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Liu WT, Wang HT, Yeh YH, Wong TW. An Update on Recent Advances of Photodynamic Therapy for Primary Cutaneous Lymphomas. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15051328. [PMID: 37242570 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15051328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary cutaneous lymphomas are rare non-Hodgkin lymphomas consisting of heterogeneous disease entities. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) utilizing photosensitizers irradiated with a specific wavelength of light in the presence of oxygen exerts promising anti-tumor effects on non-melanoma skin cancer, yet its application in primary cutaneous lymphomas remains less recognized. Despite many in vitro data showing PDT could effectively kill lymphoma cells, clinical evidence of PDT against primary cutaneous lymphomas is limited. Recently, a phase 3 "FLASH" randomized clinical trial demonstrated the efficacy of topical hypericin PDT for early-stage cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. An update on recent advances of photodynamic therapy in primary cutaneous lymphomas is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Ting Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Cancer Center, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan
| | - Han-Tang Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Cancer Center, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hsuan Yeh
- School of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Tak-Wah Wong
- Department of Dermatology, Cancer Center, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
- Center of Applied Nanomedicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
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Önal E, Tüncel Ö, Erdoğan Vatansever İ, Albakour M, Gümüşgöz
Çelik G, Küçük T, Akgül B, Gürek AG, Özçelik S. Development of AB 3-Type Novel Phthalocyanine and Porphyrin Photosensitizers Conjugated with Triphenylphosphonium for Higher Photodynamic Efficacy. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:39404-39416. [PMID: 36340065 PMCID: PMC9631755 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c05814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
There are a number of lipophilic cations that can be chosen; the triphenylphosphonium (TPP) ion is particularly unique for mitochondrion targeting, mainly due to its simplicity in structure and ease to be linked to the target molecules. In this work, mitochondrion-targeted AB3-type novel phthalocyanine and porphyrin photosensitizers (PSs) were synthesized and their photophysical photochemical properties were defined. Fluorescence quantum yields (ΦF) are 0.009, 0.14, 0.13, and 0.13, and the singlet-oxygen quantum yields (ΦΔ) are 0.27, 0.75, 0.57, and 0.58 for LuPcPox(OAc), AB 3 TPP-Pc, AB 3 TPP-Por-C4, and AB 3 TPP-Por-C6, respectively. To evaluate the photodynamic efficacy of the TPP-conjugated PS cell viabilities of A549 and BEAS-2B lung cells were comparatively measured and IC-50 values were determined. AB 3 TPP-Por-C4, AB 3 TPP-Por-C6, and AB 3 TPP-Pc compounds compared to the reference molecules ZnPc and H 2 TPP were found to be highly cytotoxic (sub-micromolar concentration) under the light. LuPcPox(OAc) is the most effective molecule regarding cell killing (the activity). The cell killing of the TPP-conjugated porphyrin derivatives exhibits a similar response compared to LuPcPox(OAc) when the light absorbing factor of the PS is normalized at 660 nm: TPP-conjugated porphyrins absorb less light (lower extinction coefficient) but produce more radical species (higher singlet-oxygen quantum yield) and therefore effectively kill the cells. The singlet oxygen-producing capacity of AB 3 TPP-Pc is almost 3 times higher compared to LuPcPox(OAc) and 50% more efficient with respect to ZnPc, suggesting that TPP-conjugated phthalocyanine may serve as a good photosensitizer for photodynamic therapy (PDT). The high singlet oxygen generation capacity of these novel TPP-conjugated porphyrin and phthalocyanine PS suggests that they might be useful for PDT requiring lower photosensitizer concentration and reduced energy deposited through less light exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emel Önal
- Department
of Chemistry, Gebze Technical University, Gebze 41400 Kocaeli, Turkey
- Faculty
of Engineering, Doğuş University, Ümraniye, Istanbul 34775, Turkey
| | - Özge Tüncel
- Faculty
of Science, Department of Chemistry, Izmir
Institute of Technology, Urla, Izmir 35430, Turkey
- Faculty
of Science, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Izmir Institute of Technology, Urla, Izmir 35430, Turkey
| | - İpek Erdoğan Vatansever
- Faculty
of Science, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Izmir Institute of Technology, Urla, Izmir 35430, Turkey
| | - Mohamad Albakour
- Department
of Chemistry, Gebze Technical University, Gebze 41400 Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Gizem Gümüşgöz
Çelik
- Department
of Chemistry, Gebze Technical University, Gebze 41400 Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Tuğba Küçük
- Department
of Chemistry, Gebze Technical University, Gebze 41400 Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Bünyamin Akgül
- Faculty
of Science, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Izmir Institute of Technology, Urla, Izmir 35430, Turkey
| | - Ayşe Gül Gürek
- Department
of Chemistry, Gebze Technical University, Gebze 41400 Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Serdar Özçelik
- Faculty
of Science, Department of Chemistry, Izmir
Institute of Technology, Urla, Izmir 35430, Turkey
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Murata K, Saibe Y, Uchida M, Aono M, Misawa R, Ikeuchi Y, Ishii K. Two-photon, red light uncaging of alkyl radicals from organorhodium(III) phthalocyanine complexes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:11280-11283. [PMID: 36124703 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc03672j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A stepwise two-photon, red light excitation of organorhodium(III) phthalocyanine complexes was found to induce the activation of the axial metal-carbon bond to generate alkyl radicals/aldehydes. The cooperative action of the photouncaging reaction and the photochemical generation of reactive oxygen species were indicated to induce the cell deaths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Murata
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8505, Japan.
| | - Yuki Saibe
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8505, Japan.
| | - Mayu Uchida
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8505, Japan.
| | - Mizuki Aono
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8505, Japan.
| | - Ryuji Misawa
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8505, Japan.
| | - Yoshiho Ikeuchi
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8505, Japan.
| | - Kazuyuki Ishii
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8505, Japan.
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Overexpression of V-ATPase B2 attenuates lung injury/fibrosis by stabilizing lysosomal membrane permeabilization and increasing collagen degradation. Exp Mol Med 2022; 54:662-672. [PMID: 35624153 PMCID: PMC9166714 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-022-00776-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive oxidative stress causes lysosomal membrane permeabilization (LMP), which leads to cell death. Vacuolar ATPase (V-ATPase) is the enzyme responsible for pumping H+ into the cytosol and thus maintaining intracellular pH. Previously, we reported that V-ATPase B2 subunit expression is upregulated in the TiO2-exposed lung epithelium. We investigated the role of the lysosomal V-ATPase B2 subunit in oxidative stress-induced alveolar epithelial cell death and in an experimental lung injury/fibrosis model. Overexpression of V-ATPase B2 increased lysosomal pH and lysosomal activities in the cells. In the presence of H2O2, overexpression of V-ATPase B2 increased survival, and silencing of V-ATPase B2 dramatically increased cell death. Overexpression of V-ATPase B2 diminished H2O2-triggered LMP, as evidenced by a reduction in acridine orange staining and leakage of cathepsin D from the lysosome to the cytoplasm. In addition, V-ATPase B2-overexpressing macrophages exhibited significantly enhanced uptake and degradation of collagen. V-ATPase B2-overexpressing transgenic mice showed significant inhibition of the bleomycin-induced increases in lung inflammation and fibrosis. We conclude that V-ATPase B2 is critical for maintaining lysosomal activities against excessive oxidative stress by stabilizing LMP. Our findings reveal a previously unknown role of this V-ATPase subunit in a lung injury and fibrosis model. An enzyme involved in maintaining the correct pH inside the lysosome, an organelle involved in disposal of cellular waste, also plays a critical role in preventing lung injury. Using human lung cells and mouse models of lung fibrosis, a team led by Sung Woo Park from Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, South Korea, showed that a overexpression of subunit of the vacuolar ATPase enzyme B2, which pumps protons into cellular compartments to create more acidic environments, helps to boost lysosomal activities that lead to prevent oxidative stress-induced cell death and alleviate experimental lung injury/fibrosis. In addition, V-ATPase B2 overexpressed macrophages increased collagen uptake and degradation activities. The findings point to the vacuolar ATPase, and its B2 subunit in particular, as a promising drug target for future treatments of pulmonary fibrosis.
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Battogtokh G, Choi YS, Kang DS, Park SJ, Shim MS, Huh KM, Cho YY, Lee JY, Lee HS, Kang HC. Mitochondria-targeting drug conjugates for cytotoxic, anti-oxidizing and sensing purposes: current strategies and future perspectives. Acta Pharm Sin B 2018; 8:862-880. [PMID: 30505656 PMCID: PMC6251809 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2018.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial targeting is a promising approach for solving current issues in clinical application of chemotherapy and diagnosis of several disorders. Here, we discuss direct conjugation of mitochondrial-targeting moieties to anticancer drugs, antioxidants and sensor molecules. Among them, the most widely applied mitochondrial targeting moiety is triphenylphosphonium (TPP), which is a delocalized cationic lipid that readily accumulates and penetrates through the mitochondrial membrane due to the highly negative mitochondrial membrane potential. Other moieties, including short peptides, dequalinium, guanidine, rhodamine, and F16, are also known to be promising mitochondrial targeting agents. Direct conjugation of mitochondrial targeting moieties to anticancer drugs, antioxidants and sensors results in increased cytotoxicity, anti-oxidizing activity and sensing activity, respectively, compared with their non-targeting counterparts, especially in drug-resistant cells. Although many mitochondria-targeted anticancer drug conjugates have been investigated in vitro and in vivo, further clinical studies are still needed. On the other hand, several mitochondria-targeting antioxidants have been analyzed in clinical phases I, II and III trials, and one conjugate has been approved for treating eye disease in Russia. There are numerous ongoing studies of mitochondria-targeted sensors.
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Key Words
- (Fx, r)3, (l-cyclohexyl alanine-d-arginine)3
- 4-AT, 4-amino-TEMPO
- 5-FU, 5-Fluorouracil
- AD, Alzheimer׳s disease
- AIE, aggregation-induced emission
- ATP, adenosine triphosphate
- Anticancer agents
- Antioxidants
- Arg, arginine
- Aβ, beta amyloid
- BODIPY, boron-dipyrromethene
- C-dots, carbon dots
- CAT, catalase
- COX, cytochrome c oxidase
- CZBI, carbazole and benzo[e]indolium
- CoA, coenzyme A
- DDS, drug delivery system
- DEPMPO, 5-(diethylphosphono)-5-methyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide
- DIPPMPO, 5-(diisopropoxyphosphoryl)-5-methyl-1-pyrroline-N-oxide
- DQA, dequalinium
- Direct conjugation
- Dmt, dimethyltyrosine
- EPR, enhanced permeability and retention
- F16, (E)-4-(1H-indol-3-ylvinyl)-N-methylpyridinium iodide
- GPX, glutathione peroxidase
- GS, gramicidin S
- HTPP, 5-(4-hydroxy-phenyl)-10,15,20-triphenylporphyrin
- IMM, inner mitochondrial membrane
- IMS, intermembrane space
- IOA, imidazole-substituted oleic acid
- LA, lipoic acid
- LAH2, dihydrolipoic acid
- Lys, lysine
- MET, mesenchymal-epithelial transition
- MLS, mitochondria localization sequences
- MPO, myeloperoxidase
- MPP, mitochondria-penetrating peptides
- MitoChlor, TPP-chlorambucil
- MitoE, TPP-vitamin E
- MitoLA, TPP-lipoic acid
- MitoQ, TPP-ubiquinone
- MitoVES, TPP-vitamin E succinate
- Mitochondria-targeting
- Nit, nitrooxy
- NitDOX, nitrooxy-DOX
- OMM, outer mitochondrial membrane
- OXPHOS, oxidative phosphorylation
- PD, Parkinson׳s disease
- PDT, photodynamic therapy
- PET, photoinduced electron transfer
- PS, photosensitizer
- PTPC, permeability transition pore complex
- Phe, phenylalanine
- RNS, reactive nitrogen species
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- SOD, superoxide dismutase
- SS peptide, Szeto-Schiller peptides
- Sensing agents
- SkQ1, Skulachev ion-quinone
- TEMPOL, 4-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-N-oxyl
- TPEY-TEMPO, [2-(1-oxyl-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-4-ylimino)-ethyl]-triphenyl-phosphonium
- TPP, triphenylphosphonium
- Tyr, tyrosine
- VDAC/ANT, voltage-dependent anion channel/adenine nucleotide translocase
- VES, vitamin E succinate
- XO, xanthine oxidase
- mitoTEMPO, (2-(2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-oxyl-4-ylamino)-2-oxoethyl)triphenylphosphonium)
- mtCbl, (Fx,r)3-chlorambucil
- mtDNA, mitochondrial DNA
- mtPt, mitochondria-targeting (Fx,r)3-platinum(II)
- nDNA, nuclear DNA
- αTOS, alpha-tocopheryl succinate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gantumur Battogtokh
- Department of Pharmacy, Integrated Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and BK21 PLUS Team for Creative Leader Program for Pharmacomics-based Future Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Gyeonggi-do 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon Su Choi
- Department of Pharmacy, Integrated Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and BK21 PLUS Team for Creative Leader Program for Pharmacomics-based Future Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Gyeonggi-do 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Seop Kang
- Department of Pharmacy, Integrated Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and BK21 PLUS Team for Creative Leader Program for Pharmacomics-based Future Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Gyeonggi-do 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Jun Park
- Department of Pharmacy, Integrated Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and BK21 PLUS Team for Creative Leader Program for Pharmacomics-based Future Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Gyeonggi-do 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Suk Shim
- Division of Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea
| | - Kang Moo Huh
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Yeon Cho
- Department of Pharmacy, Integrated Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and BK21 PLUS Team for Creative Leader Program for Pharmacomics-based Future Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Gyeonggi-do 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo Young Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, Integrated Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and BK21 PLUS Team for Creative Leader Program for Pharmacomics-based Future Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Gyeonggi-do 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Suk Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, Integrated Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and BK21 PLUS Team for Creative Leader Program for Pharmacomics-based Future Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Gyeonggi-do 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Chang Kang
- Department of Pharmacy, Integrated Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and BK21 PLUS Team for Creative Leader Program for Pharmacomics-based Future Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Gyeonggi-do 14662, Republic of Korea
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Houang J, Perrone G, Mawad D, Boughton PC, Ruys AJ, Lauto A. Light treatments of nail fungal infections. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2018; 11:e201700350. [PMID: 29227574 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201700350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Nail fungal infections are notoriously persistent and difficult to treat which can lead to severe health impacts, particularly in the immunocompromized. Current antifungal treatments, including systemic and topical drugs, are prolonged and do not effectively provide a complete cure. Severe side effects are also associated with systemic antifungals, such as hepatotoxicity. Light treatments of onychomycosis are an emerging therapy that has localized photodynamic, photothermal or photoablative action. These treatments have shown to be an effective alternative to traditional antifungal remedies with comparable or better cure rates achieved in shorter times and without systemic side effects. This report reviews significant clinical and experimental studies in the field, highlighting mechanisms of action and major effects related to light therapy; in particular, the impact of light on fungal genetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Houang
- Biomedical Engineering, School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Gabriel Perrone
- School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Damia Mawad
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia
- Australian Centre for NanoMedicine and ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent BioNano Science and Technology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Philip C Boughton
- Biomedical Engineering, School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Andrew J Ruys
- Biomedical Engineering, School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Antonio Lauto
- School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
- Biomedical Engineering & Neuroscience Research Group, The MARCS Institute, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
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Soler DC, Ohtola J, Sugiyama H, Rodriguez ME, Han L, Oleinick NL, Lam M, Baron ED, Cooper KD, McCormick TS. Activated T cells exhibit increased uptake of silicon phthalocyanine Pc 4 and increased susceptibility to Pc 4-photodynamic therapy-mediated cell death. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2016; 15:822-31. [PMID: 27161819 DOI: 10.1039/c6pp00058d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an emerging treatment for malignant and inflammatory dermal disorders. Photoirradiation of the silicon phthalocyanine (Pc) 4 photosensitizer with red light generates singlet oxygen and other reactive oxygen species to induce cell death. We previously reported that Pc 4-PDT elicited cell death in lymphoid-derived (Jurkat) and epithelial-derived (A431) cell lines in vitro, and furthermore that Jurkat cells were more sensitive than A431 cells to treatment. In this study, we examined the effectiveness of Pc 4-PDT on primary human CD3(+) T cells in vitro. Fluorometric analyses of lysed T cells confirmed the dose-dependent uptake of Pc 4 in non-stimulated and stimulated T cells. Flow cytometric analyses measuring annexin V and propidium iodide (PI) demonstrated a dose-dependent increase of T cell apoptosis (6.6-59.9%) at Pc 4 doses ranging from 0-300 nM. Following T cell stimulation through the T cell receptor using a combination of anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 antibodies, activated T cells exhibited increased susceptibility to Pc 4-PDT-induced apoptosis (10.6-81.2%) as determined by Pc 4 fluorescence in each cell, in both non-stimulated and stimulated T cells, Pc 4 uptake increased with Pc 4 dose up to 300 nM as assessed by flow cytometry. The mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of Pc 4 uptake measured in stimulated T cells was significantly increased over the uptake of resting T cells at each dose of Pc 4 tested (50, 100, 150 and 300 nM, p < 0.001 between 50 and 150 nM, n = 8). Treg uptake was diminished relative to other T cells. Cutaneous T cell lymphoma (CTCL) T cells appeared to take up somewhat more Pc 4 than normal resting T cells at 100 and 150 nm Pc 4. Confocal imaging revealed that Pc 4 localized in cytoplasmic organelles, with approximately half of the Pc 4 co-localized with mitochondria in T cells. Thus, Pc 4-PDT exerts an enhanced apoptotic effect on activated CD3(+) T cells that may be exploited in targeting T cell-mediated skin diseases, such as cutaneous T cell lymphoma (CTCL) or psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Soler
- Department of Dermatology, Case Western Reserve University, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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Liu C, Hu M, Zeng X, Nair SP, Xu J. Photodynamic inactivation of Candida albicans by hematoporphyrin monomethyl ether. Future Microbiol 2016; 11:351-62. [PMID: 26933758 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.15.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the capacity of hematoporphyrin monomethyl ether (HMME) in the presence of light to cause photodynamic inactivation (PDI) of Candida albicans. MATERIALS & METHODS HMME photoactivity was evaluated against azole-susceptible and -resistant C. albicans. The mechanisms by which PDI of C. albicans occurred were also investigated. RESULTS HMME-mediated PACT caused a dose-dependent inactivation of azole-susceptible and -resistant C. albicans. Incubation with 10 μM HMME and irradiation with 72 J cm(-2) light decreased the viability of C. albicans by 7 log10, induced damage of genomic DNA, led to loss of cellular proteins and damaged the cell wall, membrane and intracellular targets. CONCLUSION Candida albicans can be effectively inactivated by HMME in the presence of light, and HMME-mediated PACT shows its potential as an antifungal treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengcheng Liu
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology & Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 West Yanta Road, Xi'an 710061, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Environment & Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education of China, 76 West Yanta Road, Xi'an 710061, PR China
| | - Min Hu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Science, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 28 Xianning West Road, Xi'an 710049, PR China
| | - Xiaoyan Zeng
- The First Affiliated Hospital of College of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 West Yanta Road, Xi'an 710061, PR China
| | - Sean P Nair
- Department of Microbial Diseases, UCL Eastman Dental Institute, 256 Gray's Inn Road, London WC1X 8LD, UK
| | - Jiru Xu
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology & Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 West Yanta Road, Xi'an 710061, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Environment & Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education of China, 76 West Yanta Road, Xi'an 710061, PR China
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9
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Kuzyniak W, Ermilov EA, Atilla D, Gürek AG, Nitzsche B, Derkow K, Hoffmann B, Steinemann G, Ahsen V, Höpfner M. Tetra-triethyleneoxysulfonyl substituted zinc phthalocyanine for photodynamic cancer therapy. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2016; 13:148-157. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2015.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Revised: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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10
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Tabassum S, Sheikh AM, Yano S, Ikeue T, Handa M, Nagai A. A carboxylated Zn-phthalocyanine inhibits fibril formation of Alzheimer's amyloid β peptide. FEBS J 2014; 282:463-76. [PMID: 25404240 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Revised: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid β (Aβ), a 39-42 amino acid peptide derived from amyloid precursor protein, is deposited as fibrils in Alzheimer's disease brains, and is considered to play a major role in the pathogenesis of the disease. We have investigated the effects of a water-soluble Zn-phthalocyanine, ZnPc(COONa)₈, a macrocyclic compound with near-infrared optical properties, on Aβ fibril formation in vitro. A thioflavin T fluorescence assay showed that ZnPc(COONa)₈ significantly inhibited Aβ fibril formation, increasing the lag time and dose-dependently decreasing the plateau level of fibril formation. Moreover, it destabilized pre-formed Aβ fibrils, resulting in an increase in low-molecular-weight species. After fibril formation in the presence of ZnPc(COONa)₈, immunoprecipitation of Aβ₁₋₄₂ using Aβ-specific antibody followed by near-infrared scanning demonstrated binding of ZnPc(COONa)₈ to Aβ₁₋₄₂. A study using the hydrophobic fluorescent probe 8-anilino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid showed that ZnPc(COONa)8 decreased the hydrophobicity during Aβ₁₋₄₂ fibril formation. CD spectroscopy showed an increase in the α helix structure and a decrease in the β sheet structure of Aβ₁₋₄₀ in fibril-forming buffer containing ZnPc(COONa)₈. SDS/PAGE and a dot-blot immunoassay showed that ZnPc(COONa)₈ delayed the disappearance of low-molecular-weight species and the appearance of higher-molecular-weight oligomeric species of Aβ₁₋₄₂. A cell viability assay showed that ZnPc(COONa)₈ was not toxic to a neuronal cell line (A1), but instead protected A1 cells against Aβ₁₋₄₂-induced toxicity. Overall, our results indicate that ZnPc(COONa)₈ binds to Aβ and decreases the hydrophobicity, and this change is unfavorable for Aβ oligomerization and fibril formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shatera Tabassum
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shimane University School of Medicine, Izumo, Japan
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Castano AP, Demidova TN, Hamblin MR. Mechanisms in photodynamic therapy: part one-photosensitizers, photochemistry and cellular localization. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2014; 1:279-93. [PMID: 25048432 DOI: 10.1016/s1572-1000(05)00007-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1306] [Impact Index Per Article: 130.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2004] [Revised: 01/11/2005] [Accepted: 01/27/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The use of non-toxic dyes or photosensitizers (PS) in combination with harmless visible light that is known as photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been known for over a hundred years, but is only now becoming widely used. Originally developed as a tumor therapy, some of its most successful applications are for non-malignant disease. In a series of three reviews we will discuss the mechanisms that operate in the field of PDT. Part one discusses the recent explosion in discovery and chemical synthesis of new PS. Some guidelines on how to choose an ideal PS for a particular application are presented. The photochemistry and photophysics of PS and the two pathways known as Type I (radicals and reactive oxygen species) and Type II (singlet oxygen) photochemical processes are discussed. To carry out PDT effectively in vivo, it is necessary to ensure sufficient light reaches all the diseased tissue. This involves understanding how light travels within various tissues and the relative effects of absorption and scattering. The fact that most of the PS are also fluorescent allows various optical imaging and monitoring strategies to be combined with PDT. The most important factor governing the outcome of PDT is how the PS interacts with cells in the target tissue or tumor, and the key aspect of this interaction is the subcellular localization of the PS. Examples of PS that localize in mitochondria, lysosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus and plasma membranes are given. Finally the use of 5-aminolevulinic acid as a natural precursor of the heme biosynthetic pathway, stimulates accumulation of the PS protoporphyrin IX is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana P Castano
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 40 Blossom Street, Bartlett 3, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, USA
| | - Tatiana N Demidova
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 40 Blossom Street, Bartlett 3, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Cellular, Molecular and Developmental Biology, Tufts University, USA
| | - Michael R Hamblin
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 40 Blossom Street, Bartlett 3, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, USA
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12
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Kessel D. Reversible effects of photodamage directed toward mitochondria. Photochem Photobiol 2014; 90:1211-3. [PMID: 24762128 DOI: 10.1111/php.12283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 04/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
When the initial effect of photodynamic therapy (PDT) involves mitochondrial photodamage, an early effect is loss of the mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm ). Using murine hepatoma 1c1c7 cells and a photosensitizing agent known to target mitochondria, we examined loss of ΔΨm , initiation of apoptosis and loss of viability as a function of time and light dose. There was a correlation between loss of viability and the rapid disappearance of ΔΨm, as detected by the potential-sensitive probe Mitotracker Orange (MTO). Loss of ΔΨm was, however, reversible even with a substantial loss of viability. Unless there was a supralethal level of photodamage, 1c1c7 cells recovered their mitochondrial membrane potential, even if the cell population was on the pathway to apoptosis and cell death. These results indicate that when mitochondria are the initial PDT target, a qualitative estimate of photokilling can be provided by assessing the initial loss of ΔΨm.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Kessel
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI
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13
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Kessel D, Reiners JJ. Enhanced efficacy of photodynamic therapy via a sequential targeting protocol. Photochem Photobiol 2014; 90:889-95. [PMID: 24617972 DOI: 10.1111/php.12270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This study was designed to examine determinants of the discovery that low-dose lysosomal photodamage (lyso-PDT) could potentiate the efficacy of subsequent low-dose mitochondrial photodamage (mito-PDT). The chlorin NPe6 and the benzoporphyrin derivative (BPD) were used to separately target lysosomes and mitochondria, respectively, in murine hepatoma cells. Lyso-PDT (LD(5) conditions) followed by mito-PDT (LD(15) conditions) enhanced the loss of the mitochondrial membrane potential, activation of procaspases-3/7 and photokilling. Reversing the sequence was less effective. The optimal sequence did not enhance reactive oxygen species formation above that obtained with low-dose mito-PDT. In contrast, alkalinization of lysosomes with bafilomycin also enhanced low-dose mito-PDT photokilling, but via a different pathway. This involves redistribution of iron from lysosomes to mitochondria leading to enhanced hydroxyl radical formation, effects not observed after the sequential procedure. Moreover, Ru360, an inhibitor of mitochondrial calcium and iron uptake, partially suppressed the ability of bafilomycin to enhance mito-PDT photokilling without affecting the enhanced efficacy of the sequential protocol. We conclude that sequential PDT protocol promotes PDT efficacy by a process not involving iron translocation, but via promotion of the pro-apoptotic signal that derives from mitochondrial photodamage.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Kessel
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI
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14
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Silicon phthalocyanine 4 phototoxicity in Trichophyton rubrum. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2014; 58:3029-34. [PMID: 24614382 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01448-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Trichophyton rubrum is the leading pathogen that causes long-lasting skin and nail dermatophyte infections. Currently, topical treatment consists of terbinafine for the skin and ciclopirox for the nails, whereas systemic agents, such as oral terbinafine and itraconazole, are also prescribed. These systemic drugs have severe side effects, including liver toxicity. Topical therapies, however, are sometimes ineffective. This led us to investigate alternative treatment options, such as photodynamic therapy (PDT). Although PDT is traditionally recognized as a therapeutic option for treating a wide range of medical conditions, including age-related macular degeneration and malignant cancers, its antimicrobial properties have also received considerable attention. However, the mechanism(s) underlying the susceptibility of dermatophytic fungi to PDT is relatively unknown. As a noninvasive treatment, PDT uses a photosensitizing drug and light, which, in the presence of oxygen, results in cellular destruction. In this study, we investigated the mechanism of cytotoxicity of PDT in vitro using the silicon phthalocyanine (Pc) 4 [SiPc(OSi(CH3)2(CH2)3N(CH3)2)(OH)] in T. rubrum. Confocal microscopy revealed that Pc 4 binds to cytoplasmic organelles, and upon irradiation, reactive oxygen species (ROS) are generated. The impairment of fungal metabolic activities as measured by an XTT (2,3-bis[2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl]-2H-tetrazolium-5-carboxyanilide inner salt) assay indicated that 1.0 μM Pc 4 followed by 670 to 675 nm light at 2.0 J/cm(2) reduced the overall cell survival rate, which was substantiated by a dry weight assay. In addition, we found that this therapeutic approach is effective against terbinafine-sensitive (24602) and terbinafine-resistant (MRL666) strains. These data suggest that Pc 4-PDT may have utility as a treatment for dermatophytosis.
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15
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Lee GH, Lee MR, Lee HY, Kim SH, Kim HK, Kim HR, Chae HJ. Eucommia ulmoides cortex, geniposide and aucubin regulate lipotoxicity through the inhibition of lysosomal BAX. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88017. [PMID: 24586300 PMCID: PMC3929538 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study we examined the inhibition of hepatic dyslipidemia by Eucommia ulmoides extract (EUE). Using a screening assay for BAX inhibition we determined that EUE regulates BAX-induced cell death. Among various cell death stimuli tested EUE regulated palmitate-induced cell death, which involves lysosomal BAX translocation. EUE rescued palmitate-induced inhibition of lysosomal V-ATPase, α-galactosidase, α-mannosidase, and acid phosphatase, and this effect was reversed by bafilomycin, a lysosomal V-ATPase inhibitor. The active components of EUE, aucubin and geniposide, showed similar inhibition of palmitate-induced cell death to that of EUE through enhancement of lysosome activity. Consistent with these in vitro findings, EUE inhibited the dyslipidemic condition in a high-fat diet animal model by regulating the lysosomal localization of BAX. This study demonstrates that EUE regulates lipotoxicity through a novel mechanism of enhanced lysosomal activity leading to the regulation of lysosomal BAX activation and cell death. Our findings further indicate that geniposide and aucubin, active components of EUE, may be therapeutic candidates for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geum-Hwa Lee
- Department of Pharmacology and Cardiovascular Research Institute, Medical School, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Rin Lee
- Department of Pharmacology and Cardiovascular Research Institute, Medical School, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwa-Young Lee
- Department of Pharmacology and Cardiovascular Research Institute, Medical School, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hyun Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yonsei University, Incheon, Korea
| | - Hye-Kyung Kim
- Department of Pharmacology and Cardiovascular Research Institute, Medical School, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Ryong Kim
- Department of Dental Pharmacology and Wonkwang Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Han-Jung Chae
- Department of Pharmacology and Cardiovascular Research Institute, Medical School, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
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Weyergang A, Selbo PK, Berg K. Sustained EKR inhibition by EGFR targeting therapies is a predictive factor for synergistic cytotoxicity with PDT as neoadjuvant therapy. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2013; 1830:2659-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2012.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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17
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Peng CL, Lai PS, Shieh MJ. INFLUENCE OF SUBSTITUTIONS IN ASYMMETRIC PORPHYRINS ON INTRACELLULAR UPTAKE, SUBCELLULAR LOCALIZATION AND PHOTOTOXICITY IN HELA CELLS. BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING-APPLICATIONS BASIS COMMUNICATIONS 2012. [DOI: 10.4015/s1016237208000556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The asymmetric porphyrins with different substituents show various bioactivities in biomedical application. In this study, a series of asymmetric porphyrins with varying proportion of substituents, such as hydroxyphenyl and aminophenyl, were synthesized and characterized to evaluate their cell uptake, intracellular localization, cytotoxicities and phototoxicities in vitro. Among these synthesized porphyrins, 5-(4-aminophenyl)-10,15,20-tri-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-21,23H-porphyrin (porphyrin 5), which was mainly localized in mitochondria and with high quantum yields of singlet oxygen, is a potential candidate for photodynamic therapy. The effective phototoxicity of porphyrin 5 is mainly due to the higher extent in the cells and the selective mitochondria-localization. Comparing the partition coefficients of porphyrin derivatives, the best cellular uptake performs apparently with a partition coefficient (log p) ranging from about 1.7 to 1.9. In summary, higher quantum yields of singlet oxygen, and more specific mitochondrial localization of porphyrin 5 demonstrate its potential application in photodynamic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Liang Peng
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine and College of Engineering, National Taiwan University, #1, Section 1, Jen-Ai Road, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Ping-Shan Lai
- Department of Chemistry, National Chung-Hsing University, #250, Kuo-Kuang Road, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Jium Shieh
- Department of Oncology, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, #7, Chung-Shan South Road, Taipei 100, Taiwan
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18
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Lee GH, Kim HR, Chae HJ. Bax inhibitor-1 regulates the expression of P450 2E1 through enhanced lysosome activity. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2012; 44:600-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2011.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2011] [Revised: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 12/22/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Saggu S, Hung HI, Quiogue G, Lemasters JJ, Nieminen AL. Lysosomal signaling enhances mitochondria-mediated photodynamic therapy in A431 cancer cells: role of iron. Photochem Photobiol 2012; 88:461-8. [PMID: 22220628 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2012.01081.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In photodynamic therapy (PDT), light activates a photosensitizer added to a tissue, resulting in singlet oxygen formation and cell death. The photosensitizer phthalocyanine 4 (Pc 4) localizes primarily to mitochondrial membranes in cancer cells, resulting in mitochondria-mediated cell death. The aim of this study was to determine how lysosomes contribute to PDT-induced cell killing by mitochondria-targeted photosensitizers such as Pc 4. We monitored cell killing of A431 cells after Pc 4-PDT in the presence and absence of bafilomycin, an inhibitor of the vacuolar proton pump of lysosomes and endosomes. Bafilomycin was not toxic by itself, but greatly enhanced Pc 4-PDT-induced cell killing. To investigate whether iron loading of lysosomes affects bafilomycin-induced killing, cells were incubated with ammonium ferric citrate (30 μM) for 30 h prior to PDT. Ammonium ferric citrate enhanced Pc 4 plus bafilomycin-induced cell killing without having toxicity by itself. Iron chelators (desferrioxamine and starch-desferrioxamine) and the inhibitor of the mitochondrial calcium (and ferrous iron) uniporter, Ru360, protected against Pc 4 plus bafilomycin toxicity. These results support the conclusion that chelatable iron stored in the lysosomes enhances the efficacy of bafilomycin-mediated PDT and that lysosomal disruption augments PDT with Pc 4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalini Saggu
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Center for Cell Death, Injury and Regeneration, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
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20
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Abstract
A variety of agents have now been identified that can selectively sensitize neoplastic cells and other tissues to light. This review classifies a group of photosensitizers according to their initial affinity for specific sub-cellular organelles in vitro, and describes the consequences of each major localization site with regard to direct tumor cell kill. Considerations pertinent to determinants of efficacy in animal models and in clinical applications are also pointed out. One consequence of photodynamic therapy leading to cell death involves photodamage to anti-apoptotic members of the Bcl-2. These proteins are located on the endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondrial membranes. Direct mitochondrial photodamage can also initiate apoptosis. Agents that target lysosomes can bring about apoptotic death via an indirect route, but this does not appear to limit their usefulness. Agents that target the plasma membrane can re-localize to the cytosol during irradiation and cause photodamage to elements of the apoptotic process, resulting in necrosis. Implications of these findings are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Kessel
- Departments of Pharmacology and Medicine, Wayne State University, School of Medicine, Detroit MI 48201, USA
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21
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Joshi P, Ethirajan M, Goswami LN, Srivatsan A, Missert JR, Pandey RK. Synthesis, spectroscopic, and in vitro photosensitizing efficacy of ketobacteriochlorins derived from ring-B and ring-D reduced chlorins via pinacol-pinacolone rearrangement. J Org Chem 2011; 76:8629-40. [PMID: 21955163 DOI: 10.1021/jo201688c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this report, we present a regioselective oxidation of a series bacteriochlorins, which on reacting with either ferric chloride (FeCl(3)) or 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyanobenzoquinone (DDQ) yielded the corresponding ring-B or ring-D reduced chlorins. The effect of the number of electron-withdrawing groups present at the peripheral position, with or without a fused isocyclic ring (ring-E), did not make any significant difference in regioselective oxidation of the pyrrole rings. However, depending on the nature of substituents, the intermediate bis-dihydroxy bacteriochlorins on subjecting to pinacol-pinacolone reaction conditions gave various ketochlorins. The introduction of the keto-group at a particular position in the molecule possibly depends on the stability of the intermediate carbocation species. The newly synthesized bacteriochlorins show strong long-wavelength absorption and produced significant in vitro (Colon26 cells) photosensitizing ability. Among the compounds tested, the bacteriochlorins containing a keto-group at position 7 of ring-B with cleaved five-member isocyclic ring showed the best efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penny Joshi
- Chemistry Division, PDT Center, Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York 14263, United States
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22
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Lam M, Jou PC, Lattif AA, Lee Y, Malbasa CL, Mukherjee PK, Oleinick NL, Ghannoum MA, Cooper KD, Baron ED. Photodynamic therapy with Pc 4 induces apoptosis of Candida albicans. Photochem Photobiol 2011; 87:904-9. [PMID: 21521233 PMCID: PMC3139787 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2011.00938.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The high prevalence of drug resistance necessitates the development of novel antifungal agents against infections caused by opportunistic fungal pathogens, such as Candida albicans. Elucidation of apoptosis in yeast-like fungi may provide a basis for future therapies. In mammalian cells, photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been demonstrated to generate reactive oxygen species, leading to immediate oxidative modifications of biological molecules and resulting in apoptotic cell death. In this report, we assess the in vitro cytotoxicity and mechanism of PDT, using the photosensitizer Pc 4, in planktonic C. albicans. Confocal image analysis confirmed that Pc 4 localizes to cytosolic organelles, including mitochondria. A colony formation assay showed that 1.0 μM Pc 4 followed by light at 2.0 J cm(-2) reduced cell survival by 4 logs. XTT (2,3-bis[2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl]-2H-tetrazolium-5-carboxyanilide) assay revealed that Pc 4-PDT impaired fungal metabolic activity, which was confirmed using the FUN-1 (2-chloro-4-[2,3-dihydro-3-methyl-(benzo-1,3-thiazol-2-yl)-methylidene]-1-phenylquinolinium iodide) fluorescence probe. Furthermore, we observed changes in nuclear morphology characteristic of apoptosis, which were substantiated by increased externalization of phosphatidylserine and DNA fragmentation following Pc 4-PDT. These data indicate that Pc 4-PDT can induce apoptosis in C. albicans. Therefore, a better understanding of the process will be helpful, as PDT may become a useful treatment option for candidiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minh Lam
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, 11100 Euclid Avenue, and Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, 11100 Euclid Avenue, and Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Case Skin Diseases Research Center, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, 11100 Euclid Avenue, and Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Paul C. Jou
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, 11100 Euclid Avenue, and Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Ali A. Lattif
- Center for Medical Mycology, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, 11100 Euclid Avenue, and Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Yoojin Lee
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, 11100 Euclid Avenue, and Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Christi L. Malbasa
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, 11100 Euclid Avenue, and Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Case Skin Diseases Research Center, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, 11100 Euclid Avenue, and Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Pranab K. Mukherjee
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, 11100 Euclid Avenue, and Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Center for Medical Mycology, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, 11100 Euclid Avenue, and Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Nancy L. Oleinick
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, 11100 Euclid Avenue, and Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, 11100 Euclid Avenue, and Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Mahmoud A. Ghannoum
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, 11100 Euclid Avenue, and Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Case Skin Diseases Research Center, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, 11100 Euclid Avenue, and Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Center for Medical Mycology, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, 11100 Euclid Avenue, and Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Kevin D. Cooper
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, 11100 Euclid Avenue, and Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, 11100 Euclid Avenue, and Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Case Skin Diseases Research Center, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, 11100 Euclid Avenue, and Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Elma D. Baron
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, 11100 Euclid Avenue, and Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, 11100 Euclid Avenue, and Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Case Skin Diseases Research Center, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, 11100 Euclid Avenue, and Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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23
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Lee GH, Kim DS, Kim HT, Lee JW, Chung CH, Ahn T, Lim JM, Kim IK, Chae HJ, Kim HR. Enhanced lysosomal activity is involved in Bax inhibitor-1-induced regulation of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response and cell death against ER stress: involvement of vacuolar H+-ATPase (V-ATPase). J Biol Chem 2011; 286:24743-53. [PMID: 21586565 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.167734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Bax inhibitor-1 (BI-1) is an evolutionarily conserved protein that protects cells against endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress while also affecting the ER stress response. In this study, we examined BI-1-induced regulation of the ER stress response as well as the control of the protein over cell death under ER stress. In BI-1-overexpressing cells (BI-1 cells), proteasome activity was similar to that of control cells; however, the lysosomal fraction of BI-1 cells showed sensitivity to degradation of BSA. In addition, areas and polygonal lengths of lysosomes were greater in BI-1 cells than in control cells, as assessed by fluorescence and electron microscopy. In BI-1 cells, lysosomal pH was lower than in control cells and lysosomal vacuolar H(+)-ATPase(V-ATPase), a proton pump, was activated, suggesting high H(+) uptake into lysosomes. Even when exposed to ER stress, BI-1 cells maintained high levels of lysosomal activities, including V-ATPase activity. Bafilomycin, a V-ATPase inhibitor, leads to the reversal of BI-1-induced regulation of ER stress response and cell death due to ER stress. In BI-1 knock-out mouse embryo fibroblasts, lysosomal activity and number per cell were relatively lower than in BI-1 wild-type cells. This study suggests that highly maintained lysosomal activity may be one of the mechanisms by which BI-1 exerts its regulatory effects on the ER stress response and cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geum-Hwa Lee
- Department of Pharmacology and Cardiovascular Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Chonbuk 560-180, Korea
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24
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García-Díaz M, Nonell S, Villanueva Á, Stockert JC, Cañete M, Casadó A, Mora M, Sagristá ML. Do folate-receptor targeted liposomal photosensitizers enhance photodynamic therapy selectivity? BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2011; 1808:1063-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2010.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2010] [Revised: 12/15/2010] [Accepted: 12/16/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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25
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Chiu SM, Xue LY, Lam M, Rodriguez ME, Zhang P, Kenney ME, Nieminen AL, Oleinick NL. A requirement for bid for induction of apoptosis by photodynamic therapy with a lysosome- but not a mitochondrion-targeted photosensitizer. Photochem Photobiol 2011; 86:1161-73. [PMID: 20553412 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2010.00766.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) with lysosome-targeted photosensitizers induces the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis via the cleavage and activation of the BH3-only protein Bid by proteolytic enzymes released from photodisrupted lysosomes. To investigate the role of Bid in apoptosis induction and the role of damaged lysosomes on cell killing by lysosome-targeted PDT, we compared the responses of wild type and Bid-knock-out murine embryonic fibroblasts toward a mitochondrion/endoplasmic reticulum-binding photosensitizer, Pc 4, and a lysosome-targeted sensitizer, Pc 181. Whereas apoptosis and overall cell killing were induced equally well by Pc 4-PDT in both cell lines, Bid(-/-) cells were relatively resistant to induction of apoptosis and to overall killing following PDT with Pc 181, particularly at low PDT doses. Thus, Bid is critical for the induction of apoptosis caused by PDT with the lysosome-specific sensitizers, but dispensable for PDT targeted to other membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song-Mao Chiu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
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26
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Wu S, Zhou F, Zhang Z, Xing D. Bax is essential for Drp1-mediated mitochondrial fission but not for mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization caused by photodynamic therapy. J Cell Physiol 2011; 226:530-41. [PMID: 20683914 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Bcl-2 family proteins are critical for the regulation of apoptosis, with the pro-apoptotic members Bax essential for the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria in many instances. However, we found that Bax was activated after mitochondrial depolarization and the completion of cytochrome c release induced by photodynamic therapy (PDT) with the photosensitizer Photofrin in human lung adenocarcinoma cells (ASTC-a-1). Besides, knockdown of Bax expression by gene silencing had no effect on mitochondrial depolarization and cytochrome c release, indicating that Bax makes no contribution to mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP) following PDT. Further study revealed that Bax knockdown only slowed down the speed of cell death induced by PDT, indicating that Bax is not essential for PDT-induced apoptosis. The fact that Bax knockdown totally inhibited the mitochondrial accumulation of dynamin-related protein (Drp1) and Drp1 knockdown attenuated cell apoptosis suggest that Bax can promote PDT-induced apoptosis through promoting Drp1 activation. Besides, Drp1 knockdown also failed to inhibit PDT-induced cell death finally, indicating that Bax-mediated Drp1's mitochondrial translocation is not essential for PDT-induced cell apoptosis. On the other hand, we found that protein kinase Cδ (PKCδ), Bim L and glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) were activated upon PDT treatment and might contribute to the activation of Bax under the condition. Taken together, Bax activation is not essential for MOMP but essential for Drp1-mediated mitochondrial fission during the apoptosis caused by Photofrin-PDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengnan Wu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science and Institute of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
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Ishii K, Kubo K, Sakurada T, Komori K, Sakai Y. Phthalocyanine-based fluorescence probes for detecting ascorbic acid: phthalocyaninatosilicon covalently linked to TEMPO radicals. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011; 47:4932-4. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cc10817d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Lam M, Lee Y, Deng M, Hsia AH, Morrissey KA, Yan C, Azzizudin K, Oleinick NL, McCormick TS, Cooper KD, Baron ED. Photodynamic therapy with the silicon phthalocyanine pc 4 induces apoptosis in mycosis fungoides and sezary syndrome. Adv Hematol 2010; 2010:896161. [PMID: 21197103 PMCID: PMC3004392 DOI: 10.1155/2010/896161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2010] [Revised: 09/02/2010] [Accepted: 10/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Our current focus on the effects of Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) using silicon phthalocyanine Pc 4 photosensitizer on malignant T lymphocytes arose due to preclinical observations that Jurkat cells, common surrogate for human T cell lymphoma, were more sensitive to Pc 4-PDT-induced killing than epidermoid carcinoma A431 cells. Mycosis fungoides (MF) as well as Sezary syndrome (SS) are variants of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) in which malignant T-cells invade the epidermis. In this study, we investigated the cytotoxicity of Pc 4-PDT in peripheral blood cells obtained from patients with SS and in skin biopsies of patients with MF. Our data suggest that Pc 4-PDT preferentially induces apoptosis of CD4(+)CD7(-) malignant T-lymphocytes in the blood relative to CD11b(+) monocytes and nonmalignant T-cells. In vivo Pc 4-PDT of MF skin also photodamages the antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minh Lam
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Case Western Reserve University, 11100 Euclid Avenue, Lakeside 3500, Cleveland, OH 44106-5028, USA
| | - YooJin Lee
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Case Western Reserve University, 11100 Euclid Avenue, Lakeside 3500, Cleveland, OH 44106-5028, USA
| | - Min Deng
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Case Western Reserve University, 11100 Euclid Avenue, Lakeside 3500, Cleveland, OH 44106-5028, USA
| | - Andrew H. Hsia
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Case Western Reserve University, 11100 Euclid Avenue, Lakeside 3500, Cleveland, OH 44106-5028, USA
| | - Kelly A. Morrissey
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Case Western Reserve University, 11100 Euclid Avenue, Lakeside 3500, Cleveland, OH 44106-5028, USA
| | - Chunlin Yan
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Case Western Reserve University, 11100 Euclid Avenue, Lakeside 3500, Cleveland, OH 44106-5028, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kashif Azzizudin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44106-4942, USA
| | - Nancy L. Oleinick
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44106-4942, USA
| | - Thomas S. McCormick
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Case Western Reserve University, 11100 Euclid Avenue, Lakeside 3500, Cleveland, OH 44106-5028, USA
| | - Kevin D. Cooper
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Case Western Reserve University, 11100 Euclid Avenue, Lakeside 3500, Cleveland, OH 44106-5028, USA
- Dermatology Department, Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Elma D. Baron
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Case Western Reserve University, 11100 Euclid Avenue, Lakeside 3500, Cleveland, OH 44106-5028, USA
- Dermatology Department, Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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Rodriguez ME, Kim J, Delos Santos GB, Azizuddin K, Berlin J, Anderson VE, Kenney ME, Oleinick NL. Binding to and photo-oxidation of cardiolipin by the phthalocyanine photosensitizer Pc 4. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2010; 15:051604. [PMID: 21054078 PMCID: PMC2945736 DOI: 10.1117/1.3484256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2009] [Revised: 05/20/2010] [Accepted: 05/26/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Cardiolipin is a unique phospholipid of the mitochondrial inner membrane. Its peroxidation correlates with release of cytochrome c and induction of apoptosis. The phthalocyanine photosensitizer Pc 4 binds preferentially to the mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum. Earlier Förster resonance energy transfer studies showed colocalization of Pc 4 and cardiolipin, which suggests cardiolipin as a target of photodynamic therapy (PDT) with Pc 4. Using liposomes as membrane models, we find that Pc 4 binds to cardiolipin-containing liposomes similarly to those that do not contain cardiolipin. Pc 4 binding is also studied in MCF-7c3 cells and those whose cardiolipin content was reduced by treatment with palmitate. Decreased levels of cardiolipin are quantified by thin-layer chromatography. The similar level of binding of Pc 4 to cells, irrespective of palmitate treatment, supports the lack of specificity of Pc 4 binding. Thus, factors other than cardiolipin are likely responsible for the preferential localization of Pc 4 in mitochondria. Nonetheless, cardiolipin within liposomes is readily oxidized by Pc 4 and light, yielding apparently mono- and dihydroperoxidized cardiolipin. If similar products result from exposure of cells to Pc 4-PDT, they could be part of the early events leading to apoptosis following Pc 4-PDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myriam E Rodriguez
- Case Western Reserve University, Department of Radiation Oncology, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-4942, USA
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30
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Huang YY, Mroz P, Zhiyentayev T, Sharma SK, Balasubramanian T, Ruzié C, Krayer M, Fan D, Borbas KE, Yang E, Kee HL, Kirmaier C, Diers JR, Bocian DF, Holten D, Lindsey JS, Hamblin MR. In vitro photodynamic therapy and quantitative structure-activity relationship studies with stable synthetic near-infrared-absorbing bacteriochlorin photosensitizers. J Med Chem 2010; 53:4018-27. [PMID: 20441223 PMCID: PMC2933425 DOI: 10.1021/jm901908s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a rapidly developing approach to treating cancer that combines harmless visible and near-infrared light with a nontoxic photoactivatable dye, which upon encounter with molecular oxygen generates the reactive oxygen species that are toxic to cancer cells. Bacteriochlorins are tetrapyrrole compounds with two reduced pyrrole rings in the macrocycle. These molecules are characterized by strong absorption features from 700 to >800 nm, which enable deep penetration into tissue. This report describes testing of 12 new stable synthetic bacteriochlorins for PDT activity. The 12 compounds possess a variety of peripheral substituents and are very potent in killing cancer cells in vitro after illumination. Quantitative structure-activity relationships were derived, and subcellular localization was determined. The most active compounds have both low dark toxicity and high phototoxicity. This combination together with near-infrared absorption gives these bacteriochlorins great potential as photosensitizers for treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Ying Huang
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Aesthetic and Plastic Center of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, P. R. China
| | - Pawel Mroz
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Timur Zhiyentayev
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Sulbha K. Sharma
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Christian Ruzié
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Michael Krayer
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Dazhong Fan
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - K. Eszter Borbas
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Eunkyung Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Hooi Ling Kee
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri
| | | | - James R. Diers
- Department of Chemistry, University of California—Riverside, Riverside, California
| | - David F. Bocian
- Department of Chemistry, University of California—Riverside, Riverside, California
| | - Dewey Holten
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Jonathan S. Lindsey
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Michael R. Hamblin
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
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31
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Lei W, Xie J, Hou Y, Jiang G, Zhang H, Wang P, Wang X, Zhang B. Mitochondria-targeting properties and photodynamic activities of porphyrin derivatives bearing cationic pendant. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2010; 98:167-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2009.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2009] [Revised: 12/08/2009] [Accepted: 12/14/2009] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Quiogue G, Saggu S, Hung HI, Kenney ME, Oleinick NL, Lemasters JJ, Nieminen AL. Signaling From Lysosomes Enhances Mitochondria-Mediated Photodynamic Therapy In Cancer Cells. PROCEEDINGS OF SPIE--THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR OPTICAL ENGINEERING 2009; 7380:1-8. [PMID: 20228965 DOI: 10.1117/12.823752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
In photodynamic therapy (PDT), visible light activates a photosensitizing drug added to a tissue, resulting in singlet oxygen formation and cell death. Assessed by confocal microscopy, the photosensitizer phthalocyanine 4 (Pc 4) localizes primarily to mitochondrial membranes in cancer cells, resulting in mitochondria-mediated cell death. A Pc 4 derivative, Pc 181, accumulates into lysosomes. In comparison to Pc 4, Pc 181 was a more effective photosensitizer promoting killing cancer cells after PDT. The mode of cell death after Pc 181-PDT is predominantly apoptosis, and pancaspase and caspase-3 inhibitors prevent onset of the cell death. To assess further how lysosomes contribute to PDT, we monitored cell killing of A431cells after PDT in the presence and absence of bafilomycin, an inhibitor of the acidic vacuolar proton pump that collapses the pH gradient of the lysosomal/endosomal compartment. Bafilomycin by itself did not induce toxicity but greatly enhanced Pc 4-PDT-induced cell killing. In comparison to Pc 4, less enhancement of cell killing by bafilomycin occurred after Pc 181-PDT at photosensitizer doses producing equivalent cell killing in the absence of bafilomycin. These results indicate that lysosomal disruption can augment PDT with Pc 4, which targets predominantly mitochondria, but less so after PDT with Pc 181, since Pc 181 already targets lysosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geraldine Quiogue
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425
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33
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Rodriguez ME, Zhang P, Azizuddin K, Delos Santos GB, Chiu SM, Xue LY, Berlin JC, Peng X, Wu H, Lam M, Nieminen AL, Kenney ME, Oleinick NL. Structural factors and mechanisms underlying the improved photodynamic cell killing with silicon phthalocyanine photosensitizers directed to lysosomes versus mitochondria. Photochem Photobiol 2009; 85:1189-200. [PMID: 19508642 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2009.00558.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The phthalocyanine photosensitizer Pc 4 has been shown to bind preferentially to mitochondrial and endoplasmic reticulum membranes. Upon photoirradiation of Pc 4-loaded cells, membrane components, especially Bcl-2, are photodamaged and apoptosis, as indicated by activation of caspase-3 and cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase, is triggered. A series of analogs of Pc 4 were synthesized, and the results demonstrate that Pcs with the aminopropylsiloxy ligand of Pc 4 or a similar one on one side of the Pc ring and a second large axial ligand on the other side of the ring have unexpected properties, including enhanced cell uptake, greater monomerization resulting in greater intracellular fluorescence and three-fold higher affinity constants for liposomes. The hydroxyl-bearing axial ligands tend to reduce aggregation of the Pc and direct it to lysosomes, resulting in four to six times more killing of cells, as defined by loss of clonogenicity, than with Pc 4. Whereas Pc 4-PDT photodamages Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL, Pc 181-PDT causes much less photodamage to Bcl-2 over the same dose-response range relative to cell killing, with earlier cleavage of Bid and slower caspase-3-dependent apoptosis. Therefore, within this series of photosensitizers, these hydroxyl-bearing axial ligands are less aggregated than is Pc 4, tend to localize to lysosomes and are more effective in overall cell killing than is Pc 4, but induce apoptosis more slowly and by a modified pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myriam E Rodriguez
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
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Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) involves the irradiation of photosensitized cells with light. Depending on localization of the photosensitizing agent, the process can induce photodamage to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), mitochondria, plasma membrane, and/or lysosomes. When ER or mitochondria are targeted, antiapoptotic proteins of the Bcl-2 family are especially sensitive to photodamage. Both apoptosis and autophagy can occur after PDT, autophagy being associated with enhanced survival at low levels of photodamage to some cells. Autophagy can become a cell-death pathway if apoptosis is inhibited or when cells attempt to recycle damaged constituents beyond their capacity for recovery. While techniques associated with characterization of autophagy are generally applicable, PDT introduces additional factors related to unknown sites of photodamage that may alter autophagic pathways. This chapter discusses issues that may arise in assessing autophagy after cellular photodamage.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Kessel
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
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Kim J, Rodriguez ME, Guo M, Kenney ME, Oleinick NL, Anderson VE. Oxidative modification of cytochrome c by singlet oxygen. Free Radic Biol Med 2008; 44:1700-11. [PMID: 18242196 PMCID: PMC2424268 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2007.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2007] [Revised: 12/06/2007] [Accepted: 12/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Singlet oxygen ((1)O(2)) is a reactive oxygen species that may be generated in biological systems. Photodynamic therapy generates (1)O(2) by photoexcitation of sensitizers resulting in intracellular oxidative stress and induction of apoptosis. (1)O(2) oxidizes amino acid side chains of proteins and inactivates enzymes when generated in vitro. Among proteogenic amino acids, His, Tyr, Met, Cys, and Trp are known to be oxidized by (1)O(2) at physiological pH. However, there is a lack of direct evidence of oxidation of proteins by (1)O(2). Because (1)O(2) is difficult to detect in cells, identifying oxidized cellular products uniquely derived from (1)O(2) could serve as a marker of its presence. In the present study, (1)O(2) reactions with model peptides analyzed by tandem mass spectrometry provide insight into the mass of prominent adducts formed with the reactive amino acids. Analysis by MALDI-TOF and tandem mass spectrometry of peptides of cytochrome c exposed to (1)O(2) generated by photoexcitation of the phthalocyanine Pc 4 showed unique oxidation products, which might be used as markers of the presence of (1)O(2) in the mitochondrial intermembrane space. Differences in the elemental composition of the oxidized amino acid residues observed with cytochrome c and the model peptides suggest that the protein environment can affect the oxidation pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhwan Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Myriam E. Rodriguez
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University/University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Ming Guo
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Malcolm E. Kenney
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Nancy L. Oleinick
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University/University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Vernon E. Anderson
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Corresponding author: 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106-4935, Ph: (216) 368-2599, fax (216) 368 3419, E-mail
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Sibrian-Vazquez M, Nesterova IV, Jensen TJ, Vicente MGH. Mitochondria targeting by guanidine- and biguanidine-porphyrin photosensitizers. Bioconjug Chem 2008; 19:705-13. [PMID: 18269224 DOI: 10.1021/bc700393u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
We report the syntheses of three new amphiphilic porphyrin derivatives, containing a guanidine, a biguanidine, or an MLS peptide, that were designed to target the cell mitochondria. The guanidine- and biguanidine-porphyrins are poorly soluble in water, forming J-type aggregates in aqueous solutions. On the other hand, the porphyrin-MLS peptide conjugate bearing a low molecular weight PEG spacer is highly water-soluble and does not aggregate in aqueous media. The fluorescence quantum yields determined for all porphyrins were higher at low pH (<6) and the porphyrin-peptide conjugate had the highest quantum yields in aqueous media. All porphyrins showed low dark toxicity toward human carcinoma HEp2 cells, and the guanidine-porphyrin was the most phototoxic (IC 50 = 4.8 microM at 1 J cm (-2)), followed by the biguanidine-porphyrin and the porphyrin-MLS (IC50 = 8.2 microM and 9.8 microM at 1 J cm (-2), respectively). The porphyrin-MLS peptide conjugate accumulated the most within cells of all porphyrins at all times investigated and the biguanidine-porphyrin accumulated the least. Both the guanidine- and biguanidine-porphyrins localized within cell mitochondria and, in addition, were found in the lysosomes and the ER (in the case of the guanidine-porphyrin). In contrast, the porphyrin-MLS peptide conjugate localized mainly within the cell lysosomes.
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Vittar NBR, Prucca CG, Strassert C, Awruch J, Rivarola VA. Cellular inactivation and antitumor efficacy of a new zinc phthalocyanine with potential use in photodynamic therapy. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2008; 40:2192-205. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2008.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2007] [Revised: 02/18/2008] [Accepted: 02/27/2008] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Morris RL, Varnes ME, Kenney ME, Li YS, Azizuddin K, McEnery MW, Oleinick NL. The Peripheral Benzodiazepine Receptor in Photodynamic Therapy with the Phthalocyanine Photosensitizer Pc 4¶. Photochem Photobiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2002)0750652tpbrip2.0.co2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Ouédraogo GD, Redmond RW. Secondary Reactive Oxygen Species Extend the Range of Photosensitization Effects in Cells: DNA Damage Produced Via Initial Membrane Photosensitization¶†. Photochem Photobiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2003)0770192sroset2.0.co2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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40
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Hofman JW, van Zeeland F, Turker S, Talsma H, Lambrechts SAG, Sakharov DV, Hennink WE, van Nostrum CF. Peripheral and axial substitution of phthalocyanines with solketal groups: synthesis and in vitro evaluation for photodynamic therapy. J Med Chem 2007; 50:1485-94. [PMID: 17348640 DOI: 10.1021/jm061136w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Phthalocyanines (Pcs) are a class of photosensitizers (PSs) with a strong tendency to aggregate in aqueous environment, which has a negative influence on their photosensitizing ability in photodynamic therapy. Pcs with either peripheral or axial solketal substituents, that is, ZnPc(sol)8 and Si(sol)2Pc, respectively, were synthesized and their tendency to aggregate as well as their photodynamic properties in 14C and B16F10 cell lines were evaluated. The results were compared to more hydrophilic silicon Pcs, that is, Si(PEG750)2Pc and Pc4. The order of cellular uptake was Pc4 > ZnPc(sol)8 > Si(PEG750)2Pc > Si(sol2)Pc. In contrast, Si(sol2)Pc showed the highest photocytotoxicity, while ZnPc(sol)8 did not show any photocytotoxicity up to a concentration of 10 microM in both cell types. UV/vis spectroscopy showed that Si(sol)2Pc is less prone to aggregation than ZnPc(sol)8, which can explain the lack of photoactivity of the latter. Si(sol)2Pc was predominantly located in lipid droplets, whereas Si(PEG750)2Pc was homogeneously distributed in the cytosol, which is probably the main cause of their difference in photoactivity. The very high photodynamic efficacy of Si(sol)2Pc makes this PS an interesting candidate for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan-Willem Hofman
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, Post Office Box 80082, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
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41
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Stylli SS, Kaye AH. Photodynamic therapy of cerebral glioma – A review Part I – A biological basis. J Clin Neurosci 2006; 13:615-25. [PMID: 16554159 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2005.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2005] [Accepted: 11/27/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been investigated extensively in the laboratory for decades, and for over 25 years in the clinical environment, establishing it as a useful adjuvant to standard treatments for many cancers. A combination of both photochemical and photobiological processes occur that lead to the eventual selective destruction of the tumour cells. It is a potentially valuable adjuvant therapy that can be used in conjunction with other conventional therapies for the treatment of cerebral glioma. PDT has undergone extensive laboratory studies and clinical trials with a variety of photosensitizers (PS) and tumour models of cerebral glioma. Many environmental and genetically based factors influence the outcome of the PDT response. The biological basis of PDT is discussed with reference to laboratory and preclinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanley S Stylli
- Department of Neurosurgery, 5th Floor Clinical Sciences Building, Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.
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42
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George JE, Ahmad Y, Varghai D, Li X, Berlin J, Jackowe D, Jungermann M, Wolfe MS, Lilge L, Totonchi A, Morris RL, Peterson A, Lust WD, Kenney ME, Hoppel CL, Sun J, Oleinick NL, Dean D. Pc 4 photodynamic therapy of U87-derived human glioma in the nude rat. Lasers Surg Med 2006; 36:383-9. [PMID: 15965990 DOI: 10.1002/lsm.20185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES As a potential therapy for malignant glioma, we tested the phthalocyanine photosensitizer Pc 4 for: (1) rapid clearance from the vasculature, (2) specificity for glioma, and (3) tumoricidal photosensitizing capability. STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS Parenchymal injection of U87 cells into athymic rat brains (N = 100) was followed after 12 days by tail vein injection of 0.5 mg/kg Pc 4. After 1 day, the tumor was illuminated with either 5 (N = 11) or 30 (N = 16) J/cm(2) red light at 672 nm. Sacrifice was 1 day later. The brains from these 27 animals underwent H&E (necrosis) and TUNEL assay (apoptosis) histology. Pc 4 concentration of explanted brains and tumors (N = 16), and all blood samples (N = 52) were determined by HPLC-MS 1 day post Pc 4 administration. RESULTS Tumor-specific apoptosis was almost uniformly seen; however, necrosis was found mostly in the high-light-dose group. Pc 4 concentration in bulk tumor averaged 3.8 times greater than in normal brain. CONCLUSIONS These results warrant expanding this pre-clinical study to seek effective baseline Pc 4 drug- and light-doses and infusion-to-photoirradiation timing that would be necessary for a Pc 4-mediated PDT clinical trial for glioma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- John E George
- Department of Surgery, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
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Costa MA, Pellerito L, Izzo V, Fiore T, Pellerito C, Melis M, Musmeci MT, Barbieri G. Diorganotin(IV) and triorganotin(IV) complexes of meso-tetra(4-sulfonatophenyl)porphine induce apoptosis in A375 human melanoma cells. Cancer Lett 2005; 238:284-94. [PMID: 16140459 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2005.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2005] [Revised: 07/10/2005] [Accepted: 07/15/2005] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The cytotoxic effect of several diorganotin(IV) and triorganotin(IV)-meso-tetra(4-sulfonatophenyl)porphine derivatives was tested and only the (Bu(2)Sn)(2)TPPS and the (Bu(3)Sn)(4)TPPS showed cytotoxicity on A375 human melanoma cells. To examine the pathway of (Bu(2)Sn)(2)TPPS or (Bu(3)Sn)(4)TPPS induced A375 cell death, DNA fragmentation analysis, Annexin V binding and PI uptake as well as caspases activation analysis by Western blot were carried out. A375 cells treated exhibited several typical characteristics of apoptosis. Both the (Bu(2)Sn)(2)TPPS and the (Bu(3)Sn)(4)TPPS compounds activate caspase-8 and caspase-9 leading to caspase-3 activation. Thus, we propose that these two porphirin derivatives lead to the apoptosis of human melanoma cells via both death receptor-mediated and mitochondrial apoptotic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Assunta Costa
- Istituto di Biomedicina e Immunolgia Molecolare Alberto Monroy, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via Ugo La Malfa 153, 90146 Palermo, Italy.
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44
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Pogue BW, Chen B, Zhou X, Hoopes PJ. Analysis of sampling volume and tissue heterogeneity on the in vivo detection of fluorescence. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2005; 10:41206. [PMID: 16178630 DOI: 10.1117/1.2002978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The effect of sampling region size and tissue heterogeneity is examined using fluorescence histogram assessment in a rat prostate tumor model with benzoporphyrin derivative fluorophore. Spatial heterogeneity in the fluorescence signal occurs on both macroscopic and microscopic scales. The periphery of the tumor is more fluorescent than the center. Fluorescence is also highest nearest the blood vessels immediately after injection, but over time this fluorescence becomes uniform through the tumor tissue. Using microscopy analysis, the fluorescence intensity histogram distributions follow a normal distribution, yet as the sampling area is increased from the micron scale to the millimeter scale, the variance of the distribution decreases. The mean fluorescence intensity is accurately measured with a millimeter size scale, but this cannot provide accurate measurements of the microscopic variance of drug in tissue. Fiber probe measurements taken in vivo are used to confirm that the variance observed is smaller than would be expected with microscopic sampling, but that the average fluorescence can be measured with fibers. Sampling tissue with fibers smaller than the intercapillary spacing could provide a way to estimate the spatial variance more accurately. In summary, sampling fiber size affects the fluorescence intensities detected and use of multiple region microscopic sampling could provide better information about the distribution of values that occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian W Pogue
- Dartmouth College, Thayer School of Engineering, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, USA.
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45
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Xue LY, Chiu SM, Oleinick NL. Differential responses of Mcl-1 in photosensitized epithelial vs lymphoid-derived human cancer cells. Oncogene 2005; 24:6987-92. [PMID: 16007152 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1208837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The antiapoptotic Bcl-2-family proteins, Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL, are recognized phototargets of photodynamic therapy (PDT) with the mitochondrion-targeting phthalocyanine photosensitizer Pc 4. In the present study, we found that myeloid cell leukemia 1 (Mcl-1), another antiapoptotic member of the Bcl-2 family, was not photodamaged in Pc 4-PDT-treated human carcinoma cells MCF-7c3, MDA-MB468, DU145, and A431, although Mcl-1 turnover was observed after exposure of HeLa or MCF-7c3 cells to a supralethal dose of UVC. In contrast, when human lymphoma U937 and Jurkat cells were treated with Pc 4-PDT, staurosporine (STS) or UVC, Mcl-1 was cleaved to generate a 28-kDa fragment over a 2-4 h period. The cleavage of Mcl-1 was accompanied by the activation of caspases-3, -9, and -8. The broad-specificity caspase inhibitor z-VAD-fmk completely blocked Mcl-1 cleavage induced by PDT, STS or UVC, providing evidence for Mcl-1 as a substrate for caspases. Western blot analysis localized Mcl-1 to mitochondria, ER, and cytosol of both MCF-7c3 and U937 cells, suggesting that Mcl-1 protein, unlike Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL, is not a target for Pc 4-PDT, probably due to its localization to sites removed from those of Pc 4 binding. The 28-kDa cleaved fragment of Mcl-1, which has proapoptotic activity, was produced in PDT-treated lymphoid-derived cells, but not in cells of epithelial origin, suggesting that PDT-induced rapid and extensive apoptosis in lymphoma cells may result in part from the sensitivity of their Mcl-1 to caspase cleavage, removing an important negative control on apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang-yan Xue
- Department of Radiation Oncology and the Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106-4942, USA
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Ishii K, Takayanagi A, Shimizu S, Abe H, Sogawa K, Kobayashi N. In vitro photodynamic effects of phthalocyaninatosilicon covalently linked to 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-piperidinyloxy radicals on cancer cells. Free Radic Biol Med 2005; 38:920-7. [PMID: 15749388 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2004.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2004] [Revised: 10/15/2004] [Accepted: 12/10/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we have investigated the ability to sensitize the phototoxicity toward HeLa cells in vitro, of tetra-tert-butylphthalocyaninatosilicon (SiPc) covalently linked to one or two 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-piperidinyloxy (TEMPO) radicals (R1c or R2c), which are shown as photosensitizers efficiently producing singlet oxygen (1Delta(g)). Addition of R1c or R2c encapsulated in liposomes to cultures, followed by irradiation with a 680-nm dye laser, resulted in a highly significant phototoxicity toward HeLa cells, in contrast to negligible phototoxicity observed with (dihydroxy)SiPc (R0). EPR measurements indicate that R1c and R2c exist in some degree as nitroxide radicals even in HeLa cells. Electronic absorption spectra indicate that the degree of aggregation increases in the order R2c<R1c<R0. Thus, the high phototoxicity of R1c and R2c toward HeLa cells is reasonably interpreted by both the large singlet oxygen yield and the inhibition of aggregation due to the bulky TEMPO radicals. This increase in photodynamic effect on HeLa cells is an unusual and important example for increasing the photobiological reaction yields using paramagnetic radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuyuki Ishii
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
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Sakharov DV, Elstak EDR, Chernyak B, Wirtz KWA. Prolonged lipid oxidation after photodynamic treatment. Study with oxidation-sensitive probe C11-BODIPY581/591. FEBS Lett 2005; 579:1255-60. [PMID: 15710422 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2005.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2004] [Revised: 12/26/2004] [Accepted: 01/08/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic treatment (PDT) is an emerging procedure for the therapy of cancer, based on photosensitizers, compounds that generate highly reactive oxygen species on illumination with visible light. Photodynamic peroxidation of cellular lipids is a consequence of PDT associated with cytolethality. We used chloromethyl dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate and a novel fluorescent ratiometric oxidation-sensitive probe, C11-BODIPY581/591 (C11-BO), which reports on lipid peroxidation, for visualizing oxidative stress in cells subjected to PDT with a phthalocyanine photosensitizer Pc4. With C11-BO loaded into the cells before or immediately after PDT, we observed a prolonged oxidation, which continued up to 30 min after illumination. In contrast, H2O2 caused oxidation of C11-BO only when the cells were in direct contact with H2O2. PDT-induced oxidative stress was most pronounced in vesicular perinuclear organelles, most likely photodamaged lysosomes. We hypothesize that the lysosomal localization of the prolonged oxidative stress is a consequence of the presence of redox-active iron in lysosomes. In conclusion, we have found that oxidative stress induced in cells by PDT differs from one induced by H2O2 in respect of induction of prolonged oxidation of lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- D V Sakharov
- Department of Biochemistry of Lipids, CBLE, Utrecht University, PO Box 80 054, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Foster TH, Pearson BD, Mitra S, Bigelow CE. Fluorescence Anisotropy Imaging Reveals Localization of meso-Tetrahydroxyphenyl Chlorin in the Nuclear Envelope. Photochem Photobiol 2005; 81:1544-7. [PMID: 16178663 DOI: 10.1562/2005-08-11-rn-646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We have measured the intrinsic fluorescence anisotropies of six photosensitizers in homogeneous solution, and we have imaged the anisotropies of these sensitizers in tumor cell monolayers using polarization-sensitive laser-scanning confocal microscopy. The intrinsic anisotropies are unremarkable and are within the approximate range of 0.2-0.27. In cells, however, very interesting behavior is exhibited by meso-tetrahydroxyphenyl chlorin (mTHPC). Polarization-sensitive images of mTHPC's fluorescence show a pronounced banding of alternating high and low anisotropy consistent with an ordering of the sensitizer in the nuclear envelope, indicating that this structure is a target of photodynamic damage with this sensitizer. None of the other sensitizers exhibits localization to the nuclear envelope. The frequency distributions of the intracellular anisotropies of the sensitizers exhibit variable peaks and widths. An unusual case is that of Photofrin, with a peak in its anisotropy frequency distribution of -0.12. The change from a positive intrinsic anisotropy in homogeneous solution to a negative value in cells suggests an environmentally induced change in the relative orientations of the absorption and emission dipole moments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas H Foster
- Department of Imaging Sciences, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
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Barge J, Decréau R, Julliard M, Hubaud JC, Sabatier AS, Grob JJ, Verrando P. Killing efficacy of a new silicon phthalocyanine in human melanoma cells treated with photodynamic therapy by early activation of mitochondrion-mediated apoptosis. Exp Dermatol 2004; 13:33-44. [PMID: 15009114 DOI: 10.1111/j.0906-6705.2004.00147.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a promising therapeutic modality that utilizes a combination of a photosensitizer and visible light for the destruction of diseased tissues. Using human-pigmented melanoma cells, we examined the photokilling efficacy of new silicon-phthalocyanines (SiPc) that bore bulky axial substituents. The bis(cholesteryloxy) derivate (Chol-O-SiPc) displayed the best in vitro photokilling efficacy (LD(50) = 6-8 x 10(-9) M) and was seven to nine times more potent than chloro-aluminium Pc (ClAlPc), a known photosensitizer used as a reference. Although Chol-O-SiPc was half as potent as ClAlPc for promoting photo-oxidative membrane damage in a cell-free assay, early events of mitochondrion-mediated apoptosis upon PDT were triggered much faster, as demonstrated by kinetics studies examining cells with permeabilized mitochondrial membranes, cytochrome c release and caspase-9 activation. Inhibition of caspase-9 activity by a substrate analogue argued for its central role in the proapoptotic events leading to cell death by Chol-O-SiPc PDT. In addition, immunoblots showed that Bcl-2 antiapoptotic oncoprotein was not a primary target of Chol-O-SiPc in M3Dau cells treated with PDT. Conclusively, Chol-O-SiPc is a useful new photosensitizer with the property of triggering cell apoptosis mediated by mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Barge
- Laboratoire Activation, Mécanismes, Modélisation Moléculaire, ESA CNRS 6009, Faculté des Sciences de Saint Jérôme, Marseille, France
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Xue LY, Chiu SM, Fiebig A, Andrews DW, Oleinick NL. Photodamage to multiple Bcl-xL isoforms by photodynamic therapy with the phthalocyanine photosensitizer Pc 4. Oncogene 2004; 22:9197-204. [PMID: 14681679 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1207019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The antiapoptotic oncoprotein Bcl-2 is now a recognized phototarget of photodynamic therapy (PDT) with the phthalocyanine Pc 4 and with other mitochondrion-targeting photosensitizers. Photodamage, observed on Western blots as the loss of the native 26-kDa Bcl-2 protein, is PDT dose dependent and occurs in multiple cell lines, in the cold, and immediately upon photoirradiation. In our initial study, no photochemical damage was observed to Bcl-xL, in spite of its similarity in size, sequence, location and function to Bcl-2. The original study used a commercial anti-Bcl-xS/L antibody. We have revisited this issue by examining Western blots developed using one of three epitope-specific anti-Bcl-xL antibodies from commercial sources, a polyclonal antibody generated to the entire protein, as well as the antibody used previously. All five Bcl-xL antibodies recognized bacterially expressed Bcl-xL, but not Bcl-2, whereas an anti-Bcl-2 antibody recognized Bcl-2 and not Bcl-xL. All five Bcl-xL antibodies recognized at least one protein migrating at approximately 30 kDa; two of the antibodies recognized an additional band, migrating at approximately 33 or approximately 24 kDa. We now observe Pc 4-PDT-induced photodamage to all Bcl-xL-related proteins, except the 33-kDa species, in several human cancer cell lines. The results indicate that, in addition to the expected quantitative differences that may reflect exposure of individual epitopes, the antibodies also detect proteins of different apparent molecular weights that may be distinct isoforms or post-translationally modified forms of Bcl-xL. No evidence for PDT-induced phosphorylation or degradation was observed. Bcl-xL localized to mitochondria was considerably more sensitive to photodamage than was Bcl-xL in the cytosol, indicating that as previously found for Bcl-2, Bcl-xL must be membrane localized to be photosensitive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang-yan Xue
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106-4942, USA
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