; Aix Marseille University; Marseille France
- Clinical Neurophysiology Unit; Department of Clinical Neurosciences; CHU Timone; Marseille France
- Henri-Gastaut Hospital; Saint-Paul Center; Marseille France
| | - Andrea Bernasconi
- Neuroimaging of Epilepsy Laboratory; McConnell Brain Imaging Center; Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital; McGill University; Montreal Quebec Canada
| | - Hermann Stefan
- Epilepsy Center Erlangen (ZEE); University Erlangen-Nürnberg; Erlangen Germany
| | - Ian Miller
- Department of Neurology and Comprehensive Epilepsy Program; Brain Institute; Miami Children's Hospital; Miami Florida U.S.A
| | | | - Imad Najm
- Epilepsy Center; Neurological Institute; Cleveland Clinic; Cleveland OH U.S.A
| | - Flavio Giordano
- Pediatric Neurosurgery Unit; Children's Hospital Meyer-University of Florence; Florence Italy
| | - Kristl Vonck
- Laboratory for Clinical and Experimental Neurophysiology, Neurobiology and Neuropsychology; Department of Neurology; Ghent University; Ghent Belgium
| | - Carmen Barba
- Pediatric Neurology and Neurogenetics Unit and Laboratories; Children's Hospital Meyer-University of Florence; Florence Italy
| | - Ingmar Blumcke
- Department of Neuropathology; University Hospital Erlangen; Erlangen Germany
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29
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Winesett SP, Bessone SK, Kossoff EHW. The ketogenic diet in pharmacoresistant childhood epilepsy. Expert Rev Neurother 2015; 15:621-8. [PMID: 25994046 DOI: 10.1586/14737175.2015.1044982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Available pharmacologic treatments for seizures are limited in their efficacy. For a patient with seizures, pharmacologic treatment with available anticonvulsant medications leads to seizure control in <70% of patients. Surgical resection can lead to control in a select subset of patients but still leaves a significant number of patients with uncontrolled seizures. The ketogenic diet and related diets have proven to be useful in pharmacoresistant childhood epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Parrish Winesett
- Johns Hopkins All Children's Hospital, Johns Hopkins University, University of South Florida, 501 Sixth Street South, Suite 511, Saint Petersburg, FL 33701, USA
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30
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Kang JW, Rhie SK, Yu R, Eom S, Hong W, Kim SH, Kang HC, Lee JS, Lee YM, Kim HD. Seizure outcome of infantile spasms with focal cortical dysplasia. Brain Dev 2013; 35:816-20. [PMID: 23871103 DOI: 10.1016/j.braindev.2013.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2012] [Revised: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 06/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study sought to evaluate the seizure outcome of infantile spasms (IS) with focal cortical dysplasia (FCD). METHODS We retrospectively reviewed infantile spasms patients with FCD from 2004 to 2010. We investigated seizure outcome from antiepileptic drug (AED), ketogenic diet (KD), resective surgery, and analyzed the results according to individual imaging studies. RESULTS Among 404 patients of IS, FCD was confirmed in 51 patients. In retrospective review of brain MRI, only 21 patients (41.2%) were suspected of FCD before 1year of age, but 45 patients (88.2%) became confirmed to FCD by MRI after the age of 1year. Once the spasms were not controlled by 1 or 2 AEDs, the chance of becoming seizure free with additional third or more drugs was very low (2.3%). The seizure free rate was 33.3% (7/21) in patients treated with ketogenic diet, and 73.3% (22/30) in surgical patients, who were both intractable to AEDs. There were no significant differences in seizure free rate in both ketogenic diet and surgical patients, between MRI negative and positive patients prior to 1year of age. CONCLUSIONS KD and surgery should be considered in medically refractory IS with FCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joon Won Kang
- Department of Pediatrics, Chungnam Naional University Hospital, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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Schoeler NE, Cross JH, Sander JW, Sisodiya SM. Can we predict a favourable response to Ketogenic Diet Therapies for drug-resistant epilepsy? Epilepsy Res 2013; 106:1-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2013.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 06/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Abstract
The ketogenic diet is not a new treatment for the treatment of epilepsy, but the degree of literature now available seems to have given it a new lease of life. Over the past 12 years, there has been more scientific data on both benefits and effect of the ketogenic diet. Data demonstrate a clear benefit in efficacy. We also have a clearer idea in utilization, type of diet to use, and in whom. Questions however remain and further work is required, not least in recognizing likely candidates and in simplifying administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Helen Cross
- UCL Institute of Child Health, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, & Young Epilepsy, Lingfield, UK.
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33
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Thammongkol S, Vears DF, Bicknell-Royle J, Nation J, Draffin K, Stewart KG, Scheffer IE, Mackay MT. Efficacy of the ketogenic diet: which epilepsies respond? Epilepsia 2012; 53:e55-9. [PMID: 22310062 DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2011.03394.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
We report the efficacy of the ketogenic diet in refractory epilepsies focusing on outcomes with regard to epilepsy syndromes and etiology in children and adults with refractory epilepsy. Sixty-four consecutive children and four adults were prospectively enrolled from 2002 to 2009; seven were excluded from analysis. The classical ketogenic diet was initiated on an inpatient basis with dietary ratios ranging from 2:1 to 4:1 fat to carbohydrate and protein. Patients were classified according to syndrome and etiology using the 1989 and more recent 2010 International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) classification systems. Responders were defined as >50% reduction in seizure frequency compared to baseline. Syndromes included symptomatic generalized (52), genetic (idiopathic) generalized (7), and focal epilepsies (2) and etiologies included structural (24), genetic (18), and unknown (19). Twenty-nine (48%) of 61 patients were responders at 3 months. Two children became seizure-free: one with focal epilepsy of unknown etiology and another with refractory childhood absence epilepsy. Responsive syndromes included migrating partial epilepsy of infancy, childhood absence epilepsy, focal epilepsy, epilepsy with myoclonic-atonic seizures, and Dravet syndrome. Children with lissencephaly and hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy had surprisingly good responses. The ketogenic diet is an effective treatment for children and adults with refractory epilepsy. The response is predicted by type of epilepsy syndrome. Accurate characterization of the electroclinical syndrome is an important factor in decisions about timing of initiation of the ketogenic diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasipa Thammongkol
- Children's Neuroscience Centre, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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34
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Abstract
The ketogenic diet has been in use for the last 90 years, and its role in the treatment of epilepsy in the pediatric population has been gaining recognition. It can be helpful in many types of epilepsies, even the more severe ones, and has a beneficial effect on the child's alertness and cognition, which can be impaired by both the condition and the medications needed for controlling it. Parental compliance is good in spite of the inconveniences inherent in following the diet. The significant advancements in understanding the nature of the diet are in better defining when its use is contraindicated and in validating its application in severe epilepsies in infancy, such as infantile spasms. Although most neurologists do not consider it as being the preferred first-line therapy, it is often a reasonable option when two medications have already failed.
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Levy Y, Peleg-Weiss L, Goldberg-Stern H. The modified Atkins diet for intractable epilepsy may be associated with late-onset egg-induced anaphylactic reaction: a case report. Nutrition 2011; 27:380-2. [PMID: 21329873 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2010.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2010] [Revised: 10/29/2010] [Accepted: 11/23/2010] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The modified Atkins diet is a therapeutic option for children with intractable epilepsy. It is less restrictive than the traditional ketogenic diet, with ≈60% of calories from fat sources. We describe a 6-y-old boy with intractable epilepsy treated with the modified Atkins diet who presented to the emergency department with first-time anaphylactic reaction to egg. Symptoms of urticaria and angioedema, shortness of breath, wheezing, and cyanosis developed several minutes after he ate a hard-boiled egg. His history was remarkable for asthma, but no food allergies were documented. The anaphylactic reaction appeared after 6 mo of treatment with the modified Atkins diet (including 10-15 eggs daily), which ameliorated his seizures, and was preceded by streptococcal pharyngitis. Laboratory workup revealed specific immunoglobulin E antibodies to egg. This is the first report of new-onset egg allergy in a child, probably triggered by the high egg content of the modified Atkins diet. The risk of egg allergy should be kept in mind when treating epileptic children with the modified Atkins diet, especially those with comorbid asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yael Levy
- Kipper Institute of Immunology, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petah Tiqwa, Israel.
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36
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The ketogenic diet for epilepsy therapy in children: Quo vadis? Nutrition 2011; 27:615-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2010.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2010] [Revised: 12/14/2010] [Accepted: 12/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Dressler A, Stöcklin B, Reithofer E, Benninger F, Freilinger M, Hauser E, Reiter-Fink E, Seidl R, Trimmel-Schwahofer P, Feucht M. Long-term outcome and tolerability of the ketogenic diet in drug-resistant childhood epilepsy--the Austrian experience. Seizure 2010; 19:404-8. [PMID: 20598586 DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2010.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2010] [Revised: 05/17/2010] [Accepted: 06/04/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the long-term efficacy/tolerability of the ketogenic diet (KD) in paediatric drug-resistant epilepsies. METHODS Data from children who were treated between 1999 and 2008 and had continuous follow-up of at least 6 months after initiation of the KD were analysed retrospectively. Response was defined as > or = 50% seizure reduction. Treatment effects on EEG, developmental outcome and the "outcome-predictive" value of various clinical factors were also assessed. RESULTS 50 children (22 boys; mean age 4.5 years+/-3.55) were included. Mean follow-up was 3.93+/-2.95. 50% of the patients were responders, 48% of them became seizure free. 50% were non-responders, 20% of them deteriorated. In responders, EEG background activity improved significantly (p=0.014) and a significantly lower rate of epileptic discharges (p=0.009) was seen after 6 months. In addition, neurological examination findings demonstrated significant developmental progress (p=0.038). Favourable treatment outcome was associated with a shorter disease duration (p=0.025) and generalised tonic clonic seizures (p=0.059). No further significant outcome predictors were detected. However, response was 44% in patients with infantile spasms, 62.5% in those with Dravet syndrome and 50% in Lennox-Gastaut-syndrome. Side effects occurred in 28%, but discontinuation of the KD was not required in any case. They most often observed with concomitant topiramate (p=0.001) and valproate (p=0.046). CONCLUSION Despite the retrospective nature of the study and the inhomogeneous patient sample, we found good long-term effects of the KD on seizure frequency, EEG and neurological development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Dressler
- Department of Paediatrics, Medical University Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, A-1090 Wien, Vienna, Austria
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Freeman JM, Kossoff EH. Ketosis and the ketogenic diet, 2010: advances in treating epilepsy and other disorders. Adv Pediatr 2010; 57:315-29. [PMID: 21056745 DOI: 10.1016/j.yapd.2010.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- John M Freeman
- Neurology and Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Inoue O, Sugiyama E, Hasebe N, Tsuchiya N, Hosoi R, Yamaguchi M, Abe K, Gee A. Methyl ethyl ketone blocks status epilepticus induced by lithium-pilocarpine in rats. Br J Pharmacol 2009; 158:872-8. [PMID: 19694724 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009.00357.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE A ketogenic diet has been used successfully to treat patients with intractable epilepsy, although the mechanism is unknown. Acetone has been shown to have an anticonvulsive effect in various animal models. The main purpose of this study was to determine whether other ketones, 2-butanone (methyl ethyl ketone: MEK) and 3-pentanone (diethyl ketone: DEK), also show anticonvulsive effects in lithium-pilocarpine (Li-pilocarpine)-induced status epilepticus (SE) in rats. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Anticonvulsive effects of MEK and DEK in Li-pilocarpine SE rats were measured by behavioural scoring. Anti-seizure effects of MEK were also evaluated using electroencephalography (EEG). Neuroprotective effect of MEK was investigated by haematoxylin and eosin staining 4 weeks after the treatment with pilocarpine. KEY RESULTS Acetone, MEK and DEK showed anticonvulsant effects in Li-pilocarpine-induced SE rats. Treatment with MEK twice (8 mmol.kg(-1) and 5 mmol.kg(-1)) almost completely blocked spontaneous recurrent cortical seizure EEG up to 4 weeks after the administration of pilocarpine. MEK also showed strong neuroprotective effects in Li-pilocarpine-treated rats 4 weeks following the administration of pilocarpine. Significant neural cell death occurred in the hippocampus of Li-pilocarpine SE rats, especially in the CA1 and CA3 subfields. In contrast, normal histological characteristics were observed in these regions in the MEK-pretreated rats. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Both MEK and DEK showed strong anticonvulsive effects in Li-pilocarpine-induced SE rats. They also inhibited continuous recurrent seizure and neural damage in hippocampal region for 4 weeks after the treatment with pilocarpine. These findings appear to be of value in the investigation of epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Inoue
- Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 1-7 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
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40
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Abstract
The ketogenic diet, modified Atkins diet, and low-glycemic-index treatment have all emerged over the past decade as important therapeutic options for children with intractable epilepsy. Whereas only a decade ago the ketogenic diet was seen as an "alternative'' treatment of last resort, it has become more frequently used throughout the world. The past year alone 2 randomized and controlled trials of the ketogenic diet were published, as well as the use of the ketogenic diet for new-onset epilepsy (infantile spasms), and a 26-member international consensus statement guiding optimal clinical management. There has been an equally dramatic increase of interest into mechanisms of action using various experimental models. Researchers are also highly interested in using diets for neurologic disorders other than epilepsy, including autism and brain tumors. This review will update child neurologists on the recent advances in the use of ketogenic diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric H Kossoff
- The John M. Freeman Pediatric Epilepsy Center, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA.
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