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Hing N, Thorne H, Lole L, Sproston K, Hodge N, Rockloff M. 'Getting addicted to it and losing a lot of money… it's just like a hole.' A grounded theory model of how social determinants shape adolescents' choices to not gamble. BMC Public Health 2024; 24:1270. [PMID: 38724892 PMCID: PMC11084133 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-18286-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gambling abstinence when underage lowers the risk of harmful gambling in later life. However, little research has examined why many young people refrain from gambling, even though this knowledge can inform protective strategies and lower risk factors to reduce underage gambling and subsequent harm. This study draws on the lived experience of adolescent non-gamblers to explore how social determinants while growing up have shaped their reasons and choices to not gamble. METHODS Fourteen Australian non-gamblers, aged 12-17 years, participated in an in-depth individual interview (4 girls, 3 boys) or online community (4 girls, 3 boys). Questions in each condition differed, but both explored participants' gambling-related experiences while growing up, including exposure, attitudes and behaviours of parents and peers, advertising, simulated gambling and motivations for not gambling. The analysis used adaptive grounded theory methods. RESULTS The grounded theory model identifies several reasons for not gambling, including not being interested, being below the legal gambling age, discouragement from parent and peers, concern about gambling addiction and harm, not wanting to risk money on a low chance of winning, and moral objections. These reasons were underpinned by several social determinants, including individual, parental, peer and environmental factors that can interact to deter young people from underage gambling. Key protective factors were parental role modelling and guidance, friendship groups who avoided gambling, critical thinking, rational gambling beliefs, financial literacy and having other hobbies and interests. CONCLUSIONS Choices to not gamble emanated from multiple layers of influence, implying that multi-layered interventions, aligned with a public health response, are needed to deter underage gambling. At the environmental level, better age-gating for monetary and simulated gambling, countering cultural pressures, and less exposure to promotional gambling messages, may assist young people to resist these influences. Interventions that support parents to provide appropriate role modelling and guidance for their children are also important. Youth education could include cautionary tales from people with lived experience of gambling harm, and education to increase young people's financial literacy, ability to recognise marketing tactics, awareness of the risks and harms of gambling, and how to resist peer and other normalising gambling influences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nerilee Hing
- Experimental Gambling Research Laboratory, School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, CQUniversity, University Drive, 4670, Bundaberg, QLD, Australia.
| | - Hannah Thorne
- Experimental Gambling Research Laboratory, School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, CQUniversity, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Lisa Lole
- Experimental Gambling Research Laboratory, School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, CQUniversity, University Drive, 4670, Bundaberg, QLD, Australia
| | | | | | - Matthew Rockloff
- Experimental Gambling Research Laboratory, School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, CQUniversity, University Drive, 4670, Bundaberg, QLD, Australia
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Hellumbråten Kristensen J, Trifunovic S, Strand J, Kraft Vistnes K, Syvertsen A, Zandi A, Pallesen S. A systematic literature review of studies on attitudes towards gambling using the Attitudes Towards Gambling Scale (ATGS). INTERNATIONAL GAMBLING STUDIES 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/14459795.2022.2143856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joakim Hellumbråten Kristensen
- Department of Psychosocial Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Norwegian Competence Centre for Gambling and Gaming Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Sandra Trifunovic
- Department of Psychosocial Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Julie Strand
- Department of Psychosocial Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | | | - André Syvertsen
- Department of Psychosocial Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Norwegian Competence Centre for Gambling and Gaming Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Amin Zandi
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ståle Pallesen
- Department of Psychosocial Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Norwegian Competence Centre for Gambling and Gaming Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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Longitudinal Changes in Gambling, Buying and Materialism in Adolescents: A Population-Based Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18062811. [PMID: 33801993 PMCID: PMC8000979 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18062811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Gambling disorder, gambling-related cognitive biases, compulsive buying, and materialistic values lead to impaired functioning in important areas of life. The aims of the present longitudinal study are (1) to evaluate the change produced after one year in those mentioned variables and (2) to examine the gender role in these changes and to analyze the mediational mechanisms among the variables of the study. The sample was composed of 182 adolescents (103 females and 79 males) from secondary education Spanish institutions who completed self-administered questionnaires. Structural equation modeling has been used to explore associations between the different variables. Our results show significant decreases in compulsive buying, materialism, and cognitive biases related to gambling after one year. Gambling disorder severity was directly related to cognitive distortions of gambling and being a man. Compulsive buying was associated with older age and the female gender. Materialism was associated with compulsive buying and the male gender. In conclusion, gambling disorder, gambling-related cognitive biases, compulsive buying, and materialistic values change over time in different ways, according to gender. The understanding of gambling disorder and compulsive buying in adolescents could potentially lead to early prevention and treatment programs for the specific needs of gender and age.
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Riley BJ, Oster C, Rahamathulla M, Lawn S. Attitudes, Risk Factors, and Behaviours of Gambling among Adolescents and Young People: A Literature Review and Gap Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:984. [PMID: 33499418 PMCID: PMC7908209 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18030984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Gambling is occurring in a rapidly changing landscape, with new trends and technologies affecting gambling behaviour and problem gambling across a range of populations. Gambling activity among adolescents and young people has received considerable research attention due to a high prevalence of gambling reported among these groups in recent years. Despite legislation worldwide to constrain gambling among adolescents and young people, modern technology, such as online gaming apps and online gambling venues, has significantly increased their exposure to the risks of problem gambling. It is important, therefore, to have up to date information about what is currently known about gambling and to explore gaps in our knowledge. This gap analysis presents the results of a systematic approach to reviewing the current literature on gambling behaviour, attitudes, and associated risk factors for gambling and problem gambling among adolescents and young adults (aged 10-25 years). The review included studies published between January 2015 and August 2020 and included 85 studies for final synthesis. Findings reveal further research is needed on the implications for young people of emerging technologies and new trends in gambling in the digital age. The current gap analysis reveals that this should include more research on the development and impact of both treatment and intervention strategies, and policy and regulatory frameworks from a public health perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben J. Riley
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia; (B.J.R.); (C.O.)
| | - Candice Oster
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia; (B.J.R.); (C.O.)
| | - Mubarak Rahamathulla
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Social Work, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6000, Australia;
| | - Sharon Lawn
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia; (B.J.R.); (C.O.)
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King DL, Russell A, Hing N. Adolescent Land-Based and Internet Gambling: Australian and International Prevalence Rates and Measurement Issues. CURRENT ADDICTION REPORTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s40429-020-00311-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Fiedor D, Král O, Frajer J, Šerý M, Szczyrba Z. What do Residents Consider to be Gambling and What are Their Attitudes Towards it? Evidence from the Czech Republic. J Gambl Stud 2020; 35:1347-1360. [PMID: 30334120 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-018-9804-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the article is to contribute to an understanding of the attitudes of post-communist Europe's inhabitants towards gambling, and of their opinions concerning which activities can be regarded as gambling. The Attitudes Towards Gambling Scale (ATGS-8) questionnaire was used in the survey, ensuring the international comparability of the results. For the subsequent in-depth analysis of attitudes we mainly used multidimensional statistical methods. The survey, conducted in 2017, had 1092 respondents. The least negative attitudes to gambling were found in the younger age groups, while the attitudes of senior citizens were the most negative. Concerning participation in gambling, 68.4% of the respondents had taken part in at least one of the range of gambling activities offered as choices. Participation in gambling is an important factor influencing the overall attitude of the respondents to gambling. Of equal importance was the range of intensity in their perceptions of which games can be considered to be gambling, with four similarly perceived types of gambling identified. The research shows that gambling is perceived negatively by the population of the Czech Republic. The explanation may be found in the substantial media coverage of gambling related to changes in the legislation and the tightening of restrictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Fiedor
- Department of Sociology, Andragogy and Cultural Anthropology, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Ondřej Král
- Department of Geography, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jindřich Frajer
- Department of Geography, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Miloslav Šerý
- Department of Geography, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Zdeněk Szczyrba
- Department of Geography, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
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Sanscartier MD, Edgerton JD, Keough MT. Attitudes towards gambling in a Canadian university sample of young adults. INTERNATIONAL GAMBLING STUDIES 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/14459795.2019.1649448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jason D. Edgerton
- Department of Sociology and Criminology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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Ren J, Moberg K, Scuffham H, Guan D, Asche CV. Long-term effectiveness of a gambling intervention program among children in central Illinois. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0212087. [PMID: 30742677 PMCID: PMC6370280 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0212087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Youth gambling is an increasing concern. As a response, the "Don't Gamble Away our Future (DGAOF)" program has been implemented among children in central Illinois. We aim to assess the long-term effectiveness of this school-based youth gambling prevention program in Illinois using the data from 2005 to 2009. The intervention included interactive PowerPoint presentations and prevention materials in parent packets. Students aged 8 to 18 years were eligible to participate in the intervention and the questionnaire pre-post knowledge tests (total score 0-9). Students in 5th grade and above also received a gambling behavior screen test using the Modified South Oaks Gambling Screening for Teens (MSOGST) for identifying probable gamblers. Multivariable generalized mixed models were conducted to detect the effects of a 5-year youth gambling prevention program as controlling potential confounders. A total of 16,262 and 16,421 students completed pre-post tests and MSOGST tests, respectively. Of 16,262, half were female, the majority (76.1%) were from senior high school, and 21.3% received the intervention at least twice. The median gap between interventions was 368 days. Students receiving multiple interventions had higher scores on the pre-test as compared to those receiving a single intervention (P<0.001 for all comparisons among groups), and they demonstrated an increasing trend of awareness about gambling over time (P<0.001 for multiple interventions; P = 0.538 for single intervention). The prevalence of problem gambling had decreased among students receiving the intervention twice as compared to receiving the intervention once (7.9% versus 9.4%; OR = 0.89, 95% CL: 0.82-0.97). However, this effect was not confirmed among students receiving the intervention three or more times. In conclusion, the DGAOF program has demonstrated a positive long-term impact on increasing gambling knowledge and partially reducing pathological gamblers through direct training. It suggests that multiple repeated interventions are important for youth gambling prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinma Ren
- Center for Outcomes Research, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria, IL, United States of America
| | - Kirk Moberg
- UnityPoint Health Illinois Institute for Addiction Recovery, Peoria, IL, United States of America
| | - Heidi Scuffham
- UnityPoint Health Illinois Institute for Addiction Recovery, Peoria, IL, United States of America
| | - Dongming Guan
- Center for Outcomes Research, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria, IL, United States of America
| | - Carl V. Asche
- Center for Outcomes Research, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria, IL, United States of America
- Center for Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomic Research, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Pharmacy, Chicago, IL, United States of America
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Molde H, Mentzoni R, Hanss D, Sagoe D, Andersen SL, Pallesen S. People around you – do they matter? An experimental gambling study. INTERNATIONAL GAMBLING STUDIES 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/14459795.2017.1333130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H. Molde
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - R. Mentzoni
- Department of Psychosocial Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - D. Hanss
- Department of Social and Cultural Sciences and Social Work, Darmstadt University of Applied Sciences, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - D. Sagoe
- Department of Psychosocial Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - S. L. Andersen
- Department of Psychosocial Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - S. Pallesen
- Department of Psychosocial Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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Sagoe D, Pallesen S, Hanss D, Leino T, Molde H, Mentzoni RA, Torsheim T. The Relationships between Mental Health Symptoms and Gambling Behavior in the Transition from Adolescence to Emerging Adulthood. Front Psychol 2017; 8:478. [PMID: 28408894 PMCID: PMC5374148 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a paucity of longitudinal investigations of gambling behavior in the transition from adolescence to emerging adulthood. We conducted a longitudinal investigation of the associations and patterns of change between mental health symptoms and gambling behavior. A representative sample of Norwegians completed questionnaires containing demographic, mental health, and gambling measures at age 17 (N = 2055), and at ages 18 (N = 1334) and 19 (N = 1277). Using latent class analysis, three classes of gambling behavior were identified: consistent non-gambling (71.1%), consistent non-risk gambling (23.8%), and risky-and-problem gambling (5.1%). Being male, showing higher physical and verbal aggression and having more symptoms of depression were associated with greater odds of belonging to the risky-and-problem gambling class at age 17. Overall, the risky-and-problem gambling class had the highest physical and verbal aggression, anxiety, and depression at 19 years. Our findings elucidate the reciprocal relationship between mental health and gambling behavior in the transition from adolescence to emerging adulthood, and the importance of recognizing these factors in designing targeted interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic Sagoe
- Department of Psychosocial Science, University of BergenBergen, Norway
| | - Ståle Pallesen
- Department of Psychosocial Science, University of BergenBergen, Norway
| | - Daniel Hanss
- Department of Psychosocial Science, University of BergenBergen, Norway.,Department of Social and Cultural Sciences and Social Work, Darmstadt University of Applied SciencesDarmstadt, Germany
| | - Tony Leino
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of BergenBergen, Norway
| | - Helge Molde
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of BergenBergen, Norway
| | - Rune A Mentzoni
- Department of Psychosocial Science, University of BergenBergen, Norway.,KoRus-Øst, Innlandet Hospital TrustOttestad, Norway
| | - Torbjørn Torsheim
- Department of Psychosocial Science, University of BergenBergen, Norway
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