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Catellani A, Ghilardelli F, Trevisi E, Cecchinato A, Bisutti V, Fumagalli F, Swamy HVLN, Han Y, van Kuijk S, Gallo A. Effects of Supplementation of a Mycotoxin Mitigation Feed Additive in Lactating Dairy Cows Fed Fusarium Mycotoxin-Contaminated Diet for an Extended Period. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:546. [PMID: 37755972 PMCID: PMC10534924 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15090546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Fusarium mycotoxins are inactivated by rumen flora; however, a certain amount can pass the rumen and reticulum or be converted into biological active metabolites. Limited scientific evidence is available on the impact and mitigation of Fusarium mycotoxins on dairy cows' performance and health, particularly when cows are exposed for an extended period (more than 2 months). The available information related to these mycotoxin effects on milk cheese-making parameters is also very poor. The objective of this study was to evaluate a commercially available mycotoxin mitigation product (MMP, i.e., TOXO® HP-R, Selko, Tilburg, The Netherlands) in lactating dairy cows fed a Fusarium mycotoxin-contaminated diet, and the repercussions on the dry matter intake, milk yield, milk quality, cheese-making traits and health status of cows. The MMP contains smectite clays, yeast cell walls and antioxidants. In the study, 36 lactating Holstein cows were grouped based on the number of days of producing milk, milk yield, body condition score and those randomly assigned to specific treatments. The study ran over 2 periods (March/May-May/July 2022). In each period, six animals/treatment were considered. The experimental periods consisted of 9 days of adaptation and 54 days of exposure. The physical activity, rumination time, daily milk production and milk quality were measured. The cows were fed once daily with the same total mixed ration (TMR) composition. The experimental groups consisted of a control (CTR) diet, with a TMR with low contamination, high moisture corn (HMC), and beet pulp; a mycotoxins (MTX) diet, with a TMR with highly contaminated HMC, and beet pulp; and an MTX diet supplemented with 100 g/cow/day of the mycotoxin mitigation product (MMP). The trial has shown that the use of MMP reduced the mycotoxin's negative effects on the milk yield and quality (protein, casein and lactose). The MTX diet had a lower milk yield and feed efficiency than the CTR and MMP HP-R diets. The MMP limited the negative effect of mycotoxin contamination on clotting parameters, mitigating the variations on some coagulation properties; however, the MMP inclusion tended to decrease the protein and apparent starch digestibility of the diet. These results provide a better understanding of mycotoxin risk on dairy cows' performances and milk quality. The inclusion of an MMP product mitigated some negative effects of the Fusarium mycotoxin contamination during this trial. The major effects were on the milk yield and quality in both the experimental periods. These results provide better insight on the effects of mycotoxins on the performance and quality of milk, as well as the cheese-making traits. Further analyses should be carried out to evaluate MMP's outcome on immune-metabolic responses and diet digestibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Catellani
- Department of Animal Science, Food and Nutrition (DIANA), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via Emilia Parmense, 84, 29100 Piacenza, Italy; (A.C.); (F.G.); (E.T.); (F.F.)
| | - Francesca Ghilardelli
- Department of Animal Science, Food and Nutrition (DIANA), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via Emilia Parmense, 84, 29100 Piacenza, Italy; (A.C.); (F.G.); (E.T.); (F.F.)
| | - Erminio Trevisi
- Department of Animal Science, Food and Nutrition (DIANA), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via Emilia Parmense, 84, 29100 Piacenza, Italy; (A.C.); (F.G.); (E.T.); (F.F.)
| | - Alessio Cecchinato
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Viale dell’Università, 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (A.C.); (V.B.)
| | - Vittoria Bisutti
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Viale dell’Università, 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (A.C.); (V.B.)
| | - Francesca Fumagalli
- Department of Animal Science, Food and Nutrition (DIANA), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via Emilia Parmense, 84, 29100 Piacenza, Italy; (A.C.); (F.G.); (E.T.); (F.F.)
| | - H. V. L. N. Swamy
- Selko Feed Additives, Nutreco, Stationsstraat 77, P.O. Box 299, 3800 AG Amersfoort, The Netherlands; (H.V.L.N.S.); (Y.H.); (S.v.K.)
| | - Yanming Han
- Selko Feed Additives, Nutreco, Stationsstraat 77, P.O. Box 299, 3800 AG Amersfoort, The Netherlands; (H.V.L.N.S.); (Y.H.); (S.v.K.)
| | - Sandra van Kuijk
- Selko Feed Additives, Nutreco, Stationsstraat 77, P.O. Box 299, 3800 AG Amersfoort, The Netherlands; (H.V.L.N.S.); (Y.H.); (S.v.K.)
| | - Antonio Gallo
- Department of Animal Science, Food and Nutrition (DIANA), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via Emilia Parmense, 84, 29100 Piacenza, Italy; (A.C.); (F.G.); (E.T.); (F.F.)
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Armanini EH, Boiago MM, Cécere BGDO, Oliveira PV, Teixeira CJS, Strapazzon JV, Bottari NB, Silva AD, Fracasso M, Vendruscolo RG, Wagner R, Gloria EMD, Horn VW, Mendes RE, Baldissera MD, Vedovatto M, Da Silva AS. Protective effects of silymarin in broiler feed contaminated by mycotoxins: growth performance, meat antioxidant status, and fatty acid profiles. Trop Anim Health Prod 2021; 53:442. [PMID: 34410508 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-021-02873-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine whether the inclusion of silymarin in broiler feed was able to mitigate the adverse effects of mycotoxin on growth performance, health status, liver oxidative stress, and meat fatty acid profiles. A completely randomized design with four treatments, four repetitions, and 15 chicks per repetition was used, with the following groups: (a) feed without additives (NoMyc-NoSil), (b) feed supplemented with silymarin (NoMyc-Sil), (c) feed contaminated with mycotoxin (Myc-NoSil), and (d) feed contaminated with mycotoxin and supplemented with silymarin (Myc-Sil). Growth performance, intestinal and liver health, and meat quality were assessed. The consumption of feed contaminated with mycotoxin delayed weight gain and increased the feed conversion ratio; however, the addition of silymarin prevented these adverse effects on the chicken industry. Serum ALT activity was higher in Myc-NoSil broilers than in other groups. Intake of silymarin in healthy birds increased serum globulin concentration and reduced albumin concentration and ALT and AST serum activities compared to the Myc-NoSil group. The NoMyc-Sil birds had greater villus heights and crypt depths. Luminosity and water loss by cooking were affected by mycotoxin ingestion, changes that did not occur in the meat of birds that were supplemented with silymarin. The sum of saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids in the meat did not change among treatments, unlike the sum of polyunsaturated fatty acids higher in the meat of birds that consumed silymarin. We conclude that silymarin is a potential additive in broiler feed; it reduces impairment of growth performance at the end of the productive cycle, prevents oxidative stress, improves meat quality, and increases polyunsaturated fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo H Armanini
- Graduate Program in Animal Science, University of the State of Santa Catarina (UDESC), Chapecó, SC, Brazil
| | - Marcel M Boiago
- Graduate Program in Animal Science, University of the State of Santa Catarina (UDESC), Chapecó, SC, Brazil
- Department of Animal Science, UDESC, Chapecó, SC, Brazil
| | - Bruno G de Oliveira Cécere
- Graduate Program in Animal Science, University of the State of Santa Catarina (UDESC), Chapecó, SC, Brazil
| | | | - Carlos J S Teixeira
- Graduate Program in Animal Science, University of the State of Santa Catarina (UDESC), Chapecó, SC, Brazil
| | - João V Strapazzon
- Graduate Program in Animal Science, University of the State of Santa Catarina (UDESC), Chapecó, SC, Brazil
| | - Nathieli B Bottari
- Graduate Program in Toxicological Biochemistry, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Anielen D Silva
- Graduate Program in Toxicological Biochemistry, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Mateus Fracasso
- Graduate Program in Toxicological Biochemistry, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Brazil
| | | | - Roger Wagner
- Department of Food Science, UFSM, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | | | - Vitor W Horn
- Veterinary Pathology Laboratory, Instituto Federal Catarinense (IFC), SC, Concórdia, Brazil
| | - Ricardo E Mendes
- Veterinary Pathology Laboratory, Instituto Federal Catarinense (IFC), SC, Concórdia, Brazil
| | | | - Marcelo Vedovatto
- Unidade Universitária de Aquidauana, Universidade Estadual do Mato Grosso do Sul, Aquidauana, Brazil
| | - Aleksandro S Da Silva
- Graduate Program in Animal Science, University of the State of Santa Catarina (UDESC), Chapecó, SC, Brazil.
- Department of Animal Science, UDESC, Chapecó, SC, Brazil.
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Azizi T, Daneshyar M, Allymehr M, Tukmechi A, Behroozyar HK, Jalali AS. Effect of a probiotic (Lactobacillus sp.), yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and mycotoxin detoxifier alone or in combination on performance, immune response and serum biochemical parameters in broilers fed deoxynivalenol-contaminated diets. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1071/an19728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Context
Deoxynivalenol (DON) contamination of feedstuffs causes detrimental effects on animals and poultry. Dietary inclusion of microbial feed additives, such as probiotics and/or yeast, seems to be a useful approach for DON detoxification and reducing the toxin absorption from the gut.
Aims
This study was conducted to evaluate the synergetic effects of a probiotic (Lactobacillus spp.), yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and mycotoxin detoxifier on performance, serum chemical parameters and immune status of broiler chickens fed a DON-contaminated diet.
Methods
A total of 200 1-day-old female broilers (Hubbard®) were allocated to five dietary treatments with four replicates each in a completely randomised design. Experimental diets consisted of: (1) control diet (basal diet), (2) DON diet (basal diet contaminated with 10 mg/kg DON), (3) DON diet supplemented with 0.25% mycotoxin detoxifier (Mycofix® Plus), (4) DON diet supplemented with a combination of 0.4 g/kg probiotic and 1.5 g/kg yeast, and (5) DON diet supplemented with a combination of a probiotic, yeast and mycotoxin detoxifier.
Key results
The results showed that the DON diet significantly increased the feed conversion ratio compared with mycotoxin detoxifier and control diets. Administration of 0.4 g/kg probiotic along with 1.5 g/kg yeast to a DON-contaminated diet caused a significant enhancement of dressing percentage, leg relative weight and aspartate aminotransferase enzyme activity. The DON-contaminated diet reduced total protein, albumin, triglyceride and cholesterol concentrations, but consumption of a probiotic, yeast and mycotoxin detoxifier improved the levels of these parameters. The DON-treated birds showed a reduction in haematocrit, haemoglobin, red blood cells and blood lymphocyte percentage in comparison with control levels. The inclusion of a combination of a probiotic and yeast along with mycotoxin detoxifier diminished the increased heterophil: lymphocyte ratio by DON administration. The antibody titre against Newcastle disease virus vaccine increased by inclusion of a probiotic, yeast and Mycofix.
Conclusions
In summary, a combination of a probiotic and yeast along with mycotoxin detoxifier can improve the enzyme activity, immunity and haematological attributes, which are useful for DON-contaminated diet detoxification.
Implications
Dietary supplementation with a probiotic, yeast and mycotoxin detoxifier could be used as an alternative to detoxification DON in broiler chickens.
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Virk P, Al-Mukhaizeem NAR, Bin Morebah SH, Fouad D, Elobeid M. Protective effect of resveratrol against toxicity induced by the mycotoxin, zearalenone in a rat model. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 146:111840. [PMID: 33137427 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Contamination of cereal crops with zearalenone (ZEA), a mycotoxin produced by Fusarium fungi, is a worldwide health concern. The study assessed the ameliorative potential of resveratrol (RSV), a potent antioxidant against ZEA induced toxicity in adult male Wistar rats. Rats (n = 40), with an average weight of 100-150 g were used for the exposure study for three weeks. The animals were divided into four groups (I to IV) each comprising 10 rats. Group I was kept as negative control and was administered normal saline. Group II and III were exposed to 2 mg/kg of the mycotoxin, ZEA administered intraperitoneally once every week. Group III was treated with resveratrol (RSV) orally (5 mg/kg) daily. Group IV was treated only with resveratrol (5 mg/kg/daily) as a positive control. The protective effect of resveratrol was evaluated on; biochemical variables, biomarkers of oxidative stress, markers of immunotoxicity, and DNA damage. The findings showed that exposure to ZEA elicited oxidative stress and modulated the antioxidant enzyme activities. A disarray in the lipid profile, parameters of the humoral and cellular immune response; serum cytokines and immunoglobulins was also observed. Further, COMET assay showed detectable DNA lesions. Taken together, RSV was efficacious in reducing and/or reversing the ZEA induced toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Promy Virk
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 22452, Riyadh, 11459, Saudi Arabia.
| | | | - Sara Hamad Bin Morebah
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 22452, Riyadh, 11459, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dalia Fouad
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 22452, Riyadh, 11459, Saudi Arabia; Department of Zoology and Entomology Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Ein Helwan, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mai Elobeid
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 22452, Riyadh, 11459, Saudi Arabia
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Gallo A, Minuti A, Bani P, Bertuzzi T, Cappelli FP, Doupovec B, Faas J, Schatzmayr D, Trevisi E. A mycotoxin-deactivating feed additive counteracts the adverse effects of regular levels of Fusarium mycotoxins in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:11314-11331. [PMID: 33222853 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-18197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about the effects of commonly found levels of Fusarium mycotoxins on the performance, metabolism, and immunity of dairy cattle. We investigated the effects of regular contamination levels, meaning contamination levels that can be commonly detected in dairy feeds, of deoxynivalenol (DON) and fumonisins (FB) in total mixed ration (TMR) on the performance, diet digestibility, milk quality, and plasma liver enzymes in dairy cows. This trial examined 12 lactating Holstein dairy cows using a 3-period × 3-treatment Latin square design. The experimental period was 21 d of mycotoxin exposure followed by 14 d of washout. During treatment periods, cows received one of 3 diets: (1) CTR (control) diet of TMR contaminated with 340.5 µg of DON/kg of dry matter (DM) and 127.9 µg FB/kg of DM; (2) MTX diet of TMR contaminated with Fusarium mycotoxins at levels higher than CTR but below US and European Union guidelines (i.e., 733.0 µg of DON/kg of DM and 994.4 µg of FB/kg of DM); or (3) MDP diet, which was MTX diet supplemented with a mycotoxin deactivator product (i.e., 897.3 µg of DON/kg of DM and 1,247.1 µg of FB/kg of DM; Mycofix, 35 g/animal per day). During washout, all animals were fed the same CTR diet. Body weight, body condition score, DM intake, dietary nutrient digestibility, milk production, milk composition and rennet coagulation properties, somatic cell count, blood serum chemistry, hematology, serum immunoglobulin concentrations, and expression of multiple genes in circulating leucocytes were measured. Milk production was significantly greater in the CTR group (37.73 kg/d) than in the MTX (36.39 kg/d) and the MDP (36.55 kg/d) groups. Curd firmness and curd firming time were negatively affected by the MTX diet compared with the other 2 diets. Furthermore, DM and neutral detergent fiber digestibility were lower after the MTX diet than after the CTR diet (67.3 vs. 71.0% and 42.8 vs. 52.3%). The MDP diet had the highest digestibility coefficients for DM (72.4%) and neutral detergent fiber (53.6%) compared with the other 2 diets. The activities of plasma liver transaminases were higher after the MTX diet than after the CTR and MDP diets. Compared with the CTR diet, the MTX diet led to slightly lower expression of genes related to immune and inflammatory functions, indicating that Fusarium mycotoxins had an immunosuppressive effect. Our results indicated that feed contaminated with regular levels of Fusarium mycotoxins adversely affected the performance, milk quality, diet digestibility, metabolic variables, and immunity of dairy cows, and that supplementation with mycotoxin deactivator product counteracted most of these negative effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gallo
- Department of Animal Science, Food and Nutrition (DIANA), Faculty of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 29122 Piacenza, Italy.
| | - A Minuti
- Department of Animal Science, Food and Nutrition (DIANA), Faculty of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 29122 Piacenza, Italy
| | - P Bani
- Department of Animal Science, Food and Nutrition (DIANA), Faculty of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 29122 Piacenza, Italy
| | - T Bertuzzi
- Department of Animal Science, Food and Nutrition (DIANA), Faculty of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 29122 Piacenza, Italy
| | - F Piccioli Cappelli
- Department of Animal Science, Food and Nutrition (DIANA), Faculty of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 29122 Piacenza, Italy
| | - B Doupovec
- BIOMIN Research Center, Technopark 1, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - J Faas
- BIOMIN Research Center, Technopark 1, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - D Schatzmayr
- BIOMIN Research Center, Technopark 1, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - E Trevisi
- Department of Animal Science, Food and Nutrition (DIANA), Faculty of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 29122 Piacenza, Italy
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Sager M, Lucke A, Ghareeb K, Allymehr M, Zebeli Q, Böhm J. Dietary deoxynivalenol does not affect mineral element accumulation in breast and thigh muscles of broiler chicken. Mycotoxin Res 2018; 34:117-121. [PMID: 29313173 PMCID: PMC5891544 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-017-0306-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON), a well-known contaminant of feed, can have negative effects on gut permeability and function in poultry, which then could affect major and trace element content of the broilers’ breast and thigh muscles, and ultimately reduce meat quality. To study this hypothesis, DON-contaminated diet was fed to broiler chicks. Two groups of birds were housed in metabolic cages with free access to water and feed, with or without DON (10 mg/kg). After 5 weeks, birds were dissected and samples of the breast and thigh muscles, feed and droppings were analysed for five macro (Ca, K, Mg, Na, and P) and ten micro elements (Al, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Li, Mo, Ni, Pb, Rb, and Zn) by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) or inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICP-MS) methods. In both groups, increased (p < 0.05) concentrations of Ca Na, Fe, Mn, and Zn were found in thigh muscles compared with the breast, whereas the concentrations of Mg, P, and Rb were higher in the breast muscles. DON had no effect on the elemental contents of the broilers’ breast and thigh muscles. In conclusion, DON at a level of 10 mg/kg feed to broiler chicken over of 5 weeks did not alter the macro or micro element composition in muscle meat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfred Sager
- Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety, Special Investigations in Element Analysis, Spargelfeldstrassse 191A, 1220, Vienna, Austria
| | - Annegret Lucke
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, A-1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - Khaled Ghareeb
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, A-1210, Vienna, Austria
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, 83523, Egypt
| | | | - Qendrim Zebeli
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, A-1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - Josef Böhm
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, A-1210, Vienna, Austria.
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Singh MP, Kang SC. Endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated autophagy activation attenuates fumonisin B1 induced hepatotoxicity in vitro and in vivo. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 110:371-382. [PMID: 29097114 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.10.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Revised: 09/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Although pathological characteristics of fumonisin B1 are known to induce hepatic injury over prolonged periods, the cellular defense mechanisms against the detrimental effects of FB1 are still unknown. The underlying mechanisms of FB1 toxicity are thought to be related with the inhibition of ceramide synthase, causing an accumulation of sphingoid bases, which in turn cause development of oxidative stress. Herein, we investigated whether autophagy, a cellular defense mechanism, protects liver cells from FB1 exposure. To accomplish this, we utilized HepG2 cells and a mouse model to study the effects of FB1 in the autophagy pathway. FB1 was capable of inducing autophagy via the generation of ROS, induction of endoplasmic reticulum stress, phosphorylation of JNK, suppression of mTOR and activation of LC3I/II in HepG2 cells and mice livers. Treatment of HepG2 cells with the ROS scavenger N-acetyl-l-cysteine alleviated ER stress stimulation and induced HepG2 cell death. Moreover, suppression of autophagy with 3-Methyladenine enhanced HepG2 cells apoptosis. Concurrently, four consecutive days exposure of mice livers to FB1 altered the levels of sphingoid bases, hepatic enzymes and induced histopathological changes. Moreover, the expression levels of major ER stress and autophagy-related markers such as PERK, IRE1-α, and LC3I/II also increased. Autophagy activation protected HepG2 cells and mice livers from the lethal effects of FB1. Hence, these findings specify that, the compounds that modify autophagy might be useful therapeutic agents for treatment of patients with FB1 induced liver ailments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahendra Pal Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Daegu University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk, 38453, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Chul Kang
- Department of Biotechnology, Daegu University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk, 38453, Republic of Korea.
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Hou YJ, Zhao YY, Xiong B, Cui XS, Kim NH, Xu YX, Sun SC. Mycotoxin-containing diet causes oxidative stress in the mouse. PLoS One 2013; 8:e60374. [PMID: 23555961 PMCID: PMC3610673 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2012] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins which mainly consist of Aflatoxin (AF), Zearalenone (ZEN) and Deoxynivalenol (DON) are commonly found in many food commodities. Although each component has been shown to cause liver toxicity and oxidative stress in several species, there is no evidence regarding the effect of naturally contained multiple mycotoxins on tissue toxicity and oxidative stress in vivo. In the present study, mycotoxins-contaminated maize (AF 597 µg/kg, ZEN 729 µg/kg, DON 3.1 mg/kg maize) was incorporated into the diet at three different doses (0, 5 and 20%) to feed the mice, and blood and tissue samples were collected to examine the oxidative stress related indexes. The results showed that the indexes of liver, kidney and spleen were all increased and the liver and kidney morphologies changed in the mycotoxin-treated mice. Also, the treatment resulted in the elevated glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) level in the serum and liver, indicating the presence of the oxidative stress. Moreover, the decrease of catalase (CAT) activity in the serum, liver and kidney as well as superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in the liver and kidney tissue further confirmed the occurrence of oxidative stress. In conclusion, our data indicate that the naturally contained mycotoxins are toxic in vivo and able to induce the oxidant stress in the mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Jun Hou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agriculture University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yong-Yan Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agriculture University, Nanjing, China
| | - Bo Xiong
- Laboratory of Cellular and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Xiang-Shun Cui
- Department of Animal Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Nam-Hyung Kim
- Department of Animal Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Yin-Xue Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agriculture University, Nanjing, China
- * E-mail: (YXX); (SCS)
| | - Shao-Chen Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agriculture University, Nanjing, China
- * E-mail: (YXX); (SCS)
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Serum cation profile of broilers at various stages of exposure to deoxynivalenol. Mycotoxin Res 2013; 29:113-7. [PMID: 23430398 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-013-0159-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2012] [Revised: 01/25/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The present experiment was carried out to investigate if levels of serum cations in broilers are modulated differently at various stages of exposure to deoxynivalenol (DON). Male broiler chicks at 7 days of age were fed a basal diet (0.27 mg of DON; 0.01 mg of zearalenone/kg), or either a low DON diet (1.68 mg of DON; 0.15 mg of zearalenone/kg) or a high DON diet (12.21 mg of DON; 1.09 mg of zearalenone/kg) produced using extracts from Fusarium graminearum cultures. Blood samples from the birds were collected during weeks 2, 4, and 5 of exposure. The high DON diet resulted in lower serum calcium levels compared to the basal diet at all the 3 sampling stages, while the low DON diet resulted in lower serum calcium levels only during weeks 2 and 5. Serum potassium levels were reduced under both the DON diets during weeks 2 and 5, while no diet-associated changes were found for serum levels of magnesium, sodium, and zinc. Under the present experimental conditions, the serum levels of calcium were consistently modulated in the broilers exposed to the DON-contaminated diets. The modulation of serum levels of potassium was, however, dependent upon the stage of exposure to DON.
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Effects of feeding wheat naturally contaminated with Fusarium mycotoxins on blood biochemistry and the effectiveness of dietary lignin treatment to alleviate mycotoxin adverse effects in broiler chickens. ACTA VET-BEOGRAD 2011. [DOI: 10.2298/avb1103227k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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