1
|
Altun D, Karahan S, Özgür FF, Tekçiçek MU, Turgut MD. Are parental sociodemographic factors, oral health knowledge and practices linked to the oral health habits of their children with cleft lip and palate? Acta Odontol Scand 2024; 83:404-411. [PMID: 38895899 PMCID: PMC11302492 DOI: 10.2340/aos.v83.40938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Children with cleft lip and palate (CLP) have a greater risk of dental caries. The parents' knowledge and attitudes may have an impact on their children's oral health and dietary habits. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the socio-demographic characteristics, oral health knowledge, oral health behaviours, and habits of the parents in addition to the relationship with the oral health and dietary practices of their children with CLP. MATERIAL AND METHODS The parents of 343 patients with CLP participated in the study. An online questionnaire with 52 questions regarding sociodemographic characteristics, oral health and oral hygiene practices was presented to them. RESULTS Parents with higher level of education had better oral health knowledge (p < 0.05). Logistic regression analysis showed that the factors affecting the child's tooth brushing habits were the mother's age (odds ratio [OR] = 1.071, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.062-1.153), the father's employment status (OR = 2.089, 95%CI: 1.065-4.097), and the mother's last dental visit (OR = 1.995, 95%CI: 1.119-3.557). The factors affecting the child's toothpaste usage were the mother's age (OR = 1.106, 95%CI: 1.030-1.114), the father's employment status (OR = 2.124, 95%CI: 1.036-4.354), and the mother's last dental visit (OR = 2.076, 95%CI: 1.137-3.79). CONCLUSIONS Parental factors have a significant influence on the oral health-related behaviours of children with CLP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dilan Altun
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Sevilay Karahan
- Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Fatma Figen Özgür
- Department of Plastic Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Meryem Uzamış Tekçiçek
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Melek Dilek Turgut
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Nagda R, Le T, Lin B, Tanbonliong T. Oral hygiene practice and home-care challenges in children with autism spectrum disorder in San Francisco: Cross-sectional study. SPECIAL CARE IN DENTISTRY 2024; 44:837-844. [PMID: 37700541 DOI: 10.1111/scd.12922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is characterized by challenges in social interaction, communication, and stereotypical patterns of behavior. They are more likely to have tooth brushing issues and need help with routine dental care. Children with ASD could face difficulty in accessing dental care as the parents have a challenging task in finding a dentist that would treat the child with special needs. As a result, dental care is often neglected. The aims of this study are to evaluate oral hygiene practices and challenges in children with ASD and compare it with typically developing peers (TDP). METHOD The sample size of the study was 60. Parents of children aged 3-10 were recruited and divided in 2 groups with 30 in each group. Age and gender of children were matched. ASD group included children with medical diagnosis of ASD only and no other co-morbidities. Children in TDP group had no diagnosis of ASD, and reported no disability, or any other diagnosis. Parents were asked to complete the questionnaire which asked about their demographic information, child's oral care regimens, and their knowledge about dental care. Chi-squared tests and t-test were used for statistical analysis. A p-value of .05 was used for determining statistical significance. RESULTS Many children with ASD (47%) had to travel more than 20 miles for their dental home compared to 13% with TDP (p < .05). Only 60% of children with ASD brushed twice a day with 70% of parents reporting that it is difficult to brush their child's teeth compared to TDP with 93% of children brush twice daily (p < .05). Significantly a smaller number of children with ASD (47%) allowed their parent to brush their teeth as compared to 93% of TSD children (p < .001). CONCLUSION Parents of children with autism spectrum disorder travel longer distance to find a dental home and face more difficulty in maintaining their child's daily oral hygiene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Nagda
- San Francisco School of Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Thuan Le
- San Francisco School of Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Brent Lin
- San Francisco School of Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Thomas Tanbonliong
- San Francisco School of Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sudradjat H, Meyer F, Fandrich P, Schulze Zur Wiesche E, Limeback H, Enax J. Doses of fluoride toothpaste for children up to 24 months. BDJ Open 2024; 10:7. [PMID: 38296947 PMCID: PMC10831090 DOI: 10.1038/s41405-024-00187-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
AIM The aim of this study was to test the dose of fluoride toothpaste by parents for their children aged up to 24 months. METHODS Parents who use fluoride toothpastes for their children were asked to dose two commercially available toothpastes (A and B) with 1000 ppm fluoride each for their children as they would normally do at home. The toothpaste amounts were weighed, and as reference, the weight of an 'optimal' grain of rice-size amount of each toothpaste was used. RESULTS 61 parents dosed a mean of 0.263 ± 0.172 g toothpaste A and 0.281 ± 0.145 g toothpaste B. The parents' mean doses were 5.9 times higher for toothpaste A and 7.2 times higher for toothpaste B than an 'optimal' grain of rice-size amount (the reference dose as recommended). The difference between parent's and reference dose was statistically significant (p < 0.001). Moreover, 39.3% of parents were not aware about conditions of use and warnings that have to be printed on the package of fluoride toothpastes. CONCLUSION In this study, parents significantly overdosed the toothpaste for their children. To avoid fluoride intake from toothpaste, parents can choose fluoride-free alternatives for the oral care of their infants and toddlers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Henny Sudradjat
- Dr. Kurt Wolff GmbH & Co. KG, Research Department, Johanneswerkstr. 34-36, 33611, Bielefeld, Germany
- Private dental practice, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Frederic Meyer
- Dr. Kurt Wolff GmbH & Co. KG, Research Department, Johanneswerkstr. 34-36, 33611, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Pascal Fandrich
- Dr. Kurt Wolff GmbH & Co. KG, Research Department, Johanneswerkstr. 34-36, 33611, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Erik Schulze Zur Wiesche
- Dr. Kurt Wolff GmbH & Co. KG, Research Department, Johanneswerkstr. 34-36, 33611, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Hardy Limeback
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5G 1G6, Canada
| | - Joachim Enax
- Dr. Kurt Wolff GmbH & Co. KG, Research Department, Johanneswerkstr. 34-36, 33611, Bielefeld, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Cui Z, Wang W, Si Y, Wang X, Feng X, Tai B, Hu D, Lin H, Wang B, Wang C, Zheng S, Liu X, Rong W, Wang W. Tooth brushing with fluoridated toothpaste and associated factors among Chinese adolescents: a nationwide cross-sectional study. BMC Oral Health 2023; 23:765. [PMID: 37853352 PMCID: PMC10585760 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-023-03506-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tooth brushing with fluoridated toothpaste has become the most important way to provide the anti-caries effect of fluoride around the world. China has promoted the use of fluoridated toothpaste since 1989. However, there are few studies on the national profile of use of fluoridated toothpaste and related factors in Chinese adolescents. We carried out this study to investigate oral hygiene behaviours, especially the status of tooth brushing with fluoridated toothpaste and its correlates among adolescents, based on data from the latest Nation Oral Health Survey in mainland China. METHODS This cross-sectional study recruited 118,601 participants aged 12-15 years using multistage stratified sampling. Questionnaires were completed by students at school. Data employed in analyses were extracted from the questionnaire, including information on tooth brushing, fluoridated toothpaste, dental floss, sociodemographic factors, fluoride knowledge and attitude towards regular dental check-ups. A binary logistic regression was performed to compute the odds ratios (OR). Tooth brushing twice daily with fluoridated toothpaste was the dependent variable. Sociodemographic factors, fluoride knowledge, attitude towards regular dental check-ups, dental visit experience and perceived oral health were the independent variables. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS A total of 32.6% of participants brushed their teeth twice daily, 7.4% used fluoridated toothpaste, and 3.9% cleaned their teeth twice daily with fluoridated toothpaste. The logistic regression showed the probability of twice-a-day tooth brushing with fluoridated toothpaste was higher among these groups: females (OR: 1.141; 95%CI: 1.072-1.214), 15-year-olds (OR: 1.786; 95%CI: 1.634-1.952), from urban areas (OR: 1.389; 95%CI: 1.288-1.497), without siblings (OR: 1.351; 95%CI: 1.259-1.450), with an educated father (OR: 1. 605; 95%CI: 1.442-1.788) and mother (OR: 1.706; 95%CI: 1.530-1.903), having dental visit experiences (OR: 1.702; 95%CI: 1.589-1.823), rating one's oral health as good (OR: 2.341; 95%CI: 2.083-2.631), having fluoride knowledge (OR: 4.345; 95%CI: 4.034-4.678) and having a positive attitude towards regular dental check-ups (OR: 1.589; 95%CI: 1.460-1.729). CONCLUSIONS The oral hygiene behaviours of Chinese adolescents were undesirable. Twice daily tooth brushing with fluoridated toothpaste was significantly associated with sociodemographic factors, fluoride knowledge, and attitudes towards regular dental check-ups.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiying Cui
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices, Beijing, China
| | - Wenhui Wang
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices, Beijing, China.
| | - Yan Si
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices, Beijing, China.
| | - Xing Wang
- Chinese Stomatological Association, Beijing, China
| | - Xiping Feng
- Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Baojun Tai
- School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Deyu Hu
- West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Huancai Lin
- Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bo Wang
- Chinese Stomatological Association, Beijing, China
| | - Chunxiao Wang
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Shuguo Zheng
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices, Beijing, China
| | - Xuenan Liu
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices, Beijing, China
| | - Wensheng Rong
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices, Beijing, China
| | - Weijian Wang
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ko A, Chi DL. Fluoride hesitancy: A mixed methods study on decision-making about forms of fluoride. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2023; 51:997-1008. [PMID: 36219463 DOI: 10.1111/cdoe.12800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate whether professionally applied topical fluoride-hesitant caregivers are also hesitant about other forms of fluoride for their child. METHODS This was a mixed methods study of 56 caregivers hesitant about professionally applied topical fluoride for their child recruited from the University of Washington Center for Paediatric Dentistry and Seattle Children's Hospital's Odessa Brown Children's Dental Clinic. A 32-item semi-structured interview script was piloted and finalized. One-time interviews with caregivers were conducted by phone in 2019. Associations between hesitancy of topical fluoride, fluoridated water and toothpaste were assessed quantitatively via two-tailed chi-squared tests. Qualitative data were coded using an inductive approach and content analytic methods to investigate reasons for hesitancy. RESULTS There were significant associations between hesitancy in all three pairwise comparisons of fluoride form (p < .01). Similar proportions of caregivers strongly or somewhat opposed fluoridated water compared with toothpaste (75% and 65%, respectively), but four times as many caregivers strongly or somewhat favoured fluoridated toothpaste compared to water for their child (25% and 7%, respectively). Concerns about harm were the most common reason caregivers opposed both fluoridated water and toothpaste. However, fluoride-hesitant caregivers reported being more comfortable with fluoridated toothpaste because amount and frequency can be controlled, and ingestion can be prevented. CONCLUSIONS Professionally applied topical fluoride hesitancy is significantly associated with fluoridated water and toothpaste hesitancy, but caregivers who were hesitant about topical fluoride was more comfortable with fluoridated toothpaste than fluoridated water for their child.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alice Ko
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, University of Washington School of Dentistry, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Donald L Chi
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, University of Washington School of Dentistry, Seattle, Washington, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Limeback H, Enax J, Meyer F. Improving Oral Health with Fluoride-Free Calcium-Phosphate-Based Biomimetic Toothpastes: An Update of the Clinical Evidence. Biomimetics (Basel) 2023; 8:331. [PMID: 37622936 PMCID: PMC10452078 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics8040331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
As the demand for clinically effective fluoride-free oral care products for consumers increases, it is important to document which types of toothpastes have been shown in clinical studies to be effective in improving oral health. In this review, we included different indications, i.e., caries prevention, improving periodontal health, reducing dentin hypersensitivity, protecting against dental erosion, and safely improving tooth whitening in defining what constitutes improvement in oral health. While there are several professional and consumer fluoride-containing formulations fortified with calcium-phosphate-based ingredients, this review focuses on fluoride-free toothpastes containing biomimetic calcium-phosphate-based molecules as the primary active ingredients. Several databases were searched, and only clinical trials in human subjects were included; in vitro and animal studies were excluded. There were 62 oral health clinical trials on biomimetic hydroxyapatite (HAP), 57 on casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP), 26 on calcium sodium phosphosilicate (CSPS, or so called Bioglass), and 2 on β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP). HAP formulations were tested the most in clinical trials for benefits in preventing caries, dentin hypersensitivity, improving periodontal health, and tooth whitening. Based on the current clinical evidence to date, fluoride-free HAP toothpaste formulations are the most versatile of the calcium phosphate active ingredients in toothpastes for improving oral health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hardy Limeback
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1G6, Canada
| | - Joachim Enax
- Dr. Kurt Wolff GmbH & Co. KG, Research Department, Johanneswerkstr. 34-36, 33611 Bielefeld, Germany; (J.E.); (F.M.)
| | - Frederic Meyer
- Dr. Kurt Wolff GmbH & Co. KG, Research Department, Johanneswerkstr. 34-36, 33611 Bielefeld, Germany; (J.E.); (F.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Patel S, Fantauzzi AJ, Patel R, Buscemi J, Lee HH. Childhood caries and dental surgery under general anesthesia: an overview of a global disease and its impact on anesthesiology. Int Anesthesiol Clin 2023; 61:21-25. [PMID: 36480646 PMCID: PMC9752176 DOI: 10.1097/aia.0000000000000385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Children’s oral health is influenced, negatively and positively, but modifiable social determinants. For high-risk populations, severe disease burden leads to dental treatment under general anesthesia (DGA), which represents a costly and futile use of scarce resources. These clinical events, at the intersection of medicine and dentistry, often involve anesthesiologists to facilitate care. However, clinical interventions do not address the etiology of disease, which are largely rooted in health behaviors. In this review, we will summarize the scope of severe disease on a global scale and its impact on individual and population health and health systems. We will also provide insight into factors that influence DGA utilization from perspectives of families, providers, health systems, policy, and community-level environment. A child’s need for DGA may represent missed prevention opportunities at several levels. However, the surgical period may serve as a prime window to change a family’s oral health behaviors and reduce chance of recurrent disease amongst the highest risk families.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shiragi Patel
- Department of Anesthesiology, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital, McGaw Medical Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Andrés J Fantauzzi
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Raj Patel
- College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Joanna Buscemi
- Department of Psychology, DePaul University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Helen H Lee
- Department of Anesthesiology, Institute for Health Policy and Research, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Al-Zain AO, Fakhry LM, Tallab RA, Natto ZS. Attitude, Practice, and Knowledge Regarding Fluoridated Toothpaste, Brushing, and Rinse Usage Among Residents of Jeddah City in Saudi Arabia. Patient Prefer Adherence 2023; 17:23-39. [PMID: 36636286 PMCID: PMC9830058 DOI: 10.2147/ppa.s389413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate and compare the attitude, practice, and knowledge of individuals who use fluoridated and non-fluoridated toothpaste in Jeddah city, Saudi Arabia. METHODS A digital questionnaire composed of 43 questions were formulated. The questionnaire was divided into five sections: eligibility questions, demographic data, attitude, practice, and knowledge. Content and face validation were done, and convenience sampling was used. The inclusion criteria were any citizen and resident who lives in Jeddah city, Saudi Arabia. Descriptive statistics, Chi-square, and Fischer's tests were conducted to compare fluoridated and non-fluoridated toothpaste users (α=0.05). RESULTS A total of 473 completed participants' responses were collected. Attitude: 41.8% of fluoridated toothpaste users reported that it was "very important" to rinse to remove the toothpaste compared to non-fluoridated toothpaste users (58.3%) (P-value<0.001). Healthy teeth were the most important to fluoridated toothpaste users (69.1%) (P <0.001). Practice: 28.6% of non-fluoridated toothpaste users have been using non-fluoridated toothpaste for >1 year, and 35.7% of them <2 years. 73.8% of fluoridated toothpaste users used whitening toothpaste. Significantly higher non-fluoridated toothpaste users (29%) used organic toothpaste (P<0.001). KNOWLEDGE 57% of fluoridated toothpaste users believed that a good diet, tooth brushing, and fluoridated toothpaste are important to prevent caries, and the fluoride would strengthen the teeth (P<0.001). Approximately 60% of non-fluoridated toothpaste users did not know the proper age to start using fluoridated toothpaste (P<0.001). Also, 47.6% of non-fluoridated toothpaste users avoid using fluoride because it is toxic. CONCLUSION Significantly higher number of Jeddah residents that used fluoridated toothpaste had a better attitude and knowledge than non-fluoridated toothpaste users. Nonetheless, most residents had similar oral hygiene practices. It is suggested to execute educational campaigns to explain the importance of fluoridated toothpaste to the population. Also, individuals should take caution from the source of obtaining their dental information and consult their dentist.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Afnan O Al-Zain
- Restorative Dentistry Department, King Abdulaziz University Faculty of Dentistry, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Layan M Fakhry
- King Abdulaziz University Faculty of Dentistry, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Renad A Tallab
- King Abdulaziz University Faculty of Dentistry, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zuhair S Natto
- Department of Public Health, King Abdulaziz University Faculty of Dentistry, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Tahani B, Asgari I, Golkar S, Ghorani A, Hasan Zadeh Tehrani N, Arezoo Moghadam F. Effectiveness of an integrated model of oral health-promoting schools in improving children's knowledge and the KAP of their parents, Iran. BMC Oral Health 2022; 22:599. [PMID: 36510207 PMCID: PMC9744048 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-022-02644-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of our study was to investigate the effect of an Oral Health Promoting School (OHPS) model on children's oral health in Iran. METHODS This interventional quasi-experimental study was conducted in the academic year 2019-20 among 354 primary school students and their parents. A questionnaire including 17 questions was distributed among children before and 5 months after the program (The ranges of possible scores = 0-17). Training workshops for the parents based on the theoretical domains framework were designed. Using educational sessions, pamphlets, tooth brushing dairies, assignments to do at home, educational videos and messages as reminders in social networks, parents were educated about dental caries, its risk factors and prevention principles. Best recommended oral health behaviors including tooth brushing and the use of fluoridated tooth paste were also educated. A questionnaire consisting of 18 knowledge (The ranges of possible scores = 0-18), 13 attitude and 10 practice questions were distributed among parents before and after the workshops. The data were fed into SPSS and analyzed by descriptive and analytic statistics such as T-test, ANOVA and Correlation Coefficients (α = 0.05). RESULTS The mean pre-test knowledge (7.8 ± 1.7) was increased significantly in three schools after program, p < 0.001. In the post-test, girls gained significantly higher scores (9.61 ± 1.98 vs. 9.06 ± 1.4, p = 0.025). Among 147 parents, the mean knowledge was raised from 12.3 ± 3.1 (5-18) to 15 ± 3.03 (6-18), p < 0.001. Knowledge score of the parents attending both sessions was higher. Practice of the parents regarding the use of fluoridated tooth-paste was significantly improved (p < 0.001). Also, their attitude toward the ability of children to take care of their teeth was improved (p = 0.029). Based on the self-report of parents, 71.4% (n = 47) of mothers and 45.6% (n = 67) of their children used to brush once or two times daily and there was a correlation between their behaviors (p < 0.001, Spearman Correlation Coefficient = 0.4). CONCLUSION It seems that the education provided in OHPS had positive effects on increasing students' awareness and to some extent, the knowledge, attitude and practice of the parents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bahareh Tahani
- grid.411036.10000 0001 1498 685XDepartment of Oral Public Health, Dental Research Center, Dental research Institute,School of Dentistry, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Imaneh Asgari
- grid.411036.10000 0001 1498 685XDepartment of Oral Public Health, Dental Material Research Center, Dental Research Institute,School of Dentistry, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Shayan Golkar
- grid.411036.10000 0001 1498 685XDental Students Research Commiittee, School of Dentistry, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Amir Ghorani
- grid.411036.10000 0001 1498 685XDental Students Research Commiittee, School of Dentistry, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Nooshin Hasan Zadeh Tehrani
- grid.411036.10000 0001 1498 685XDental Students Research Commiittee, School of Dentistry, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Arezoo Moghadam
- grid.411036.10000 0001 1498 685XDental Students Research Commiittee, School of Dentistry, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Qu X, Zhang C, Houser SH, Zhang J, Zou J, Zhang W, Zhang Q. Prediction model for early childhood caries risk based on behavioral determinants using a machine learning algorithm. COMPUTER METHODS AND PROGRAMS IN BIOMEDICINE 2022; 227:107221. [PMID: 36384058 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2022.107221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An easily accessible caries risk prediction model (CRPM) based on nonbiological predictors is lacking. Developing a CRPM for community screening is essential for children's dental health promotion by a public health approach. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to develop and validate a caries risk prediction model (CRPM) for children using a machine learning algorithm based on dental care behavioral factors and other nonbiological factors using a 3-month multicenter cohort. METHODS Children aged 12 months to 60 months were recruited at three primary care settings and three kindergartens in Chengdu, China. Dental examination was conducted for all enrolled children by calibrated pediatric dentists at baseline and three months later. All parents of the enrolled children were asked to complete a questionnaire with dental-related information. Machine learning algorithms, including random forest, logistic regression, and adaptive boosting, were used to develop a prediction model. Sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, precision, negative predictive value and F-score were reported to estimate the internal validation of the models. RESULTS A total of 481 out of 745 children without a history of caries experience at baseline remained for analysis. In the total sample population, 236 (49.1%) children were female, and the mean age was 31.2 months. During the follow-up exams, 66 (13.6%) children had new-onset caries. The child's age, height, weight, family caries status, brush teeth two minutes per time, fluoride toothpaste usage, brushing twice per day, parental monitoring brushing teeth, mother delivery method, brushing child's teeth every day, child number counts, and night feeding frequency in the last month were measured and included in a prediction model. Of the prediction models, the highest area under the curve of RF was 0.91 (95% CI: 0.87- 0.94), followed by 0.86 (95% CI: 0.81-0.91) of LR and 0.81 (95% CI: 0.76-0.86) of AdaBoost. CONCLUSION In this CRPM, new onset of dental caries in three months among children aged < 60 months could be predicted by answering twelve nonbiological questions. A good model performance was shown within the internal validation. Dental home care could be improved by referring the CRPM result before new caries onset.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xing Qu
- Institute of Hospital Management, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- West China Biomedical Big Data Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University; Med-X Center for Informatics, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Shannon H Houser
- Department of Health Services Administration, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA
| | - Jian Zhang
- West China Biomedical Big Data Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University; Med-X Center for Informatics, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jing Zou
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research, Sichuan Unversity, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Institute of Hospital Management, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; West China Biomedical Big Data Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University; Med-X Center for Informatics, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Qiong Zhang
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research, Sichuan Unversity, Chengdu 610041, China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Duffin S, Duffin M, Grootveld M. Revisiting Fluoride in the Twenty-First Century: Safety and Efficacy Considerations. FRONTIERS IN ORAL HEALTH 2022; 3:873157. [PMID: 35860375 PMCID: PMC9289262 DOI: 10.3389/froh.2022.873157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Over 100 years of scientific literature is available which describes the long relationship between dentistry and the many possible applications of fluoride anion (F−) as successful therapeutic strategies. To date, systemic introduction of fluoride via water, milk and salt fluoridation, and fluoride-containing tablets, has been employed. Post-eruption topical fluoride products have also been introduced, such as fluoridated toothpaste, along with fluoride-containing rinses and varnishes. Importantly, a recent addition to the available armamentarium of fluoride therapeutics now exists in the form of metal ion-fluorido adducts, most especially silver(I)-diammine fluoride (SDF). In view of its high level of therapeutic success, very recently this agent was added to the World Health Authority's (WHO's) list of essential medicines available for the treatment and prevention of tooth decay. Overall, this current state of affairs merits a major review of all these fluoride-containing therapeutic compounds, together with their risks and benefits, both individually and collectively. In this study, a simple graphical tool has been developed for the rapid “on-site” evaluation of fluoride intake with respect to a range of oral healthcare products and body mass index is presented as a gauge of safety for the risk of fluoride toxicity in individual patients. This exposition commences with (a) an account of the history and value of fluoride therapeutics in clinical dentistry, including applications of monofluorophosphate and stannous fluoride; (b) an evaluation of the toxicological activities of fluoride, together with a summary of any reports, albeit very rare ones, arising from its clinically-driven overuse; (c) a history of the development, molecular structure, mechanisms of action, and therapeutic applications of SDF, including a summary of any possible toxic activities and effects arising from silver(I) ion rather than fluoride itself; and (d) the establishment of a working relationship between fluoride exposure and toxicity, with special reference to the instigation of newly-developed tabular/graphical reference guidelines for use by dental clinicians who employ fluoride-rich products in their practices. Particular attention is given to the oral care and treatment options of pediatric patients. In conclusion, applications of this unique monitoring tool may serve as a valuable toxicity guide for dental practitioners.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steve Duffin
- Shoreview Dental LLC, Keizer, OR, United States
- NoDK LLC, Wilsonville, OR, United States
- Oral Health Outreach LLC, Wilsonville, OR, United States
| | - Marcus Duffin
- Shoreview Dental LLC, Keizer, OR, United States
- NoDK LLC, Wilsonville, OR, United States
- Oral Health Outreach LLC, Wilsonville, OR, United States
| | - Martin Grootveld
- Leicester School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, Leicester, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Martin Grootveld
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Chua DR, Hu S, Sim YF, Lim W, Lai BWP, Hong CHL. At what age do children have the motor development to adequately brush their teeth? Int J Paediatr Dent 2022; 32:598-606. [PMID: 34779540 DOI: 10.1111/ipd.12938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is no consensus regarding when children are ready to brush independently. AIM To examine the effects of chronological age and motor development on toothbrushing effectiveness in 5- to 7-year-old children. DESIGN In this cross-sectional study, the change in Oral Hygiene Index (OHI) score and the improvement in OHI category (eg, poor to fair) were used to measure toothbrushing effectiveness. Motor development was assessed using the Beery-Buktenica Developmental Test of Visual Motor Integration, and a parental questionnaire was used to determine the child's ability to perform certain daily tasks. RESULTS Children aged ≥6 years were significantly more likely to show improvement in OHI category (OR = 2.4, p = .032) than 5-year-old children. Parental report of their child's ability to write/print addresses (OR = 3.7, p = .009), tie shoelaces (OR = 2.9, p = .008), and cut/file nails (OR = 3.2, p = .036) was significantly more likely to show improvement in OHI category. A model using chronological age, visual motor age, ability to write/print addresses, tie shoelaces, cut/file nails, and toothbrushing duration achieved 61.8% sensitivity and 80.4% specificity in predicting a child's ability to achieve improvement in OHI category. CONCLUSIONS Children entering elementary school (≥6 years old) brushed their teeth more effectively than preschool children. A multifactorial model provided an acceptable predictor of the child's ability to brush effectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Doris Ruyi Chua
- Paediatric Dentistry Unit, National Dental Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shijia Hu
- Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yu Fan Sim
- Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wanyi Lim
- School Dental Service, Youth Preventive Services, Health Promotion Board, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Bien Wen Pui Lai
- Paediatric Dentistry Unit, National Dental Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Efficacy of HAF Toothpastes in primary and permanent dentitions. A 2-years triple-blind RCT. J Dent 2022; 121:104049. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2022.104049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
|
14
|
Trinh VA, Tarbit E, Do L, Ha D, Tadakamadla SK. The influence of family socioeconomic status on toothbrushing practices in Australian children. J Public Health Dent 2021; 81:308-315. [PMID: 34622451 DOI: 10.1111/jphd.12477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the relationship between toothbrushing behavior and socio-demographic characteristics in Australian children. METHODS Data were collected through the 2012-2014 Australian National Child Oral Health Survey (NCOHS). NCOHS was a cross-sectional survey of representative school children aged 5-14 years of Australia with a total sample size of 24,664 children. RESULTS Two-thirds (69%) of Australian children brushed twice or more times a day and the mean age of starting toothbrushing with fluoridated toothpaste was 24 months. Males were less consistent with toothbrushing than females (OR = 0.85; 95% CI: 0.74-0.97) and the likelihood of brushing twice or more a day improved with the increase in age (OR = 1.05; 95% CI: 1.02-1.08). Children with university educated (OR = 1.80; 95% CI: 1.44-2.26), vocational trained parents'/guardians' (OR = 1.45, 95% CI 1.11-1.90), living in families with an income of >AU$120,000 (OR = 1.42; 95% CI: 1.08-1.89) and having an overseas born parent (OR = 1.30; 95% CI: 1.07-1.58) were more likely to brush their teeth twice or more a day than their comparative counterparts. Children in households with two children (OR = 1.33; 95% CI: 1.07-1.64) were more likely to brush twice or more than single-child households. Children with a health welfare card tended to delay the start of toothbrushing by 1.4 months in comparison to those without a welfare card. Children with one of the caregivers born overseas started brushing later than those with Australia born caregivers (B = 1.04; SE = 0.46). Children living in high income and educated families and households with two or more children tended to start toothbrushing at an earlier age. CONCLUSIONS Several family socio-demographic factors influenced toothbrushing habits in Australian children.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Van Anh Trinh
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Emiri Tarbit
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Loc Do
- School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences, University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia.,Australian Research Centre for Population Oral Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Diep Ha
- School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences, University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia.,Australian Research Centre for Population Oral Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Santosh Kumar Tadakamadla
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia.,Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Limeback H, Enax J, Meyer F. Biomimetic hydroxyapatite and caries prevention: a systematic review and meta-analysis. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF DENTAL HYGIENE : CJDH = JOURNAL CANADIEN DE L'HYGIENE DENTAIRE : JCHD 2021; 55:148-159. [PMID: 34925515 PMCID: PMC8641555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Dental caries is still one of the most prevalent diseases worldwide. Research has shown that fluoride has a role in caries prevention. For many reasons there are concerns about young children using fluoride-containing oral care products. Consequently, there is a need to identify effective fluoride-free products. A large body of literature now exists on the use of biomimetic hydroxyapatite (HAP) as an active ingredient in oral care products to combat caries. AIM To conduct a systematic review of the clinical evidence of the effects of HAP-based fluoride-free oral care products in caries reduction and conduct a meta-analysis of available randomized clinical trials (RCTs). METHODS Using the PICO question "In individuals of all ages (P), do fluoride-free oral care products containing HAP as the anti-caries agent (I), compared to products with fluoride or without caries control products (C), reduce the risk of dental caries (O)?" Ovid MEDLINE (PubMed), Scopus, EMBASE, and Web of Science databases were searched using the following keywords: apatite, hydroxyapatite, caries, dental decay, dentin(e), enamel, toothpaste, dentifrice, mouthwash, gels, biofilm, (dental) plaque, ero(de, ded, sion), (de, re)mineral(ise, ized, ised, ization, isation). Reviews, tooth whitening, tooth sensitivity, and in vitro studies were excluded. PRISMA was used for the search and GRADE was used to assess quality. Clinical trials were subjected to the Cochrane Risk of Bias assessment followed by meta-analysis. RESULTS 291 studies were retrieved; 22 were suitable for systematic review, 5 were clinical caries trials and 4 were RCTs. A meta-analysis of 3 RCTs was possible showing HAP provided 17% protection against caries. The other 17 trials had simpler proxy outcomes for anticaries effects. Some trials showed non-inferior performance of HAP products compared to those with fluoride. CONCLUSION There is good evidence that hydroxyapatite in oral care products in the absence of fluoride effectively reduces caries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hardy Limeback
- Professor emeritus, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Joachim Enax
- Senior scientist, Oral care, Dr. Kurt Wolff GmbH & Co. KG, Research Department, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Frederic Meyer
- Senior scientist, Oral care, Dr. Kurt Wolff GmbH & Co. KG, Research Department, Bielefeld, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Riddell JK, Malin AJ, McCague H, Flora DB, Till C. Urinary Fluoride Levels among Canadians with and without Community Water Fluoridation. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:6203. [PMID: 34201160 PMCID: PMC8226595 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18126203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Drinking water is a major source of dietary fluoride intake in communities with water fluoridation. We examined the association between urinary fluoride adjusted for specific gravity (UFSG) and tap water fluoride levels, by age and sex, among individuals living in Canada. Participants included 1629 individuals aged 3 to 79 years from Cycle 3 (2012-2013) of the Canadian Health Measures Survey. We used multiple linear regression to estimate unique associations of tap water fluoride levels, age, sex, ethnicity, body mass index (BMI), use of fluoride-containing dental products, smoking in the home, and tea consumption with UFSG. UFSG concentration was significantly higher among participants who received fluoridated drinking water (mean = 1.06 mg/L, standard deviation = 0.83) than among those who did not (M = 0.58 mg/L, SD = 0.47), p < 0.01. UFSG increased over adulthood (ages 19 to 79). Higher UFSG concentration was associated with being female, tea drinking, and smoking in the home. In conclusion, community water fluoridation is a major source of contemporary fluoride exposure for Canadians. Lifestyle factors including tea consumption, as well as demographic variables such as age and sex, also predict urinary fluoride level, and are therefore important factors when interpreting population-based fluoride biomonitoring data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia K. Riddell
- Department of Clinical Health Psychology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB N3E 3N4, Canada
| | - Ashley J. Malin
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, CA 90032, USA;
| | - Hugh McCague
- Institute for Social Research, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada; (H.M.); (D.B.F.)
| | - David B. Flora
- Institute for Social Research, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada; (H.M.); (D.B.F.)
- Faculty of Health, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada;
| | - Christine Till
- Faculty of Health, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada;
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Zhang M, Lan J, Zhang T, Sun W, Liu P, Wang Z. Oral health and caries/gingivitis-associated factors of adolescents aged 12-15 in Shandong province, China: a cross-sectional Oral Health Survey. BMC Oral Health 2021; 21:288. [PMID: 34088280 PMCID: PMC8178891 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-021-01640-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background We aimed to analyse the oral health status of adolescents in Shandong province, including dental caries and gingivitis, and their associated factors. Methods Adolescents aged 12–15-years in Shandong province were recruited. Caries and gingival status were assessed following the World Health Organisation diagnostic criteria. Information including the sociodemographic, oral hygiene knowledge, attitudes and practices were collected through the questionnaire. Chi-square test and multivariate logistic regression analysis were used to investigate the oral diseases associated factors. Results In total, 3868 students (50.2% males) were enrolled. Of these, 39.9% of the participants experienced caries, and 81.7% and 31.3% had calculus and bleeding gingival, respectively. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that there was an association between dental caries and toothaches, dental visits and sleeping troubles caused by oral problems (P < 0.024). A low-frequency of brushing, high sugar consumption and no flossing were more associated with calculus formation and gingival bleeding (P < 0.008). Conclusion Compared to caries, worse gingival condition was more prevalent among adolescents in Shandong province. Brushing behaviour is associated with gingivitis, while dental visits and toothaches are associated with caries. Hence, prevention-oriented dental visits and oral hygiene training are strongly recommended to improve oral health status. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12903-021-01640-x.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meng Zhang
- Department of Pediatricss Dentistry, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration and Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, No.44-1 Wenhua Road West, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Jing Lan
- Department of Pediatricss Dentistry, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration and Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, No.44-1 Wenhua Road West, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Tiantian Zhang
- Department of Pediatricss Dentistry, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration and Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, No.44-1 Wenhua Road West, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Wenshuang Sun
- Department of Pediatricss Dentistry, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration and Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, No.44-1 Wenhua Road West, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Panpan Liu
- Department of Pediatricss Dentistry, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration and Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, No.44-1 Wenhua Road West, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Zhifeng Wang
- Department of Pediatricss Dentistry, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration and Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, No.44-1 Wenhua Road West, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Lee N, Kang S, Lee W, Hwang SS. The Association between Community Water Fluoridation and Bone Diseases: A Natural Experiment in Cheongju, Korea. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17249170. [PMID: 33316869 PMCID: PMC7764285 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17249170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the association between bone diseases and community water fluoridation (CWF). An ecological study with a natural experiment design was conducted in Cheongju, South Korea, from 1 January 2004 to 31 December 2013. The community water fluoridation program was implemented in Cheongju and divided into CWF and non-CWF areas. To observe adverse health effects related to bone diseases, we conducted a spatio-temporal analysis of the prevalence of hip fracture, osteoporosis, and bone cancer in residents who have lived in CWF and non-CWF areas using National Health Insurance Service data. First, we used standardized incidence ratios to estimate the disease risk. Second, the hierarchical Bayesian Poisson spatio-temporal regression model was used to investigate the association between the selected bone diseases and CWF considering space and time interaction. The method for Bayesian estimation was based on the R-integrated nested Laplace approximation (INLA). Comparing the CWF area with the non-CWF area, there was no clear evidence that exposure to CWF increased health risks at the town level in Cheongju since CWF was terminated after 2004. The posterior relative risks (RR) of hip fracture was 0.95 (95% confidence intervals 0.87, 1.05) and osteoporosis was 0.94 (0.87, 1.02). The RR in bone cancer was a little high because the sample size very small compared to the other bone diseases (RR = 1.20 (0.89, 1.61)). The relative risk of selected bone diseases (hip fractures, osteoporosis, and bone cancer) increased over time but did not increase in the CWF area compared to non-CWF areas. CWF has been used to reduce dental caries in all population groups and is known for its cost-effectiveness. These findings suggest that CWF is not associated with adverse health risks related to bone diseases. This study provides scientific evidence based on a natural experiment design. It is necessary to continue research on the well-designed epidemiological studies and develop public health prevention programs to help in make suitable polices.
Collapse
|
19
|
Green R, Till C, Cantoral A, Lanphear B, Martinez-Mier EA, Ayotte P, Wright RO, Tellez-Rojo MM, Malin AJ. Associations between Urinary, Dietary, and Water Fluoride Concentrations among Children in Mexico and Canada. TOXICS 2020; 8:E110. [PMID: 33233802 PMCID: PMC7711675 DOI: 10.3390/toxics8040110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Fluoride, which may be toxic to the developing brain, is added to salt in Mexico and drinking water in Canada to prevent dental caries. We compared childhood urinary fluoride (CUF) concentrations in Mexico City and Canada to characterize patterns of fluoride exposure in these two populations. We also examined associations of CUF with dietary and water fluoride levels in Mexico City and Canada respectively. We included 561 children (ages 4–6; mean age 4.8 years) from the Programming Research in Obesity, Growth, Environment, and Social Stress (PROGRESS) cohort in Mexico City, and 645 children (ages 2–6; mean age 3.7 years) from the Maternal–Infant Research on Environmental Chemicals (MIREC) cohort in Canada. We applied Spearman correlations, T-tests, ANOVA or covariate-adjusted linear regression to examine associations of CUF (mg/L; adjusted for specific gravity) with demographics and dietary or water fluoride concentrations. We used Welch equivalence testing to compare means across cohorts. Mean (SD) CUF was equivalent (t = 4.26, p < 0.001) in PROGRESS: 0.74 (0.42) and fluoridated Canadian communities: 0.66 (0.47), but lower in non-fluoridated Canadian communities: 0.42 (0.31) (t = −6.37, p < 0.001). Water fluoride concentrations were significantly associated with CUF after covariate adjustment for age and sex in MIREC (B = 0.44, 95% CI: 0.30, 0.59, p < 0.001). In contrast, daily food and beverage fluoride intake was not associated with CUF in PROGRESS (p = 0.82). We found that CUF levels are comparable among children in Mexico City and fluoridated Canadian communities, despite distinct sources of exposure. Community water fluoridation is a major source of fluoride exposure for Canadian children.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rivka Green
- Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada; (R.G.); (C.T.)
| | - Christine Till
- Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada; (R.G.); (C.T.)
| | - Alejandra Cantoral
- Departamento de Salud, Universidad Iberoamericana, Ciudad de México 01219, Mexico
| | - Bruce Lanphear
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, BC V5A 1S6, Canada;
| | | | - Pierre Ayotte
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada;
| | - Robert O. Wright
- Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; (R.O.W.); (A.J.M.)
| | - Martha M. Tellez-Rojo
- School of Public Health, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca 62100, Mexico;
| | - Ashley J. Malin
- Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; (R.O.W.); (A.J.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Stein Duker LI, Richter M, Lane CJ, Polido JC, Cermak SA. Oral Care Experiences and Challenges for Children with Down Syndrome: Reports From Caregivers. Pediatr Dent 2020; 42:430-435. [PMID: 33369553 PMCID: PMC7773142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the oral care experiences and challenges encountered by children with Down syndrome. Methods: Participants were 372 parents of five- to 14-year-olds with Down syndrome. Parents completed a 48-item questionnaire designed by the authors to elicit information about oral care in the home and dental office. Descriptive statistics were used to examine oral care variables. Results: Parents reported difficulty across almost all oral care variables, including oral care in the home, oral care at the dentist, and access to oral care. Approximately one-third of parent respondents reported that toothbrushing was difficult and brushing occurred four or fewer days a week. Over half of the respondents reported that it was difficult to have a dental professional clean their child's teeth, uncooperative behaviors and sensory sensitivities increased in the office, and those behaviors and sensitivities made care challenging. Most respondents reported having a dental home for their child, that it was difficult locating their dentist, and that finances limited visits. Conclusions: Children with Down syndrome experience difficulties and barriers to care in both the home and dental office settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leah I Stein Duker
- Dr. Stein Duker is an assistant professor of research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Calif., USA;,
| | - Marinthea Richter
- Ms. Richter is a student, Chan Division of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Calif., USA
| | - Christianne J Lane
- Dr. Lane is an associate adjunct professor of research, Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Calif., USA
| | - José C Polido
- Dr. Polido is division head-dentistry, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, and an associate professor of clinical dentistry, Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California
| | - Sharon A Cermak
- Dr. Cermak is a professor, Chan Division of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, Ostrow School of Dentistry, and Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Calif., USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Abdulrahim M, AlKandari M, Alomari Q, Baskaradoss JK. Oral health knowledge, attitude and practice among adolescents in Kuwait. Int J Adolesc Med Health 2020; 34:437-442. [PMID: 32889793 DOI: 10.1515/ijamh-2020-0154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Objectives Adequate knowledge about oral health at a young age is essential in establishing good oral health related behaviors and in developing a positive attitude towards oral health. This study aims to assess the oral health knowledge, attitude and practice of adolescent children aged 15-17 years in Kuwait. Methods This cross-sectional survey was conducted in 12 randomly selected public schools in Kuwait using a two-stage cluster sampling method. An Arabic questionnaire with 29 questions were distributed to the students from selected classes. The questionnaire was divided into four sections: the first section gathered information on the sociodemographic characteristics of the participants; the second section assessed the oral health knowledge of the respondents; the third section assessed the students' attitude towards professional dental care and the last section assessed the students' oral health behaviors and practice. Frequency distributions were obtained for each variable and the differences between genders were analyzed using chi-squared statistics and the mean difference in the knowledge and attitude scores were analyzed using independent sample t-test. Results A total of 3,091 students aged 15-17 years (52.8% girls) participated in this study. The mean (SD) knowledge score of the respondents was 8.62 (2.53) and this was significantly higher for girls compared to boys (p<0.001). Significantly higher percentage of girls than boys knew the role of diet and oral hygiene in preventing caries (p<0.001). Knowledge about dental plaque was very limited in this population. Majority of the respondents believed that regular dental visits were essential (87.1%). The mean (SD) attitude score of the respondents was 3.30 (2.72) and this was significantly higher for girls compared to boys (p<0.001). Majority of the students used toothbrush and toothpaste to clean their teeth (60%). Conclusion Significant gender differences were observed in the oral health knowledge and attitudes in this population. School based oral health promotion programs can be effective in promoting good oral health attitudes and practice among children.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Qasem Alomari
- Department of Restorative Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait
| | - Jagan K Baskaradoss
- Department of Developmental and Preventive Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Duman C. YouTube™ quality as a source for parent education about the oral hygiene of children. Int J Dent Hyg 2020; 18:261-267. [DOI: 10.1111/idh.12445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Canan Duman
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry Faculty of Dentistry Atlas University Istanbul Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Patton S, Severe S. Nursing Students’ Assessment and Parent Reports of Their Children’s Oral Health Behaviors as Predictors of Tooth Decay Risk—A Cross-Sectional, Correlational Study. JOURNAL OF ADVANCED ORAL RESEARCH 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/2320206819895846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Aim: The aim of this study is to evaluate the relationship between children’s tooth decay risk score and a dental examination and parent reports of oral health practices. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional correlational study utilizing data from an oral health assessment was performed by undergraduate nursing students and parents completed the permission forms. Results: Four hundred and fifty-six children received an oral health assessment. None of the percentages were found to be at high risk for tooth de cay and 21% were referred for further evaluation and dental treatment. Twenty-seven % of parents reported that their child was not being seen by a dentist and 49% reported that they had not established recommended tooth brushing practices in early childhood. In this analysis, the physical examination measures accounted for a significant amount of risk: R2 = 0.55, F(5,317) = 7.62, P < .00. The parent report measures offered little predictive power beyond the examination: R2 = 0.029, F(7,310) = 3.01, P = .00. Conclusions: These findings identify a need for a broader perspective to inform oral risk assessment and interventions to address oral health disparities. A social determinant of health framework would improve nursing students’ competency to identify children in need of early intervention. Oral health promotion at the family and community level would improve the preventive oral health practices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susan Patton
- Eleanor Mann School of Nursing, University of Arkansas, Arkansas, USA
| | - Stephanie Severe
- Eleanor Mann School of Nursing, University of Arkansas, Arkansas, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Lee HH, Ochoa N, Moragne-O'Neal N, Rosales GF, Pugach O, Shadamoro A, Martin MA. Can an Instrument Validated to Assess Parent-Child Interactions in the Laboratory Setting Be Applied to Home-Based Observations? Front Pediatr 2020; 8:550922. [PMID: 33520881 PMCID: PMC7845142 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2020.550922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The Toothbrushing Observations Scale (TBOS) was developed in a laboratory setting to measure child and parent behaviors during toothbrushing. However, we required an instrument to assess home based behaviors. We assessed the feasibility of applying TBOS to observations of parents and their child (<3 years of age) in urban homes. Methods: Sample consisted of 36 families recruited from university and community pediatric dental/medical clinics and a Women, Infants, and Children center in Chicago as part of a pilot study for a larger clinical trial. The average age of children in our sample was 20.7 months. Most of the parent participants were mothers (90%), and 75% of the parents identified as Hispanic. Parent-child dyads were video-recorded during home-based toothbrushing activities and footage was reviewed by two independent TBOS coders. Results: The TBOS instrument consists of 12 parent and 18 child items. We were able to code five parent and ten child items. Conclusion: The feasibility of applying the TBOS measure to our study population was somewhat limited by factors related to home-based observations and the young age of children in our study. Instruments need to be validated across natural settings, such as the home, to increase the quality and accuracy of human behavioral data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helen H Lee
- Department of Anesthesiology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States.,Institute for Health Research and Policy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Nadia Ochoa
- Institute for Health Research and Policy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Nia Moragne-O'Neal
- Institute for Health Research and Policy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Genesis F Rosales
- Institute for Health Research and Policy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Oksana Pugach
- Institute for Health Research and Policy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States.,Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | | | - Molly A Martin
- Institute for Health Research and Policy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Lewis CW. Teeth: Small but Mighty and Mighty Important. A Comprehensive Review of Children's Dental Health for Primary Care Clinicians. Curr Pediatr Rev 2020; 16:215-231. [PMID: 32108010 DOI: 10.2174/1573396316666200228093248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Healthy teeth allow us to eat and stay well-nourished. Although primary care clinicians receive limited training about teeth, given the common nature of dental problems, it is important that they understand and recognize normal and abnormal dental conditions and can implement primary and secondary prevention of dental conditions in their practice. PubMed has been used to search the scientific literature for evidence on the following topics: normal dental development, dental abnormalities, malocclusion, teething, dental caries and related epidemiology and prevention, fluoride, dental injury and its management and prevention; and identification, prevention and treatment of gingivitis and periodontal disease. Literature review relied on randomized controlled trials, meta-analyses, systematic reviews, and Cochrane reviews when relevant and available. Other sources of evidence included cohort and case-control studies. Consensus statements and expert opinion were used when there was a paucity of high-quality research studies. The literature has been synthesized on these topics to make them relevant to pediatric primary care clinicians, and as available, the strength of evidence has been characterized when making clinical recommendations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte W Lewis
- Division of General Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine,Seattle Children’s Hospital, Seattle, WA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Chedid SJ, Tenuta LMA, Cury JA. Dispensing Device to Deliver Small and Standardized Amount of Fluoride Dentifrice on the Toothbrush. PESQUISA BRASILEIRA EM ODONTOPEDIATRIA E CLÍNICA INTEGRADA 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/pboci.2020.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
|
27
|
Bose AK, Anusha CP, Kadam DD, Neethu LA. Impact of practice modification on oral health status of students: An interventional study from a tribal area of India. J Family Med Prim Care 2019; 8:2592-2596. [PMID: 31548938 PMCID: PMC6753818 DOI: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_467_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Context: Tooth decay precipitated by poor oral hygiene is one of the most common oral diseases that affect 60–90% of school children. It not only interferes with speech, self-esteem but pain caused by decay also affects nutrition intake, resulting in malnutrition with abnormal cognitive development. Aim: To evaluate the impact of health education and supervised brushing intervention on their oral health status. Settings and Design: Cross-sectional interventional study. Methods and Materials: The study was conducted on students of class 8th, 9th, and10th of an Ashramshala (tribal residential school). All the students present in the school on the day of data collection were included in the study. A semistructured questionnaire was used for data collection. A qualified dentist, who is part of research team, conducted oral examination of the students. They were asked to demonstrate their brushing method and relevant observation was noted. The oral health status of the students was analyzed using DMF (decayed, missed, and filled) index and oral hygiene index- simplified score (OHI-S). Three training and educational sessions of one hour each were conducted separately for each class and a separate session was conducted for the teachers and caretakers of the school. Thereafter, randomly selected students (peers) were asked to demonstrate the technique to their peers to ensure proper understanding. Compliance was ensured through weekly follow ups to the school by the research team. DMF score and OHI-S were recalculated after 3 months and compared with their previous scores. Statistical Analysis: Chi-square test, one-way analysis of variance and paired t-test were used for analysis. Results: The mean DMF and OHI-S score of the students was 2.61+/-2.309 and 2.11+/-0.96, respectively. A significant change (P = 0.021) in OHI scores was observed as a result of intervention. Conclusions: Promoting healthy dental practice with supportive supervision form the cornerstone for good health and hygiene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aritra K Bose
- Department of Community Medicine, Seth G.S. Medical College, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - C P Anusha
- Department of Community Medicine, Seth G.S. Medical College, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Dilip Dhaku Kadam
- Department of Community Medicine, Seth G.S. Medical College, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Cheng JK, Faniyan A, Chan Yuen J, Myers T, Fleck M, Burgess J, Williams K, Wijeratne R, Webster R, Cox J, Ng MW. Changes in Oral Health Behaviors Associated With a Nursing Intervention in Primary Care. Glob Pediatr Health 2019; 6:2333794X19845923. [PMID: 31192280 PMCID: PMC6540475 DOI: 10.1177/2333794x19845923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective. To describe changes in oral health behaviors following implementation of a nursing intervention targeting children at risk for early childhood caries at an urban 2-site primary care practice. Methods. Nurses used a proprietary Nursing Caries Assessment Tool (N-CAT) to identify behaviors associated with early childhood caries risk, then provided brief focused dental education, fluoride varnish applications, and dental referrals to children without a dental home. We used generalized estimating equation logistic regression models, adjusted for age at visit, to analyze changes in oral health behaviors over time including the following: (1) tooth brushing frequency, (2) use of fluoride toothpaste, and (3) adult help with brushing among children younger than 5 years of age who had at least 2 N-CATs documented during well care visits between April 2013 and June 2015. We also evaluated dietary habits including going to bed with a bottle or sippy cup and sugar-sweetened beverage consumption, as secondary study outcomes during the same time frame. Results. A total of 2097 children with a mean age of 15.8 (SD 7.6) months at the initial visit were included in the analysis; 51% were boys; 28% were black, 36% Hispanic/Latino, 5% white, 2% Asian, and 19% other; 75% were publicly insured. During the study period, significant (P < .05) improvements were noted across the 3 oral health behaviors studied among children younger than 18 months. Conclusion. Nursing interventions show promise for promoting preventive dental care in primary care settings and deserve further study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Joanne Cox
- Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Man Wai Ng
- Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|