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Xu M, Wang HX, Zu P, Jiang N, Bian JF, Xu JR, Luo W, Zhu P. Association Between Preeclampsia and Blood Pressure in Offspring: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Curr Hypertens Rep 2024; 26:325-337. [PMID: 38780756 DOI: 10.1007/s11906-024-01306-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Pregnancy-induced preeclampsia is a severe pregnancy complication and preeclampsia has been associated with an increased risk of chronic hypertension for offspring. However, the magnitude of the overall effect of exposure to preeclampsia in pregnancy on blood pressure (BP) in offspring is unknown. This systematic review and meta-analysis was sought to systematically assess the effects of preeclampsia on the BP of the offspring. RECENT FINDINGS Of 2550 publications identified, 23 studies were included. The meta-analysis indicated that preeclampsia increases the potential risk of hypertension in offspring. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) was 2.0 mm Hg (95% CI: 1.2, 2.8) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) was 1.4 mm Hg (95% CI: 0.9, 1.9) higher in offspring exposed to pre-eclampsia in utero, compared to those born to normotensive mothers. The correlations were similar in stratified analyses of children and adolescents by sex, geographic area, ages, and gestational age. During childhood and young adulthood, the offspring of pregnant women with preeclampsia are at an increased risk of high BP. It is crucial to monitor their BP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Xu
- Department of Maternal, Child & Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, Hefei, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Environment and Population health across the Life Course, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Center for Big Data and Population Health of IHM, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Hai-Xia Wang
- Department of Maternal, Child & Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, Hefei, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Environment and Population health across the Life Course, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Ping Zu
- Department of Maternal, Child & Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, Hefei, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Environment and Population health across the Life Course, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Nan Jiang
- Department of Maternal, Child & Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, Hefei, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Environment and Population health across the Life Course, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Jing-Feng Bian
- Department of Maternal, Child & Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, Hefei, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Environment and Population health across the Life Course, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Ji-Rong Xu
- Department of Maternal, Child & Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, Hefei, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Environment and Population health across the Life Course, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Wei Luo
- Department of Maternal, Child & Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, Hefei, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Environment and Population health across the Life Course, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Peng Zhu
- Department of Maternal, Child & Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.
- MOE Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, Hefei, China.
- NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Environment and Population health across the Life Course, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.
- Center for Big Data and Population Health of IHM, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.
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Wen J, Lv A, Aihemaitijiang S, Li H, Zhou Y, Liu J. The association of maternal gestational weight gain with cardiometabolic risk factors in offspring: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutr Rev 2024:nuae027. [PMID: 38607346 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuae027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Gestational weight gain (GWG) is known to be a risk factor for offspring obesity, a precursor of cardiometabolic diseases. Accumulating studies have investigated the association of GWG with offspring cardiometabolic risk factors (CRFs), leading to inconsistent results. OBJECTIVE This study synthesized available data from cohort studies to examine the effects of GWG on offspring CRFs. DATA SOURCE Four electronic databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Embase, were searched through May 2023. DATA EXTRACTION Cohort studies evaluating the association between GWG and CRFs (fat mass [FM], body fat percentage [BF%], waist circumference [WC], systolic blood pressure [SBP] and diastolic blood pressure, high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol [HDL-C] and low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol, triglyceride [TG], total cholesterol, fasting blood glucose, and fasting insulin levels) were included. Regression coefficients, means or mean differences with 95% confidence intervals [CIs], or standard deviations were extracted. DATA ANALYSIS Thirty-three cohort studies were included in the meta-analysis. Higher GWG (per increase of 1 kg) was associated with greater offspring FM (0.041 kg; 95% CI, 0.016 to 0.067), BF% (0.145%; 95% CI, 0.116 to 0.174), WC (0.154 cm; 95% CI, 0.036 to 0.272), SBP (0.040 mmHg; 95% CI, 0.010 to 0.070), and TG (0.004 mmol/L; 95% CI, 0.001 to 0.007), and with lower HDL-C (-0.002 mmol/L; 95% CI, -0.004 to 0.000). Consistently, excessive GWG was associated with higher offspring FM, BF%, WC, and insulin, and inadequate GWG was associated with lower BF%, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, total cholesterol, and TG, compared with adequate GWG. Most associations went non-significant or attenuated with adjustment for offspring body mass index or FM. CONCLUSIONS Higher maternal GWG is associated with increased offspring adiposity, SBP, TG, and insulin and decreased HDL-C in offspring, warranting a need to control GWG and to screen for cardiometabolic abnormalities of offspring born to mothers with excessive GWG. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION PROSPERO registration no. CRD42023412098.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxing Wen
- Institute of Reproductive and Child Health, Ministry of Health Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Axing Lv
- School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Sumiya Aihemaitijiang
- Institute of Reproductive and Child Health, Ministry of Health Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Hongtian Li
- Institute of Reproductive and Child Health, Ministry of Health Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Yubo Zhou
- Institute of Reproductive and Child Health, Ministry of Health Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Jianmeng Liu
- Institute of Reproductive and Child Health, Ministry of Health Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
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Hoodbhoy Z, Mohammed N, Nathani KR, Sattar S, Chowdhury D, Maskatia S, Tierney S, Hasan B, Das JK. The Impact of Maternal Preeclampsia and Hyperglycemia on the Cardiovascular Health of the Offspring: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Am J Perinatol 2023; 40:363-374. [PMID: 33940650 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1728823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objective of this review was to assess the impact of maternal preeclampsia or hyperglycemia on the body composition and cardiovascular health in the offspring. STUDY DESIGN We conducted a systematic review utilizing PubMed, EBSCO, CINAHLPlus, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science to include all studies assessing the impact of preeclampsia/eclampsia and/or gestational/pregestational diabetes mellitus on the health of the offspring (children <10 years of age). The health measures included anthropometry, cardiac dimensions and function, and vascular function. We performed a meta-analysis using Review Manager software and computed net risk ratio (RR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) for dichotomous data and mean difference (MD) with 95% CI for continuous data. RESULTS There were 6,376 studies in total, of which 45 were included in the review and 40 in the meta-analysis. The results demonstrated higher birth weight (MD: 0.12 kg; 95% CI: 0.06-0.18) and systolic and diastolic blood pressure (BP; MD: 5.98 mm Hg; 95% CI: 5.64-6.32 and MD: 3.27 mm Hg; 95% CI: 0.65-5.89, respectively) in the offspring of mothers with gestational diabetes compared to controls. In contrast, the offspring of mothers with preeclampsia had lower birth weight (MD: -0.41 kg; 95% CI: -0.7 to -0.11); however, they had increased systolic (MD: 2.2 mm Hg; 95% CI: 1.28-3.12) and diastolic BP (MD: 1.41 mm Hg; 95% CI: 0.3-2.52) compared to controls. There is lack of data to conduct a meta-analysis of cardiac morphology, functional, and vascular imaging parameters. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that the in-utero milieu can have a permanent impact on the body composition and vascular health of the offspring. Future work warrants multicenter prospective studies to understand the mechanism and the actual effect of exposure to maternal hyperglycemia and high BP on the cardiovascular health of the offspring and long-term outcomes. KEY POINTS · Adverse in-utero exposures may have an impact on cardiovascular risk in children.. · Maternal hyperglycemia/preeclampsia lead to changes in birthweight and BP.. · Limited echocardiographic and vascular imaging data in these cohorts necessitates future work..
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Hoodbhoy
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, The Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Nuruddin Mohammed
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | | | - Saima Sattar
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, The Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | | | - Shiraz Maskatia
- Department of Paediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Seda Tierney
- Department of Paediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Babar Hasan
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, The Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Jai K Das
- Division of Women and Child Health, The Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
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Maternal smoking in pregnancy and blood pressure during childhood and adolescence: a meta-analysis. Eur J Pediatr 2023; 182:2119-2132. [PMID: 36823476 PMCID: PMC10175379 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-023-04836-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Arterial hypertension during childhood or adolescence is rising, and smoking during pregnancy may constitute a modifiable risk factor. This study aims to evaluate the effect of maternal smoking during pregnancy on diastolic (DBP) and systolic blood pressure (SBP) in childhood and adolescence. A bibliographic search was conducted in PubMed, Embase, and CENTRAL databases in March 2022. Meta-analysis was performed with the difference in mean-adjusted SBP/DBP of children and adolescents aged 3-17 years, according to maternal smoking/non-smoking in pregnancy. A random effects model was applied; a leave-one-out analysis and meta-analysis by subgroups were performed. A modified Newcastle-Ottawa scale was used to assess the quality of the studies. Evidence levels were rated using the GRADE system. Fifteen studies were included in the meta-analysis; all of them evaluated the mean-adjusted SBP difference in children or adolescents (N = 73,448), and 6 also that of DBP (N = 31,459). Results showed that maternal smoking during pregnancy significantly increased SBP (β = 0.31 mmHg 95% CI 0.14-0.49). A greater increase in mean-adjusted SBP was observed in those studies that completed the recruitment before 1990, were conducted in non-European countries, used standard mercury or manual sphygmomanometry, adjusted for birth weight, and were in the lowest quality subgroup. No significant association was found for DBP. The GRADE level of evidence was low for SBP and very low for DBP. CONCLUSION Smoking in pregnancy might increase SBP in childhood and adolescence. Due to the low level of evidence, solid inferences cannot be drawn about the clinical relevance of these findings. WHAT IS KNOWN • AHT is the leading cause of premature death among adults worldwide. • Deleterious effects derived from SHS exposure on children's health have been documented since early 1970. To date, there are contradictory results about the effects of prenatal SHS exposure on children's BP. WHAT IS NEW • Smoking in pregnancy may increase SBP during childhood and adolescence. • Maternal smoking during pregnancy could have greater influence on their offspring's SBP than on DBP.
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Parada-Ricart E, Luque V, Zaragoza M, Ferre N, Closa-Monasterolo R, Koletzko B, Grote V, Gruszfeld D, Verduci E, Xhonneux A, Escribano J. Effect of maternal smoking during pregnancy on child blood pressure in a European cohort. Sci Rep 2022; 12:17308. [PMID: 36243884 PMCID: PMC9569344 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-21337-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypertension is a public health issue that can have its origin in the early phases of development. Maternal smoking during pregnancy (MSDP) could play a role in offspring's cardio-metabolic programming. To assess the relationship between MSDP and later blood pressure (BP) in children we conducted a secondary analysis of a randomized dietary intervention trial (EU-Childhood Obesity Project). Healthy term infants with normal birth weight were recruited during the first 8 weeks of life in 5 European countries and followed until 11 years of age. Data on MSDP was collected at recruitment. BP and anthropometry were assessed at 11 years of age. Children were classified according to AAP guidelines as normal BP: BP < 90th percentile; high BP: ≥ 90th percentile with the subset of children having BP > 95th percentile categorized as hypertensive. Out of 572 children, 20% were exposed to MSDP. At 11 years, 26.8% had BP over the 90th centile. MSDP beyond 12 weeks of gestation was associated with higher systolic BP percentile (adjusted B 6.935; 95% CI 0.454, 13.429; p = 0.036) and over twofold increase likelihood of hypertension (OR 2.195; 95% CI 1.089, 4.423; p = 0.028) in children at 11 years. MSDP was significantly associated with later BP in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ester Parada-Ricart
- grid.410367.70000 0001 2284 9230Paediatric Nutrition and Human Development Research Unit, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, IISPV, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Spain ,grid.411435.60000 0004 1767 4677Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII, Dr. Mallafré i Guasch 5, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Veronica Luque
- grid.410367.70000 0001 2284 9230Paediatric Nutrition and Human Development Research Unit, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, IISPV, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Spain
| | - Marta Zaragoza
- grid.410367.70000 0001 2284 9230Paediatric Nutrition and Human Development Research Unit, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, IISPV, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Spain
| | - Natalia Ferre
- grid.410367.70000 0001 2284 9230Paediatric Nutrition and Human Development Research Unit, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, IISPV, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Spain
| | - Ricardo Closa-Monasterolo
- grid.410367.70000 0001 2284 9230Paediatric Nutrition and Human Development Research Unit, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, IISPV, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Spain ,grid.411435.60000 0004 1767 4677Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII, Dr. Mallafré i Guasch 5, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Berthold Koletzko
- grid.411095.80000 0004 0477 2585Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Dr. Von Hauner Children’s Hospital, LMU University Hospital Munich, Lindwurmstr. 4, 80337 Munich, Germany
| | - Veit Grote
- grid.411095.80000 0004 0477 2585Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Dr. Von Hauner Children’s Hospital, LMU University Hospital Munich, Lindwurmstr. 4, 80337 Munich, Germany
| | - Dariusz Gruszfeld
- grid.413923.e0000 0001 2232 2498Neonatal Department, Children’s Memorial Health Institute, 04-730 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Elvira Verduci
- Department of Pediatrics, V. Buzzi Children’s Hospital, Milan, Italy ,grid.4708.b0000 0004 1757 2822Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Annick Xhonneux
- grid.433083.f0000 0004 0608 8015Clinique CHC MontLegia, Liège, Belgium
| | - Joaquin Escribano
- grid.410367.70000 0001 2284 9230Paediatric Nutrition and Human Development Research Unit, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, IISPV, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Spain ,grid.411136.00000 0004 1765 529XHospital Universitari Sant Joan de Reus, 43204 Reus, Spain
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Programming by maternal obesity: a pathway to poor cardiometabolic health in the offspring. Proc Nutr Soc 2022; 81:227-242. [DOI: 10.1017/s0029665122001914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
There is an ever increasing prevalence of maternal obesity worldwide such that in many populations over half of women enter pregnancy either overweight or obese. This review aims to summarise the impact of maternal obesity on offspring cardiometabolic outcomes. Maternal obesity is associated with increased risk of adverse maternal and pregnancy outcomes. However, beyond this exposure to maternal obesity during development also increases the risk of her offspring developing long-term adverse cardiometabolic outcomes throughout their adult life. Both human studies and those in experimental animal models have shown that maternal obesity can programme increased risk of offspring developing obesity and adipose tissue dysfunction; type 2 diabetes with peripheral insulin resistance and β-cell dysfunction; CVD with impaired cardiac structure and function and hypertension via impaired vascular and kidney function. As female offspring themselves are therefore likely to enter pregnancy with poor cardiometabolic health this can lead to an inter-generational cycle perpetuating the transmission of poor cardiometabolic health across generations. Maternal exercise interventions have the potential to mitigate some of the adverse effects of maternal obesity on offspring health, although further studies into long-term outcomes and how these translate to a clinical context are still required.
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Korhonen P, Tihtonen K, Isojärvi J, Ojala R, Ashorn U, Ashorn P, Tammela O. Calcium supplementation during pregnancy and long‐term offspring outcome: a systematic literature review and meta‐analysis. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2022; 1510:36-51. [PMID: 34978718 PMCID: PMC9304138 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The World Health Organization currently recommends calcium supplementation for pregnant women, especially those with low calcium intakes, to reduce the risk of hypertension and preeclampsia. We aimed to evaluate the effect of this intervention on selected offspring outcomes. A systematic search was conducted in 11 databases for published randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on the effect of maternal calcium supplementation with or without vitamin D during pregnancy on selected offspring cardiovascular, growth, and metabolic and neurodevelopmental outcomes. Screening of titles and abstracts of 3555 records and full texts of 31 records yielded six RCTs (nine reports, n = 1616). Forest plot analyses were performed if at least two studies presented comparable data on the same outcome. In one study (n = 591), high‐dose calcium supplementation during pregnancy was associated with a decreased risk of offspring high systolic blood pressure at 5–7 years of age (risk ratio = 0.59; 95% confidence interval: 0.39–0.90). The effects of the intervention on offspring growth, metabolic, and neurodevelopmental outcomes remain unknown because of conflicting or insufficient data. High risk of attrition bias decreased the quality of the evidence. Limited available data from RCTs do not provide sufficient evidence to conclude that prenatal calcium supplementation influences offspring health outcomes beyond the newborn period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Päivi Korhonen
- Department of Pediatrics Tampere University Hospital Tampere Finland
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Center for Child, Adolescent, and Maternal Health Research Tampere University Tampere Finland
| | - Kati Tihtonen
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Center for Child, Adolescent, and Maternal Health Research Tampere University Tampere Finland
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Tampere University Hospital Tampere Finland
| | | | - Riitta Ojala
- Department of Pediatrics Tampere University Hospital Tampere Finland
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Center for Child, Adolescent, and Maternal Health Research Tampere University Tampere Finland
| | - Ulla Ashorn
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Center for Child, Adolescent, and Maternal Health Research Tampere University Tampere Finland
| | - Per Ashorn
- Department of Pediatrics Tampere University Hospital Tampere Finland
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Center for Child, Adolescent, and Maternal Health Research Tampere University Tampere Finland
| | - Outi Tammela
- Department of Pediatrics Tampere University Hospital Tampere Finland
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Center for Child, Adolescent, and Maternal Health Research Tampere University Tampere Finland
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Nordenstam F. Prenatal nicotine exposure was associated with long-term impact on the cardiovascular system and regulation-Review. Acta Paediatr 2021; 110:2536-2544. [PMID: 33982809 DOI: 10.1111/apa.15914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM The aim of this structured review was to discuss knowledge of nicotine use during pregnancy and long-term effects on children's cardiovascular function. METHODS PubMed and MEDLINE were searched for original papers that covered various forms of nicotine exposure during pregnancy and this identified 314 papers published in English from inception of the databases to 1 March 2021. The research focus was prenatal exposure that had long-term effects on the cardiovascular system. The search was expanded from the reference list of the selected papers, which identified another 17 papers. RESULTS The 34 original papers that were included covered 172,696 subjects from foetuses to 19 years of age. Cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction was discussed in 12 of the papers and 16 studies reported on blood pressure. The remaining studies covered structural or functional changes in arterial wall or heart. There were convincing data on autonomic dysfunction and increased blood pressure. Some data were conflicting and problems with misclassification of exposure were evident. CONCLUSION Prenatal nicotine exposure was associated with long-term developmental changes in the cardiovascular system and regulation. There were no safe periods, doses or nicotine products during pregnancy and women should abstain when planning a pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felicia Nordenstam
- Department of Women´s and Child´s Health Pediatric Cardiology Unit Karolinska University HospitalKarolinska Institute Stockholm Sweden
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9
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Dietary patterns acquired in early life are associated with cardiometabolic markers at school age. Clin Nutr 2021; 40:4606-4614. [PMID: 34229265 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2021.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS it has previously been described that dietary patterns established early in life tracked to late childhood. The aim of the present work was to analyse the association of dietary patterns that tracked from 2 to 8y with cardiometabolic markers at 8y of age. METHODS The 3 identified patterns at 2y (that previous analyses showed to track to age 8y) were: "CoreDP", loaded for vegetables, fruits, fish, olive oil, etc.; "F&SDP", loaded by poor-quality fats and sugars; and "ProteinDP", mainly loaded by animal protein sources. Cardiometabolic markers at 8y were systolic blood pressure (SBP), insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and triglycerides, and BMI z-score. To examine whether the association of diet with the outcomes was the result of a direct effect of diet at either two or 8y, or synergy between them, we used structural equation models. RESULTS the associations between the patterns and the health outcomes were: CoreDP was inversely associated with SBP and HOMA-IR; ProteinDP was directly associated with HOMA-IR and SBP; and adherence to F&SDP was directly associated with triglycerides and SBP. The associations between the patterns and the health outcomes were independent of BMI and were the result of a direct effect of diet at 2y, an indirect effect of diet at 2y through diet at 8y or a combination between both pathways. CONCLUSION dietary patterns acquired in early life, persisting to later childhood, were associated with cardiometabolic markers at school age independently of BMI.
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S Machado IB, Tofanelli MR, Saldanha da Silva AA, Simões E Silva AC. Factors Associated with Primary Hypertension in Pediatric Patients: An Up-to-Date. Curr Pediatr Rev 2021; 17:15-37. [PMID: 33430749 DOI: 10.2174/1573396317999210111200222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Arterial hypertension in children is considered a common alteration nowadays, mainly because obesity is a growing worldwide problem closely related to increased blood pressure. Childhood hypertension can be classified as primary or secondary, depending on the etiology. Primary or essential hypertension still has its pathophysiology not fully elucidated, and there is no consensus in the literature on most underlying mechanisms. In this review, genetic and environmental factors, including sodium and potassium intake, socioeconomic status, ethnicity, family structure, obesity, sedentary lifestyle, prematurity and low birth weight, prenatal and postnatal exposures are highlighted. OBJECTIVE The present study aimed to perform an update on primary hypertension in childhood, providing clinicians and researchers an overview of the current state of the literature regarding the influence of genetic and environmental factors. METHODS This integrative review searched for articles on genetic and environmental factors related to primary hypertension in pediatric patients. The databases evaluated were PubMed and Scopus. RESULTS The studies have provided insights regarding many genetic and environmental factors, in addition to their association with the pathophysiology of primary hypertension in childhood. Findings corroborated the idea that primary hypertension is a multifactorial disease. Further studies in the pediatric population are needed to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. CONCLUSION The study of primary hypertension in pediatrics has utmost importance for the adoption of preventive measures and the development of more efficient treatments, therefore reducing childhood morbidity and the incidence of cardiovascular diseases and other health consequences later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Barreto S Machado
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Medical Investigation, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Matheus Rampinelli Tofanelli
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Medical Investigation, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Ariadna A Saldanha da Silva
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Medical Investigation, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Ana Cristina Simões E Silva
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Medical Investigation, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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11
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Xie T, Falahi F, Schmidt‐Ott T, Vrijkotte TGM, Corpeleijn E, Snieder H. Early Determinants of Childhood Blood Pressure at the Age of 6 Years: The GECKO Drenthe and ABCD Study Birth Cohorts. J Am Heart Assoc 2020; 9:e018089. [PMID: 33167754 PMCID: PMC7763711 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.120.018089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Background There is still uncertainty about the nature and relative impact of early determinants on childhood blood pressure. This study explored determinants of blood pressure at the age of 6 years in 2 Dutch birth cohorts. Methods and Results Results of hierarchical multiple linear regression analyses in GECKO (Groningen Expert Center for Kids With Obesity) Drenthe study (n=1613) were replicated in ABCD (Amsterdam Born Children and Their Development) study (n=2052). All analyses were adjusted for child's age, sex, height, and body mass index (BMI), and maternal education and subsequently performed in the combined sample. No associations were found between maternal smoking during pregnancy and childhood blood pressure. In the total sample, maternal prepregnancy BMI was positively associated with systolic blood pressure (SBP) (β [95% CI], 0.09 [0.02–0.16] mm Hg) and diastolic blood pressure (β [95% CI], 0.11 [0.04–0.17] mm Hg). Children of women with hypertension had higher SBP (β [95% CI], 0.98 [0.17–1.79] mm Hg). Birth weight standardized for gestational age was inversely associated with SBP (β [95% CI], −6.93 [−9.25 to −4.61] mm Hg) and diastolic blood pressure (β [95% CI], −3.65 [−5.70 to −1.61] mm Hg). Longer gestational age was associated with lower SBP (β [95% CI] per week, −0.25 [−0.42 to −0.08] mm Hg). Breastfeeding for 1 to 3 months was associated with lower SBP (β [95% CI], −0.96 [−1.82 to −0.09] mm Hg) compared with no or <1 month of breastfeeding. Early BMI gain from the age of 2 to 6 years was positively associated with SBP (β [95% CI], 0.41 [0.08–0.74] mm Hg) and diastolic blood pressure (β [95% CI], 0.37 [0.07–0.66] mm Hg), but no effect modification by birth weight was found. Conclusions Higher maternal prepregnancy BMI, maternal hypertension, a relatively lower birth weight for gestational age, shorter gestational age, limited duration of breastfeeding, and more rapid early BMI gain contribute to higher childhood blood pressure at the age of 6 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Xie
- Department of EpidemiologyUniversity of GroningenUniversity Medical Center GroningenGroningenthe Netherlands
| | - Fahimeh Falahi
- Department of EpidemiologyUniversity of GroningenUniversity Medical Center GroningenGroningenthe Netherlands
| | - Tabea Schmidt‐Ott
- Department of EpidemiologyUniversity of GroningenUniversity Medical Center GroningenGroningenthe Netherlands
| | - Tanja G. M. Vrijkotte
- Department of Public HealthAmsterdam Public Health Research InstituteAmsterdam University Medical CenterUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Eva Corpeleijn
- Department of EpidemiologyUniversity of GroningenUniversity Medical Center GroningenGroningenthe Netherlands
| | - Harold Snieder
- Department of EpidemiologyUniversity of GroningenUniversity Medical Center GroningenGroningenthe Netherlands
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12
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Aris IM, Rifas-Shiman SL, Li LJ, Belfort MB, Hivert MF, Oken E. Early-Life Predictors of Systolic Blood Pressure Trajectories From Infancy to Adolescence: Findings From Project Viva. Am J Epidemiol 2019; 188:1913-1922. [PMID: 31497850 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwz181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Childhood blood pressure (BP) is a strong predictor of later risk of cardiovascular disease. However, few studies have assessed dynamic BP trajectories throughout the early-life period. We investigated the relationship between early-life factors and systolic BP (SBP) from infancy to adolescence using linear spline mixed-effects models among 1,370 children from Project Viva, a Boston, Massachusetts-area cohort recruited in 1999-2002. After adjusting for confounders and child height, we observed higher SBP in children exposed to gestational diabetes mellitus (vs. normoglycemia; age 3 years: β = 3.16 mm Hg (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.28, 6.04); age 6 years: β = 1.83 mm Hg (95% CI: 0.06, 3.60)), hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (vs. normal maternal BP; age 6 years: β = 1.39 mm Hg (95% CI: 0.10, 2.67); age 9 years: β = 1.84 mm Hg (95% CI: 0.34, 3.34); age 12 years: β = 1.70 mm Hg (95% CI: 0.48, 2.92)), higher neonatal SBP (per 10-mm Hg increase; age 3 years: β = 1.26 mm Hg (95% CI: 0.42, 2.09); age 6 years: β = 1.00 mm Hg (95% CI: 0.49, 1.51); age 9 years: β = 0.75 mm Hg (95% CI: 0.17, 1.33)), and formula milk in the first 6 months of life (vs. breast milk only; age 12 years: β = 2.10 mm Hg (95% CI: 0.46, 3.74); age 15 years: β = 3.52 mm Hg (95% CI: 1.40, 5.64); age 18 years: β = 4.94 mm Hg (95% CI: 1.88, 7.99)). Our findings provide evidence of programming of offspring SBP trajectories by gestational diabetes, hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, and formula milk intake and of neonatal BP being a potentially useful marker of childhood BP. These factors could be relevant in identifying children who are at risk of developing elevated BP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izzuddin M Aris
- Division of Chronic Disease Research Across the Lifecourse, Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - Sheryl L Rifas-Shiman
- Division of Chronic Disease Research Across the Lifecourse, Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ling-Jun Li
- Division of Chronic Disease Research Across the Lifecourse, Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, KK Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Singapore
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Academic Clinical Program, Duke-National University of Singapore Graduate Medical School, Singapore
| | - Mandy B Belfort
- Department of Pediatric Newborn Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Marie-France Hivert
- Division of Chronic Disease Research Across the Lifecourse, Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
- Diabetes Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Emily Oken
- Division of Chronic Disease Research Across the Lifecourse, Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Nutrition, T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts
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13
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Jansen MAC, Dalmeijer GW, Saldi SRF, Grobbee DE, Baharuddin M, Uiterwaal CSPM, Idris NS. Pre-pregnancy parental BMI and offspring blood pressure in infancy. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2019; 26:1581-1590. [PMID: 31238715 PMCID: PMC6753651 DOI: 10.1177/2047487319858157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
AIMS A growing body of evidence suggests that a higher maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index results in higher offspring's blood pressure, but there is inconsistency about the impact of father's body mass index. Furthermore, evidence is limited with regard to low and middle income countries. We aimed to determine the association between parental pre-pregnancy body mass index and offspring's blood pressure during the first year of life. METHODS In 587 infants of the BReastfeeding Attitude and Volume Optimization (BRAVO) trial systolic and diastolic blood pressure were measured twice at the right leg in a supine position, using an automatic oscillometric device at day 7, month 1, 2, 4, 6, 9 and 12. Parental pre-pregnancy body mass index was based on self-reported weight and height. Linear mixed models were performed to investigate the associations between parental pre-pregnancy body mass index and offspring blood pressure patterns. RESULTS Each unit increase in maternal body mass index was associated with 0.24 mmHg (95% confidence interval 0.05; 0.44) and 0.13 mmHg (0.01; 0.25) higher offspring's mean systolic and diastolic blood pressure, respectively, during the first year of life. A higher offspring blood pressure with increased maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index was seen at birth and remained higher during the first year of life. The association with systolic blood pressure remained similar after including birth size and offspring's weight and height over time. The association with diastolic blood pressure attenuated slightly to a non-significant result after including these variables. Paternal body mass index was not associated with offspring's blood pressure. CONCLUSION Higher maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index, but not paternal pre-pregnancy body mass index, is associated with higher offspring blood pressure already from birth onwards.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Geertje W Dalmeijer
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and
Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Siti RF Saldi
- Department of Child Health/Center for
Clinical Epidemiology and Evidence Based Medicine (CEEBM), Cipto Mangunkusumo
National General Hospital, Indonesia
| | - Diederick E Grobbee
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and
Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Cuno SPM Uiterwaal
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and
Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Nikmah S Idris
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and
Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Child Health/Center for
Clinical Epidemiology and Evidence Based Medicine (CEEBM), Cipto Mangunkusumo
National General Hospital, Indonesia
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14
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Korkalainen N, Mäkikallio T, Räsänen J, Huikuri H, Mäkikallio K. Antenatal hemodynamic findings and heart rate variability in early school-age children born with fetal growth restriction. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2019; 34:2267-2273. [PMID: 31510812 DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2019.1663816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND According to epidemiological studies, impaired intrauterine growth increases the risk for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in adulthood. Heart rate variability (HRV), which reflects the autonomic nervous system function, has been used for risk assessment in adults while its dysfunction has been linked to poor cardiovascular outcome. OBJECTIVE We hypothesized that children who were born with fetal growth restriction (FGR) and antenatal blood flow redistribution have decreased HRV at early school age compared to their gestational age matched peers with normal intrauterine growth. STUDY DESIGN A prospectively collected cohort of children born with FGR (birth weight <10th percentile and/or abnormal umbilical artery flow, n = 28) underwent a 24-hour Holter monitoring at the mean age of 9 years and gestational age matched children with birth weight appropriate for gestational age (AGA, n = 19) served as controls. Time- and frequency domain HRV indices were measured and their associations with antenatal hemodynamic changes were analyzed. RESULTS Time- and frequency domain HRV parameters (standard deviation of R-R intervals, SDNN; low frequency, LF; high frequency, HF; LF/HF; very low frequency, VLF) did not differ significantly between FGR and AGA groups born between 24 and 40 weeks. Neither did they differ between children born with FGR and normal umbilical artery pulsatility or increased umbilical artery pulsatility. In total, 56% of the FGR children demonstrated blood flow redistribution (cerebroplacental ratio, CPR < -2 SD) during fetal life and their SDNN (p = .01), HF (p = .03) and VLF (p = .03) values were significantly lower than in FGR children with CPR ≥ -2SD. CONCLUSIONS Early school age children born with FGR and intrauterine blood flow redistribution demonstrated altered heart rate variability. These prenatal and postnatal findings may be helpful in targeting preventive cardiovascular measures in FGR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noora Korkalainen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,PEDEGO Research Group, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Timo Mäkikallio
- Department of Cardiology, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Juha Räsänen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Heikki Huikuri
- Department of Cardiology, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Kaarin Mäkikallio
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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15
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Gunning MN, van Rijn BB, Bekker MN, de Wilde MA, Eijkemans MJC, Fauser BCJM. Associations of preconception Body Mass Index in women with PCOS and BMI and blood pressure of their offspring. Gynecol Endocrinol 2019; 35:673-678. [PMID: 31030581 DOI: 10.1080/09513590.2018.1563885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) have unfavorable metabolic profiles. Their offspring may be affected by such risks. The objective of the current study was to disclose associations between preconception health of these women and health of their offspring. 74 women diagnosed with PCOS according to the Rotterdam criteria were screened systematically before conception. Cardiovascular health of their offspring was assessed at 2.5-4 (n = 42) or at 6-8 years of age (n = 32). Multivariate linear regression analysis was performed with adjustments for potential confounders. In the primary analyses the association between preconception Body Mass index (BMI) and offspring BMI was evaluated. Secondly associations between preconception blood pressure, androgens, insulin-resistance (HOMA-IR), and LDL-cholesterol in women with PCOS and BMI and blood pressure of offspring were assessed. Results show that preconception BMI of women with PCOS was positively associated with sex- and age-adjusted BMI of their offspring at 6-8 years of age (β = 0.55 (95% CI: 0.12 to 0.97), p = .012). No other significant associations were found. In conclusion, our data suggest that preconception BMI in PCOS is significantly associated with offspring BMI at 6-8 year of age. If this suggestion could be confirmed this may provide an opportunity for improving the future health of these children.
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Affiliation(s)
- M N Gunning
- a Department of Reproductive Medicine & Gynaecology , University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University , Utrecht , the Netherlands
| | - B B van Rijn
- b Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology , Wilhelmina Children's Hospital Birth Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, University of Utrecht , Utrecht , the Netherlands
| | - M N Bekker
- b Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology , Wilhelmina Children's Hospital Birth Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, University of Utrecht , Utrecht , the Netherlands
| | - M A de Wilde
- a Department of Reproductive Medicine & Gynaecology , University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University , Utrecht , the Netherlands
| | - M J C Eijkemans
- a Department of Reproductive Medicine & Gynaecology , University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University , Utrecht , the Netherlands
- c Julius Centre for Health Sciences and Primary Care , University Medical Center Utrecht, University of Utrecht , Utrecht , the Netherlands
| | - B C J M Fauser
- a Department of Reproductive Medicine & Gynaecology , University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University , Utrecht , the Netherlands
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16
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Aryanpur M, Yousefifard M, Oraii A, Heydari G, Kazempour-Dizaji M, Sharifi H, Hosseini M, Jamaati H. Effect of passive exposure to cigarette smoke on blood pressure in children and adolescents: a meta-analysis of epidemiologic studies. BMC Pediatr 2019; 19:161. [PMID: 31113399 PMCID: PMC6528314 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-019-1506-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hypertension is an emerging disease in children and adolescents resulting in future morbidities. Cigarette smoking is one of the most studied contributing factors in this regard; however, there are contradictory results among different studies. Therefore, the present meta-analysis tends to assess the relationship between passive exposure to cigarette smoke and blood pressure in children and adolescents. Method Medline, Embase, Scopus, EBSCO, and Web of Sciences were systematically reviewed for observational studies up to May, 2017, in which the relationship between cigarette smoking and hypertension were assessed in children and adolescents. The meta-analysis was performed with a fixed effect or random effects model according to the heterogeneity. Results Twenty-nine studies were included in present meta-analysis incorporating 192,067 children and adolescents. Active smoking (pooled OR = 0.92; 95% CI: 0.79 to 1.05) or passive exposure to cigarette smoke (pooled OR = 1.01; 95% CI: 0.93 to 1.10) were not associated with developing hypertension in the study population. Despite the fact that active cigarette smoking did not significantly affect absolute level of systolic and diastolic blood pressure, it was shown that passive exposure to cigarette smoke leads to a significant increase in absolute level of systolic blood pressure (pooled coefficient = 0.26; 95% CI: 0.12 to 0.39). Conclusion Both active and passive cigarette smoking were not associated with developing hypertension in children and adolescents. However, passive cigarette smoke was associated with higher level of systolic blood pressure in children and adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahshid Aryanpur
- Tobacco Prevention and Control Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Yousefifard
- Physiology Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Oraii
- Department of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Heydari
- Tobacco Prevention and Control Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Kazempour-Dizaji
- Mycobacteriology Research Center, Biostatistics Unit, NRITLD, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hooman Sharifi
- Tobacco Prevention and Control Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mostafa Hosseini
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Poursina Ave, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Hamidreza Jamaati
- Tobacco Prevention and Control Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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17
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Andraweera PH, Lassi ZS. Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Offspring of Preeclamptic Pregnancies-Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Pediatr 2019; 208:104-113.e6. [PMID: 30876753 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2018.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate evidence for increased cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors in children exposed to preeclampsia in utero. STUDY DESIGN PubMed, the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, the Cochrane Library, and EMBASE electronic databases were searched with an end of search date of June 4, 2018. Prospective and retrospective studies that compared CVD risk factors in those exposed to preeclampsia in utero with controls were eligible. Information was extracted on established CVD risk factors, including blood pressure, lipid profile, blood glucose, fasting insulin, body mass index, and endothelial/microvascular function. RESULTS Thirty-six studies provided cumulated data on 53 029 individuals. In utero exposure to preeclampsia was associated with 5.17 mm Hg (95% CI 1.60-8.73) greater mean systolic, 4.06 mm Hg (95% CI 0.67-7.44) greater mean diastolic blood pressure, and 0.36 kg/m2 (95% CI 0.04-0.68) greater mean body mass index during childhood or young adulthood. No significant association was seen between exposure to preeclampsia in utero and other CVD risk factors. CONCLUSIONS Offspring of preeclamptic pregnancies demonstrate risk factors for CVD during childhood and young adult life. Early blood pressure screening of children born after preeclamptic pregnancies may identify those that require interventions or preventive strategies to reduce later life CVD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabha H Andraweera
- Adelaide Medical School and The Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
| | - Zohra S Lassi
- Adelaide Medical School and The Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
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18
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Yu H, He Y, Mao Z, Dong W, Fu X, Lei X. Hypertensive disorders during pregnancy and elevated blood pressure in the offspring: A systematical review and meta-analysis protocol. Medicine (Baltimore) 2019; 98:e15677. [PMID: 31096504 PMCID: PMC6531162 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000015677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypertensive disorders during pregnancy (HDP), including gestational hypertension, preeclampsia (PE), and chronic hypertension, affect approximately 10% of pregnancies worldwide. PE was associated with elevated blood pressure (BP) in the offspring confirmed by previous literature. No previous systematic review has investigated the associations between the subtypes of HDP and BP in offspring. Therefore, from the published literature, the present systematic review and meta-analysis aims to reach to a clear consensus on this topic. METHODS The Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions was used to structure our methodological approach, and the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta Analyses Protocols guidelines to this protocol. We will include cohort, case-control, and cross-sectional studies, in which HDP or its subtypes were reported and BP in the offspring was the outcome of interest. A systematic search of PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane library, and Web of Science will be conducted according to a specific search strategy. The titles and abstracts of all literature will be reviewed independently by 2 authors. A standardized data collection form will be used for data extraction. The overall pooled estimates will be calculated by meta-analysis in Revman 5.3 based on an inverse variance method. According to the heterogeneity by the I, a random-effect model or a fixed-effect model will be chosen to pool data. Risk of bias and quality of the studies will be assessed by a suitable bias classification tool. RESULTS This study will provide high-quality evidence of the effects in offspring BP, which were influenced by different subtypes of HDP. CONCLUSION This systematic review will infer a conclusion on the associations between different subtypes of HDP and BP in offspring. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION Due to the data come from the published study, the present systematic review and meta-analysis does not require ethics approval. Findings will be published in a peer-reviewed journal. REGISTRATION Supporting data can be found at the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) website, with registration number CRD 42018110872.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Xiaodong Fu
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
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19
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Eny KM, Maguire JL, Dai DWH, Lebovic G, Adeli K, Hamilton JK, Hanley AJ, Mamdani M, McCrindle BW, Tremblay MS, Parkin PC, Birken CS. Association of accelerated body mass index gain with repeated measures of blood pressure in early childhood. Int J Obes (Lond) 2019; 43:1354-1362. [PMID: 30940913 PMCID: PMC6760600 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-019-0345-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Background/objectives We examined the association for rates of age- and sex-standardized body mass index (zBMI) gain between 0–3, 3–18, and 18–36 months with BP in children at 36–72 months of age. Methods We collected repeated measures of zBMI and BP in 2502 children. zBMI was calculated using the World Health Organization standards. Each child’s zBMI at birth and rates of zBMI gain in each period from birth to 36 months were estimated using linear spline multilevel models. Generalized estimating equations were used to determine whether zBMI at birth and zBMI gain between 0–3, 3–18, and 18–36 months were each associated with repeated measures of BP at 36–72 months of age. We sequentially conditioned on zBMI at birth and zBMI gain in each period prior to each period tested, as covariates, and adjusted for important socio-demographic, familial, and study design covariates. We examined whether these associations were modified by birthweight or maternal obesity, by including interaction terms. Results After adjusting for all covariates and conditioning on prior zBMI gains, a 1 standard deviation unit faster rate of zBMI gain during 0–3 months, (β = 0.59 mmHg; 95% CI 0.31, 0.86) and 3–18 months (β = 0.74 mmHg; 95% CI 0.46, 1.03) were each associated with higher systolic BP at 36–72 months. No significant associations were observed, however, for zBMI at birth or zBMI gain in the 18–36 month growth period. zBMI gains from 0–3 and 3–18 months were also associated with diastolic BP. Birthweight significantly modified the relationship during the 3–18 month period (p = 0.02), with the low birthweight group exhibiting the strongest association for faster rate of zBMI gain with higher systolic BP (β = 1.31 mmHg; 95% CI 0.14, 2.48). Conclusions Given that long-term exposure to small elevations in BP are associated with subclinical cardiovascular disease, promoting interventions targeting healthy growth in infancy may be important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen M Eny
- Child Health Evaluative Sciences, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Jonathon L Maguire
- Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada.,Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - David W H Dai
- Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Gerald Lebovic
- Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada.,Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Khosrow Adeli
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Jill K Hamilton
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Division of Endocrinology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Anthony J Hanley
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Muhammad Mamdani
- Li Ka Shing Centre for Healthcare Analytics Research and Training, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Brian W McCrindle
- Child Health Evaluative Sciences, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Preventative Cardiology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Mark S Tremblay
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Patricia C Parkin
- Child Health Evaluative Sciences, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada.,Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Catherine S Birken
- Child Health Evaluative Sciences, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada. .,Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada. .,Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada. .,Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
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20
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Chen Y, Zhao D, Wang B, Zhu J, Zhang J, Zhang Y. Association of intrauterine exposure to aspirin and blood pressure at 7 years of age: a secondary analysis. BJOG 2018; 126:599-607. [PMID: 30471180 DOI: 10.1111/1471-0528.15561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine whether maternal aspirin use during pregnancy is associated with childhood blood pressure. DESIGN/SETTING A secondary analysis of the Collaborative Perinatal Project, a prospective cohort study including 12 US academic medical centres between 1959 and 1976. POPULATION Singleton births among women with detailed medication information. METHODS We carried out linear and multivariate logistic regression analysis to assess the associations between maternal aspirin exposure and childhood blood pressure at age 7 years. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Offspring blood pressure at age 7 years. RESULTS A total of 15 793 women were exposed to aspirin 4 weeks before the last menstrual period or during pregnancy. In utero aspirin exposure may be associated with an 11% (95% CI 0.85- 0.93) and a 20% (95% CI 0.76-0.84) reduced risk of having high systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) at 7 years of age, and a mean decrease of 0.62 mmHg for SBP and 1.04 mmHg for DBP at 7 years of age. Compared with children born to mothers without aspirin exposure, those whose mothers were exposed to aspirin for at least 7 days during pregnancy had approximately 10% and 27% reduced risk of high SBP and DBP, respectively, and a mean reduction of 0.61 and 1.27 mmHg in SBP and DBP at 7 years of age. The earlier the aspirin exposure occurred during pregnancy, the lower the risk of childhood high blood pressure. CONCLUSION In utero exposure to aspirin may have long-term benefits for childhood blood pressure. TWEETABLE ABSTRACT Maternal aspirin exposure might decrease the risk of childhood blood pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Chen
- Department of Neonatology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - D Zhao
- Department of Neonatology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - B Wang
- MOE-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - J Zhu
- MOE-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - J Zhang
- MOE-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Y Zhang
- Department of Neonatology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Yaya S, Wang R, Tang S, Ghose B. Intake of supplementary food during pregnancy and lactation and its association with child nutrition in Timor Leste. PeerJ 2018; 6:e5935. [PMID: 30479899 PMCID: PMC6240437 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract There is little evidence on maternal consumption of supplementary food on nutritional status of children. The objectives of this study were to measure the prevalence and determinants of supplementary food intake during pregnancy and lactation, and their association with nutritional status of under-five children in Timor Leste. Methods Cross-sectional data from Timor Leste Demographic and Health Survey on 5,993 mother (15-49 years) child dyads (<5 years) were included in the analysis. Self-reported intake of supplementary food intake was the explanatory variable. Child's nutritional status was assessed by stunting, wasting, and underweight and categorized according to WHO recommendations. Results The prevalence of taking supplementary food during pregnancy and lactation was, respectively, 29.1% (95% CI [27.2-31.0]) 31.0% (95% CI [29.1-33.0]), and that of taking iron supplement during pregnancy was close to three-fifths (63.1%, 95% CI [60.9-65.3]). The odds of taking supplementary food during pregnancy and lactation were lower among those in the younger age groups and higher among urban residents. Compared with mothers who had supplementary food during pregnancy and lactation, those did not have had respectively 1.36 (OR = 1.360, 95% CI [1.191-2.072]) and 1.15 times (OR = 1.152, 95% CI [1.019-1.754]) higher odds of having stunted, and 1.30 (OR = 1.307, 95% CI [1.108-1.853]) and 1.43 (OR = 1.426, 95% CI [1.140-1.863]) times higher odds of having underweight children. Those who had none of the supplements had respectively 1.67 (OR = 1.674, 95% CI [1.118-2.087]) and 1.63 (OR = 1.631, 95% CI [1.130-2.144]) times higher odds of having stunted and underweight children. Conclusion A great majority of the mothers in Timor Leste are not taking supplementary food during pregnancy and lactation. We found a positive relationship between supplementary food intake during pregnancy and lactation with stunting and wasting among under-five children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanni Yaya
- School of International Development and Global Studies, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Ruoxi Wang
- School of Medicine and Health Management, Tongji Medical College, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Shangfeng Tang
- School of Medicine and Health Management, Tongji Medical College, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Bishwajit Ghose
- School of International Development and Global Studies, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Institute of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Associations of social and economic and pregnancy exposures with blood pressure in UK White British and Pakistani children age 4/5. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8966. [PMID: 29895845 PMCID: PMC5997744 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27316-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
South Asians have higher rates of coronary heart disease (CHD) than White European individuals. Blood pressure (BP) is one of the most important risk factors for CHD and ethnic differences in BP have been identified in childhood. Early life exposures could explain some of these differences. We examined associations of family social and economic and maternal pregnancy exposures and BP at age 4/5 in 1644 White British and 1824 Pakistani mother-offspring pairs from the Born in Bradford study. We found that systolic BP was similar but diastolic BP was higher, in Pakistani compared to White British children (adjusted mean differences were −0.170 mmHg 95% CI −0.884, 0.543 for systolic BP; 1.328 mmHg 95% CI 0.592, 2.064 for diastolic BP). Social and economic exposures were not associated with BP in either ethnic group. Maternal BMI was positively associated with BP in both groups but this association was mediated by child BMI. Only gestational hypertension was associated with child systolic and diastolic BP and this was only identified in Pakistani mother-offspring pairs. These findings suggest that Pakistani populations may have a different BP trajectory compared to White British groups and that this is already evident at age 4/5 years.
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23
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Ludwig‐Walz H, Schmidt M, Günther ALB, Kroke A. Maternal prepregnancy BMI or weight and offspring's blood pressure: Systematic review. MATERNAL & CHILD NUTRITION 2018; 14:e12561. [PMID: 29171150 PMCID: PMC6865974 DOI: 10.1111/mcn.12561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that maternal prepregnancy body mass index or weight (MPBW) may be associated with offspring's blood pressure (BP). Therefore, we conducted a systematic review-following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses statement-to assess and judge the evidence for an association between MPBW with offspring's later BP. Five data bases were searched without limits. Risk of bias was assessed using the "Tool to Assess Risk of Bias in Cohort Studies," and an evidence grade was allocated following the World Cancer Research Fund criteria. Of 2,011 publications retrieved, 16 studies (all cohort studies) were included in the systematic review; thereof, 5 studies (31%) were rated as good-quality studies. Overall, data from 63,959 participants were enclosed. Systolic BP was analysed in 15 (5 good quality), diastolic BP in 12 (3 good quality), and mean arterial pressure in 3 (no good quality) studies. Five good-quality studies of MPBW with offspring's systolic BP as the outcome and 1 good-quality study with offspring's diastolic BP as the outcome observed a significant association. However, after adding offspring's anthropometry variables to the statistical model, the effect attenuated in 4 studies with systolic BP to nonsignificance, the study with diastolic BP remained significant. No good-quality studies were found with respect to offspring's later mean arterial pressure. In conclusion, this systematic review found suggestive, but still limited, evidence for an association between MPBW with offspring's later BP. The available data suggest that the effect might be mainly mediated via offspring's anthropometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Ludwig‐Walz
- Department of Nutritional, Food and Consumer SciencesFulda University of Applied SciencesFuldaGermany
| | - Milan Schmidt
- Department of Nutritional, Food and Consumer SciencesFulda University of Applied SciencesFuldaGermany
| | - Anke L. B. Günther
- Department of Nutritional, Food and Consumer SciencesFulda University of Applied SciencesFuldaGermany
| | - Anja Kroke
- Department of Nutritional, Food and Consumer SciencesFulda University of Applied SciencesFuldaGermany
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Taylor PD, Matthews PA, Khan IY, Rees D, Itani N, Poston L. Generation of Maternal Obesity Models in Studies of Developmental Programming in Rodents. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1735:167-199. [PMID: 29380312 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7614-0_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mother-child cohort studies have established that both pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) and gestational weight gain (GWG) are independently associated with cardio-metabolic risk factors in juvenile and adult offspring, including systolic and diastolic blood pressure. In rodent studies maternal obesity confers many facets of the metabolic syndrome including a persistent sympathy-excitatory hyperresponsiveness and hypertension acquired in the early stages of development. Insight from these animal models raises the possibility that early life exposure to the nutritional and hormonal environment of obesity in pregnancy in humans may lead to early onset of metabolic syndrome and/or essential hypertension. This chapter will address the development of rodent models of maternal overnutrition and obesity, which have proved invaluable in generating testable hypotheses for clinical translation and the development of intervention strategies to stem the swelling tide of obesity and its comorbidities predicted for future generations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul D Taylor
- Division of Women's Health, Women's Health Academic Centre, King's College London and King's Health Partners, London, UK.
| | - Phillippa A Matthews
- Division of Women's Health, Women's Health Academic Centre, King's College London and King's Health Partners, London, UK
| | - Imran Y Khan
- Division of Women's Health, Women's Health Academic Centre, King's College London and King's Health Partners, London, UK
| | - Douglas Rees
- Division of Women's Health, Women's Health Academic Centre, King's College London and King's Health Partners, London, UK
| | - Nozomi Itani
- Division of Women's Health, Women's Health Academic Centre, King's College London and King's Health Partners, London, UK
| | - Lucilla Poston
- Division of Women's Health, Women's Health Academic Centre, King's College London and King's Health Partners, London, UK
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Badillo-Suárez PA, Rodríguez-Cruz M, Nieves-Morales X. Impact of Metabolic Hormones Secreted in Human Breast Milk on Nutritional Programming in Childhood Obesity. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2017; 22:171-191. [PMID: 28653126 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-017-9382-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is the most common metabolic disease whose prevalence is increasing worldwide. This condition is considered a serious public health problem due to associated comorbidities such as diabetes mellitus and hypertension. Perinatal morbidity related to obesity does not end with birth; this continues affecting the mother/infant binomial and could negatively impact on metabolism during early infant nutrition. Nutrition in early stages of growth may be essential in the development of obesity in adulthood, supporting the concept of "nutritional programming". For this reason, breastfeeding may play an important role in this programming. Breast milk is the most recommended feeding for the newborn due to the provided benefits such as protection against obesity and diabetes. Health benefits are based on milk components such as bioactive molecules, specifically hormones involved in the regulation of food intake. Identification of these molecules has increased in recent years but its action has not been fully clarified. Hormones such as leptin, insulin, ghrelin, adiponectin, resistin, obestatin and insulin-like growth factor-1 copeptin, apelin, and nesfatin, among others, have been identified in the milk of normal-weight women and may influence the energy balance because they can activate orexigenic or anorexigenic pathways depending on energy requirements and body stores. It is important to emphasize that, although the number of biomolecules identified in milk involved in regulating food intake has increased considerably, there is a lack of studies aimed at elucidating the effect these hormones may have on metabolism and development of the newborn. Therefore, we present a state-of-the-art review regarding bioactive compounds such as hormones secreted in breast milk and their possible impact on nutritional programming in the infant, analyzing their functions in appetite regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Amellali Badillo-Suárez
- Laboratorio de Nutrición Molecular, Unidad de Investigación Médica en Nutrición, Hospital de Pediatría, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, IMSS, Av. Cuauhtémoc No. 330, Col. Doctores, Deleg. Cuauhtémoc, 06725, México, DF, México
| | - Maricela Rodríguez-Cruz
- Laboratorio de Nutrición Molecular, Unidad de Investigación Médica en Nutrición, Hospital de Pediatría, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, IMSS, Av. Cuauhtémoc No. 330, Col. Doctores, Deleg. Cuauhtémoc, 06725, México, DF, México.
| | - Xóchitl Nieves-Morales
- Laboratorio de Nutrición Molecular, Unidad de Investigación Médica en Nutrición, Hospital de Pediatría, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, IMSS, Av. Cuauhtémoc No. 330, Col. Doctores, Deleg. Cuauhtémoc, 06725, México, DF, México
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26
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Tsamou M, Martens DS, Winckelmans E, Madhloum N, Cox B, Gyselaers W, Nawrot TS, Vrijens K. Mother's Pre-pregnancy BMI and Placental Candidate miRNAs: Findings from the ENVIRONAGE Birth Cohort. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5548. [PMID: 28717128 PMCID: PMC5514037 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-04026-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that the predisposition for development of chronic diseases arises at the earliest times of life. In this context, maternal pre-pregnancy weight might modify fetal metabolism and the child’s predisposition to develop disease later in life. The aim of this study is to investigate the association between maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) and miRNA alterations in placental tissue at birth. In 211 mother-newborn pairs from the ENVIRONAGE birth cohort, we assessed placental expression of seven miRNAs important in crucial cellular processes implicated in adipogenesis and/or obesity. Multiple linear regression models were used to address the associations between pre-pregnancy BMI and placental candidate miRNA expression. Maternal pre-pregnancy BMI averaged (±SD) 23.9 (±4.1) kg/m2. In newborn girls (not in boys) placental miR-20a, miR-34a and miR-222 expression was lower with higher maternal pre-pregnancy BMI. In addition, the association between maternal pre-pregnancy BMI and placental expression of these miRNAs in girls was modified by gestational weight gain. The lower expression of these miRNAs in placenta in association with pre-pregnancy BMI, was only evident in mothers with low weight gain (<14 kg). The placental expression of miR-20a, miR-34a, miR-146a, miR-210 and miR-222 may provide a sex-specific basis for epigenetic effects of pre-pregnancy BMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Tsamou
- Center for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Dries S Martens
- Center for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Ellen Winckelmans
- Center for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Narjes Madhloum
- Center for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Bianca Cox
- Center for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | | | - Tim S Nawrot
- Center for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium. .,Department of Public Health, Environment & Health Unit, Leuven University (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Karen Vrijens
- Center for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
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Fuller-Rowell TE, Curtis DS, Klebanov PK, Brooks-Gunn J, Evans GW. Racial Disparities in Blood Pressure Trajectories of Preterm Children: The Role of Family and Neighborhood Socioeconomic Status. Am J Epidemiol 2017; 185:888-897. [PMID: 28449023 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kww198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Racial disparities in cardiovascular disease mortality in the United States remain substantial. However, the childhood roots of these disparities are not well understood. In the current study, we examined racial differences in blood pressure trajectories across early childhood in a sample of African-American and European-American low-birth-weight preterm infants. Family and neighborhood socioeconomic status (SES), measured at baseline, were also examined as explanations for subsequent group disparities. Analyses focused on 407 African-American and 264 European-American children who participated in the Infant Health and Development Program, a US longitudinal study of preterm children born in 1985. Blood pressure was assessed on 6 occasions between the ages of 24 and 78 months, in 1987-1992. Across this age range, the average rate of change in both systolic and diastolic blood pressure was greater among African-American children than among European-American children. Neighborhood SES explained 29% and 24% of the racial difference in the average rate of change in systolic and diastolic blood pressure, respectively, whereas family SES did not account for group differences. The findings show that racial differences in blood pressure among preterm children emerge in early childhood and that neighborhood SES accounts for a portion of racial disparities.
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28
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Ghaffari N, Parry S, Elovitz MA, Durnwald CP. Placental microRNA Expression Is Not Altered by Maternal Obesity and Fetal Overgrowth. AJP Rep 2016; 6:e430-e435. [PMID: 28050331 PMCID: PMC5201431 DOI: 10.1055/s-0036-1597652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective The epigenetic mechanisms underlying fetal metabolic programming are poorly understood. We studied whether obesity is associated with alterations in placental miRNA expression. Study Design A cross-sectional study was performed, including (1) normal-weight women (BMI 20-24.9 kg/m2) and normal-birth-weight (BW) infants (2,700-3,500 g) (n = 20), (2) normal-weight and macrosomic infants (BW ≥ 4,000 g) (n = 10), (3) obese (BMI ≥ 35 kg/m2) and normal BW infants (n = 16), and (4) obese and macrosomic infants (n = 10). All had term deliveries (37-41 weeks) and normal glucose tolerance (1 hour GCT < 7.2 mmol/L [130 mg/dL]). The expression of 5,639 placental miRNAs was assessed using miRNA microarray. Differential miRNA expression was determined using two-way ANOVA and pairwise contrasts, with the Benjamini-Hochberg (BH) correction. MiRNAs with Z-scores ≥ 2 and false discovery rate (FDR) < 20% were considered significant. Results Principal components analysis demonstrated similar global miRNA expression profiles among groups. Of 5,639 miRNAs, only 5 were significantly different between obese and controls, which were not validated by quantitative polymerase reaction. Conclusion There was no difference in placental miRNA expression associated with obesity or overgrowth. Aberrant placental miRNA expression is an unlikely mechanism underlying fetal metabolic programming related to maternal obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neda Ghaffari
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Center for Research on Reproduction and Women's Health, Maternal and Child Health Research Program, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Samuel Parry
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Center for Research on Reproduction and Women's Health, Maternal and Child Health Research Program, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Michal A Elovitz
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Center for Research on Reproduction and Women's Health, Maternal and Child Health Research Program, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Celeste P Durnwald
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Center for Research on Reproduction and Women's Health, Maternal and Child Health Research Program, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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30
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Shenassa ED, Wen X, Braid S. Exposure to Tobacco Metabolites via Breast Milk and Infant Weight Gain: A Population-Based Study. J Hum Lact 2016; 32:462-71. [PMID: 26644421 DOI: 10.1177/0890334415619154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the immutable benefits of breastfeeding are well documented, information on the potential consequences of exposure to tobacco metabolites specifically via breastfeeding is sparse. OBJECTIVE The aim was to conduct the first study of the association between exposure to tobacco metabolites specifically through breastfeeding and infant weight gain. METHODS We used historical data from the US Collaborative Perinatal Project. Mothers were classified as nonsmokers, light smokers (1-19 cigarettes/day), and heavy (20+ cigarettes/day) smokers. In-hospital feeding type was observed during a nursery stay after delivery. We conducted stratified analyses among average-for-gestational-age (AGA; N = 23 571) and small-for-gestational-age (SGA; N = 2552) infants. We isolated the effect of exposure to tobacco metabolites specifically through breastfeeding. RESULTS Overall, maternal smoking was associated with change in weight-for-length z-score in a dose-response manner. Change in weight z-score was most pronounced among SGA infants of heavy smokers (breastfed: 0.53; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.12-0.94; formula fed: 0.17; 95% CI, 0.03-0.30). Exposure to tobacco metabolites specifically through breastfeeding was not associated with additional weight gain among AGA infants. Among the much smaller sample of SGA infants, exposure specifically through breastfeeding was associated with marginally significant additional weight gain (0.46; 95% CI, 0.00-0.91) among infants of heavy smokers. CONCLUSION Our findings are in accord with recommendations by health agencies for smokers to breastfeed. However, SGA infants exposed to tobacco metabolites via breastfeeding by heavy smokers appear to gain weight more rapidly than other infants. Practical implications of our findings are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edmond D Shenassa
- Maternal and Child Health Program, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA Department of Epidemiology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA Department of Epidemiology, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Xiaozhong Wen
- Division of Behavioral Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Susan Braid
- Department of Family and Community Health, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Fetal growth restriction and cardiovascular outcome in early human infancy: a prospective longitudinal study. Heart Vessels 2015; 31:1504-13. [DOI: 10.1007/s00380-015-0742-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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32
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Tang LL, Zhang LY, Lao LJ, Hu QY, Gu WZ, Fu LC, Du LZ. Epigenetics of Notch1 regulation in pulmonary microvascular rarefaction following extrauterine growth restriction. Respir Res 2015; 16:66. [PMID: 26040933 PMCID: PMC4486133 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-015-0226-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extrauterine growth restriction (EUGR) plays an important role in the developmental origin of adult cardiovascular diseases. In an EUGR rat model, we reported an elevated pulmonary arterial pressure in adults and genome-wide epigenetic modifications in pulmonary vascular endothelial cells (PVECs). However, the underlying mechanism of the early nutritional insult that results in pulmonary vascular consequences later in life remains unclear. METHODS A rat model was used to investigate the physiological and structural effect of EUGR on early pulmonary vasculature by evaluating right ventricular systolic pressure and pulmonary vascular density in male rats. Epigenetic modifications of the Notch1 gene in PVECs were evaluated. RESULTS EUGR decreased pulmonary vascular density with no significant impact on right ventricular systolic pressure at 3 weeks. Decreased transcription of Notch1 was observed both at 3 and 9 weeks, in association with decreased downstream target gene, Hes-1. Chromatin immunoprecipitation and bisulfite sequencing were performed to analyze the epigenetic modifications of the Notch1 gene promoter in PVECs. EUGR caused a significantly increased H3K27me3 in the proximal Notch1 gene promoter, and increased methylation of single CpG sites in the distal Notch1 gene promoter, both at 3 and 9 weeks. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that EUGR results in decreased pulmonary vascular growth in association with decreased Notch1 in PVECs. This may be mediated by increased CpG methylation and H3K27me3 in the Notch1 gene promoter region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Li Tang
- Department of Neonatology, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310051, People's Republic of China.
| | - Li-Yan Zhang
- Department of Neonatology, The Children's Hospital of Fuzhou, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350004, People's Republic of China.
| | - Lin-Jiang Lao
- Department of Neonatology, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310051, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qiong-Yao Hu
- Department of Neonatology, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310051, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wei-Zhong Gu
- Department of Pathology, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310051, People's Republic of China.
| | - Lin-Chen Fu
- Department of Neonatology, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310051, People's Republic of China.
| | - Li-Zhong Du
- Department of Neonatology, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310051, People's Republic of China.
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Prospective evaluation of associations between prenatal cortisol and adulthood coronary heart disease risk: the New England family study. Psychosom Med 2015; 77:237-45. [PMID: 25768844 PMCID: PMC4965800 DOI: 10.1097/psy.0000000000000164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Increasing evidence suggests that early life factors may influence coronary heart disease (CHD) risk; however, little is known about the contributions of prenatal cortisol. Objectives were to prospectively assess the associations of maternal cortisol levels during pregnancy with offspring's 10-year CHD risk during middle age. METHODS Participants were 262 mother-offspring dyads from the New England Family Study. Maternal free cortisol was assessed in third-trimester maternal serum samples. Ten-year CHD risk was calculated in offspring at a mean age of 42 years, using the validated Framingham risk algorithm incorporating diabetes, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, total and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, smoking, age, and sex. RESULTS In multivariable-adjusted linear regression analyses adjusted for age and race/ethnicity, high versus low maternal cortisol tertile was associated with 36.7% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 8.4% to 72.5%) greater mean 10-year CHD risk score in women. There was no association in men (-2.8%, 95% CI = -23.8% to 24.0%). Further adjustment for in utero socioeconomic position showed 26.1% (95% CI = -0.5% to 59.9%) greater CHD risk in women. Adjustment for maternal age and size for gestational age had little effect on findings. CONCLUSIONS Maternal prenatal cortisol levels were positively associated with 10-year CHD risk among female, and not male, offspring. Adjusting for socioeconomic position during pregnancy reduced effect size in women, suggesting that it may be a common prior factor in both maternal cortisol and CHD risk. These findings provide evidence that targeting mothers who have elevated prenatal cortisol levels, including elevated cortisol in the setting of low socioeconomic position, may potentially reduce long-term CHD risk in their offspring.
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Scheers Andersson E, Tynelius P, Nohr EA, Sørensen TIA, Rasmussen F. No association of maternal gestational weight gain with offspring blood pressure and hypertension at age 18 years in male sibling-pairs: a prospective register-based cohort study. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121202. [PMID: 25794174 PMCID: PMC4368786 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maternal gestational weight gain (GWG) is associated with birth weight, obesity, and possibly blood pressure (BP) and hypertension in the offspring. These associations may however be confounded by genetic and/or shared environmental factors. In contrast to previous studies based on non-siblings and self-reported data, we investigated whether GWG is associated with offspring BP and hypertension, in a register-based cohort of full brothers while controlling for fixed shared effects. METHODS By using Swedish nation-wide record-linkage data, we identified women with at least two male children (full brothers) born 1982-1989. Their BP was obtained from the mandatory military conscription induction tests. We adopted linear and Poisson regression models with robust variance, using generalized estimating equations to analyze associations between GWG and BP, as well as with hypertension, within and between offspring sibling-pairs. RESULTS Complete data on the mothers' GWG and offspring BP was obtained for 9,816 brothers (4,908 brother-pairs). Adjusted regression models showed no significant associations between GWG and SBP (β = 0.03 mmHg per 1-kg GWG difference, [95% CI -0.08, 0.14], or DBP (β = -0.03 mmHg per 1-kg GWG difference [95% CI -0.11, 0.05]), or between GWG and offspring's risk of hypertension (relative risk = 1.0 [95% CI 0.99, 1.02], neither within nor between siblings. CONCLUSIONS In this large sibling-pair study, we did not find any significant association between GWG and offspring BP or the risk of hypertension at 18y, when taking genetic and environmental factors shared within sibling pairs into account. Further large sibling studies are required to confirm a null association between GWG and other cardiovascular risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elina Scheers Andersson
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Child and Adolescent Public Health Epidemiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Per Tynelius
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Child and Adolescent Public Health Epidemiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ellen Aagaard Nohr
- Research Unit of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Thorkild I. A. Sørensen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Basic Metabolic Research, Section on Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Institute of Preventive Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, The Capital Region, Denmark
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Bristol University, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Finn Rasmussen
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Child and Adolescent Public Health Epidemiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Household Air Pollution in the Early Origins of CVD in Developing Countries. Glob Heart 2015; 7:235-42. [PMID: 25691486 DOI: 10.1016/j.gheart.2012.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2012] [Accepted: 06/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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Ghaffari N, Parry S, Elovitz MA, Durnwald CP. The Effect of an Obesogenic Maternal Environment on Expression of Fetal Umbilical Cord Blood miRNA. Reprod Sci 2014; 22:860-4. [PMID: 25544675 DOI: 10.1177/1933719114565032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Exposure to maternal obesity in utero predisposes offspring to obesity and metabolic disease. This study investigated whether maternal obesity is associated with alterations in expression of fetal microRNA (miRNA). STUDY DESIGN A cohort study of women with body mass index (BMI) ≥35 kg/m(2) (n = 16) versus those with normal BMI 20 to 24.9 (n = 20) was performed. All participants had normal glucose tolerance (1-hour glucose challenge test <130) and normally grown neonates (2700-3500 g). Umbilical cord samples were collected immediately after delivery. Expression of miRNA was assessed using Affymetrix GeneChip miRNA 3.0 Arrays. Differential miRNA expression was determined using Student t tests with Benjamini-Hocherg correction. RESULTS For 1733 human mature miRNAs, the expression levels were not statistically different in umbilical cord blood samples from pregnancies of obese women compared to controls. CONCLUSION Expression of fetal miRNA is not altered in umbilical cord blood in response to in utero exposure to obesity. Alternate mechanisms underlying the fetal effects of maternal obesity should be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neda Ghaffari
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Maternal and Child Health Research Program, Center for Research on Reproduction and Women's Health, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Samuel Parry
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Maternal and Child Health Research Program, Center for Research on Reproduction and Women's Health, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Michal A Elovitz
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Maternal and Child Health Research Program, Center for Research on Reproduction and Women's Health, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Celeste P Durnwald
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Maternal and Child Health Research Program, Center for Research on Reproduction and Women's Health, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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Hanson MA, Gluckman PD. Early developmental conditioning of later health and disease: physiology or pathophysiology? Physiol Rev 2014; 94:1027-76. [PMID: 25287859 PMCID: PMC4187033 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00029.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 715] [Impact Index Per Article: 71.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Extensive experimental animal studies and epidemiological observations have shown that environmental influences during early development affect the risk of later pathophysiological processes associated with chronic, especially noncommunicable, disease (NCD). This field is recognized as the developmental origins of health and disease (DOHaD). We discuss the extent to which DOHaD represents the result of the physiological processes of developmental plasticity, which may have potential adverse consequences in terms of NCD risk later, or whether it is the manifestation of pathophysiological processes acting in early life but only becoming apparent as disease later. We argue that the evidence suggests the former, through the operation of conditioning processes induced across the normal range of developmental environments, and we summarize current knowledge of the physiological processes involved. The adaptive pathway to later risk accords with current concepts in evolutionary developmental biology, especially those concerning parental effects. Outside the normal range, effects on development can result in nonadaptive processes, and we review their underlying mechanisms and consequences. New concepts concerning the underlying epigenetic and other mechanisms involved in both disruptive and nondisruptive pathways to disease are reviewed, including the evidence for transgenerational passage of risk from both maternal and paternal lines. These concepts have wider implications for understanding the causes and possible prevention of NCDs such as type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease, for broader social policy and for the increasing attention paid in public health to the lifecourse approach to NCD prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Hanson
- Academic Unit of Human Development and Health, University of Southampton, and NIHR Nutrition Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom; and Liggins Institute and Gravida (National Centre for Growth and Development), University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - P D Gluckman
- Academic Unit of Human Development and Health, University of Southampton, and NIHR Nutrition Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom; and Liggins Institute and Gravida (National Centre for Growth and Development), University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Zambrano E, Nathanielsz PW. Mechanisms by which maternal obesity programs offspring for obesity: evidence from animal studies. Nutr Rev 2014; 71 Suppl 1:S42-54. [PMID: 24147924 DOI: 10.1111/nure.12068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal obesity can profoundly affect offspring phenotype and predisposition to obesity and metabolic disease. Carefully controlled studies in precocial and altricial mammalian species provide insights into the involved mechanisms. These include programming of hypothalamic appetite-regulating centers to increase orexigenic relative to anorexigenic drive; increasing maternal, fetal, and offspring adrenal and peripheral tissue glucocorticoid production; and increasing maternal oxidative stress. Outcomes often show offspring sex differences that may play a role in the differential susceptibility of males and females to later-life obesity and other related metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Zambrano
- Department of Reproductive Biology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición, Salvador Zubirán, Mexico
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Taylor PD, Samuelsson AM, Poston L. Maternal obesity and the developmental programming of hypertension: a role for leptin. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2014; 210:508-23. [PMID: 24433239 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Revised: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 12/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Mother-child cohort studies have established that both pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) and gestational weight gain are independently associated with cardio-metabolic risk factors in young adult offspring, including systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Animal models in sheep and non-human primates provide further evidence for the influence of maternal obesity on offspring cardiovascular function, whilst recent studies in rodents suggest that perinatal exposure to the metabolic milieu of maternal obesity may permanently change the central regulatory pathways involved in blood pressure regulation. Leptin plays an important role in the central control of appetite, is also involved in activation of efferent sympathetic pathways to both thermogenic and non-thermogenic tissues, such as the kidney, and is therefore implicated in obesity-related hypertension. Leptin is also thought to have a neurotrophic role in the development of the hypothalamus, and altered neonatal leptin profiles secondary to maternal obesity are associated with permanently altered hypothalamic structure and function. In rodent studies, maternal obesity confers persistent sympathoexcitatory hyper-responsiveness and hypertension acquired in the early stages of development. Experimental neonatal hyperleptinaemia in naive rat pups provides further evidence of heightened sympathetic tone and proof of principle that hyperleptinaemia during a critical window of hypothalamic development may directly lead to adulthood hypertension. Insight from these animal models raises the possibility that early-life exposure to leptin in humans may lead to early onset essential hypertension. Ongoing mother-child cohort and intervention studies in obese pregnant women provide a unique opportunity to address associations between maternal obesity and offspring cardiovascular function. The goal of the review is to highlight the potential importance of leptin in the developmental programming of hypertension in obese pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. D. Taylor
- Division of Women's Health; Women's Health Academic Centre; King's College London and King's Health Partners; London UK
| | - A.-M. Samuelsson
- Division of Women's Health; Women's Health Academic Centre; King's College London and King's Health Partners; London UK
| | - L. Poston
- Division of Women's Health; Women's Health Academic Centre; King's College London and King's Health Partners; London UK
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Crispim PAA, Peixoto MDRG, Jardim PCBV. Risk factors associated with high blood pressure in two-to five-year-old children. Arq Bras Cardiol 2014; 102:39-46. [PMID: 24263779 PMCID: PMC3987386 DOI: 10.5935/abc.20130227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Revised: 07/14/2013] [Accepted: 08/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Over recent decades, the prevalence of high blood pressure (BP) has increased among children. Several risk factors are involved in the genesis of high BP during childhood, and their early identification can prevent the development of that disease. OBJECTIVES To assess the prevalence of high BP and associated factors in children. METHODS Cross-sectional, population-based study, carried out at the household. This study included 276 two- to five-year-old children in the city of Goiânia, state of Goiás, and assessed their BP, sociodemographic characteristics, birth weight, high BP family history, passive smoking, maternal breastfeeding, dietary habits, sedentary lifestyle and nutritional status. Poisson regression was used to assess the association between risk factors and high BP. RESULTS Their mean age was 3.1 ± 0.79 years, and high BP and overweight were observed in 19.9% and 11.2% of the children, respectively. Direct association of high BP was identified with age [prevalence ratio (PR) = 2.3; 95%CI: 1.2 - 4.8; p = 0.017] and overweight (PR = 2.0; 95%CI: 1.2 - 3.6; p = 0.014). No other variable associated with high BP. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of high BP in children was high. Overweight and younger children had greater prevalence of high BP.
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Gademan MG, van Eijsden M, Roseboom TJ, van der Post JA, Stronks K, Vrijkotte TG. Maternal Prepregnancy Body Mass Index and Their Children’s Blood Pressure and Resting Cardiac Autonomic Balance at Age 5 to 6 Years. Hypertension 2013; 62:641-7. [DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.113.01511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Adverse intrauterine conditions can program hypertension. Because one of the underlying mechanisms is thought to be cardiac autonomic balance, we investigated the association between prepregnancy body mass index (BMI) and blood pressure and indicators of the autonomic balance in the child at age 5 to 6 years. Also investigated was whether these associations were mediated by standardized birth weight and child BMI. Pregnant women (n=3074) participating in the Amsterdam Born Children and their Development study completed a questionnaire at gestational week 14. At age 5 to 6 years, offspring’s sympathetic drive (pre-ejection period), parasympathetic drive (respiratory sinus arrhythmia), and heart rate were measured by electrocardiography and impedance cardiography at rest. Blood pressure was assessed simultaneously. After adjusting for possible maternal/offspring confounders, prepregnancy BMI was positively linearly associated with diastolic blood pressure (β=0.11 mm Hg; 95% confidence interval, 0.05–0.17), systolic blood pressure (β=0.14 mm Hg; 95% confidence interval, 0.07–0.21), but not with heart rate, sympathetic or parasympathetic drive. After adding birth weight and child BMI to the model, the independent effect size of prepregnancy body mass index on systolic blood pressure (β=0.07 mm Hg; 95% confidence interval, 0.00–0.14) and diastolic blood pressure (β=0.07 mm Hg; 95% confidence interval, 0.01–0.13) decreased by ≈50%. Birth weight did not mediate these relationships, but was independently and negatively associated with blood pressure. Child BMI was positively associated with blood pressure and partly mediated the association between prepregnancy BMI and blood pressure. In conclusion, higher prepregnancy BMI is associated with higher blood pressure in the child (aged 5–6 years) but does not seem to be attributable to early alterations in resting cardiac autonomic balance. Child BMI, but not birth weight, mediated the association between prepregnancy BMI and blood pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maaike G.J. Gademan
- From the Department of Public Health (M.G.J.G., K.S., T.G.M.V.), Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology (T.J.R., J.A.M.v.d.P.), and Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics (T.J.R.), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology, Documentation and Health Promotion, Public Health Service of Amsterdam (GGD), Amsterdam, The Netherlands (M.v.E.); and Department of Health Sciences, VU University, Amsterdam, The
| | - Manon van Eijsden
- From the Department of Public Health (M.G.J.G., K.S., T.G.M.V.), Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology (T.J.R., J.A.M.v.d.P.), and Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics (T.J.R.), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology, Documentation and Health Promotion, Public Health Service of Amsterdam (GGD), Amsterdam, The Netherlands (M.v.E.); and Department of Health Sciences, VU University, Amsterdam, The
| | - Tessa J. Roseboom
- From the Department of Public Health (M.G.J.G., K.S., T.G.M.V.), Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology (T.J.R., J.A.M.v.d.P.), and Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics (T.J.R.), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology, Documentation and Health Promotion, Public Health Service of Amsterdam (GGD), Amsterdam, The Netherlands (M.v.E.); and Department of Health Sciences, VU University, Amsterdam, The
| | - Joris A.M. van der Post
- From the Department of Public Health (M.G.J.G., K.S., T.G.M.V.), Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology (T.J.R., J.A.M.v.d.P.), and Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics (T.J.R.), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology, Documentation and Health Promotion, Public Health Service of Amsterdam (GGD), Amsterdam, The Netherlands (M.v.E.); and Department of Health Sciences, VU University, Amsterdam, The
| | - Karien Stronks
- From the Department of Public Health (M.G.J.G., K.S., T.G.M.V.), Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology (T.J.R., J.A.M.v.d.P.), and Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics (T.J.R.), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology, Documentation and Health Promotion, Public Health Service of Amsterdam (GGD), Amsterdam, The Netherlands (M.v.E.); and Department of Health Sciences, VU University, Amsterdam, The
| | - Tanja G.M. Vrijkotte
- From the Department of Public Health (M.G.J.G., K.S., T.G.M.V.), Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology (T.J.R., J.A.M.v.d.P.), and Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics (T.J.R.), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology, Documentation and Health Promotion, Public Health Service of Amsterdam (GGD), Amsterdam, The Netherlands (M.v.E.); and Department of Health Sciences, VU University, Amsterdam, The
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Behl M, Rao D, Aagaard K, Davidson TL, Levin ED, Slotkin TA, Srinivasan S, Wallinga D, White MF, Walker VR, Thayer KA, Holloway AC. Evaluation of the association between maternal smoking, childhood obesity, and metabolic disorders: a national toxicology program workshop review. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2013; 121:170-80. [PMID: 23232494 PMCID: PMC3569686 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1205404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An emerging literature suggests that environmental chemicals may play a role in the development of childhood obesity and metabolic disorders, especially when exposure occurs early in life. OBJECTIVE Here we assess the association between these health outcomes and exposure to maternal smoking during pregnancy as part of a broader effort to develop a research agenda to better understand the role of environmental chemicals as potential risk factors for obesity and metabolic disorders. METHODS PubMed was searched up to 8 March 2012 for epidemiological and experimental animal studies related to maternal smoking or nicotine exposure during pregnancy and childhood obesity or metabolic disorders at any age. A total of 101 studies-83 in humans and 18 in animals-were identified as the primary literature. DISCUSSION Current epidemiological data support a positive association between maternal smoking and increased risk of obesity or overweight in offspring. The data strongly suggest a causal relation, although the possibility that the association is attributable to unmeasured residual confounding cannot be completely ruled out. This conclusion is supported by findings from laboratory animals exposed to nicotine during development. The existing literature on human exposures does not support an association between maternal smoking during pregnancy and type 1 diabetes in offspring. Too few human studies have assessed outcomes related to type 2 diabetes or metabolic syndrome to reach conclusions based on patterns of findings. There may be a number of mechanistic pathways important for the development of aberrant metabolic outcomes following perinatal exposure to cigarette smoke, which remain largely unexplored. CONCLUSIONS From a toxicological perspective, the linkages between maternal smoking during pregnancy and childhood overweight/obesity provide proof-of-concept of how early-life exposure to an environmental toxicant can be a risk factor for childhood obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamta Behl
- Kelly Government Solutions, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
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Zanardo V, Visentin S, Trevisanuto D, Bertin M, Cavallin F, Cosmi E. Fetal aortic wall thickness: a marker of hypertension in IUGR children? Hypertens Res 2013; 36:440-3. [PMID: 23364342 DOI: 10.1038/hr.2012.219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Fetuses with intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) have significant aortic intima-media thickening (aIMT), which suggests that preclinical atherosclerosis might predispose the infants to hypertension. However, the natural course of aIMT in babies with IUGR remains an open question.The study enrolled 77 pregnant women between January 2007 and August 2009. The fetuses were classified as AGA (appropriate for gestational age) or IUGR, if the estimated fetal weight was between the 10th and 90th percentile or below the 10th percentile (with umbilical artery pulsatility index (PI) >2s.d.), respectively. Anthropometric parameters and aIMT were detected in each IUGR and AGA fetus at a mean gestational age of 32 weeks. The follow-up was performed in 25 IUGR and 25 AGA infants at a mean postnatal age of 18 months; the previous measurements were repeated, and blood pressure measurements were taken. The maximum aIMT was significantly higher in the IUGR fetuses and infants compared with the AGA infants, both in utero (2.05±0.43 vs. 1.05±0.19 mm, P<0.001) and at the follow-up (2.3±0.8 vs. 1.06±0.18 mm, P<0.0001), the resulting values significantly correlated (P=0.018) with one another. The systolic blood pressure was significantly increased in the IUGR subjects (123±16 vs. 104±8.5 mm Hg, P<0.0004), and it correlated with the prenatal and postnatal aIMT values (P<0.0156 and P<0.0054, respectively). The aortic wall thickening progression in IUGR fetuses and infants differed from AGA, which may predispose the infants to hypertension early in life and cardiovascular risk later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Zanardo
- Department of Pediatrics, Department of Gynecological Science and Human Reproduction, Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, University of Padua School of Medicine, Via Guistiniani 3, Padua, Italy.
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de Jonge LL, Harris HR, Rich-Edwards JW, Willett WC, Forman MR, Jaddoe VWV, Michels KB. Parental smoking in pregnancy and the risks of adult-onset hypertension. Hypertension 2012; 61:494-500. [PMID: 23266542 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.111.200907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Fetal exposure to parental smoking may lead to developmental adaptations and promote various diseases in later life. This study evaluated the associations of parental smoking during pregnancy with the risk of hypertension in the daughter in adulthood, and assessed whether these associations are explained by birth weight or body weight throughout life. We used data on 33086 participants of the Nurses' Health Study II and the Nurses' Mothers' Cohort. Cox proportional hazards models were used to examine the associations of maternal and paternal smoking during pregnancy with the nurse daughter, with self-reported physician-diagnosed hypertension from 1989 until 2007. Overall, 8575 (25.9%) mothers and 18874 (57.0%) fathers smoked during pregnancy. During follow-up, 7825 incident cases of adult-onset hypertension were reported. Both maternal and paternal smoking of ≥ 15 cigarettes/d during pregnancy were associated with increased risks of hypertension (rate ratio, 1.19; 95% CI, 1.09-1.29; and rate ratio, 1.18; 95% CI, 1.12-1.25, respectively) in the age-adjusted models. Further adjustment for birth weight did not affect the effect estimates appreciably, whereas additional adjustment for body shape and weight until age 18, or current body mass index, attenuated the associations with both maternal and paternal smoking (rate ratio, 1.07; 95% CI, 0.98-1.16; and rate ratio, 1.06; 95% CI, 1.01-1.12, respectively). The associations of parental smoking during pregnancy with the risk of hypertension in the offspring were largely explained by body weight throughout life, suggesting that these associations may not reflect direct intrauterine mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Layla L de Jonge
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Parental smoking during pregnancy and cardiovascular structures and function in childhood: The Generation R Study. Int J Epidemiol 2012; 42:1371-80. [DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyt178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
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Ortiz Espejo M, Gil Campos M, Muñoz Villanueva M, Pérez Navero J. Alteraciones metabólicas en prepúberes con retraso del crecimiento extrauterino. An Pediatr (Barc) 2012; 77:247-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anpedi.2012.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2011] [Revised: 01/25/2012] [Accepted: 02/10/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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Davis EF, Lazdam M, Lewandowski AJ, Worton SA, Kelly B, Kenworthy Y, Adwani S, Wilkinson AR, McCormick K, Sargent I, Redman C, Leeson P. Cardiovascular risk factors in children and young adults born to preeclamptic pregnancies: a systematic review. Pediatrics 2012; 129:e1552-61. [PMID: 22614768 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2011-3093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 356] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Preeclampsia is an independent cardiovascular risk factor for the mother, and recent studies reveal that offspring of affected pregnancies also may have an increased cardiovascular risk. Our objective was to examine evidence for increased cardiovascular risk factors in children exposed to preeclampsia in utero. METHODS We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis on studies reporting traditional cardiovascular risk factors in those exposed to preeclampsia compared to controls. Information was extracted on the classic cardiovascular risk factors, including blood pressure, lipid profile, glucose metabolism, and BMI from articles published between 1948 and August 2011 in Medline and Embase. RESULTS Eighteen studies provided cumulated data on 45,249 individuals. In utero exposure to preeclampsia was associated with a 2.39 mm Hg (95% confidence interval: 1.74-3.05; P < .0001) higher systolic and a 1.35 mm Hg (95% confidence interval: 0.90-1.80; P < .00001) higher diastolic blood pressure during childhood and young adulthood. BMI was increased by 0.62 kg/m2 (P < .00001). Associations were similar in children and adolescents, for different genders, and with variation in birth weight. There was insufficient evidence to identify consistent variation in lipid profile or glucose metabolism. CONCLUSIONS Young offspring of pregnancies complicated by preeclampsia already have increased blood pressure and BMI, a finding that may need to be considered in future primary prevention strategies for cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Frances Davis
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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48
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Hochner H, Friedlander Y, Calderon-Margalit R, Meiner V, Sagy Y, Avgil-Tsadok M, Burger A, Savitsky B, Siscovick DS, Manor O. Associations of maternal prepregnancy body mass index and gestational weight gain with adult offspring cardiometabolic risk factors: the Jerusalem Perinatal Family Follow-up Study. Circulation 2012; 125:1381-9. [PMID: 22344037 PMCID: PMC3332052 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.111.070060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2011] [Accepted: 01/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accumulating evidence demonstrates that both maternal prepregnancy body mass index (mppBMI) and gestational weight gain (GWG) are associated with adult offspring adiposity. However, whether these maternal attributes are related to other cardiometabolic risk factors in adulthood has not been comprehensively studied. METHODS AND RESULTS We used a birth cohort of 1400 young adults born in Jerusalem who had extensive archival data and clinical information at 32 years of age to prospectively examine the associations of mppBMI and GWG with adiposity and related cardiometabolic outcomes. Greater mppBMI, independently of GWG and confounders, was significantly associated with higher offspring BMI, waist circumference, systolic and diastolic blood pressures, insulin, and triglycerides and with lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. For example, the effect sizes were translated to nearly 5 kg/m(2) higher mean BMI, 8.4 cm higher waist circumference, 0.13 mmol/L (11.4 mg/dL) higher triglycerides, and 0.10 mmol/L (3.8 mg/dL) lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol among offspring of mothers within the upper mppBMI quartile (mppBMI >26.4 kg/m(2)) compared with the lower quartile (mppBMI <21.0 kg/m(2)). GWG, independently of mppBMI, was positively associated with offspring adiposity; differences of 1.6 kg/m(2) in BMI and 2.4 cm in waist were observed when offspring of mothers in the upper (GWG >14 kg) and lower (GWG <9 kg) quartiles of GWG were compared. Further adjustment for offspring adiposity attenuated the observed associations to the null. CONCLUSIONS Maternal size both before and during pregnancy is associated with cardiometabolic risk factors in young adult offspring. The associations appear to be driven mainly by offspring adiposity. Future studies that explore mechanisms underlying the intergenerational cycle of obesity are warranted to identify potentially novel targets for cardiometabolic risk-reduction interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hagit Hochner
- Hebrew University-Hadassah, Braun School of Public Health, Jerusalem, Israel.
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49
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Abstract
Many epidemiological studies showed associations of low birth weight with cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes and obesity. The associations seem to be consistent and stronger among subjects with a postnatal catch up growth. It has been suggested that developmental changes in response to adverse fetal exposures might lead to changes in the fetal anatomy and physiology. These adaptations may be beneficial for short term, but may lead to common diseases in adulthood. Maternal smoking during pregnancy is one of the most important adverse fetal exposures in Western countries, and is known to be associated with a 150-200 g lower birth weight. An accumulating body of evidence suggests that maternal smoking during pregnancy might be involved in pathways leading to both low birth weight and common diseases, including cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes and obesity, in adulthood. In this review, we discuss epidemiological studies focused on the associations of maternal smoking with fetal growth and development and cardiovascular and metabolic disease in later life. We also discuss potential biological mechanisms, and challenges for future epidemiological studies.
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50
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Bakker H, Jaddoe VWV. Cardiovascular and metabolic influences of fetal smoke exposure. Eur J Epidemiol 2011; 26:763-70. [PMID: 21994150 PMCID: PMC3218270 DOI: 10.1007/s10654-011-9621-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2011] [Accepted: 09/30/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Many epidemiological studies showed associations of low birth weight with cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes and obesity. The associations seem to be consistent and stronger among subjects with a postnatal catch up growth. It has been suggested that developmental changes in response to adverse fetal exposures might lead to changes in the fetal anatomy and physiology. These adaptations may be beneficial for short term, but may lead to common diseases in adulthood. Maternal smoking during pregnancy is one of the most important adverse fetal exposures in Western countries, and is known to be associated with a 150–200 g lower birth weight. An accumulating body of evidence suggests that maternal smoking during pregnancy might be involved in pathways leading to both low birth weight and common diseases, including cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes and obesity, in adulthood. In this review, we discuss epidemiological studies focused on the associations of maternal smoking with fetal growth and development and cardiovascular and metabolic disease in later life. We also discuss potential biological mechanisms, and challenges for future epidemiological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanneke Bakker
- The Generation R Study Group (Room Ae-012), Erasmus Medical Centre, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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